Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 09 - Computers and the Disabled (RESCAN)

September 1982 Vol. 7,

$2.95 in U
$3.50 in Ganada/£1.85 in U.K.
ill Publication

the small systems j ounna

Computers and the Disabled

Powerful.

DPI) card with error-correcting
memory and controller cards

68000-Powered

Once again you get a big stride forward with Cromemco.

This time it's our new DPU Dual Processor Unit. It gives
enormous power to Cromemco computer systems such as
our System One shown here.

Compares with mainframes

With the new DPU you get the almost unbelievably
powerful 68000 processor and its 32-bit data-handling
capabilities combined with its 16 Megabyte address space.

In other words with the System One/DPU combination
you get a small machine that's the equal of superminis and
mainframes in some areas.

8-Bit and 68000 software

The dual part of the DPU refers to its on -board Z-80A
processor. With this you have access to existing CP/M*
software.

for tomorrow

But besides being compatible with this wealth of existing
8-bit software, the System One/DPU has available a whole
family of new 68000 system software. This includes a wide
range of high-level software such as our 68000 Assembler,
FORTRAN 77, Pascal, BASIC, COBOL, and C.

Beyond all this there's a version for the 68000 of our
widely admired CROMIXt Operating System. It's like
UNIX J but has even more features and gives multi-tasking
and multi-user capability. In fact, one or more users can run
on the Z-80A processor while others are running on the
68000. Switching between the Z-80A and 68000 is auto-
matically controlled.

The System One itself is a bus-oriented machine that has
options for color graphics, for 390K or 780K of floppy
storage, a 5 MB hard disk option, communications capabil-
ity, and multi-processor capability using our I/O processor
card.

Powerful new micro
Powerful software.

System OneCS-IH

3102 Terminal

Highly expandable

With the System One/DPU combination, you get
tremendous expandability. Right now you can have up to 2
MB of RAM storage. You get this with our new Memory
Storage cards and our Memory Controller. The Controller
fully supports the 16 MB storage space of the 68000, allow-
ing you vast future expansion capability.

Further, the memory has built-in error detection and
correction, a feature normally found only in much more
costly systems.

Present customers can field-upgrade their Cromemco
systems to use the DPU and still be able to run their present
software using the Z-80A on the DPU. It's one more

instance of Cromemco's policy of providing obsolescence
insurance for Cromemco users.

Low priced

With all this performance you might not be ready for the
low price we're talking about. With 256K of RAM and 780K
of floppy storage, the price of the System One/DPU is only
$5495. That's hard to beat.

So contact your rep now. He'll fill you in on the many
more features that this outstanding and powerful machine
offers.

•CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research
TCROMIX Is a trademark of Cromemco, Inc.
tUNIX is a trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories

a

TM

Cromemco

incorporated

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 137 on Inquiry card.

MULTIPROCESSING/INTELLIGENT t/0

I/O INTERFACES

COLOR GRAPHICS

1 w

Iff

11-MBYTE

HARD DISK

DRIVE

EXTENSIVE
SOFTWARE
SUPPORT

What Cromemco computer card
capability can do for you

The above diagram shows in a func-
tional way one of the most complete
lines of computer cards in the industry.

Look it over carefully. It could be well
worth your while.

These are all cards that plug into our
S-100 bus microcomputers.

You can also assemble them into a
custom system in convenient Cromemco
card cages.

MULTI-PROCESSING AND
INTELLIGENT I/O

The range of capabilities and versatility
you can draw upon is enormous.

In processors, for example, you have a
choice of CPU's including our extremely
useful new I/O Processor. This can be
used as a satellite processor to do off-line
processing, multi-processing, and to form
intelligent I/O. It opens the door to a
whole new group of applications and
tasks. Ask us about it.

HIGH RESOLUTION
COLOR GRAPHICS

Again, you can have beautiful high-
resolution color graphics with our color
graphics interface. You can select from
over 4000 colors and have a picture with
a resolution at least equal to quality
broadcast-TV pictures.

Q

You have an unprecedented selection
of memory including our unusual 48K
and 16K two-port RAMs which allow
high-speed color graphics.

LOTS OF STORAGE

These days you often want lots of disk
storage. So you can select from our disk
controller card which will operate our 5"
and 8" floppy disk drives (up to 1.2
megabytes). Or select our WDI interface
to operate our 11 -megabyte hard disk
drives.

POWERFUL SOFTWARE AND
PERIPHERAL SUPPORT

There's much more yet you can do
with our cards. And, of course, there's an
easy way to put them to work in our 8-,
12-, and 21-slot card cages. Our PS8
power supply makes it simple to get the
system into operation.

Finally, Cromemco offers you the
strongest software support in the industry

Cromemco'

incorporated

280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040 • (415) 964-7400

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 138 on inquiry card.

with languages like FORTRAN, C,
COBOL, ASSEMBLER, LISP, BASIC and
others. There is also a wide choice from
independent vendors.

To top it all off, you can draw from a
substantial array of peripherals: ter-
minals, printers, color monitors and disk
drives.

There is even more capability than
we're able to describe here.

NOW AT HALL-MARK
ANDKIERULFF

For your convenience Cromemco
products are now available at Hall-Mark
Electronics and Kierulff Electronics. Con-
tact these national distributors for im-
mediate product delivery.

CROMEMCO COMPUTER CARDS
• PROCESSORS — 4 MHz Z-80 A CPU, single card
computer, I/O processor • MEMORY — upto64K
including special 48K and 1 6K two-port RAMS and
our very well known BYTESAVERS® with PROM
programming capability • HIGH RESOLUTION
COLOR GRAPHICS - our SDI offers up to 754 x
482 pixel resolution. • GENERAL PURPOSE IN-
TERFACES— QUADART four-channel serial com-
munications, TU-ART two-channel parallel and
two-channel serial, 8PIO 8-po»t parallel, 4PIO
4-port isolated parallel, D+ 7A 7-channel D/A and
A/D converter, printer interface, floppy disk con-
troller with RS-232 interface and system
diagnostics, wire-wrap and extender cardsfor your
development work.

In The Queue

Em

Volume 7, Number?

September 1 982

Features

24 Qulntl-Maze by Robert Tsuk / A three-dimensional game
that may redefine for you the meaning of "lost." It placed eighth
In the BYTE Game Contest.

34 Three Dee Tee by John Stuart / Strategy is the key word
in this game designed for the TRS-80 Color Computer. It's the
seventh-place winner in the BYTE Game Contest.

54 The Epson QX-IOA/aldocs System by Gregg
Williams / This new machine from Epson combines a word
processor, an appointment book, an electronic mail network, and
more in one package— all for less than S3000.

58 NCC Report by Chris Morgan / New products from the
United States and Japan put the spotlight on microcomputers at
the National Computer Conference.

62 The Hanover Fair by Robert E. Ramsdell / The annual
exposition is a showcase for the latest microcomputers and data-
processing and office equipment.

64 Build the MIcrovox Text-to-Speech Synthesizer

by Steve Ciarcia / The 6502 microprocessor in this intelligent
peripheral device translates plain English text into phonemes to
control a Votrax SC- 01 A.

1 36 Computers Can Play a Dual Role for Disabled
Individuals by Gregg Vanderheiden / Microcomputers must be
made to do more than help disabled individuals in specialized
ways; they must be adapted to give the disabled access to
standard software.

1 66 A New Horizon for IMonvocal Communication

Devices by Patrick Demasco and Richard Foulds / The
Panasonic Hand-Held Computer can be used as a personal,
portable speech prosthesis.

186 Mlnspeak by Bruce Baker / A picture can truly be worth
a thousand words for people using this speech synthesizer.

204 The FDA Regulation of Computerized Medical
Devices by Joseph Jorgens III, Carl W. Bruch, and Frank
Houston / What you need to know before your creation hits the
market.

218 Talking Terminals by David Stoffel / New devices
open the world of computing to people with visual impairments.

250 Braille Writing In Pascal by Alfred Fant Jr. /

A Pascal program, a strip of cellophane tape, and a rubber glove

combine to make a line printer for braille text.

276 Adaptive-Firmware Card for the Apple II by Paul
Schwejda and Gregg Vanderheiden / Physically disabled
individuals can control standard programs without permanent
modifications to the computer.

318 User's Column: Letters, Pascal, CB/80, and
Cardfile by Jerry Poumelle / One man's opinion on a variety of
subjects of interest to computer users.

342 Logo: An Approach to Educating Disabled
Children by Sylvia Weir, Susan Jo Russell, and Jose A.
Valente / Creating action-oriented learning environments and
putting pupils in charge of their own learning greatly benefits
students with severe educational disabilities.

398 Model III A to D Revisited by William Barden

Jr. / Build this simple and inexpensive analog-to-digital converter.

420 The Case of the Purloined Object Code: Can It
Be Solved? Part 1 : The Problems by Richard H. Stern / A
specialist in software and the legal aspects of high technology
explains why new laws are necessary.

440 A Comparison of Five Compilers for Apple
BASIC by Joseph H. Taylor and Jeffrey S. Taylor / Speed isn't
the only factor to assess when choosing a compiler.

466 Digital Troubleshooting with Signature Analysis

by Steven A. Piubeni / A look inside Hewlett-Packard's HP-5004A.

476 Program Your Own Text Editor, Part 1 : Avoid
Complex Commands by Using Instant Updating by

Richard Fobes / A commonly used program should be easy to
work with.

513 A Weaving Simulator by Paul W. Heiser/ The final
appearance of a loom pattern can be predicted with a
microcomputer and a printer.

520 Turn Your Apple II Into a Storage Oscilloscope

by Larry Korba / Low-repetition transient pulses can be easy to
capture.

Reviews

92 The Apple III and Its New Profile by Robin Moore
231 The Cognivox VIO-1003: Voice Recognition and Output
for the Apple II by Dr. William Murray
240 The Abilityphone by William L. Rush
362 BYTE's Arcade: Swashbuckler by Scott Spangenberg; Zero
Gravity Pinball by Mark Friedman; Beer Run by Arthur Little;
Advanced Star Raider Tactics and Strategies
by C. Donald Harris Jr.

531 Pickles & Trout CP/M for the TRS-80 Model II by Hal Smith
537 TRS-80 Disk Editor/Assemblers by T. A. Daneliuk

Nucleus

6

Editorial: Let There Be Talking People Too

10

Letters

270

Education Forum: Computers and the

Special Education Classroom

490

BYTELINES

494

Software Received

497

Clubs and Newsletters

498

Books Received

499

Ask BYTE

501

BYTE's Bit

502

Event Queue

540

Desk-Top Wonder: Getting the Most from

Your Tl Programmer

543

What's New?

605

Unclassified Ads

606

BOMB, BOMB Results

607

Reader Service

Page 54

Page 92

Page 166

Page 362

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 3

m

Editor in Chief
Christopher P. Morgan

Managing Editor

Mark Haas

Technical Editors

Gregg Williams. Senior Editor;

Richard S. Shuford, Curtis P. Feigel.

George Stewart. Arthur Little.

Stanley Wszola. Pamela Clark, Richard Malloy;

Phillip Lemmons. West Coast Editor; Steve

Garcia. Mark Dahmke. Consulting Editors;

Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor

Copy Editors

Beverly Cronin. Chief;

Faith Hanson. Warren Williamson. Anthony J.

Lockwood. Hilary Selby Polk. Elizabeth Kepner,

Nancy Hayes. Cathryn Baskin; Margaret Cook.

Junior Copy Editor

Assistants

Faith Ferry. Debe Wheeler. Beverly Jackson

Production

David R. Anderson. Assoc. Director;
Patrice Scribner, Jan Muller, Virginia Reardon;
Sherry McCarthy. Chief Typographer;
Debi Fredericks, Donna Sweeney.
Valerie Horn

Advertising

Thomas Harvey, Director;
Marion Carlson. Rob Hannings. Deborah
Porter. Vicki Reynolds. Cathy A. R. Drew. Lisa
Wozmak; Jacqueline Earnshaw. Reader
Service Coordinator; Wai Chiu Li, Advertising/
Production Coordinator; Linda J. Sweeney

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager;

Andrew Jackson, Asst. Manager;

Agnes E. Perry. Barbara Varnum.

Louise Menegus. Jennifer Price,

Sheila A. Bamford;

James Bingham. Dealer Sales;

Deborah J. Cadwell. Asst;

Linda Ryan

Marketing

Wilbur S. Watson. Marketing Coordinator;

Timothy W. Taussig. Marketing Production

Coordinator

Controller's Office

Daniel Rodrigues. Controller;
Mary E. Fluhr. Acct. & DIP Mgr.; Karen
Burgess, Jeanne Cilley. Linda Fluhr,
Vicki Bennett, L. Bradley Browne

Traffic

N. Scott Gagnon. Scott Jackson,
Kathleen Reckart

Receptionist

Jeanann Waters
Publishers

Virginia Londoner, Gordon R. Williamson;

John E. Hayes, Associate Publisher;

Cheryl A. Hurd, Michele P. Verville, Publisher's

Assistants;

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Com-
pany; Paul F. McPherson, President; Executive
Vice President: Gene W. Simpson; Senior Vice
President-Editorial; Ralph R. Schulz; Vice
Presidents: R. Bernard Alexander; Kemp Ander-
son. Business Systems Development; Harry L.
Brown, Special Markets; Robert B. Doll. Circula-
tion; James E. Hackett. Controller; Eric B. Herr,
Planning and Development; H. John Sweger.
Jr., Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W.
McGraw Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive
Officer; Joseph L. Dionne. President and Chief
Operating Officer; Robert N. Landes, Senior Vice
President and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb.
Treasurer.

In This Issue

BYTE marks its seventh anniversary with the theme Computers and the Dis-
abled, graphically illustrated on the cover by Robert Tinney. Gregg
Vanderheiden discusses how "Computers Can Play a Dual Role for the Dis-
abled," and with coauthor Paul Schwejda demonstrates how to make an
"Adaptive Firmware Card for the Apple II." David Stoffel reviews talking ter-
minals for the blind, and William L. Rush evaluates the Abilityphone, a device
for nonvocal communication. Patrick Demasco and Richard Foulds show how
the Panasonic Hand-Held Computer can be used as a communication device in
"A New Horizon for Nonvocal Communication Devices." Steve Garcia brings
you his latest speech-synthesis system in "Build the Microvox Text-to-Speech
Synthesizer: Part 1— The Hardware," and Dr. William Murray reviews The
Cognivox VI-I003, a speech-recognition system. Bruce Baker discusses his
highly original Minspeak associative memory system for portable speech syn-
thesis, and Alfred Fant Jr. shows you how to use a line printer to produce
braille. In case you're thinking of marketing your own computerized aid, see
our overview of the FDA's regulations concerning medical devices. In addition
to our regular articles and reviews, we have BYTE's Arcade, and we start the
countdown on our game contest winners.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Main St. Peterborough NH 03458. phone (603)
924-928 1 . a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill, Inc. Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM. Friday
8:30 AM - Noon. Eastern Time. Address subscriptions, change of address. USPS Form 3579. and fulfillment ques-
tions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590. Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough. N.H.
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registration number 9321 . Subscriptions are S 1 9 for one year. S34 for two years, and S49 for three years in the
USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico. S2! for one year. S38 for two years. S 55 for three years. S 43 for
one year air delivery to Europe. S35 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates
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a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE. POB 372. Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptable
manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or
photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1982
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BYTE® is available in microform from University Microfilms International. 300 N Zeeb Rd. Dept PR. Ann
Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row. Dept PR. London WC1R 4EJ England.

Subscription questions or problems should be addressed to:
BYTE Subscriber Service

P.O. Box 328
Hancock, NH 03449

4 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

wSSv m ^ :mmmmmm \

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MicroAngelo's on-board processor frees your host pro-
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M ILESTONE is an easy-to-use compu-
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Editorial

Let There Be Talking
People Too

by Mark Dahmke, Consulting Editor

When I was in college I met a fellow student who had great difficulties com-
municating because of cerebral palsy. We became friends and as things turned
out I designed a voice-synthesizer system that greatly enhanced his ability to
communicate. Designing this device was a logical extension of my long-time
interest in electronics, microcomputers, and voice synthesis. My friend's case
is a good example of how artificial aids — communicative or otherwise — can
improve the quality of life for disabled persons.

Personal computers have done more for people with communicative dis-
orders than any other technological development. Microcomputers are ver-
satile machines that can be customized fairly easily to fit the individual needs
of each person. Computers can be programmed to accept input from any kind
of switch or device and to interpret that input in whatever way the user wants.
As well, they can be made to respond with visual or audible output, opening
up a new world to deaf and blind individuals.

Nearly 500,000 Americans who are not classified as retarded are unable to
communicate either vocally or with standard hand signs. An even more sober-
ing thought is that perhaps 100,000 or more individuals of normal intelligence
are in institutions and have been diagnosed as retarded simply because they do
not have the physical means to communicate. We do not even have accurate
statistics in this area because of the nature of the disability. Assuming that the
number of people with communicative disorders in this country amounts to
two tenths of 1 percent of the population, then about 10 million people are af-
fected world-wide.

While we now have the technology to build devices to compensate for
almost any communicative disability, not everyone who needs a communica-
tion aid can afford one. They can't be mass produced because (ideally) they all
require some customization. A similar situation prevails in the case of artificial
limbs. Each prosthesis can cost thousands of dollars because of the relatively
small market and because each limb is handmade for the individual. What we
need are standard devices with plug-in memory modules, plug-in keyboard
layouts, and modular-display or audio-output options. A communication aid
could then be put together easily from two or three standardized modules and
would fill 90 percent of the needs of most individuals with communication
problems.

6 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Introducing the PERCOM
Alternative to ATARI Disk Storage

Your Atari 800 is the finest home computer on
the market. Now you can own a floppy disk
system that measures up — an RFD mini-disk
storage system from Percom.

At Percom we've been making disk
storage systems since 1 977.

Our designs are proven, our quality is
well known. And we back our dealers with
service know-how. Expect more from Percom.
You won't be disappointed.

• Operate in either single- or double-density
storage mode using Atari DOS 2. OS. In
double-density you can store almost 184
Kbytes (formatted) on one side of a 40-
track diskette.

Connect your Percom RFD first-drive
system directly to your computer or connect
into your system through your Atari 810
Disk Drive.

Add an RFD first-drive system with its
versatile four-drive controller, then connect
as many as three more low-cost RFD add-
on drives.

Write application programs that can query
and set up your system to operate a differ-
ent type drive at each cable position — that
can even change configuration as the
program executes.

• Get quality and state-of-the-art capability at
competitive prices. Percom first-drive RFD
systems are priced from only $799, first
add-on drive is only $459. Cables included.
Watch for announcement of a new/, power-
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your Percom-equipped Atari 800 computer.

Minimum system requirements — are an Atari 800
computer with 24-Kbytes of RAM and compatible
video display system; Atari's disk-operating system
(ver 2.0S) and owner's manual; and, for add-on
drives (if used) an optional disk drives
interconnecting cable available from Percom.

For the best thing next to your computer, see your Atari dealer
about a Percom RFD floppy disk storage system. For the name
of your nearest dealer, call Percom toll-free 1-800-527-1222.

PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS

SUBJECT TO CHANGE

WITHOUT NOTICE.

PERCOM DATA COMPANY, INC.

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ATARI 800 & ATARI 810 are trademarks of the Atari Corporation.
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Yes ... I'd like to know more about Percom RFD disk
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Editorial

One highly successful device currently on the market is
the Texas Instruments Speak & Spell, which was designed
as a children's learning tool. It has a reasonably large
vocabulary and costs around $50. In its current con-
figuration, it can work as a communication aid if you ig-
nore the spelling mode and simply type messages letter by
letter. If, however, a few extra features had been incor-
porated into its design it could have very easily func-
tioned as a communication aid and still cost $50. It would
have been the case of a mass-market product (with the
price benefits of economies of scale and an extensive
advertising campaign) doubling as a special-needs device.
The integration of general-appeal consumer products
with limited-market special-needs devices should be our
goal. Thousands of people would benefit.

Recently Texas Instruments announced a new product
called Vocaid, based on its Touch & Tell product. The
$150 device can be used by people with short-term com-
munications problems. It also is a great communication
aid for anyone with reasonably good coordination and
cognitive skills. It can also accept memory modules that
have specialized vocabularies. As such, it is a good prac-
tical application of customizing a standard product by
plugging in memory modules.

Part of the problem faced by disabled individuals is the
way they are perceived by the able-bodied members of
society. Today we scarcely think of someone who wears

eyeglasses as disabled, yet before the discovery of the
principles of optics, people with vision problems surely
would not have been able to lead normal productive
lives. I hope that in a similar way microcomputers will be
able to help people with physical limitations overcome
the restrictions to activity imposed on them by their
disabilities and become, remain, and be viewed as pro-
ductive members of society. It is an encouraging sign to
see the proverbial "synthesizer on a chip." And now that
we have the technology we must accept the challenge of
making the fruits of that technology available to the peo-
ple who will benefit the most.

On "Finding A Voice," a recent episode of NOVA on
public television, John Eulenburg of Michigan State
University said, "If there are going to be talking micro-
wave ovens, let there be talking people too."H

Articles Policy

BYTE is continually seeking manuscripts of high quality written
by individuals who are applying personal computer systems,
designing such systems, or who have knowledge that will be
useful to our readers. For a formal description of procedures and
requirements, potential authors should send a legal-sized, self-
addressed envelope with 37 cents U.S. postage affixed to BYTE
Author's Guide, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

Each month, the authors of the two leading articles in the
reader poll (BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box or BOMB) are presented
with bonus checks of S 100 and $50. Unsolicited materials should
be accompanied by full name, address, and return postage.

The Context MBA is available now at:

California

ComputerLand/Almaden 408/267-2182
ComputerLand /Belmont 415/595-4232
ComputerLand/Burlingame 415/348-7731
ComputerLand/Fremont 415/794-9311
ComputerLand /Hayward 415/538-8080
ComputerLand/Pasadena 213/449-3205
ComputerLand/Sacramento 916/920-8981
ComputerLand/San Diego 714/560-9912
ComputerLand/San Diego East 714/464-5656
ComputerLand/San Diego North 714/434-7001
ComputerLand/San Fernando Valley 213/716-7714
ComputerLand/San Francisco-Financial 415/546-1592
ComputerLand/San Francisco-Market Street

415/864-8080
ComputerLand /San Francisco-Van Ness 415/673-6640
ComputerLand/Sonoma 707/528-1775
ComputerLand /South Bay 213/371-7144
ComputerLand /Stockton 209/473-1241
ComputerLand /Thousand Oaks 805/495-3554
ComputerLand /Ventura 805/656-7711
ComputerLand /West Covina 213/960-6351
ComputerLand /West Los Angeles 213/559-3353
Personal Computer Business Systems/Irvine

714/540-1333

Connecticut

ComputerLand/Danbury 203/748-2300
ComputerLand /Fairfield 203/255-9252
ComputerLand/Hartford 203/561-1446
ComputerLand/New Haven 203/288-5162
ComputerLand/Stamford 203/964-1224
Illinois

ComputerLand /Arlington Heights 312/870-7500
ComputerLand /Downers Grove 312/964-7762
ComputerLand/Joliet 815/741-3303
ComputerLand /Lake County 312/949-1300
ComputerLand /Naperville 312/369-3511
ComputerLand/Niles 312/967-1714
ComputerLand/Northbrook 312/272-4703
ComputerLand/Oak Lawn 312/422-8080
ComputerLand/Schaumburg 312/843-7740

Indiana

The Computer Room /South Bend 219/277-1600
Kansas

ComputerLand /Lawrence 413/841-8611
ComputerLand /Overland Park 913/492-8882
ComputerLand /Topeka 913/267-6530

Maine

ComputerLand /Portland 207/774-1309
Massachusetts

Business Data Systems/Hanover 617/878-7888

ComputerLand /Boston 617/482-6033

Michigan

ComputerLand /Ann Arbor 313/973-7075
ComputerLand /Grosse Pointe 313/772-6540
ComputerLand/Southfield 313/356-8111
Computer Mart/Ann Arbor 313/665-4453
Computer Mart/Flint 313/234-0161
Computer Mart/Kalamazoo 616/329-1000
Computer Mart/Lansing 517/351-1777
Computer Mart/Livonia 313/540-3928
Computer Mart/Tri-Cities 517/790-1360
Computer Mart/Troy 313/649-0910
The Computer Room /Grand Rapids 616/949-2802
The Computer Room/Kalamazoo 616/343-4634
Minnesota

ComputerLand/Bloomington 612/884-1474
ComputerLand/Hopkins 612/933-8822
ComputerLand /Minneapolis 612/333-3151
Missouri

ComputerLand/Gladstone 816/436-3737
ComputerLand /Independence 816/461-6502
ComputerLand/St. Joseph 816/364-4498

New Hampshire

ComputerLand /Nashua 603/889-5238

New Jar 8 ay

ComputerLand/Morristown 201 /539-4077
ComputerLand /Princeton 609/882-1400

Naw York

ComputerLand /Nassau County 516/742-2262
ComputerLand /Suffolk County 516/499-4484
ComputerLand/White Plains 914/328-0144
Future Data 212/964-6666
Morris Decision Systems/New York 212/742-9590
Oragon

ComputerLand/Multnomah County 503/295-1928
ComputerLand /Salem 503/620-6170
ComputerLand/Portland 503/620-6170
Pennsylvania

ComputerLand/Dresner 215/542-8835
ComputerLand /Harrisburg 717/763-1116
ComputerLand/Paoli 215/296-0210
ComputerLand/Philadelphia
Texas

ComputerLand /Dallas 214/363-2223
ComputerLand/Fort Worth 817/292-7114
ComputerLand/Houston Bay Area 713/488-8153
ComputerLand/North Dallas 214/235-1285
ComputerLand/Southwest Houston 713/977-0909
ComputerLand /Tyler 214/581-7000
ComputerLand /Westwood 713/270-1200
Virginia

ComputerLand/Richmond 804/741-3502
ComputerLand /Tyson's Corner 703/893-0424
ComputerLand/Woodbridge 703/491-4151
Washington

ComputerLand /Bellevue 206/746-2070
ComputerLand /Federal Way 206/838-9363
ComputerLand /Lynnwood 206/774-6993
ComputerLand /Renton 206/271-8585
ComputerLand /Seattle 206/223-1075
ComputerLand /Tacoma 206/383-4951
ComputerLand /Vancouver 206/695-1540

Washington. DC

ComputerLand /Washington. DC 202/835-2200

Wisconsin

ComputerLand /Madison 608/273-2020

Canada

Computer Mart/Windsor 519/966-5757

8 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 129 on Inquiry card.

Screen Test:

Only the Context MBA Totally Integrates Modeling,

Word Processing, Database and Graphics in One Program.

TRUE FALSE

M E A:FOL»ER-SAIffLEi:DB!0Si, SOCNHI-TROPIFRBII, COHIEff-HODH M 135

lTropimit Annual Sales {Millions! I

2Pwfict '81 '82 '83 '84 J 85j

^Pineapples $15 m $28 m m\ '■.

5Li*es 5 18 12 28 3f -8

6 Bananas 25 22 28 16 if 2

7Suga* Cane 48 41 42 43 4fl

al: $85 $91 $94 $182 $118

Annual Sales

r— i V*M

Pineapples

IpopiFpuit Sales

i Suto Cane

All Sales Pereonne
V-P Sales

Pmeap TlTo:

.Fism: V-P Sales

uiiws 1 .Subject: Stagnant Sugar Cane Sales

1223 ; iPlease note the relative

Banana .stagnation of Sugar Cane sales in

*™ .ouf sales forecasts, I sant each

Context

Management Software
for Personal Computers

23864 Hawthorne Boulevard
Torrance, CA 90505
(213) 378-8277
Telex 181149 WEST LSA

SOURCE ID TCA 442

The Context MBA turns second generation per-
sonal computers like the IBM into powerful manage-
ment tools. Information entered in any of the C-MBA's
four contexts can be used in any other context. Build a
model using C-MBA's sophisticated electronic spread
sheet. Switch into database context by pressing three
keys to quickly sort your model. When one picture is
worth a thousand words (or numbers), a few keystrokes
produce one of nine different graphs. Change your

Circle 130 on inquiry card.

numbers and your graphs automatically update as well.

The word processing context helps you write
clear, concise reports. And you can copy in entire tables
of numbers from your spreadsheet in seconds.

The Context MBA is far more than four inte-
grated programs. It is a whole new concept in man-
agement software.

Personal computers are full of promise. Context

makes them deliver. ©Copyright 1982 Context Management Systems

BYTE September 1982

Letters

Response to
Japanese Computers

As a BMC if800 user for the past year
and a half, I read with interest the fine ar-
ticle "Six Personal Computers from
Japan" by Christopher P. Kocher and
Michael Keith (May 1982 BYTE, page 60).
I was pleased to see that the section on the
if800 was thorough and reasonably cor-
rect. The authors, however, made a few in-
accurate statements that were probably
due to omissions in the if800 documenta-
tion.

One of the inaccurate statements con-
cerns the if800's screen-dump feature. The
authors consider it a shortcoming that
". . . in dumping a screen image (as op-
posed to regular character-by-character
text printing) the scan lines are spread
quite far apart in the printed image, mak-
ing text or detailed graphics difficult to
read." They fail to mention, however,
that the if800 has two additional screen-
dump modes— one that prints a normal
representation of what appears on the
screen without the above-mentioned wide
spacing, and another that prints a com-
pacted representation of what appears on
the screen. The widely spaced printout
described in the article is obtained by
pressing the Hard Copy key. The normal-
ly spaced printout is obtained by holding
down the CTRL (Control) key while
pressing the Hard Copy key. Likewise, the
compacted printout is obtained by hold-
ing down the Shift key while pressing the
Hard Copy key.

A second inaccuracy occurs in the sub-
section titled "Minor Gripes." Here the
reader is led to believe that the if800
keyboard functions only in the uppercase
mode, where the Shift key must be used to
get lowercase characters. The if800 key-
board does, in fact, have a typewriter
mode in which the Shift-key function is
reversed; that is, lowercase characters are
typed when the Shift key is not used, and
uppercase characters are typed when the
Shift key is used. The typewriter mode
may be entered by simply pressing the
Shift and COMD (Command) keys simul-
taneously. To return to the uppercase
mode, press the CTRL and COMD keys
together.

Ken Davison, Applications Engineer
Oki Semiconductor Inc.
1333 Lawrence Expressway, Suite 401
Santa Clara, CA 95051

I would like to inform Christopher
Kocher and Michael Keith that Canon
CX-1 BASIC is definitely not the only
BASIC with an XREF command. It may
be the only BASIC running under CP/M
with such a command, but CP/M isn't the
only microcomputer operating system, or
to my mind, the best. Phase One Systems
has an excellent BASIC (running under
the Oasis operating system) that includes
XREF, which can be called from the inter-
preter or included as a compiler option. I
think this version of BASIC is about as
good as you can get with BASIC and still
call it BASIC. It also has a good editor,
which may stun some BASIC program-
mers.

Bob Pierce

99 Golden Hinde Blvd.

San Rafael, CA 94903

I'd like to clear up a common
misconception about using multiple pro-
cessors. In the article "Six Personal Com-
puters from Japan," the authors repeated-
ly state that the Fujitsu FM-8 was the
fastest machine in their test due to its
"division of labor." A little reflection will
reveal this to be false.

As stated in the article, the three micro-
processors in the Fujitsu handle process-
ing, video, and keyboard scanning. The
authors did not realize that while running
a BASIC benchmark the second and third
processors are standing by in an idle loop.
Because the programs that the authors
chose do not involve graphics or extensive
character I/O (input/output), they will
not exercise the task-splitting features of
the FM-8 computer.

As the designer of my own dual-proces-
sor upgrade for my SWTPC (Southwest
Technical Products Corporation) com-
puter, I've found that speed improvement
is seldom a factor. In any program that
does extensive computation, the I/O pro-
cessor remains idle. In programs that do a
lot of screen formatting, the main pro-
cessor must wait. Only in those rare pro-
grams where computation and I/O are
evenly split does my computer approach a
theoretical speed improvement of 2 to 1.

So why do Fujitsu and I use multiple
processors? In my case, I wanted to free
the computation-processor memory space
from the space required for the graphics
storage. This use of multiple processors is
mentioned in the BYTE article. If an

Apple or Radio Shack computer devoted
48K bytes of memory to graphics, there
would be little left for the user. The FM-8
graphics resolution of 640 by 200 by 3 bits
per pixel adds up to a total of 48K bytes of
video memory. It was not mentioned in
the article that 640 by 200 pixels can be
divided into 25 lines and 80 columns of 8-
by 8-bit character cells. This means the
Fujitsu can plot letters in graphics with 80
characters per line.

What, then, makes the Fujitsu the
fastest machine in the group tested? I
would say it is a combination of its
Motorola processor and a good BASIC in-
terpreter. I can't overstress the fact that
almost any hardware can run faster with
better software. My vintage SWTPC 6800
in single-processor mode is about three
times faster than the new Japanese ma-
chines. This is possibly due to the fast
floating-point BASIC interpreter supplied
by Technical Systems Consultants.

Leo Taylor

18 Ridge Court West

West Haven, CT 06516

Another TRS-80 Hang-Up

Glenn Tesler's article "TRS-80 BASIC
Program Hang-ups: The Reasons and
Some Solutions" (May 1982 BYTE, page
318) was very well done and useful. I
would like to extend his article with a
practical suggestion for other program-
mers. I have noticed that programs con-
taining PRINTUSING statements that
have concatenated strings as statement
elements eventually lead to program
hang-ups in TRS-80 BASIC. A simple
solution is to avoid concatenating strings
in these statements by using alternative
methods. For example, instead of

PRINTUSING"% (20 spaces) %";
"A" + ". " + B$

try:

PRINTUSING"!"; "A";:PRINT". ";:
PRINTUSING "% (17 spaces) %";
B$

You can use the addresses for "string
work area" and "start of string data"
pointers given in listing 2 of the article to
verify the difference. This technique is

10 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

NEC's new letter-quality printer
gets personal with IBM.

The Spinwriter M 3550 lets the IBM PC
get down to business.

NEC's new Spinwriter letter-quality
printer is the only one plug-compatible
with the IBM Personal Computer. So you
get the business applications you've been
wishing for. Letter-quality output for
word and data processing. Multi-language,
scientific, and technical printing. Simple
forms handling. Quiet operation. And the
reliability of the industry's most popular
printer line.

NEC designed the new Spinwriter espe-
cially for the IBM PC. It comes complete
with documentation and training materials
to fit your PC user's handbook. Just plug
the Spinwriter in and your PC instantly
becomes more versatile and flexible.

More than 8 forms handlers and

50 print thimbles boost PC versatility.

NEC designed the Spinwriter's 8 modular
forms handlers to accommodate a wide
range of paper and document sizes and
types. The easily mounted handlers let
your computer print out the forms you

need for data processing, word processing,
graphics, accounting or other business
applications.

The Spinwriter's 50 print thimbles
can more than triple your PC's usefulness.
They come in both constant pitch and
proportional-spaced fonts, plus in foreign
language, technical and scientific versions.
They snap in and out in seconds, and let
you print up to 203 columns on 16-inch
paper. They each last for more than 30
million impressions.

This printer's special features make
everything look better on paper.

The Spinwriter's software-invoked
features include automatic proportional
spacing; bidirectional, bold and shadow
printing; justification; centering; under-
scoring; and sub/super scripting, all at
speeds up to 350 words per minute.

That big extra, Spinwriter reliability.

Spinwriters have the industry's best
mean-time-betwecn-failure rating, in ex-
cess of 3,000 hours. In terms of average
personal computer usage, that's more
than five years.

The Spinwriter 3550 is available at
ComputerLand stores, Sears Business
Systems Centers and IBM Product
Centers nationwide.

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

5 Militia Drive, Lexington, MA 02173

Send me more information on the
Spinwriter 3550.

Name

Title

Telephone

Company

Address

City

State

L.

Zip
__BE982J

Circle 339 on inquiry card. f\ mL \g

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

Spinwriter is a trademark of Nippon Electric Co., Ltd.

Wete Made

for Each Other

spinwriter

•

The Software:

PROGRAMS

WordStar®

The number one selling microcomputer
word processing package in the world.
8"CP/M®

LISTPRICE: 495.00
MH PRICE: 289.00

5 '/>" APPLE®

LISTPRICE: 3 75.00
MH PRICE: 234.00

MICROPRO

MailMerge™

A multi-purpose text-data merging program.
One of its most popular uses is producing
personalized form letters. Requires
WORDSTAR®
8" CP/M®

LISTPRICE:
MH PRICE:

750.00
99.00

5 1 /4 M APPLE®

LIST PRICE:
MH PRICE:

125.00
83.00

MAILMERGE, DATASTAR, SPELLSTAR, CALCSTAR.

and SUPERSORT are trademarks of MicroPro

International, San Rafael, California USA.

QUICKCODE, QUICKSCREEN, anddUTILare

trademarks of Fox & Geller Associates.

VISITREND/VISIPLOT, VISIFILE, VISISCHEDULE,

VISIDEX, VISITERM, and DESKTOP PLAN are

trademarks of VisiCorp.

dBASE II is a trademark of Ashton-Tate.

MATHSTAR is atrademark of Force Two, LTD.

SUPERCALC is a trademark of Sorcim.

SPELLGUARD is a trademark of Innovative Software

Applications.

T.I.M. is atrademark of Innovative Software, Inc.

CROSSTALK is a trademark of MicroStuf .

EASY WRITER and EASY SPELLER are trademarks

of Information Unlimited Software.

PERFECT WRITER and PERFECT SPELLER are

trademarks of Perfect Software, Inc.

WORDSTAR is a registered trademark of MicroPro

International, San Rafael, California USA.

VISICALC is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

APPLE is a registered trademark of Apple Computers.

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business

Machines.

MICROPRO

DataStar™

The office-oriented system for data entry,
retrieval, and updating. DATASTAR
allows you to create a form, be it a price
list, catalog, or order form. You can edit,
update, or save this information in a file
or simply print it out. DATASTAR
interfaces with MAILMERGE and
SUPERSORT.
8" CP/M

LISTPRICE: 350.00
MH PRICE: 235.00

5 '/a" APPLE®

LISTPRICE: 295.00
MH PRICE: 199.00

CalcStar™

Financial planning and business decision-
making made simpler, faster, and more
accurate. CALCSTAR calculates solutions
to complex numerical problems in
business and finance. CALCSTAR turns
your microcomputer's video screen into
a 'window' on a gigantic electronic ledger
sheet with up to 600 entries arranged
the way you want.
8" CP/M®

LISTPRICE: 295.00
MH PRICE: 199.00

5% "APPLE®

LISTPRICE: 195.00
MH PRICE: 149.00

FORCE TWO. LTD.

MathStar™

MATHSTAR is a combination adding
machine/calculator program, designed
specifically for use with MicroPro's
WORDSTAR®. Provides basic math
functions, formatted results, and
accounting notation.
8" CP/M®

LISTPRICE: 125.00
MH PRICE: 99.00

574" APPLE®

Same as 8" CP/M'

ASHTON-TATE

dBASE II ™

THE database management system for
the microcomputer.
8" CP/M®

LISTPRICE: 700.00
MH PRICE: 489.00

5 1 /4"APPLE®

Same as 8" CP/M"

FOX & GELLER

QuickCode™

QUICKCODE allows dBASE II users to
create the following programs, in a matter
of seconds, without programming.

□ Data entry programs

□ Data retrieval programs

□ Date edit/validation programs
D Menus

□ dBASE II files

PLUS: 4 New Data Types:
D Date

□ Dollars

□ Telephone

□ Social Security number

QUICKCODE includes a powerful new
version of QUICKSCREEN, the dBASE II
screen builder.
8" CP/M®

LISTPRICE: 295.00
MH PRICE: 249.00

5 V4" APPLE® '

Same as 8" CP/M'

FOX & GELLER

dUTIL™

dUTILis the BASE II utility program which
savesvaluable computer time and work
by:

□ Increasing command file running time

□ Creating standard text files to use
within your word processor

□ Automatically debugging dBASE II
command files

dUTIL does not require QUICKCODE or

QUICKSCREEN.

8" CP/M®

LISTPRICE:
MH PRICE:

99.00
75.00

5 'A" APPLE®

Same as 8" CP/M*

Call Toll- Free: 1-800-523-9511 In Pennsylvania: 1- 215-868-8219

12 BYTE September 1982

The Software:

PACKAGES

MH-1 WORDSTAR® /MAILMERGE

MH-2 WORDSTAR® /MAILMERGE/DATASTAR

MH-3 WORDSTAR® /CALCSTAR

MH-4 WORDSTAR® /MATHSTAR

MH-5 dBASE ll/WORDSTAR® /MAILMERGE

MH-6 dBASE ll/QUICKCODE/

WORDSTAR® /MAILMERGE

MH-7 dBASE ll/QUICKCODE/dUTIL

CPA/T

APPLE*

COMBINED

MICROHOUSE

COMBINED

MICROHOUSE

LIST PRICE:

PRICE:

LIST PRICE:

PRICE:

645.00

319.00

500.00

259.00

995.00

519.00

795.00

399.00

790.00

419.00

570.00

299.00

620.00

369.00

500.00

319.00

1345.00

819.00

1200.00

719.00

1640.00

999.00

1495.00

899.00

1070.00

749.00

1070.00

749.00

MICROPRO

WordStar® 289.00

MailMerge 99.00

SpellStar 149.00

DataStar 1 99.00

SuperSort 170.00

CalcStar 199.00

VISICORP

VisiCalc® 190.00

VisiTrend/VisiPlot 228.00

VisiFile 169.00

VisiPlot 179.00

VisiSchedule 249.00

VisiDex 190.00

VisiTerm 80.00

Desktop Plan 1 90.00

IUS

Easy Writer II 299.00

Easy Speller 1 49.00

PERFECT

Perfect Writer 289.00

Perfect Speller 149.00

SORCIM

SuperCalc 209.00

ISA

SpellGuard 249.00

ISI

T.I.M 399.00

MICROSTUF

CrossTalk 11 9.00

ASHTON-TATE

dBASE II CALL

Microhouse 1444 Linden Street/ P.O. Box 498 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18016 Prices and specifications subject to change without notice. All items subject to availability.

MICROHOUSE

The Microcomputer People.

B YTE September 1982 13

Circle 146 on inquiry card.

Introductory
Offer. . .

COLOR RGB MONITORS
BUY DIRECT!!

plus $9. 50 shipping & handling.

# 13" RGB Color.

# 8 Colors standard.

# 16 Colors on your IBM or
Apple III.

# Analog

# Up to 80 Characters per line.

# 360 Dots per color,
(horizontal resolution)

Apple III and IBM customers
please add $29.50 for factory
installed mod board.

MasterCard / VISA / American
Express / Prepaid / C.O.D.

Call Toll Free for immediate
shipment: 1-800-258-6370

® Apple III is a registered

trademark of Apple Computer.

Monitors by

lECO

dotoled

18 Bridge Street, Salem, NH 03079
Tel. (603) 893-2047
TWX: 710-366-0502

Letters.

especially helpful in programs with lots of
menus.

William S. Wise, M.D.
President
Datalab Corp.
2652 Edgerton Rd.
University Heights, OH 44118

Thank you for publishing Glenn
Tesler's article "TRS-80 BASIC Program
Hang-ups: The Reasons and Some Solu-
tions." If anyone wishes to get in touch
with Glenn, his correct address is Glenn
Tesler, Prosoft, POB 839, North Holly-
wood, CA 91603.

Your readers might also be interested
to know that Glenn was barely 12 years
old when he wrote that article.

Although he didn't know it at the time
the article was written, Glenn now says
that many of the techniques presented in
the article apply to Microsoft BASIC on
the Apple, the IBM Personal Computer,
and many other microcomputers.

Debbie Tesler

Prosoft

POB 839

North Hollywood, CA 91603

Why Advertisers
Don't Respond

We read with interest the letter to the
editor from H. B. Brandon regarding the
lack of interest some advertisers showed
concerning inquiries about their equip-
ment or software (May 1982 BYTE, page
19). Our firm specializes in designing and
optimizing small computer systems for in-
dustry and small-business use. We often
experience the same frustration and delay
that Mr. Brandon found. Typically, it is
not that the manufacturers intend to be
rude or inapproachable, but rather that
they are simply swamped. For production
lines, customer services, sales forces, etc.
to be scaled up to meet the demand re-
quires a very long lead time plus long-
range forecasting to meet future demand.
Personnel must be hired and trained, and
telephone lines must be added to handle
orders and inquiries. Sometimes the entire
staff must be relocated to more spacious
quarters. Then of course, letters can be
lost. We offer this not as an excuse but as
an explanation and ask you not to be too

harsh in your judgment of these com-
panies.

Thomas M. Krischan, Chief Executive

Officer
Technimetrics Computer Consulting
646 South 93rd St.
West Allis, WI 53214

Buffer Overflow Cure

I enjoyed reading John Blankenship's
"Give Your Apple a Voice: A Speech-
Development System Using the Radio
Shack Speech Synthesizer" (May 1982
BYTE, page 446). However, like most ar-
ticles on the Radio Shack Speech Syn-
thesizer, it overlooked the fact that this
device contains only a 32-byte buffer and
has no control over preventing buffer
overflow. There is a simple cure for this
problem; it requires a small hardware
modification to the synthesizer and the
availability of a single input line to the
computer. First, bring out pin 2 of IC4, as
marked on the circuit board, to an unused
wire of the ribbon cable. On the computer
end of the ribbon cable connect this line to
an input port that can be read by your
program. The signal you have just wired
to an input port will indicate by a low
voltage that the synthesizer buffer is full.
It will go to a high-voltage state when
there is again room in the buffer.

Ralph J. Jannelli
101 Cottonwood Dr.
Jamestown, NC 27282

We congratulate Mr. Blankenship on
his excellent article. The program listing
he provided should be quite helpful to
owners of the Radio Shack Speech Syn-
thesizer. As an update to the article,
please note that while the Radio Shack
Speech Synthesizer was designed and
manufactured by Votrax for Radio Shack,
the unit uses a Votrax VST synthesizer
module, not an SC-01A speech chip. It
may interest your readers to know that
the SC-01A is currently available in a
Votrax product called Type-'N-Talk, a
text-to-speech computer peripheral with
unlimited vocabulary and an RS-232C in-
terface. Type-'N-Talk utilizes a program
similar to that developed by Mr. Blanken-

14 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Proven tools for programmers.
From Microsoft.

Old friends. Eight years ago, Microsoft put BASIC
on the first microcomputer. Today, there are more
than 1,000,000 copies of Microsoft
languages in use. BASIC interpreter.
BASIC compiler. FORTRAN, and
COBOL. A proven set of program-
ming tools. All, fully supported
by Microsoft.

The best get better. Good
tools work better if you keep
them sharp. That's why we
constantly improve the tools we
offer. Enhancing them. Increasing
their utility. Taking full advantage
of the strengths of each language
Supporting you, the user, with
a full range of finely honed
programming tools.

Technical support. When you buy
our tools, you get our number. If you
have technical problems, call the Microsoft
support staff for assistance. If we don't have the
answers now, we'll find them and call you back.

Compatible documentation. All Microsoft
languages share a common approach to documen-
tation. Starting with plain English. That means
that even when you're learning a new language,
you won't have to learn a new vocabulary.

Linkable code. All Microsoft compilers share
common utilities. A linker accompanies each

Circle 541 on inquiry card.

compiler. That means you can write programs in
two or more languages, taking advantage of

the specific strengths of each, then, link and
run them as a single program.

Leadership in micros. Nobody
gave us leadership. We earned it
through innovation, enhanced
programming tools and complete
user support. Today, Microsoft is the
only software supplier to offer you
a complete programming environ-
ment. Including specialized languages
that support you in a wide variety of
programming situations. Tomorrow, you can
look to Microsoft to make that environment
even more productive.

Better tools. Ask your Microsoft dealer
about Microsoft's family of proven tools
for programmers: BASIC interpreter, BASIC
compiler, FORTRAN and COBOL. Each is
a specialized tool for a special programming problem.
Better tools. And better tools make better programs.

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

/HfCRDSOfT

^j Microsoft Corporation ^^ ! I

V 10700 Northup Way ^ V

Bellevue, WA 98004

Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Speaking graphically. . .

it really pays to rent terminals and
desktop computers from Genstar REI!

You can rent — right now, off-the-shelf, for as short as 30 days —
Hewlett-Packard desktop computers, Intelligent graphics terminals,
graphics terminals, digitizers and thermal graphics printers. Plus,
you can rent dot matrix printers, graphic printers, impact printers
and teleprinters from Centronics, HP, Tally, Texas Instruments,
Qume, and more. Also, data terminals from ADDS, Beehive,
Computer Devices, HP, Lear Siegler, Tektronix, Televideo Systems,
Tl, and others. We've also got modems and acoustic couplers
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your bottom line in graphic terms. Rent from Genstar REI. Today!

GENSTAR

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TELEPHONE.

B982

Please complete coupon and mall to: Genstar Rental Electronics, Inc., 19525
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Letters — —

ship for the Radio Shack unit, but the
software is self-contained within
Type-'N-Talk and requires no additional
programming on the part of the user. Mr.
Blankenship's statement that "quality was
more a function of the programmer than
of the hardware" is all too true, but with
the introduction of programs- such as his
for the Radio Shack unit and Type-
'N-Talk more and more users can now
add voice to their computers without first
becoming specialists in phonetic speech
synthesis.

Melanie J. Moyna, Manager

Consumer Products Group

Votrax

Division of Federal Screw Works

500 Stephenson Highway

Troy, MI 48084

The Votrax SC-01A chip is also used in
Steve Ciarcia's project this month. See
"Build the Microvox Text-to-Speech Syn-
thesizer, Part 1: Hardware," on page
64. . . . R.S.S.

Computing Careers

Jacqueline Johnston's article "Career
Opportunities in Computing" (April 1982
BYTE, p. 439) was very informative and
useful. I enjoyed it because I am currently
seeking a job as an entry-level program-
mer. As a result, I have some observations
that may interest the audience addressed
by Ms. Johnston's article.

There are indeed many openings out
there for programmers and programmer-
analysts. This fact is readily apparent
from the classified pages of the major
metropolitan newspapers. But very few of
the advertised openings are for entry-level
personnel, and many firms demand quali-
fications that even an experienced profes-
sional may have difficulty meeting.

Entry-level programmers who do not
have access to a school placement service
or a diligent guidance counselor will prob-
ably have to knock on a lot of doors in
order to find entry-level positions. This
could be an expensive proposition for
anyone who resides, as I do, in an area
remote from the urban centers where
there is the greatest demand for computer
personnel. Private employment agencies
are of little help because, although clients
will pay an agency to find experienced
programmers, companies apparently
prefer to obtain entry-level personnel
through campus recruiting and walk-ins.

16 September 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 206 on Inquiry card.

Circle 480 on Inquiry card.

■II ^L^ftJI^^^^^UlH^^^^u[^B^^^J[^^^^^U!^^^^^U|l^^^^u[^^^j

897 N.W. Grant Ave. • Corvallis, Oregon 97330 • 503/758-0521

i

1a

Never having to type the word

"CATALOG," or trying to remember

how to get from one part

of a program to another!

If you could do these functions, and many

more like them, at the STROKE of a SINGLE

KEY, would you? We thought you would! So,

we invented the Enhancer ][ and the Function

Strip. More than just another lower case

adapter, the Enhancer ][ is an intelligent

keyboard processor. Now characters, strings

of data, commands and statements can all be

stored in your Enhancer ][ for immediate recall

by pressing JUST ONE KEY!

Features that you would expect only on larger

systems now can be yours. EASILY! For

instance, wouldn't you like auto-repeat, and hi-

speed repeat? How about a type-ahead buffer?

Even user-definable function keys are available

for greater input flexibility.

The Videx Enhancer ][ and Function Strip; it

really is the Dawn of a New Era for Apple ][™.

Suggested Prices

I ENHANCER ][ 149.00
FUNCTION STRIP 79.00
Package Deal 215.00

ini )i )i mi nil mi iduqq

t-.-i-i-ir-n

1 1 n n ii ii 1 1 u 1 1 ii ii ii ii ii ii w i

1L

Apple ][ is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Enhancer ][ and Function Strip are trademarks of Videx, Inc.

; . ; |

dtafcl

?J

Letters .^— _^^_-i

Most advertised openings I have seen
now specify two to five years' experience
in addition to the expected knowledge of a
specific computer language. While many
hobbyists may meet those qualifications,
the job seeker should also realize that
most advertisements now demand experi-
ence on specific types of computers and
knowledge of specific operating and/ or
database systems. These prerequisites
presumably exclude those professionals
who are familiar with the "wrong"
machine or system. They certainly ex-
clude those hobbyists who have had no
opportunity to work with minicomputers
and mainframes.

These demands for specialization in one
brand or line of hardware or software
seem unrealistic. After all, much of what
we do as programmers is medium in-
dependent, there is a shortage of com-
puter personnel, the differences between
brands of hardware and software are not
huge, and new brands or lines of hard-
ware and software are coming into the
market almost daily. The employers ob-
viously want no time wasted on training
or retraining computer personnel; perhaps
high salaries are at fault.

These observations are not meant to
discourage anyone interested in a pro-
gramming job or career. The opportu-

COMPUTER FORMS

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WORD PROCESSING LETTERHEAD

SHEER CUT LETTERHEAD FROM CHECKS TO-GO USES A NEW PROCESS TO
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TAX FORMS

Call for your free 1982 con-
tinuous tax form catalogue.

h 51 Checks To-Go

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nities are out there, but finding a position
that's right for you may not be quite as
easy or fast as it once was or as some
sources would indicate.

La Vaughn H. Hayes
2021 Biltmore Dr.
Fayetteville, NC 28304

Disclaimer May Not Be Valid

I read with interest John Navas's letter
regarding warranties and software (May
1982 BYTE, page 18), and I'd like to in-
form Mr. Navas that just because a dis-
claimer is printed doesn't mean it is valid.

Assuming Mr. Navas's software can be
termed "goods" under the Uniform Com-
mercial Code, Section 2-316 of that code
applies. This section requires that for a
disclaimer to be valid, it must be con-
spicuous and in writing.

Conspicuousness in this context is
readily determined. Usually the disclaimer
must appear in capital letters and in a
typeface that contrasts with the surround-
ing typefaces. If a disclaimer is indistin-
guishable from the rest of the sales con-
tract or agreement, it is not conspicuous.

Furthermore, it is required that the pur-
chaser either have or should have had ac-
tual knowledge of the disclaimer prior to
the sale. A warranty cannot be disclaimed
after a sale.

Finally, even if there is a disclaimer, the
disclaimer will not excuse the failure to
supply the goods forming the basis of the
bargain. For example, if Mr. Navas
bought a checkbook maintenance pro-
gram, the product must function as a
checkbook maintenance program. If the
software or hardware delivered is so
riddled with bugs that it will not operate,
the seller did not deliver what was bar-
gained for.

L. J. Kutten

201 South Central

POB 16185

St. Louis, MO 63105

A Fix for
the Soundex Algorithm

The algorithm given in Jacob R.
Jacobs's "Finding Words That Sound
Alike: The Soundex Algorithm" (March
1982 BYTE, page 473) can be improved
simply by eliminating the code element

18 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 84 on inquiry card.

15 type styles

for the IBM PC and Apple II

With this program your dot matrix printer
can output 15 large typefaces.

Type Faces generates distinctive presentations, fancy lettering,
invitations, easy to read output, and over 100 symbols.
Reduced printout on a copier gives you letter quality text. , .
an inexpensive typesetter.

Type Faces comes with its own simple text editor and is
compatible with most word processors.

Actual dot matrix printout

ABC abc
ABC abc

QBO abr

Reduced dot matrix printout
gives you letter quality text

ABC abc

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,A M tf CUhO

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Alpha software products available at participating ComputerLands
Or call us for your nearest dealer: 617 229-2924

A

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6 New England Executive Park • Burlington, Massachusetts 01803

Type Faces supports Epson and IDS dot matrix printers. Type Faces: $95

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

Letters -

for vowels only after consecutive repeated
elements are eliminated. With this fix, the
routine will correctly discriminate be-
tween words like "decision" and "thicken"
because similarly coded consonants sepa-
rated by vowels are preserved. The
earliest document I know of that describes
the Soundex method with this change is
"Information Retrieval by Proper Name"
by W. L. Hewes and K. H. Stow (June
1965 Data Processing, page 18).

John Nesbit
9808 110th St.
Edmonton, Alberta
Canada

Wanted: FORT/80

My company has a problem: a number
of our customers have bought and are
using FORT/80, a FORTRAN compiler
produced by Unified Technologies Inc. of
Islington, Ontario. Our customers find
the compiler an excellent product, if a lit-
tle lacking in some advanced features. Un-
fortunately, we believe Unified Technolo-
gies ceased trading some time ago, and we

cannot contact them.

We would appreciate any information
on the availability of the FORT/80 com-
piler.

D.G. Collier, Software Director
Data Applications [UK] Ltd.
16B Dyer St.
Cirencester

Gloucestershire, GL7 2PF
United Kingdom

MPI Disk Drives Meet IBM

The following information may be
useful to anyone considering purchasing
the IBM Personal Computer.

Recently, I decided to upgrade to a
16-bit computer. I first purchased the IBM
Technical Reference manual and later
bought the IBM Personal Computer. Why
did I buy the technical manual first? I
wanted to know if there was any reason
why IBM's Tandon-made disk drives
could not be replaced with my MPI
(Micro Peripherals Inc.) B51 drives.

Last week, I brought home my newly
acquired Personal Computer system with

the DOS (disk operating system) manual,
a disk-controller board, a color-graphics
board, and an additional 16K bytes of
memory. That same evening my system
was up and running with the DOS and
one of the B51 drives. Unfortunately,
when I attached the second disk drive
neither drive would work. I found that
making the MUX (multiplex) connection
on the MPI shunt socket for the Tandon
drive, as described in the Technical
Reference manual, does not work on the
MPI drives, because the drive electronics
are then enabled all the time. Therefore,
the outputs of the two drives contend
with each other. Fortunately, no damage
can occur with open-collector drive cir-
cuits. The solution is simple: do not make
the MUX shunt connection. Also, the
disk-controller board places a logic low
voltage on pin 34, Side Select, and this
must always be logic high for the MPI B51
drives.

The following information will allow
anyone who wants to use MPI B51 drives
to have a system up and running in no
time with the IBM Personal Computer
and DOS:

^BYTE WRITER

DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER AND TYPEWRITER

IN ONE PACKAGE

The BYTEWR1TER is a new Olivetti Praxis 30 electronic typewriter
with a micro-processor controlled driver added internally.

$795

plus shipping

Dealer

Inquiries

Invited

FEATURES

• Underlining • 10, 12, or 15 characters per inch switch selectable • 2nd keyboard
with foreign grammar symbols switch selectable • Changeable type daisy wheel

• Centronics-compatible parallel input operates with TRS-80, Apple, Osborne, IBM
and others • Cartridge ribbon • Typewriter operation with nothing to disconnect

• Service from any Olivetti dealer • Self test program built in.

CBYTE WRITER

1 25 NORTHVIEW RD., ITHACA, NY. 1 4850
(607) 272-1 132

Praxis :«) is a trademark of Olivetti Corp.

TRS SO is a trademark of Tandy Corp.

BYTEWRITER is a trademark of Williams Laboratories.

• Each MPI drive must be set up to receive
its Drive Select signal on pin 12 of its edge
connector.

• The Drive Select signal must also enable
the Head Load line.

• The MPI drives' Side Select lines must
always be logic high.

The above conditions can be achieved by
placing two jumper connections across the
following pins of the shunt socket on the
MPI drives:

1 to 14 (Head Load connecting to Drive

Select)
3 to 12 (Drive Select connecting with pin

12)

and cutting the trace on the MPI printed-
circuit board leading to pin 34 of the edge
connector (just above the contact), allow-
ing this pin to stay in the high state.

Note that the termination-resistor pack
(150-ohm pull-up resistors) should be left
in the A drive only; remove this pack
from the B drive but place a single
150-ohm resistor between pins 2 and 13 of
this socket. This pulls the Side Select line
up to the high state.

Kim B. Lignell

649 South Harvard Ave.

Addison, IL 60101 ■

20 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

Turn your Apple* IE into an

Orchard

With software from Quark™ Engineering

Quark Engineering brings you software specially
designed for your Apple III. Easy-to-use products
that dramatically increase your system's capabilities.
And your productivity.

You start with Word juggler™, the most easy-to-use
word processor available for the Apple III. Word
Juggler is written in assembly language. And comes
with special keyboard templates to label important
functions.

Word Juggler retails for $295. Form letter and simple
mailing list capabilities are included free. If you want
even more capacity, you can interface with Apple's
Mail List Manager for an additional $35.

Need to check your spelling? Add Lexicheck™ .
A high-performance spelling checker with a
25,000-word dictionary. You can add your own
words. And get more accurate documents, without a
lot of proofreading. The price? Less than a penny a
word. Only $195.

You can even send text from Word Juggler to
computerized typesetting equipment. All you need
is Ty peFace ™. Interface software which cuts your
typesetting costs and eliminates re-keying errors.
$175.

Finally, there's Transcribe ™. A spooler designed
especially for hard disk drives. Transcribe lets you
use other computer functions while you're printing.
And it's compatible with most Apple III software.
$125.

There's much more to tell you about Word Juggler,
Lexicheck, TypeFace and Transcribe. See them
at your local dealer. Or contact us
today. We'll help you turn your
Apple III into an orchard. And from
then on, you'll find easy picking.

Quark Engineering
1433 Williams, Suite 1102
Denver, CO 80218
(303) 399-1096

•Apple is a registered trademark
of Apple Computer, Inc.

Circle 391 on inquiry card.

Quark

See us at Applefest/San Francisco, Booth #529.

r\

: **i

^

•xV«V.*<'-

MICROBUFFER Will
SPEED UP ANY PROGRAM
THAT REQUIRES PRINTING.

MICROBUFFER ALLOWS YOU

TO PRINT AND PROCESS

SIMULTANEOUSLY.

Now you don't have to wait for
the printer to finish before you
can use your computer again.

YOU CAN DUMP

PRINTING DATA DIRECTLY

TO MICROBUFFER.

Unlike your printer, Microbuffer
accepts data as fast as your
computer can send it. So there's
never a bottleneck.

Microbuffer first stores the
data in its own memory buffer
and then takes control of your
printer. This frees the computer
for more productive functions.

Additional output may be
dumped to the buffer at any
time and it will be printed in
turn.

THERE IS A MICROBUFFER

FOR ANY PRINTER/COMPUTER

COMBINATION.

Microbuffers are available in
Centronics-compatible parallel
or RS-232C serial versions.

FOR APPLE II COMPUTERS,
Microbuffer II features on-board

firmware for text formatting and
advanced graphics dump
routines. Both serial and parallel
versions have very low power
consumption. Special functions
include Basic listing formatter,
self-test, buffer zap, and
transparent and maintain modes.
The 16K model is priced at $259
and the 32K, at $299.

FOR EPSON PRINTERS, Microbuffer
is $159 in either an 8K serial or a
16K parallel version. The serial
buffer supports both hardware
handshaking and XON-XOFF
software handshaking at baud
rates up to 19,200. Both Epson
interfaces are compatible with all
Epson commands
including GRAFTRAX-80 and
GRAFTRAX-80 + .

ALL OTHER PRINTER/COMPUTER
COMBINATIONS are served by the
in-line, stand-alone Microbuffers.
Both serial and parallel versions
are expandable up to 256K. The
serial stand-alone will support
different input and output baud
rates and handshake protocol.
The 32K model starts at $299,
64K for $349. 64K add-ons for up
to a total of 256K are just $179.
When you think of how much
time Microbuffer will save,
can you afford to not have one?

SIMPLE TO INSTALL

Microbuffer II is slot-independent.
It will fit directly inside the Apple
II in any slot except zero.

Microbuffer for your Epson
mounts easily in the existing
auxiliary slot directly inside the
printer.

The stand-alone Microbuffer is
installed in-line between virtually
any printer and computer.

MICROBUFFER FROM
PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS.

Practical Peripherals is dedicated
to establishing new industry
standards for product performance.
The un-retouched photo at left
has been enlarged to demostrate
Microbuffer's exact workmanship
and precise attention to detail.
Specifications demand that each
board undergo 36 seperate tests
and inspections before it can
leave the factory.

Ask your dealer for a demostra-
tion of the most practical, most
successful new product of the
year — Microbuffer.

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS, INC.
31245 LA BAYA DRIVE
WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362
(213) 991-8200

Circle 376 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 23

Quinti-Maze

Robert Tsuk

17 Lexington Ave.

Plattsburgh, NY 12901

The Quinti-Maze game takes you on a three-dimen-
sional adventure through a 5-by-5-by-5 cubic maze. The
object of the game is to find your way through the rooms
and out of the maze in as little time as possible.

The program is written in Applesoft BASIC for an Ap-
ple II with 32K bytes of memory and one disk drive.
Although it's written in BASIC, Quinti-Maze is a fast
game to play (see listing 1). But setting up the maze takes
about 30 seconds (see photo 1). One room at a time ap-
pears on the screen, showing you four possible exits — one
in each of the three visible walls and one in either the
floor or ceiling.

Playing the Game

At the start of the game, you're asked if you want to
see the instructions. If you don't, the screen then displays
a view of one of the rooms, in high-resolution graphics,
located somewhere in the maze. The direction in which
you are facing is indicated at the bottom center of the
screen.

You move around the maze by entering any of the
following commands:

U-up

E — east

D — down

W — west

N— north

F — change facing direction

S — south

Q— quit

Every time you enter a command, you move to another
room or get a different perspective of your location in the
room. The rooms look nearly identical, except for the

Photo 1: View of one of the rooms in the maze. You can
change the direction you are facing or move in any direction
by entering one of the commands.

varying positions of the doors and holes in the floor or
ceiling. As you move about the maze, the computer ticks
off the seconds, keeping track of your total time. The
elapsed time is displayed in the lower left-hand corner of
the screen.

When you enter the F command, to change your direc-
tion, the program asks that you enter the new direction.

24 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

If you enter the Q command, to stop the game, the pro-
gram asks if you want to save the current maze. If you
do, the program requests a name for the maze and then
saves it on the disk. When you next play Quinti-Maze,
the program asks if you want to start in a new maze or
recall an old maze from the disk. If you want to recall an
old maze, you enter the name of the maze. The program
returns you to the same room and with the same
cumulative time as when you last quit the game.

Strategy

The strategy for Quinti-Maze is fairly simple; be
methodical. Because all the rooms in the maze look
similar, you could wander around forever without find-
ing the exit. My favorite method is to travel in one direc-
tion for as far as I can go, then I assume I'm at one of the
outside walls and search there for an exit.

Conclusion

Quinti-Maze is a simple yet very playable game. Be-
cause it is written in BASIC you can easily modify the
program to include your own special features. A denizen
or two would add even more excitement to Quinti-
Maze. ■

The author has offered to make copies of his program
available to BYTE readers for $5. Send a blank disk and a
self -addressed stamped envelope to:

Robert Tsuk

17 Lexington Ave.

Pittsburgh, NY 12901

Listing 1: Quinti-Maze, written in Applesoft BASIC, requires
an Apple II with 32K bytes of memory and one disk drive.

1 DATA 20 J. , 84 , 208 , :!. 5 , 32 , :!. 77 , , 3

2,243 , 230 , 1 38 ,72,32, 1 83 , , 20
:l. „ 44 , 240 , 3 „ 76 „ 20 1 , 222,, 32 , 1 77
,0,32, 248,, 230

2 FOR I = 768 TO 833s READ P: POKE

I,P; NEXT I

3 DATA :!. 04 , 1 34 , 3 , 1 34 , 1 , 1 33 , 5 1 7

a 1 60 , 1 ., 1 32 :, 2 ,, 1 73 , 4 8 ;i J. 92 , 1 36
,208,4, 198

4 DATA 1 , 240, 7 , 202 , 208 fl 246 , 1 66 fl

, 208 , 239 , 1 65 , 3 , 1 33 , 1 , 1 <9B , 2 ,
208 .,241 ,96

5 POKE 10 13 j, 76s POKE 1014, Os POKE

1015,3
.1.0 TEXT :; HOME
90 GOSUB 2000

1 D I M F C < 5 , 7 ) s D I M F C * < 5 )
105 FC*<1> « "NORTH" :FC*<2> « "SO

U T H ' ' :; F C « < 3 ) = " E AS "I" ' ' s F C * ( 4 > --^r^

"WEST"
110 FOR B = 1 TO 4 5 FOR I = 1 TO

6;: READ FC<B s I)b NEXT s NEXT

115 GOTO 155

120 HPLOT 0,0 TO 279,0 i'O 279,15
9 TO 0,159 TO 0,0 TO 69,29 TO
209,29 TO 209,129 TO 69,129 TO
69,29s HP L T 209,29 T 279 ,
3 HPLOT 209,129 TO 279,159s HPLOT
69,129 TO 0,159s RETURN

LZ:5 RETURN

130 HPLOT 109,9 TO 169,9 TO 159,

1 9 T 1 1 9 , 1 9 T 1 9,9s H P L T
1 1 9 , 1 9 TO 1 1 9,9s HPLOT 1 59 , 1
9 TO 159,, 9s RETURN

135 HPLOT 119,139 TO 159,139 TO
169,149 TO 109,149 TO 119,13
9 s HP L T 1 1 9 , 1 3 9 T 1 1 9,149s
HPLOT 159,139 TO 159,149s RETURN

140 HPLOT 19,39 TO 49,49 TO 49,1

39s HPLOT 19,149 TO 19. ,39s HPLOT
19,139 TO 49,139:: HPLOT 19,4
9 TO 49,49s RETURN

145 HPLOT 119,59 TO 159,59 TO 15
9,129 TO 119,129 TO 119,59 TO
129,69 TO 149,69 TO 149,119 TO
1 2 9 , 1 1 9 T 129,69s H P L T 1 4 9
, 69 TO 1 59 , 59 ; HPLOT 1 49 , 1 1 9

TO 159,129s HPLOT 129,119 TO
119, 129 s RETURN

150 HPLOT 229,49 TO 259,39 TO 25
9,149s HPLOT 229,139 TO 229,
49s HPLOT 229,49 TO 259,49;; HPLOT
229,139 TO 259,139s RETURN

155 DIM S$(6,6>

160 INPUT "RESTART OLD MAZE " ;; Ytf
5 IF LEFT* <Y$, 1) = "Y" THEN
1360

165 FOR A - 1 TO 5s FOR X - 1 TO
5s FOR Y = 1 TO 5

167 8c T10 % A -I- 10 % X + 10 * Y,

10

Listing 1 continued on page 26

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 25

SUPPLIES!

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Listing 1 continued:

1 70

"ISO

1.85
190

195

2UU
205

2 1
215

220

.,:. •.:> 3

240

>45

250

26o

?65

IF A < > 5 AND RMD ( 1 > < .
80 THEM S* ( X j, A ) = S* ( X ,, A ) ■<-
"O")) GOTO ISO

S#<X 9 A) =: S*<X,,A> -i- "X"
IF MID* <S*<X, A - 1> , (Y -■ 1
) * 6 + 1 j, 1) ■ "O" THEM S*<X
,A) = 3*<X,,A> + "0"s GOTO 19
O

B*<X fl A) ss S* (Xj, A) "i" "X"
IF Y -- 2 < O THEM 200

IF MID* <B*(X ? A> j, <Y 2) *

6 H- 4,< 1) » "0" THEN B*<X,, A) -
S$(X,,A) -i- "O" s GOTO 205

'S*<X,,A> « S*<X„A> ■+• "X"-

IF Y < > 5 AND RMD <1) < .
8 THEN S*<X,A> - 8*<X S A> + "
0"J GOTO 215

S*(X H A> = B$(X,,A) + "X"
IF X < > 5 AND RMD CI.) < .
8 THEN S*(X,A> - S*<X,, A) + "
O"; GOTO 225

S*<X,A> « S*<X.,A> + "X"
IF MID* <S*<X - 1 5 A) , (Y - 1
) * 6 + S, 1) « "O" THEN S*(X
,A) « S*(X,,A) + "0"s GOTO 23
5

B*<X,,A> «« S*<X,,A) -I- "X"
NEXT s NEXT s NEXT

X ■ INT < RND (1) * 3) ■•!■• 2s Y
■ INT ( RMD <1) # 3) -I- 2s A
« INT ( RND (1) * 3) •>•• 2

FIB « INT < RND (1) * 6) + la
ON RD GOTO 250,255,260,265,
270,275

A « 5s Flip - LEFT* (S* < X „ A) ,, <

Y. 1) * 6) : L = 29 - LEN (F

1 * ) s F 2* = R I! G H T* < S* < X 9 A ) , L
) ;: B* < X ,.. A ) * P :!. * ■+• "O" * P2# s

GOTO 280

A as 1 b P 1 * « LEFT* ( 8* ( X 5 A ) „ <

Y - 1 ) * 6 + 1 ) b !..- « 29 - LEN

( P 1 * ) i) P2* - R I GHT* < S* ( X 5 A )

j,L> sS*(X, A) = PI* + "O" +■ P2
*s GOTO 2 BO

Y = 5sPl* = LEFT* <S*(X, 5 A)m<

280

Y

1 ) * 6 + 3 ) s L

LEN

( P 1 * ) a P2* = R I GHT* ( 8* ( X , A )
,}....) :S*<x; A) « PI* 4- "O" ••!-■ P2
*;; GOTO 280
Y «: 1 :: P 1 * := LEFT* < S* < X ., A ) , (

Y -•• 1) # 6 + 2) sL = 29 - LEN
(. P 1 * ) s P2* s R i GHT* < S* ( X j, A )

, L ) s S* ( X j, A ) = F±% + "Q" -!•• P2
*b GOTO 2B0
X = 5s PI* = LEFT* <S-f : <X,A) , <

Y 1 ) * 6 + 4) sL = 29 - LEN

( P 1 * ) ;; P 2 * » R 1 3 H T * ( S* ( X j, A )

j, L ) s S* < X ; , A ) « P 1 * + " O " + ' ! :: '2
*s GOTO 280
X = laPHIi = LEFT* <S*<X, A) „ <

Y - 1) * 6 + 5) :L = 29 - LEN
*■ P 1 * ) s P2* - ::: F I GHT* ( S* ( X n A )

3 L ) s S* \ X 5 A ) « p j. & + " o " i P2
*s GOTO 280
SX - XsSY = YsSA - A

Listing 1 continued on page 28

26 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 334 on inquiry card.

SP WNT ,o f detail

SPRINT 9

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Listing 1 continued:

290 VTAB 23s PRINT "HIT ANY KEY

TO START"
300 IF PEEK ( ™ 16384) < 127 THEN

300
310 POKE ■- 16368,00
1000 X = .T.MT ( RND CI.) * 5) + 1:

Y = INT ( RND <i> * 5> •!■ Is

A = INT < RND (1) * 5) + 1;

FC = Is GOTO 1220
1010 HOME : VTAB 22s HTAB 18s PRINT

10 ',20

1025

1027

3.030
1035
1040
1 050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1 1 00
1 1 1.
1 120

1 1 30
1135
1140

1 1 50

1.1.60
1170
1 1 80
1 1 90
1200
1210
1220

1230

240

1250
1260

1270
1 280

= 1 THEN PRINT X.Y.A

VTAB 22s PR I N T ' * T I ! V !E s " ;• T s FOR
TIME « 1 TO 80

IF PEEK i - 16384) > 127 THEN
1030

NEXT sT = "! -i- Is VTAB 22s PRINT
"TIME s " :j Ts GOTO 1020

BET A*

IF A$ « "*'' THEN LS * 1

IF A* - "Q" THEN 130O

IF A* «s "LI" THEN D - 1

IF A* = "D" THEN D - 2

IF A* = "N" THEN D - 3

IF A* = "S" THEN D = 4

IF A* ~ "E" THEN D ■ 5

IF <"•«$ = "?" THEN 1290

IF A* * "W" THEN D «■ 6

IF A* ~ "F" THEN GOTO 1280

IF D = THEN 1010
T - T + 1

IF MID* (S* <X,A) y (Y - 1 ) *
6 + D, 1> < > "0" THEN PRINT

CHR* (7) s GOTO 1010

ON D GOTO 1 160 j, 1 170, 1 180, 1 1
90,, 1200, 1210
A « A -I- Is GOTO 1220
A » A - Is GOTO J.220

Y « Y - Is GOTO 1220

Y - Y + Is GOTO 1220
X a X + Is GOTO 1220
X = X - Is GOTO 1220

IF X > 5 OR X < 1 OR Y > 5 OR

Y < 1 OR A > 5 OR A < 1 THEN
PRINT "YOU WIN": ?-: T 100, 100

s & T 1 00 ,50s & T 1 00 , 5 s & T7
5,66s ?•: T 100, 66s & T75,66s &
T60 ,255s GOTO 3000

HGR s HCOLOR= 3s HPLOT 0,0s

CALL 62454s HCOLOR= Os GOSUB
120

FOR I ■■= 1 TO 6s IF MID* (S
* < X , A ) , ( Y - 1 ) * 6 + I ,, 1 ) =
"X" THEN NEXT s GOTO 1010
R « FC(FC, I) + 1

HCOLOR= Os ON R GOSUB 125 5 1
30 j, 135,, 140, 145, 150

NEXT s GOTO 1010

INPUT "WHAT FACING 1-M 2-S
3-E 4~W";FC: IF FC < 1 OR FC

> 4 THEN 1280

1285 GOTO 1220

1290 INVERSE s HTAB 18s PRINT SX

s. " "sSYs" "llSAs NORMAL, s GOTO

1220

Listing 1 continued on page 30

28 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 304 on Inquiry card.

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Listing 1 continued:

1300 PRINT "DO YOU WA*NT TO SAVE

THIS NAZE"!! INPUT Y*s IF LEFT** 2040

<¥'&,<:!.> < > "Y" THEN GOTO 3

000
1310 INPUT "WHAT DO YOU WANT TO

CALL IT " ;;N:fi
1320 D* = CHR$ <4> 2050

1330 , PRINT D* 5" OPEN OL..D MAZE/" ;N

% s PR I N ! ■ Df. ;: " WR I TE OLD NA Z E /

" 5 N*
1340 FOR Al = 1 TO 5: FOR XI = 1

TO 5 ss PR I NT S* < X 1 , A 1 > a NEXT 2060

a NEXT b PRINT X: PRINT Ys PRINT

As PRINT Ts PRINT l-'C
X-V50 PRINT D*; "CLOSE OLD NAZE/";;

N*s GOTO 3000
1360 INPUT "WHAT IS ITS NAME " ;i N 2070

1370 D* = CHR* (4)

1.380 PRINT D* J" OPEN OLD !1AZE/"sN 2080

*s F :: 'RIMT D* j "READ OLD NAZE/"

;; N* 2090

1390 FOR Al ;:::: 1 TO 5s FOR XI = 1
TO 5 s I NPUT S* ( X 1 „ A 1 ) B NE X T

s NEXT s INPUT X;; INPUT Ys INPUT

As INPUT Ts INPUT FC
1400 PRINT D* 3 "CLOSE OLD NAZE/";;

IM*s OOTO 1220
2000 VTAB 12s HTAB 18s INVERSE »

PRINT "NAZE"s NORMAL :: VTAB 2100

22); INPUT "DO YOU WANT INBTR

UCT I OMB " 5 Y* s I F LEFT* < Y*i 5

1) < > "Y" THEN RETURN 3000

2005 PR# 1
2010 HOME :; PRINT "THE OBJECT OF

NAZE IS TO FIND YOUR WAY"; PRINT 3010

;; PRINT "OUT OF- A '5X'5X , 5 CUB I

C MAZE- 'IN ONE OF THE"::' PRINT

"ROOMS THERE IS AN EXIT OUT 3030

OF THE MAZE. "
2020 PRINT s PRINT "YOU MUST TRY 3040

TO FIND IT IN AS FEW TURNS

"s PRINT "AS POSSIBLE. THE C 9999

OMMANDS ARE :; " 1000

2030 PRINT s HTAB 6; INVERSE s PRINT

" U " s s NORMAL s PR I NT " -Up " : ;

HTAB 17s INVERSE s PRINT "S
";: NORMAL ; PRINT "-SOUTH"

PRINT s HTAB" 6; INVERSE s PRINT
"D";: NORMAL s F'RINT "--DOWN"
;s HTAB 17s INVERSE s PRINT
"E";s NORMAL s PRINT "-EAST"

PRINT s HTAB 6s INVERSE s PRINT
" N " s s NORMAL : PR I NT " -NORTH
"ss HTAB 17s INVERSE s PRINT
"W" 3 s NORMAL s PRINT "-WEST"

PRINT s HTAB 6; INVERSE s PRINT
" Q " s s NORMAL s PR I NT " -QU I T "
;s HTAB 17s INVERSE s PRINT
"F" 5; NORMAL s PRINT " -CHANG
E FACING"

V TAB 2 3 s PR I NT " H IT "5s INVERSE
;: PRINT "SPACE":;;; NORMAL 3 PRINT
" FOR MORE"

IF PEEK ( 16 384) < 127 THEN

2080

POKE 16368;, Os HOME s INVERSE

3 PRINT "F" ss NORMAL s PRINT
" WILL COME BACK WITH A QUES
TION AS TO" s PRINT s PRINT "
WHICH FACING YOU WISH, HIT ON
LY ONE KEY" s PRINT s F'RINT "
AND ";;s INVERSE s PRINT "RET
URN"s NORMAL

F'R I NT s PR I NT " PL.E ABE W A I T
WHILE IT SETS UP THE MAZE"; PRINT
s PRINT s RETURN

TEXT s HOME s VTAB 5s HTAB
1 2 ;; P R I N T ' ' C N OF; A T UL AT I ONB I

PR I N T s P R I N T T A B ( 7)"Y OU
H AV E F I N I SH ED "f HE MAZE I N ' ' s

PR I NT TAB ( 7 ) T ;; " SECONDS "

INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO PLAY
AGAIN ? ";Y$

IF LEFT* <Y* 5 1) = "Y" THEN

RUN

NORMAL
DATA 1 j, 2 5 4 j, j, 5 , 3- 5 1,2,0
tt 4 5 3 «, 5 ., 1 «, 2 ? 3 , 5 ., 4 9 -, 1 ., 2 1, 5 ? 3 .- < >
, 4

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30 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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There are a lot of good reasons why
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you can control up to four floppy disks using
only one slot. With Apple's you can only use
two. Of course, you can still plug into
Apple's controller card, but down the line
you'll want to switch to Rana's and save
yourself a slot.

Elite also gives you more
byte per buck.

Even our most economical model, the
Elite One, gives you 14% more storage than
Apple's. 163K versus Apple's 143K. With
our Elite Two offering 326K and our top-of-
the-line Elite Three offering a 356% storage
increase at 652K. That's almost comparable
to hard disk performance, all because of
our high density single and double sided
disks and heads.

Elite Three 652K+356%

Elite Two 326K+128%

Elite One 163K-H4%

And the cost? Just look at the chart.
272 Bytes per dollar for Apple, versus
between 363 to 767 Bytes per dollar for
ours. They're not even close.

ft

to

IS

*

Apple Disk II Elite One Elite Two Elite Three

The real beauty of it isn't
the beauty of it

There is no comparison to the lean,
clean design of the Elite Series to Apple's
5 year old model (which by the way has
never been updated). It's our superior
technology, operating economy, increased
storage and faster step that makes us the
best performing and hottest selling disk
drive in America.

So give us a call or write for more infor-
mation. It doesn't take a lot of courage to cut
into an Apple when you outshine them as
brilliantly as we do.

RanaSystems

20620 South Leapwood Avenue. Carson. CA 90746 213-538-2353. For dealer information call
toll tree: 1-800-421-2207. In California only call: 1-800-262-1221. Source Number: TCT-654

Circle 405 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 33

Three Dee Tee

John Stuart

6345 South 70th East Ave.

Tulsa, OK 74133

Three Dee Tee is a computer game
for two players, which runs on the
Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Com-
puter. It is loosely based on the
Rubik's cube game and Tic Tac Toe.
The object of the game is to color
three cubes in a line either vertically,
horizontally, or diagonally. The com-
puter keeps track of every winning
combination and displays a box score
for each player.

When you start the program, the
computer draws two cubes. One cube
is larger than the other and represents
the front view. The smaller cube
shows the back view of the cube as if
viewed in a mirror. After the pro-
gram generates these two cubes, it
draws 9 smaller subcubes on each
face. There are 6 faces with 9 sub-
cubes each for a total of 54 subcubes.

Next, the computer colors a sub-
cube for player A. It then starts mov-
ing the color cursor around the cube
in an orderly fashion. It may take you
some time to get oriented to the pat-
tern of movement. Observe that one,
two, or three faces can be colored for
each subcube, depending on its posi-
tion. If some of the faces are on the
back of the cube, the smaller cube
will show the color. Thus, a subcube
can be colored on the front view, the
back view, or both.

The cursor starts at the subcube
1 corner of the cube (see figure 1).

Photo 1 shows the view at the start of
the game. The cursor moves along
each row of the cube, coloring each of
27 subcubes in turn; the center one is
skipped, so it takes 26 moves to
traverse the entire cube. When

player A presses any key, the subcube
is permanently colored, and player
B's color then starts moving around
the cube. If a straight line of three
subcubes together in a player's color
are made, then a point is recorded in

34 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

the player's column. The winner is
the player who has the highest box
score when all subcubes are colored.

Program Design

Initially, I intended to rotate one
cube on the screen and let the players
move the cursor using joysticks, but
several problems forced me to aban-
don this approach. The mathematics
involved in rotating the cube in order
to give a three-dimensional effect got
very complicated for someone who
had managed to avoid trigonometry
in school. Even when I developed a
BASIC program that would crudely
represent an object rotating in space,
it was too slow to give the appearance
of a smooth rotation. Therefore, I
decided to take the approach of
displaying the front and back of a
cube.

I organized the program to do the
following major tasks:

• draw the cube views

• move the cursor around the sub-
cubes for each player

• build a win table of all winning
combinations

• check each player's move against
the win table, and display the score

The flowchart explains the logic of
the program routines that accomplish
these tasks (see figure 2).

BACK
VIEW

SIDE 4

Figure 1: Numbering scheme used by the program to determine the position of the
cursor.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 35

0-70

INITIALIZE

VARIABLES

AND

CLEAR SCREEN

400-420

SET

VARIABLES

FOR

FRONT VIEW

425-440

SET

VARIABLES

FOR

BACK VIEW

GOSUB

GOSUB

71-399

DRAW CUBE

450-498

READ

WIN

TABLE

500-599

MOVE
CURSOR
ON CUBE

~l

IGOSUB

T

GOSUB

1100-1699

MOVE ON
SIDE

800-899

RECORD
PLAYERS
MOVE IN
HIT TABLE

~l

IGOSUB

t

IGOSUB
t

900-999

PAINT
SUBCUBE

840-849

TEST FOR
THIS SUBCUBE
IN WIN TABLE

GOSUB

850-899

DRAW
BOX IN
SCORE
COLUMN

Figure 2: Flowchart of the Three Dee Tee
program.

Drawing the Cubes

The subroutine at line 71 is used to
draw the cubes (see listing 1). This
subroutine is written so that it can be
changed to draw different size cubes
at different locations on the screen.
The instructions at lines 400-420 set
the size and location for the front
view of the cube, and lines 425-440
change the size and location for the
back view of the cube.

First, the subroutine at line 71 com-
putes the variables used to draw the
cube using the size and location set by
the calling routine. See figure 3 and
table 1 for an explanation of these
variables. The instructions at lines
100-399 then use these variables in
Line commands to draw the different

Text continued on page 45
36 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: Three Dee Tee runs on the TRS-80 Color Computer and requires 16K bytes of
memory.

1 REM 3DT GAME COPYRIGHT

2 REM 1981 JOHN C STUART
5 CLEAR 100

10 PCLEAR 4
20 PM0DE 3,1

30 B=3:F=2

31 P=l

32 AS=180:BS=180

33 PA=3:PB=4

34 PN=PA

410 COLOR F,B
5 SCREEN 1,0
51 PCLS B
541 DIM WN<48,3)

55 DIM CCC27)

56 FOR BN=1 TO 2 7
58 CC(BN)=1

60 NEXT BN
62 BN=0

69 GOTO 400

70 REM C0MP CUBE VARIABLES

71 Xl=X/3

72 X2=X*2/3

81 LC=H-2*X

82 MC=H

83 RC=H+2*X

84 V1=V-2*X

85 V2«V-X

86 V3=V

87 V4=V+X

88 V5=V+2*X

100 REM DRAW CUBE

110 LINE(MC,V3)-(MC,V5),PSET

120 LINE(MC,V5)-(RC,V4),PSET

125 LINE(RC,V4l)-(RC,V2),PSET

130 LINE(RC,V2)-(MC,V3),PSET

135 LINE(MC,V3)-(LC,V2),PSET

140 LINE<LC,V2)-<LCV4),PSET

145 LINE(LC,V4)-(MC,V5),PSET

150 LINE(LC,V2)-(MC,V1),PSET

155 LINECMC,V1)-CRC,V2),PSET

200 PAINT<H-D,V),P,F

205 PAINTCH+D, V)jPjF

210 PAINT<H,V-D),P,F

300 LINE(LC,7+X1)-(MC,V+2*X2)>PSET

305 LINECLCV-X1)-<MCV + X2),PSET

310 LINE(RC,V+X1)-(MC,V+2*X2),PSET

315 LINE<RCV-X1)-CMC,V+X2).,PSET

320 LINE(LC+X2,V-X2)-(LC+X2,V+X+X1 ),PSET

325 LINE(MC-X2,V-X1 )- (MC-X2, V+X+X2) , PSET

330 LINE(MC+X2,V-X1 )- (MC+X2,V+X+X2) ,PSET

335 LINE(RC-X2,V-X2)-(RC-X2,V+X+X1),PSET

340 LINE(LC+X2,V-X2)-(MC+X2,V-X-X2),PSET

345 LINECMC-X2,V-X1)-<RC-X2,V-X-X1),PSET
350 LINECLC+X2,V-X-X1)-(MC+X2,V-X1),PSET

Listing 1 continued o n page 38

And The
Winner Is ... IBC
four Users,

UMlfc.

When you are racing toward that finish line,
beating the competition is everything. IBC is
the choice of OEM's, system integrators and
dealers throughout the world, because in
benchmark after benchmark our small
business computer systems finish first.

We finish first because we are faster, offer
higher quality peripherals and can expand
our system significantly beyond our nearest
competitors. In fact, looking at the chart
below, you can quickly see why knowledge-
able resellers are choosing IBC.

IBC

Oasis Operating System
(Max. Users)

9

5

4

CPU Speed (MHz)

6

4

4

Disk Speed I/O (MB/Sec.)

.81

.65

.54

Seek (Milli Sec.)

35

50

65

Cache Disk Memory

Yes

No

No

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

Join us in the winners circle with high
performance equipment and the best dealer
plan in the industry. Call or write:

OUTSIDE THE USA

WITHIN THE USA

'Integrated Business Computers

IOC/ distribution

21592 Marilla Street 4185 Harrison Blvd., Suite 301

Chatsworth, CA 91311 Ogden, UTAH 84403

(213)882-9007 TELEX NO. 215349 (801)621-2294

Listing 1 continued:

355 LINE(MC-X2>V-X-X2)-(RC-X2^V-X2)^PSET

375 LINE(H-2*ABS(X)^V+2*ABS(X))-(H+2*ABS(X)^V+2*ABS(X) ),PSET

399 RETURN

400 REM DRAW BOXES

401 FH*128

402 BH=128

403 FV=48

404 BV=136

405 D=2

406 FX=20

407 BX=-16

409 X=FX

410 H=FH
415 V=FV

419 REM DRAW FR0NT VIEW

420 GOSUB 71
425 V=BV
430 H=BH

435 X=BX

436 D=-2

439 REM DRAW BACK VIEW

440 GOSUB 71
450 BX=BX*-1

460 FOR WC=1 TO 48

462 FOR CN =1 TO 3

465 READ WN ( WC J CN ) Listing 1 continued on page 40

Circle 469 on inquiry card.

Bell 212 compatible— 1200 Baud

Full duplex

1 120 CPS over any standard phone line

Microprocessor design has invaded the modem
world, Our new 1200 baud modems pack Bell 212
compatibility into 10 integrated circuits— by far
the lowest parts count of any 212 modem
available. The extremely low parts count
translates directly into long life, outstanding
reliability and low production costs— savings
passed on to you in a lower price.

The Micro Link 1200 features originate and
answer capability. The Auto Link 1200 includes
these features plus auto-answer. Both units
are FCC certified for direct connection to the
phone lines via a standard RJ11C phone jack
and include RS232, Self-Test, and a one year
limited warranty.

Take advantage of higher technology at lower
cost. Call for full product specifications and
today.

Micro Link 1200 $449* Auto Link 1200 $549*

'Suggested list price, quantity one

H

U.S. ROBOTICS INC.

First, the IBM Personal Computer,

The Next Step

Tecmar

The TECMAR Expansion series is the first
and only, complete line of expansion options
available for the IBM Personal Computer.

Now totaling over twenty-five separate
options, the TECMAR series gives you the
broadest range of expansion available for
your IBM Personal Computer.

SYSTEM EXPANSION with a comp-
lete Expansion Chassis providing six
additional system slots, a separate
power supply and styling that com-
plements the IBM system.

MEMORY EXPANSION in 64K
"128K, 192K and 256K Byte incre-
ments of Dynamic RAM with parity.
32K Bytes of Static RAM, 32K Bytes
of CMOS RAM with battery backup, or
up to 128K Bytes of Read Only
Memory.

PRACTICAL EXPANSION with two

Serial ports and one Parallel port on a
single board, or a Time of Day
calendar with battery backup, a Voice
Synthesizer with vocabulary in ROM
and phoneme speech generation,
even a BSRX 10™ device controller
for lights and appliances.

DISK EXPANSION through the addition of a five or ten megabyte
Winchester disk. The disk options come enclosed in the TECMAR
Expansion Chassis, providing additional expansion slots as well as
Winchester disk storage. This approach assures you of unmatched
system expandability for nearly any application.

FUNCTIONAL EXPANSION is also available with TECMAR
Speed Disk™ and print Spooling Software that give new
functionality to memory options.

UNMATCHED EXPANSION for the serious IBM Personal Computer
user through these and the many other TECMAR Expansion products
available through participating COMPUTERLAND stores, and other
fine computer retailers nationwide.

LABORATORY/INDUSTRIAL EX-
PANSION through an IEEE 488
interface, the Lab Tender with an 8 bit
A/D and D/A, or the Lab Master for
12 bit A/D and D/A, a two axis
Stepper Motor Controller, or the Parallel
D i g i 1 1 a I - 1 n / D i g it a I - O u t Base
Boa rd ™, Vi deo Di gi tizati on
with Video VanGogh™.

DEVELOPMENT EXPANSION using
an E+EEPROM programmer, Proto-
zoa prototyping boards or a TECMAR
Extender card.

NEW PRODUCTS are currently un-
der development with many soon to
be announced. At present shipping
26 unique IBM add-on products, we
are still looking for needs to meet. If
you have an need for a new product
for the IBM Personal Computer, and
would like to ask us about it, give a
call on our Product Input Hotline at
(216)464-8317.

For IBM Personal Computer Expansion, TAKE THE NEXT STEP . . .

Tecmar Inc.

PERSONAL COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION
23600 Mercantile Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44122
Telephone: (216)464-7410 Telex: 241735

Circle 453 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

470 NEXT CN

472 NEXT WC

473 N=0

474 REM SIDE 2

475 DATA 1,2,3*4,5*6*7*8,9
477 DATA 1*4*7*2*5*8*3*6*9

479 DATA 1*5*9*3*5*7

480 REM SIDE 1

482 DATA 1*10*19*4*13*22*7* 16*25*1*4*7*10* 13*16*19*22*25*1*13*25*7*13*19

484 REM SIDE 3

486 DATA 1 *2* 3* 1 0* 1 1 * 1 2* 19*20* 2 1 * 1 * 10* 19*2* 1 1 * 20* 3* 12* 2 1 * 1 * 1 1 * 2 1 * 3* 1 1* 19

488 REM SIDE 4

490 DATA 7*8*9*16*17*18*25*26*27*7*16*25*8*17*26*9*18*27*7* 17*27*9*1 7*25

492 REM SIDE 5

494 DATA 19*20*21*22*23*24*25*26*27* 19*22*25*20*23*26*21*24*27* 19*23*2 7

495 DATA 21*23*25

496 REM SIDE 6

498 DATA 3*12*21*6*15*24*9*18*27*3*6*9*12*15*18*21*24*27*3*15*2 7*9*15*21

499 REM MOVE CURSOR

500 FOR 1/1 = 1 TO 3
510 FOR L2=l TO 3

515 FOR L3=l TO 3

516 TIMER =0

517 BN=BN+1:IF BN=28 THEN BN= 1

519 IF CC(BN)>1 THEN GOTO 590

520 REM TEST FOR ACTIVE SIDE Listing 1 continued on page 42

"The Perfect Marriage"

ARBA Register and Accounting Plus* .

Great hardware now with superb software. ARBA
register, the affordable, dependable RS232 on
line cash register. Accounting Plus* Inventory
Control software, comprehensive, timely,
accurate. The ARBA point of sale software
module that brings the two together. The ability
to integrate on line real time inventory control
with a total business package: G/L, Payables,
Receivables, Payroll, Purchase Order,
Budgeting, L/Y Comparisons, Electronic Spread
Sheet.

mm

ARBA Fine Business Computing Corporation
890 E. Roosevelt Road
Lombard, Illinois 60148
(312)620-8566

ARBA Register-$1295.00-Suggested Retail
Dealer Pricing Available

TM Software Dimensions, Inc., Citrus Heights, Ca.
TM Digital Research, Pacific Grove, Ca.

40 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 32 on inquiry card.

uperBrain II

TM

IC

r||jrt

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

^ " INTE3TEC DATA SYSTEMS |

J f f 7

I ' 1 " * - I A I - I 1 1

v u i o p ? L

- Y " " r
.■jr..

v •

Sum ma Cum Laude!

Just three years ago, Intertec stunned
the microcomputer industry when its
SuperBrain™ desktop computer gradu-
ated with honors . . . outperforming all
the others by achieving the best price/
performance ratio in its class. Today,
that scholastic achievement remains un-
challenged. At least until now. . .

Announcing SuperBrain 11™. . . our
latest microcomputer marvel that's des-
tined to be the "Most Likely to Succeed"
in the Class of '82. With thousands of
SuperBrains in use worldwide, it's no
surprise that SuperBrain II users have
given our new model the highest honors
yet. Standard features include a powerful
64K of internal memory, a CP/M* oper-
ating system, a 24 line x 80 column
display on a 12-inch non-glare screen, a
full-featured ASCII keypad with operator
convenience keys, twin Z80 processors
and dual RS-232 communications and
printer ports. But SuperBrain II out-
smarts its Class of 79 counterpart by

offering leaner pricing, more features and
better overall system performance. New
SuperBrain II features include a faster,
enhanced disk operating system, a li-
brary of new visual attributes including
reverse video, below-the-line descen-
ders and impressive graphics capabilities
and Microsoft* BASIC — all included at
absolutely no extra cost!

SuperBrain II's internal circuitry has
also been completely redesigned and is
now computer tested to ensure optimum
field reliability. Plus, there are four new
SuperBrain II models from which to
choose, offering disk storage capacities
from 350K bytes to 10 megabytes! But,
best of all, prices start as low as $2,495,
including software!

Of all the single-user microcomputers
available today, our SuperBrain II is
certainly in a class by itself. Not only
does it outprice and outperform its com-
petitive classmates, it's also backed by
our comprehensive customer protection

programs — depot maintenance, ex-
tended warranties, a satisfaction guaran-
tee and a factory sponsored users group.
All in all, the SuperBrain II ™ represents
the most incredible microcomputer value
we've ever seen (or probably ever will
see) in a long, long time.

Contact your local dealer or call or
write us at the address below for more
information on our full line of single and
multi-user microcomputers. Ask for our
SuperBrain II "Buyers Guide" and find
out why so many microcomputer buyers
who insist on quality and value . . . insist
on Intertec.

3

sinte3tec
Cdata

=SYSTEMS.

•Registered trademark of Digital Research ^Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

2300 Broad River Rd. Columbia, SC 29210
(803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-21 15

Circle 244 o n inquiry card.

From Aspen Software

The Only Complete Document Proofreading System
For CP/M®, TRS-80® and IBM-PC Word Processors

T.M.

PlrfSOT

Featuring Random House® Dictionary

• Complete Accuracy-looks up every word;
does not use less accurate root word
analysis, plus Random House Dictionary

• Full Interactive Correction-standard

• Instant Access to Dictionary

• Compact-Random House Dictionary
supplied in sizes to fit your system

(50,000 words standard)

QRAMMATlk™

Beyond Spelling Checking

• Detects typos, punctuation and
capitalization errors, misused words
and phrases

• Analyzes Writing Style

• Suggests Alternative Usages

= NO ERRORS

" The programs together (Proofreader and
Grammatik) offer a dynamic tool for
comprehensive editing beyond spelling
corrections. "

--Dona Z. Meilach in Interface Age, 5/82
"Grammatik is the perfect complement to a
spelling check program."

—Dr. Alan R. Miller in Interface Age, 5/82
"If you use a word processor and a spelling
checker, then you should investigate the unique
capabilities of this program. Grammatik is a
surprisingly fast and easy to use tool for
analyzing writing style and punctuation. "

--Bob Louden in InfoWorld, 12/81
"For the user who is as tight with his dollar as I,
Proofreader is the program of choice. "

-Stephen Kimmel in Creative Computing, 3/82
"Anyone involved with word processing in any
way, whether writing manuals, letters,
brochures, newscopy, reports, etc. is encouraged
to get the excellent program Grammatik."

—A. A. Wicks in Computronics, 6/82

Grammatik and Proofreader are compatible with all
CP/M. MS-DOS (incl. IBM-PC), and TRS-80 word
processors. Current CP/M formats; standard 8",
Northstar, Omikron, Osborne, Apple. Please call/or
write fordetailsof minimum system sizes and availability
of additional disk and operating system formats.
Shipping costs included. Please specify your system
configuration when ordering. Dealers inquiries
invited.

Proofreader Grammatik
CP/M, MS-DOS $129.00 $150.00

TRS-80 Model II n/a $99.00

TRS-80 Mod. I/Ill $89.00 $59.00

Both
$250.00

$139.00

Random House is a registered trademark of Random
House, Inc. Other registered trademarks: CP/M: Digital
Research; TRS-80: Tandy Corp.; MS-DOS: Microsoft;
IBM: IBM; Proofreader, Grammatik: Aspen Software Co.

Aspen Software Co.

P.O. Box 339-B Tijeras, NM 87059
(505) 281-1634

Listing 1 continued:
523 IF L3=l
525 IF LI =
530 IF L2=l
540 IF L2=3
545IF Ll»3

THEN GO SUB 1 100
1 THEN GO SUB 1200
THEN GO SUB 1300
THEN G0SUB 1400
THEN GO SUB 1500
1600

560

550 IF L3=3 THEN G0SUB
555 IF BN=14 THEN 590

559 REM DELAY LOOP

560 IF TIMER < 60 THEN
561 K$=INKEY$

562 IF KS <> "" THEN 800

REM CLEAR SUBCUBE COLOR
FOR M=l TO N
PAINT<SH(M),SV<M)>,P,F
NEXT M

569
570
575
580
585
590
591
592
599
800
803
805
809

N=0

NEXT

NEXT

NEXT

GOTO

REM

L3
L2
LI

500
RECORD

MOVE

3 TOGETHER
TO 3

play "L25;a;d;a;d;"

CC(BN)=PN

REM FIND BN IN TABLE
810FOR WC=1 TO 48
812 FOR CN=1 TO 3

IF WN<WCCN)=BN THEN G0SUB 840

NEXT CN

NEXT WC

K$=""

IF PN=PA THEN PN=PB ELSE PN=PA

N=0

GOTO 590

HT=0

REM FIND

FOR LT=1

TM=WNCWC,LT>

IF CCCTM)=PN THEN HT=HT+ 1

NEXT LT

IF HT=3 THEN G0SUB 850

RETURN

IF PN=PB THEN 8 70

REM RECORD WIN PLAYER A

COLOR PA..F

LINE < 192^AS)-< 20 8, AS-4), PRESET, B

PAINT(200,AS-2),PA,F

AS=AS-4

play"02;l2;a m

RETURN

COLOR PB,F

REM RECORD WIN PLAYER B

LINE <220,BS)-(236,BS-4),PRESET,B

PAINT(224,BS-2)*PB>F

BS=BS-4

play"04;l2;C"

RETURN

REM PAINT SUBCUBE

HP=SH-LM*CL1-1)+RM*<L3-1)

H\7=SV-LU*(L1-1)-RU*CL3-1 )+DM*(L2-l )

Listing 1 continued on page 44

814
818
820
830
835
838
839
840
841
842
844
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
854
855
860
865
869
870
873
8 75
877
880
885
890
899
900
910

42 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Best Made Better

When we unveiled our CompuStar™
multi-user terminal system just over a
year ago, we thought we had created the
most powerful, lowest-priced multi-user
computer we would ever manufacture.
We were wrong. Today, we've made
our best even better!

Our newly redesigned CompuStar™
boasts the same performance statistics
that made its predecessor such an over-
night success, plus a host of exciting new
features. CompuStar users now get the
added benefits of dual character set ca-
pability, an expanded library of visual
attributes including reverse video, un-
derlining and below-the-line descenders,
an enhanced disk operating system and
Microsoft BASIC — all at no extra cost!
And single-user systems now start at as
little as $2995.

There are four types of CompuStar 1 "
workstations (called Video Processing
Units or VPU's) that can be connected
into a variety of central disk systems
with 10 to 96 megabytes of multi-user
storage.

Up to 255 VPU's can be tied together
to form a massive multi-user network.
Or, you can start with only a single VPU
and easily expand your system as your
processing needs become more sophis-
ticated. But whether you start with one
or one-hundred VPU's, you'll probably
never outgrow your CompuStar. Un-
like other systems, you configure the
CompuStar the way you want
it . . . connecting any combination of
VPU's in a "daisy chain" fashion into the
central disk system. And since each
VPU has its own twin Z80 processors,
its own CP/M* operating system and a
full 64K of internal memory, (not to
mention disk capacities of up to 1%
million bytes), overall system response
time remains unbelievably fast! And that's
a claim most of the other multi-user
vendors just can't make.

Inside our new CompuStar you'll find
a level of design sophistication that's
destined to establish a new standard
for the industry. A series of easy-to-
service modular components has-been

engineered to yield the most impressive
reliability figures we've ever seen. But
CompuStar users are not only thrilled
with our system's performance (and the
miserly few dollars they spent to get it),
they also have the peace of mind of
knowing that Intertec's comprehensive
customer protection and field service
programs will insure their total after-the-
sale satisfaction.

For more information on what just
may be the last multi-user microcompu-
ter you'll ever ( have to ) buy, ask
your dealer today about our all new
CompuStar™ system. Or, contact us at
the number and address below. We'll
gladly explain how we've made our
best . . . even better!

=INTRTEC

Cdata

=SY5TEMS,

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Circle 245 o n inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

920 PAINT(HP,m/),PN,F 1330

930 N=N+1 1380

940 SH(N)=HP 1390

950 SVCN)»HU U00

990 RETURN 1 4 1

1000 REM SET VARIABLES EACH SIDE 1420

1 100 BV=2*FX/3 1430

1110 SH=FH-.5*BV 1480

1120 LM=BW:RM=0:RU=0:DM=BW 1490

1130 SV=FV+.5*BW 1500

1140 LU=.5*BW 1510

1 150 G0SU3 900 1520

1190 RETURN 1530

1200 BW=2*FX/3 1540

1210 SH=FH+.5*BW 1580

1220 LM=0:RM=BW:LU=0:DM=BV 1590

1230 RU=.5*BV 1600

1243 SV=FV+.5*BV 1610

1280 GOSUB 900 1620

1290 RETURN 1630

1300 BW=2*FX/3:SH=FH 1640

1310 LM=BV:RM=BV 1680

1320 SV=FV-.5*BW 1690

LU=.5*BW:RU=.5*BW:DM=0

GOSUB 900

RETURN

BW=2*3X/3

SH=BH:LM=BV:RM=BV

SV=BV+2»5*BW

LU=.5*BW:RU=.5*BW:DM=0

GOSUB 900

RETURN

BW=2*3X/3

SH=BH-2.5*BV

LM=0:RM=BW

SV=BV-1 .5*BW

LU=0:RU=.5*BW»DM=BW

GOSUB 900

RETURN

BV=2*BX/3

SH=BH+2.5*BW

LM=BW:RM=0

SV=BV-1 .5*BW

LU=.5*BW:RU=0:DM=BW

GOSUB 900

RETURN

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44 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 534 on inquiry card.

Circle 500 on inquiry card.

• V2

V3

T

T *, 2

1 1

V4

• V5

Figure 3: Location of the variables used to draw the initial view of the cube.

Variable Description

X one-half the difference between the center of the cube and the outer limits

of the cube in a horizontal or vertical direction

H the horizontal coordinate of the cube center

V the vertical coordinate of the cube center
LC the leftmost corner of the cube

MC the middle corner of the cube

RC the rightmost corner of the cube

VI the top of the cube
V2 V1 - X

V3 V1 - 2X

V4 V1 - 3X

V5 the bottom of the cube

Table 1: Description of the variables used to draw the cube.

Text continued from page 36:

lines required for the cube. The Paint
command is used to color the sub-
cubes.

The subroutine that draws the cube
is written so that the back view of the
cube is drawn in the mirror image of
the front cube, putting the face that is
closest to the viewer on the bottom of
the cube instead of the top. This is
achieved by making BX a negative
number in line 407, which reverses all
drawing directions.

The preceding change in the pro-
gram illustrates the symmetry in-

volved in drawing a geometric figure
with a computer. When I finished the
program, I felt that drawing each line
using a command was a crude way to
program this figure. I suspect a better
programmer would be able to reduce
the number of statements con-
siderably by using FOR. . .NEXT
loops.

Moving the Cursor

When I started writing the pro-
gram, I thought that moving the cur-
sor among the subcubes would be
simple, but it turned out to be the
hardest task. The scheme I finally

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September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 45

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

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Subcube

Vertical Horizontal

Vertical

Number

Slice Row

Column

N

L1 L2

L3

1

1 1

1

2

1 1

2

3

1 1

3

4

1 2

1

5

1 2

2

6

1 2

3

7

1 3

1

8

1 3

2

9

1 3

3

10

2 1

1

11

2 1

2

12

2 1

3

13

2 2

1

14

2 2

2

15

2 2

3

16

2 3

1

17

2 3

2

18

2 3

3

19

3 1

1

20

3 1

2

21

3 1

3

22

3 2

1

23

3 2

2

24

3 2

3

25

3 3

1

26

3 3

2

27

3 3

3

Table 2: Values of variables Ll, L2, and L3 used to determine the position of the

cursor.

settled on was to move the cursor
using three FOR. . .NEXT loops at
lines 500-599. The outer loop (Ll)
represents one of three vertical slices
of the cube, the next loop (L2 in line
510) represents the horizontal rows
on each slice, and the inner loop (L3
in line 515) represents the vertical
columns on each slice. Table 2 shows
the contents of the three variables
that are used to control the loops for
each subcube, and figure 1 shows the
subcube numbers.

An inspection of table 2 and figure
1 reveals that the position of the cur-
sor on a side can be determined by the
value of one of the variables Ll to L3.
For example, whenever one of the top
subcubes (side 3) is addressed, L2 is a
1. Line 530 tests L2 for a 1 and ex-
ecutes the subroutine that paints the
top side of the cube.

The subroutines at lines 1100,
1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, and 1600 that
handle moving the cursor on each
side use another subroutine at line
900 to paint the player's color. Before
it executes a GOSUB 900, the calling
subroutine first determines the con-

tents of the variables that will be used
by line 900 to determine the location
of the subcube to paint. The variable
HP contains the horizontal position,
and variable H V contains the vertical
position that the Paint command
uses. The amount of movement is
determined by the distance each sub-
cube is from subcube 1 when Ll, L2,
or L3 is 1.

For example, when the cursor is on
subcube 1 then Ll, L2, and L3 are all

1, and subroutines at lines 1100,
1200, and 1300 will be executed to
paint subcube 1 on three sides. When
the subcube changes to 2, L3 becomes

2, while L2 and Ll stay at 1, and sub-
routines at lines 1200 and 1300 are ex-
ecuted. These two subroutines store
values in variables RM and RV that
equal the number of dots needed to
move to subcube 2 from subcube 1.
When the statements at lines 900 and
910 are executed, variables HP and
HV are adjusted by the values in
variables RM and RU, and subcube 2
is painted. This procedure is used for
each subcube. If you work out the
values in the subroutines using table

46 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

When We

Announced Sage ii,

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Circle 412 on inquiry card.

Side and

Subroutine Line N

um

bers

Side 1

Side 2

Side 3

Side 4

Side 5

Side 6

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

Variable

Name

BW

2*FX/3

2*FX/3

2*FX/3

2*BX/3

2*BX/3

2*BX/3

SH

FH-.5*BW

FH+.5*BW

FH

BH

BH-2.5*BW

BH + 2.5*BW

LM

BW

BW

BW

BW

RM

BW

BW

BW

BW

SV

FB+.5*BW

FV + 5*BW

FV-.5*BW

BV + 2.5*BW

BV-1.5*BW

BV-1.5*BW

LU

.5*BW

.5*BW

.5*BW

.5*BW

RU

.5*BW

.5*BW

.5*BW

.5*BW

o

DM

BW

BW

BW

BW

Table 3:

Formulas used to

compute the distance to move the cursor

to

a particular subcube from subcube 1.

3, you will see that the table does give
the location of the subcube on each
side. It also shows the formulas used
to compute these values for each side.

Keeping Scor$

A player scores a point when he
gets three subcubes together in his
color in a horizontal, vertical, or
diagonal direction. Each subcube can
have as many as three faces; there-
fore, it is possible for a subcube to be
involved in as many as nine winning
combinations. In fact, you can score
as many as 9 points on three different
faces in one move. Photo 2 shows the
game after one player has scored 6
points by marking subcube 1.

The program keeps score first by

building an array in memory for all
the possible winning combinations
using lines 450-499. There are 6 sides
with 8 winning combinations on a
side, or a total of 48 winning com-
binations. The winning numbers are
read from memory in groups of 3 and
stored in array WN, which is dimen-
sioned in line 54.

Each time a player makes a move,
the subroutine in line 800 is executed.
Array CC keeps track of the player
who has colored each subcube. Array
WN is then searched to see if the sub-
cube that was just colored is in a win-
ning combination. If the subcube
number is found, the three subcubes
are checked to see if they are all the
same color. If they are, then the

player is given credit for a score in the
subroutine in line 850. The entire
table of winning combinations is
searched in this way, and all winning
combinations are identified and dis-
played. Photo 3 shows the game after
all subcubes have been colored.

Future Changes

This program was written so that it
could be easily changed. The colors,
location of the cubes, and sizes of the
cubes can all be changed by changing
variables in the beginning of the pro-
gram. The cursor can be made to
move faster or slower by changing
the constant in line 560.

This version is a straightforward
game without much variety. I am

Photo 2: One player has scored 6 points by coloring the
seven subcubes on the forward- facing cube.

Photo 3: Screen display showing all the subcubes colored.
The scores for each player are shown in the lower-right
corner.

48 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

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working on another version now that
will make the game more competi-
tive. This can be done by moving two
cursors at once, random movements,
changing speeds, etc. You should be
able to design your own game version
with some thought.

Some Reflections

My reasons for doing this project
initially were to learn the Color Com-
puter's graphics capabilities, win the
BYTE game contest, and do some-
thing with my idle computer. Some-
where along the way I thought it
might be educational to other people
and so decided to write this article.

I did learn a lot about the Color
Computer graphics, and what I
learned reinforced my opinion that
the Color Computer is a powerful
computer for the money. In many
ways the graphics are as powerful as
those for the IBM Personal Com-
puter, which costs considerably
more. Some of the graphics com-
mands are limited, but you can usual-
ly find a way to accomplish your ob-
jectives. Doing graphics in BASIC
will probably be too slow for many
projects requiring fast movement of
objects on the screen, and these pro-
jects will have to be done with
assembly-language programs or
machine-language subroutines.

All in all, I am glad I engaged in
this effort. I hope that you can learn
something from my efforts that will
save you some time on a computer
project, or perhaps you will simply
enjoy playing Three Dee Tee. If so,
the effort will have been
worthwhile. ■

Improved Version Available

The author will make copies of an
improved version of his program
available to BYTE readers. Send a
blank cassette tape, a self-addressed
stamped envelope, and a check or
money order for $8 to:

]ohn Stuart

6345 South 70th East Ave.

Tulsa, OK 74133

50 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 387 on inquiry card.

Circle 285 on inquiry card.

H

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ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE 445.00

ATARI 850 INTERFACE 169.00

ATARI 410 PROGRAM RECORDER 75.00

EPSON CABLE..... 35.00

MEMORY MODULE (16K) 89.95

JOYSTICK CONTROLLER 10.00

PADDLE CONTROLLERS 19.95

STAR RAIDERS .35.00

MISSILE COMMAND 35.00

ASTEROIDS 35.00

PACMAN 35.00

INTEC PERIPHERALS
RAM MODULES

48K FOR ATARI 400 279.00

32K FOR ATARI 800 125.00

ACTIVISION ATARI
CARTRIDGES

LAZAR BLAST 21.95

SKIING 21.95

DRAGSTER 21.95

BOXING 21.95

CHECKERS 21.95

BRIDGE 21.95

KABOOM 21.95

HEWLETT PACKARD

HP CALCULATORS

HP-11C LCD SCIENTIFIC 115.95

HP-12C LCD BUSINESS 128.95

HP-37E BUSINESS 64.95

HP-32E SCIENTIFIC w/ STATS 46.95

HP-33C Programmable Scientific 76.95

HP-41C Advanced Programmable 211.95

HP-41CV Advanced Prog 2K mem 274.95

HP-41 PERIPHERALS

HP-82106A MEMORY MODULE 27.95

HP-82170A Quad Memory Module 89.00

HP-82143A PRINTER/PLOTTER 324.95

HP-82160A IL INTERFACE 119.00

HP-82161A DIGITAL CASSETTE. . .... .419.00

HPMATHPAC 29.00

HP STATISTICS PAC 29.00

HP REAL ESTATE PAC 39.00

HP SURVEYING PAC 29.00

HP STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PAC 39.00

HP COMPUTERS

HP-85A PERSONAL COMPUTER 2195.00

HP SINGLE 5VDISK DRIVE 1295.00

HP DUAL DISK DRIVE 1995.00

HP-85A 16K MEMORY MODULE 239.00

HP-7225B GRAPHICS PLOTTER 2195.00

HP PLDTER MODULE 605.00

HP HP-IB INTERFACE 329.00

HP STD APPLICATIONS PAC 83.00

HP GENERAL STATISTICS PAC 83.00

HP GRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS 159.00

HPVISICALCPLUS 159.00

HP ROM DRAWER 39.00

HP PRINTER/PLOTTER ROM 116.00

HP MASS STORAGE ROM 116.00

HP RS-232 INTERFACE 329.00

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP 9500 1295.00

ANADEX DP 9501 1295.00

C-ITOH F-10 40 CPS PARALLEL 1545.00

C-ITDH 45 CPS PARALLEL 1770.00

C-ITOH 40 CPS SERIAL 1295.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER PARALLEL 549.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER SERIAL 695.00

EPSON MX-80 W/GRAFTRAX PLUS SCALL

EPSON MX-80 F/T W/GRAFTRAX PLUS. SCALL
EPSON MX-100 W/GRAPHTRAX PLUS. SCALL

EPSON GRAFTRAX PLUS 60.00

IDS PRISM 80 W/0 COLOR 1099.00

IDS PRISM 80 W/COLOR 1599.00

IDS PRISM 132 W/COLOR 1799.00

NEC 8023A 485.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3530 P. RO 1995.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7710 S. RO 2545.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7730 P. RO 2545.00

NEC SPINWRITER 7700 D SELLUM .... 2795.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3500 SELLUM 2295.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 389.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 82A 469.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83 : A 720.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 84 1199.00

OKIGRAPH 82 33.95

OKIGRAPH 83 33.95

APPLE HARDWARE

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 259.00

ABT APPLE KEYPAD 119.00

SOFTCARD PREMIUM SYSTEM .625.00

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD 299.00

MICROSOFT RAMCARD 159.00

VIDEX 80 x 24 VIDEO CARD 299.00

VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER II 129.00

VIDEX ENHANCER REV 0-6 99.00

M & R SUPERTERM 80 x 24 VIDEO BD. . . 315.00
SSM AID BOARD (INTERFACE) A & T. . . 165.00

SSM AIO BOARD (INTERFACE) KIT 135.00

APPLE COOLING FAN 44.95

T/G JOYSTICK -44.95

T/G PADDLE 29.95

T/G SELECT-A-PORT 54.95

VERSA E-Z PORT 21.95

MICRO SCI A2 W/CDNTROLLER 510.00

MICRO SCI A2 W/0 CONTROLLER 419.00

MICRO SCI A40 W/CONTROLLER 479.00

MICRO SCI A40 W/D CONTROLLER. . . .409.00

MICRO SCI A70 W/CONTROLLER 629.00

MICRO SCI A70 W/0 CONTROLLER. . .549.00

THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP 270.00

PROMETHEUS VERSACARD 180.00

LAZAR LOWER CASE + 59.00

MICROBUFFER II 16K W/GRAPHICS. . . .259.00
MICROBUFFER II 32K W/GRAPHICS. . . .299.00

MONITORS

NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 179.00

NEC 12" COLOR MONITOR .399.00

SANYO 12" MONITOR (B & W) 249.00

SANYO 12" MONITOR (GREEN) 269.00

SANYO 13" COLOR MONITOR 469.00

ZENITH 12" HI RES GREEN MONITOR. . 124.00

AMDEK COLOR I 389.00

AMDEK RGB COLOR II... .859.00

AMDEK RGB INTERFACE 169.00

COMREX 12" GREEN MONITOR 165.00

MOUNTAIN
HARDWARE

CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 199.00

ROMPLUS W/ KEYBOARD FILTER 179.00

ROMPLUS W/0 KEYBOARD FILTER. . . . 130.00

KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49.00

COPYROM... 49.00

MUSIC SYSTEM 369.00

ROMWRITER 149.00

APPLE CLOCK 252.00

A/D + D/A 299.00

EXPANSION CHASSIS.... ..625.00

RAMPLUS 32K ..149.00

52 BYTE September 1982

Circle 17 on Inquiry card.

CORVUS

FOR S-100, APPLE OR TRS-80
MOD I, III

Controller. Case/P.S . Operating System, A & T.

5 MEGABYTES. 3245.00

10 MEGABYTES ' 4645.00

20 MEGABYTES 5545.00

MIRROR BACK-UP 725.00

CALIF. COMPUTER
SYSTEMS

S-100 BOARDS

2200A MAINFRAME 459.00

2065C 64K DYNAMIC RAM 539.00

2422 FLOPPY DISK CONT. & CP/M® . . .359.00

2710 FOUR SERIAL I/O 279.00

2718 TWO SERIAL/TWO PARALLEL I/O. 269.00

2720 FOUR PARALLEL I/O 199.00

2810 Z-80 CPU... 259.00

APPLE BOARDS

7710A ASYNCHRONOUS S. INTERFACE. 149.00
7712A SYNCHRONOUS S. INTERFACE. . 159.00

7424A CALENDAR CLOCK 99.00

7728A CENTRONICS INTERFACE 105.00

VISTA COMPUTER CO.

APPLE VISION 80-80 COL CARD 329.00

APPLE 8" DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER . . 549.00

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT ACOUSTIC MODEM .... 135.00
NOVATION 0-CAT DIRECT CONNECT. . .156.00

NOVATION AUTO-CAT AUTO ANS 219.00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT 325.00

UDS 103 LP DIRECT CONNECT 175.00

UDS 103 JLP AUTO ANS 209.00

HAYES MICROMODEM II (APPLE) 289.00

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100) 325.00

HAYES SMART MODEM (RS-232). ..... 227.00

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 199.00

LEXICON LEX-11 MODEM 109.00

TERMINALS

TELEVIDEO910 639.00

TELEVIDEO 912C 745.00

TELEVIDED 920C 830.00

TELEVIOEO 950C 995.00

ADDS-VIEWPOINT 599.00

TRS-80 MOD I
HARDWARE

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27.00

PERCOM DOUBLER II 159.00

TANDON 80 TRACK DISK DRIVE 345.00

TANDON 40 TRACK DISK DRIVE 289.00

LNW DOUBLER W/ OOSPLUS 3.3 138.00

MOD III DRIVE KIT 615.00

MORROW DESIGNS

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

Controller, P.S., Microsoft Basic, CP/M®

A&T.

DISCUS 2D (Single Drive - 500K). . . .1075.00

DISCUS 20 (Dual Drive - 1 MEG) 1695.00

DISCUS 2 + 2 (Single Drive - 1 MEG) . 1 777.00
DISCUS 2 + 2 (Dual Drive - 2 MEG). . 2317.00

HARD DISK SYSTEMS

Controller, P.S., Microsolt Basic, CP/M®
A&T.

DISCUS M10 (10 Megabytes) 3345.00

DISCUS M26 (26 Megabytes) 4045.00

ISOLATORS

ISO-1 3-SOCKET 53.95

ISO-2 6-SOCKET 53.95

BARE DRIVES

TANDON 5 1 /4 INCH

100-1 SINGLE HEAO 40 TRK 209.00

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK 275.00

100-3 SINGLE HEAD 80 TRK 275.00

100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK 399.00

TANDON THINLINE 8 INCH

848-1 SINGLE SIDE 420.00

848-2 DUAL SIDE 515.00

MICRO PRO

APPLE CP/M®

WORDSTARS 222.00

SUPERSORT't 145.00

MAILMERGE't 79.00

OATASTAR'f 179.00

SPELLSTAR'f 119.00

CALCSTAR*f 149.00

CP/M®

WORDSTAR 285.00

SUPERSORT 168.00

MAILMERGE ....103.00

DATASTAR 235.00

SPELLSTAR 155.00

CALCSTAR 199.00

MICROSOFT

APPLE

FORTRAN* 150.00

BASIC COMPILER* ...315.00

COBOL* 550.00

Z-80 SOFTCARD 299.00

RAMCARD 149.00

TYPING TUTOR 17.95

OLYMPIC DECATHLON 24.95

TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER 145.00

CP/M®

BASIC 80 299.00

BASIC COMPILER 319.00

FORTRAN 80 345.00

COBOL 80 568.00

MACRO 80 189.00

mu MATH/mu SIMP... 215.00

mu LISP/mu STAR 165.00

APPLE SOFTWARE

MAGIC WINDOW 79.00

MAGIC SPELL 59.00

BASIC MAILER 59.00

DB MASTER 169.00

DB MASTER UTILITY PACK 69.00

DATA CAPTURE 4.0/80 59.95

PFS: GRAPH .89.95

PFS: (NEW) PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM .85.00

PFS: REPORT.... ...79.00

Z-TERM* 89.95

Z-TERM PRO* 129.95

ASCII EXPRESS 63.95

EASY WRITER-PRO 199.00

EASY MAILER-PRO 79.00

EXPEDITER II APPLESOFT COMPILER. . . .73.95

A-STAT COMP. STATISTICS PKG 129.00

SUPER TEXT II... 129.00

LISA 2.5 59.95

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE

G/L 199.00

A/R 199.00

A/P 199.00

PAYROLL 199.00

PROPERTY MGMT 399.00

THE HOME ACCOUNTANT 59.95

VISICORP

DESKTOP PLAN II 189.00

VISIPLOT 158.00

VISITREND/VISIPLOT 229.00

VISIDEX 189.00

VISITERM 79.00

VISICALC 189.00

VISIFILES 189.00

CP/M® SOFTWARE

THE WORD-SPELL CHECK 75.00

d BASE II , 599.00

SUPER CALC 209.00

SPELLGUARD 239.00

P&TCP/M® MOD II TRS-80 175.00

COMMX TERMINAL PROG 82.50

C BASIC 2 115.00

PASCAL Z 349.00

PASCAL MT+ 439.00

PASCAL/M 205.00

SYSTEMS PLUS -

G/L, A/R. A/P. P/R 1799.00

CONDOR 1 579.00

CONDOR II 849.00

DIGITAL RESEARCH

MAC 89.00

SID 69.00

ZSID 97.00

PL/ 1-80 439.00

SUPERSOFT

DIAGNOSTIC 1 69.00

DIAGNOSTIC II 89.00

'C COMPILER 179.00

UTILITIES I 59.00

UTILITIES II ....59.00

RATFOR 89.00

FORTRAN 239.00

TRS-80 GAMES

TEMPLE OF APSHAI 34.95

HELLFIRE WARRIOR 34.95

STAR WARRIOR 34.95

RESCUE AT RIGEL 24.95

CRUSH. CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24.95

INVADERS FROM SPACE 17.95

PINBALL 17.95

STAR TREK 3. 5 17.95

MISSILE ATTACK 18.95

STAR FIGHTER 24.95

SCARFMAN 17.95

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

NEWDOS/80 2.0 MOD I, III 139.00

LAZY WRITER MOO I, III... 165.00

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I. Ill 99.00

SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I, III 119.00

X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I, III. . . 199.00

TRACKCESS MOD I 24.95

OMNITERM SMART TERM. MOD I, III . . . .89.95
MICROSOFT BASIC COMP. FOR MOO I . . 165.00
LDOS 5.1 MOD I, III 159.00

APPLE GAMES

PERSONAL SOFTWARE

CHECKER KING 21.95

GAMMON GAMBLER 21.95

MONTY PLAYS MONOPOLY 29.95

BRODERBUND

GALAXY WARS 20.95

ALIEN TYPHOON 20.95

APPLE PANIC 24.95

MIDNIGHT MAGIC. 29.95

SPACE QUARKS..... 24.95

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

INVASION ORION 20.95

STAR WARRIOR 32.95

TUES. MORNING QUARTERBACK 25.95

CRUSH. CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24.95

THE DRAGON'S EYE 20.95

MUSE SOFTWARE

ROBOT WARS 32.95

THREE MILE ISLAND 32.95

A.B.M 20.95

GLOBAL WAR 20.95

CASTLE WOLFENSTEIN 24.95

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

WIZARD AND PRINCES 29.95

MISSILE DEFENSE 25.95

SABOTAGE , 20.95

SOFT PORN ADVENTURE 24.95

THRESHOLD 31.95

JAW BREAKER 24.95

CROSSFIRE..... 24.95

TIME ZONE 69.95

H/R FOOTBALL 32,95

H/R CRIBBAGE 20.95

PEGASUS II... 25.95

SIRIUS SOFTWARE

SPACE EGGS 24.95

GORGON 32.95

SNEAKERS 24.95

EPOCK 29.95

BEER RUN 24.95

HADRON 29.95

PULSAR II 24.95

EPOCK 29.95

EDU-WARE

PERCEPTION PKG 19.95

COMPU-READ 24.95

COMPU-MATH: ARITHMETIC 39.95

COMPU-MATH: FRACTIONS 34.95

COMPU-MATH: DECIMALS 34.95

COMPU-SPELL (REO. DATA DISK) 24.95

COMPU SPELL DATA DISKS 4-8, ea 17.95

MORE GREAT APPLE
GAMES

COMPUTER QUARTERBACK 32.95

TORPEDO FIRE 49.95

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE .49.95

POOL 1.5 29.95

ULTIMA 33.95

RASTER BLASTER 24.95

FLIGHT SIMULATOR 27.95

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX 25.95

SARGONII 28.95

SHUFFLE BOARD 29.95

FIREBIRD ....24.95

SNACK ATTACK 24.95

THIEF 24.95

ROACH HOTEL 29.95

JABBERTALKY ....24.95

THE WARP FACTOR 32.95

COSMO MISSION 24.95

WIZARDRY 37.95

ZORKI 32.95

ZORK II 32.95

SUPPLIES

AVERY TABULABLES

1,000 372 x 15/16 8.49

3,000 3V! x 15/16 14.95

5,000 3 1 /2 x 15/16 19.95

FAN FOLD PAPER

(Prices F.O.B. S.P.)

9 Vz X 1 1 181b WHITE 3.000 ct 29.00

14 7/8x11 181b WHITE 3,000 ct 39.00

IPUTER
PRODUCTS

To order or for information call

(213)706-0333

Modem order line: (213)883-8976

We guarantee everything for 30 days. If anything is wrong, return the item
and we'll make it right. And, of course, we'll pay the shipping charges.

We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders; COD up to $300.00.

Add $2.00 for standard UPS shipping and handling on orders under 50 lbs,
delivered in continental U.S. Call for shipping charges over 50 lbs. Foreign,
FPO and APO orders, add 15% for shipping. Californians add 6% sales tax.

Prices quoted are for stock on hand and subject to change without notice.

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362

Circle 17 on Inquiry card.

CP/M is a reg. trademark of Digital Research. 'Requires Z-80 Softcard. fReg. trademark of Micro Pro International Corp.

Product Description

The Epson QX-10/Valdocs System

Gregg Williams
Senior Editor

These are wonderful days for people who need com-
puters. Microcomputers that do more and more are
becoming available — and, paradoxically, they are
becoming less expensive. The only trouble is that, be-
tween the time you order a unit and it is delivered,
something better is announced (but you know it will be
six months to a year before the new unit will be
available).

As the saying goes, I've got bad news and good news.
The bad news is that, yes, another wonderful computer is
about to come out — from Epson, the company that has
captured about 75 percent of the printer market. The
good news is that the unit is supposed to be available by
this Christmas. On the basis of Epson's track record, I
believe they'll do it.

BYTE was one of the few companies to be given a
private showing this past summer of the Epson QX-10, a
computer for less than $3000 that may well be the first of
a new breed of anybody-can-use-it 'appliance" com-
puters. Chris Rutkowski, president of Rising Star Enter-
prises (a consulting firm that works closely with Epson),
showed me the QX-10, along with a preliminary version
of an extended word processor called Valdocs and an
enhanced keyboard design called HASCI, both designed
by his company. As you'll be able to tell from this article,
I found them both very interesting.

QX-10 Hardware

For its retail price of less than $3000, the QX-10 (see
photo 1) gives you a great deal for your money. It con-
tains a Z80 microprocessor running at 4 megahertz
(MHz), 128K bytes of memory (expandable to 256K
bytes), two direct memory access (DMA) controllers, one

free serial port (a second one is used by the keyboard), a
Centronics-compatible parallel port, six clock-timers, 2K
bytes of battery-powered complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor (CMOS) memory (to hold certain infor-
mation even when the computer is turned off), a CMOS
clock/calendar, and a light-pen interface. The unit also
contains two thinline 5 V^ -inch floppy-disk drives, each
double-sided and double-density, with 40 tracks per inch;
each drive holds 320K bytes. The video display, based on
the NEC 7220 graphics chip, includes a 32-MHz medium-
persistence video monitor and 128K bytes of dedicated
video memory (shown as the bottom board in photo 2).
The video display will work in either a 25-line by
80-character text mode or a 640- by 400-pixel graphics
mode. The QX-10 comes with one of two detachable
keyboards — standard-layout or HASCI — more on that
later. Finally, the QX-10 has internal space for up to five
peripheral cards like those used by the Apple, Corvus,
and IBM microcomputers.

QX-10 Configurations

The QX-10 will be sold in two configurations. The first
includes (at the time of this writing) the QX-10 as de-
scribed above, the standard-layout keyboard, the CP/M
operating system, Microsoft BASIC, and STOIC (a fast,
extensible FORTH-like language). This version is a stan-
dard CP/M-based microcomputer for those of us who are
comfortable with microcomputers as we know them to-
day.

However, the QX-10 was really designed for the
average consumer, who isn't comfortable with
microcomputers as we know them today. With the soft-
ware included in this package, the QX-10 becomes (as Ep-

54 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: The Epson QX-10/Valdocs system.

son puts it) a symbol processor that anyone can use. This
configuration of the QX-10 includes the hardware as
described above, the HASCI keyboard, the Valdocs soft-
ware, TP/M (a CP/M equivalent with its own
enhancements), Microsoft BASIC, and STOIC. (CP/M
may be offered in place of TP/M, but the configuration
will probably be very close to the one listed above.)

The Epson Philosophy

Although Epson will certainly sell you the CP/M ver-
sion of the QX-10, it is far more interested in selling you
the unit it really designed — hardware and software
designed in conjunction with each other to offer both
high performance and ease of use. In addition to being a
highly integrated word-processing /computer system that
offers as much usable processing power as almost any ex-
isting microcomputer, the QX-10 /Valdocs system is
designed to be used without confusion by people with
minimal technical knowledge. We've certainly heard that
claim before, but Epson has delivered on this promise in a
way and to an extent that no microcomputer manufac-
turer has done.

The Valdocs (short for "valuable documents") system
described here is designed to manipulate what Epson sees
as the four types of symbols that people use: letters,

numbers, graphics, and time. The HASCI keyboard
(scheduled to be described next month by Chris
Rutkowski in his article "An Introduction to the Human
Applications Standard Computer Interface") is shown in
photo 3. It is designed with a set of function keys that
relate directly to the most common operations people
perform on symbols. In addition, these keys are designed
to be sufficient to drive any future symbol-manipulating
software — that way, the keyboard layout won't change
even when more sophisticated software is developed.
Table 1 gives a brief description of the HASCI keyboard
function keys.

Another aspect of the Epson philosophy is its commit-
ment to ensure that all the parts of a system work
together. (What's amazing is that the microcomputer in-
dustry has survived while blatantly ignoring this
philosophy.) In the QX-10 (with or without Valdocs), the
computer, its software, and its peripherals are meant to
use each other's capabilities to the fullest. This goes hand
in hand with Epson's vision of the dot-matrix printer as
the universal standard for printing. Epson has designed a
line of printers that act identically and are capable of
printing both bit-mapped graphics and text in varying
degrees of quality (draft-, correspondence-, and — with
some future printer — letter-quality printing).

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 55

Photo 2: Inside the Epson QX-10. The top unit is the motherboard of the QX-10; the
rear of the unit is closest to the camera. The connectors in the upper right corner are the
five slots for peripheral cards. The smaller board (below the motherboard) contains the
128K bytes of video-display memory; this card fits on top of the motherboard in the
assembled unit.

Valdocs

Epson wants the average person to be able to buy a
QX-10/Valdocs system in a department store, plug it in,
turn it on, and be able to type in a letter without having
to read more than the unpacking instructions. Based on

my inspection of a preliminary ver-
sion of the Valdocs software, I believe
that this is a realistic view of the
system. Although I can't do a full
review of the software based on the
short amount of time I spent with the
system, I do want to point out several
unique features of the QX-10/Val-
docs combination.

Help is available at any time
through the HASCI keyboard Help
key. An extensive text file of instruc-
tions is on the Valdocs system disk
and can be read by pressing the Help
key. This key gives you a menu of
subjects that might be of interest
(based on what you were doing when
you pressed Help), as well as access to
the entire Help file via user-entered
keywords. Of course, the QX-10 re-
turns to wherever you were before
the Help key was pressed.

The Valdocs symbol processor can
manipulate any of the four types of
symbols at any time. Text can be
entered at any time just as you would
in any conventional word processor.
The Calc key turns the system into a
basic 4-function calculator. Graphics
can be created via the Draw key. The Sched (schedule)
key gives you access to a computer-kept appointment
book, a built-in clock/ timer/alarm, and an event sched-
uler; all these can be accessed without disturbing the file
being edited.

*m*

m

EPSON

SHEW PQRf&KJWS

Photo 3: The HASCI keyboard for the Epson QX-10/Valdocs system.

56 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The operation of all keys is as intuitive as possible. For
example, when you use any of the type-font keys (Bold,
Italic, Size, or Style), the video text image changes to
reflect the use of those keys. When you hit the Italic key,
all your subsequent typing appears on the screen as italics
until you hit the key again to turn italics off. Also, keys
like left-arrow, right-arrow, and Delete do their respec-
tive functions to words and lines (instead of individual
characters) when used with the Word and Line keys.

It is impossible to make any major destructive change
to your file without having the change explained to you
and being asked to confirm it. In addition, the Undo key
allows you to recover from the last major change made to
the file.

The Valdocs system supports telecommunications and
electronic mail in a way that is transparent to the user
(through the Mail key, of course). You can be connected
to the remote user by either a modem-telephone com-
bination or a local network (probably the Corvus Om-
ninet). Valdocs includes software that allows you to send
and receive mail and access remote bulletin boards and
databases.

The Valdocs file system is one example of the kind of
levelheaded philosophy that is embodied everywhere in
the Valdocs symbol processor. When you store a file, you
give it a name of up to eight words — for example, "Letter,
8/13/82, to Bob Jackson; new rate schedule." When you
hit the Index key, you can get a listing of all your files in
one of several ways — sequentially, alphabetically, or by
match of a given word to any keyword in any file. Using
the last method of indexing, I could get a listing of all
documents that are letters, all documents done on
8/13/82, or all documents that refer to a person named
Bob. In addition, all documents are chosen by menu
selection (so you don't have to type in a long file name).
The utter sanity of this in comparison to file names like
L081382.LTR is astounding.

One interesting technical note: to interactively create
such a sophisticated word processor with the given time
constraints, the Valdocs programmers used the STOIC
language (a public-domain variant of FORTH created at
the Biomedical Engineering Center of the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and Harvard University) to pro-
gram the Valdocs symbol processor. It is a testament to
the power of STOIC (and other threaded languages) that
it was used to create a project of this scale.

New Products

Given the enhancements being planned, it may be that
Valdocs is not so much a product as it is a design that Ep-
son will always be improving. Epson plans to have ver-
sion 2.0 of the Valdocs software available by mid-1983
(updates will be supplied at cost to owners of the QX-
10/Valdocs system). Plans are under way for a color in-
terface board and an Omninet interface board (for local
networking). Epson is also considering such enhance-
ments as higher-resolution graphics and additional
graphics-oriented peripherals, as well as a portable ver-
sion of Valdocs and perhaps a 16-bit system.

System Controls

• Stop — pauses whatever is occurring at the moment, letting
you either resume or abort the operation.

• Help — lets you select and read parts of the disk-based Help
file.

• Copy disk — lets you make a copy of a given floppy disk.

• Undo — undoes the last major destructive action.

File Controls

• Store — lets you save what you are working on to disk.

• Retrieve — lets you retrieve a file from disk.

• Print — lets you print a file.

• Index — allows you to see what files are on a floppy disk.

• Mail — allows you to send or receive a file electronically.

Applications

• Menu — gives you access to miscellaneous functions.

• Calc — gives you a 4-f unction calculator.

• Sched — gives you access to the scheduling functions of
Valdocs.

• Draw — lets you draw graphics on the video display.

Typestyles

• Bold — toggles typeface between boldface and normal type.

• Italics — toggles typeface between italics and normal type.

• Size — lets you change the size of the type currently being
used.

• Style — lets you change the typeface of the type currently
being used.

Table 1: A brief description of the function keys on the top
row of the HASCI keyboard.

One enhancement to the QX-10/Valdocs system that
Chris Rutkowski did describe is the Valdocs FPL (Forms
Processing Language). This is an additional software
package that would give the user access to a spreadsheet
package, a forms generator that would generate records
from keyboard input, and a report generator that would
create reports based on a database of records. As usual
with ideas from Rising Star, the Valdocs FPL package is
actually more than it seems — the spreadsheet and the
form into which data is typed are actually the same thing,
and a record of data can automatically be created from
the spreadsheet. This is a new concept that combines
spreadsheet forecasting, online data entry, and database
management. It sounds exciting and I am looking for-
ward to seeing it at work.

Final Thoughts

From what I have seen, Epson has created an enhanced
personal word-processing system that can be (and is more
likely to be) used by the person with minimal technical
knowledge. Almost every microcomputer company
claims that its product can be used by anybody, but
many people (even those with technical knowledge) still
have trouble getting started in personal computing. As
microcomputers become more powerful, easier to use,
and less expensive, the claim that "anyone can use it" will
become true in a fuller and fuller sense, making previous
claims seem naive and hollow. Still, the Epson QX-
10/Valdocs system may become the first microcomputer
that "really" fulfills that claim. BYTE will report to you
again when the final unit becomes available. ■

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 57

IMCC Report

by Chris Morgan

Sensory overload.

How else do you describe the world's biggest
computer exposition? It was the National Com-
puter Conference, held this June in Houston,
Texas, and it drew a crowd of nearly 100,000.

The new Hitachi miniature floppy-disk
system In a version to be marketed by
the Amdek Corp. The floppy-disk car-
tridge, shown at right, Is slightly more
than 3 Inches wide. Compare It to the
standard 5V4-lnch floppy disk, shown
at left.

The new Syquest miniature Winches-
ter disk drive with removable media
cartridge. Each cartridge holds 6.38
megabytes, unformatted. The unit Is
expected to sell for S750 In single-user
quantities within the year. The car- ,
trldges will sell for about $35 each.

Photos by Gregg Williams, senior editor,
and Richard Shuford, special projects editor.

58 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Olivetti's new M 20
microcomputer.

The Commodore series B
microcomputer.

I've been attending the NCC for
five years, and until this year micro-
computers stayed in the back-
ground, playing a secondary role to
mainframe computers. But this year
the microcomputers came into their
own, reflecting Business Week's
recent projected figures showing
microcomputers accounting for up
to over 40 percent of the total com-
puter market by 1985. A case in
point, Apple's booth was the same
size as IBM's, and it was attracting
just as many visitors. Microcom-
puters have become indigenous to

the NCC Nearly as indigenous are
the sore feet that come from trying
to see several football fields' worth
of booths in four short days.

The big question \s f were there
many surprises? No. And of equal
importance, were there any signs of
the beginnings of important trends?
Yes.

Of surprises there were few; no
bombshells on the order of last sum-
mer's unveiling of the IBM Personal
Computer. Instead, the microcom-
puter software and hardware com-
panies appeared to be carefully con-

solidating their positions,
strengthening their distributorships,
carefully evolving their product
lines, and paying more attention to
the needs of their customers. It was,
in a sense, a much needed lull in the
furious storm of research-and-
development work, the fruits of
which we'll see next year and
beyond. Still, there was plenty to
see this year.

Mass Storage

Suddenly, the miniature floppy-
disk drive \s upon us. Announce-

Scptemberl982 © BYTE Publications Inc 59

Cromemco's new C-10 com-
puter system.

Vlslcorp's new VIslcalc Ad-
vanced Version.

merits of new drives came from a
trio of Japanese companies— Mat-
sushita (Panasonic division), Hitachi,
and Maxell— who are all pushing
one format. As well, Canon an-
nounced its plans for a different,
noncompatible format. This news
follows on the heels of Sony's mini-
ature 3-inch drive, which \s already
in production. Amdek Corporation,
an American company, announced
it \s adopting the Matsushita design
for its new miniature floppy-disk
drive. All three noncompatible for-
mats have miniature cassettes to
hold the floppy medium, and they
have double-density unformatted
capacities of 80K bytes for the
Canon, 437. 5K bytes for the Sony,
and 500K bytes for the Matsushita.
Each standard miniature floppy disk
calls for a cartridge 4 by 4 inches or
smaller and less than 0.5 inch thick.
Sinclair has also announced a
miniature drive for its new Spectrum
computer.

One of the most exciting an-
nouncements at the show was from
Syquest. It's a 3.9-inch Winchester
disk drive with removable media.
Each cartridge holds 6.38 mega-
bytes, unformatted. The surprise \s
its selling price: about $750 in
single-user quantities within the
yearl This does not include the con-
troller. Even so, inexpensive con-
trollers are now available, making
this a very attractive design. The en-
tire unit fits in the space of a stan-
dard 5 'A-inch floppy-disk drive. (It's
actually shallower, with a vertical
dimension of 1 .625 inches.) The car-

tridges will sell for about $35 each.
The secret to the low price: clever
use of plated-media technology.
We'll be reporting on this new tech-
nology in an upcoming issue.

Tandon Corporation announced
a slim-line S'A-inch floppy-disk drive
for $50 (for quantities in the
thousands of course), for the
mechanical parts only. The com-
pany will provide customers with
schematics and drawings to build
their own electronics if they wish.
It's an encouraging sign that prices
will soon be dropping in the mass-
storage market.

New Processors

Intel announced two new impor-
tant integrated circuits: the 80186
and the 80286. Picture an 8086 with
faster clock speed, some new in-
structions, and the equivalent of 20
auxiliary chips all on one VLSI (very
large-scale integration) package for
a single-user price (ultimately) of
$35, and you have the 80186. It's
the closest thing yet to a complete

computer on a chip. The 80286 chip
extends the idea of the 80186 to in-
clude built-in memory management
and protection and a virtual address
space of 1 gigabyte.

Systems

Olivetti introduced its new com-
puter, the M 20, with a Z8001 pro-
cessor, a 5-slot expansion bus, space
for two 574-inch floppy-disk drives,
and up to 128K bytes of memory.
It's one of the more handsome units
we saw at the conference, true to
Olivetti's style. The operating
system \s Olivetti's own, called
PCOS, and the machine will support
Microsoft BASIC 5.2.

Commodore announced several
new machines. The BX256 \s a
16-bit, multiprocessor computer
with 256K bytes of RAM (random-
access read/write memory), extend-
able externally to 640K bytes, two
processors (a 6509 and an 8088 for
CP/M-86), an 80-column black-and-
white video monitor, and a detach-
able keyboard. A three-voice music

60 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

synthesizer is also included, which
uses the new 6581 microprocessor
chip. An optional plug-in ZBO board
Is also available. Price Is $2995. The
business-oriented B128 offers
features similar to the BX256's.

Another computer, the PI 28 A,
has 128K bytes of RAM, a
40-column by 25-line 16-color dis-
play, and a high-resolution 300- by
200-pixel display. It connects direct-
ly to either a video monitor or a col-
or television set and sells for $995.
An optional ZBO board for use with
CP/M Is also available.

The Commodore 64 offers 64K
bytes of RAM, color graphics, and
music synthesis for $595. A ZBO
board can be added to run CP/M
programs. The screen Is 40 columns
wide by 25 lines down, and the pro-
cessor \s the new 6510, which is
similar to the 6502 with additional
I/O (input/output) lines. Commodore
gets the prize for the wildest styling
of any computers we saw at the
show.

Cromemco's new $ 1 785 C-1 is a
complete hardware/software sys-
tem featuring a 4-MHz (megahertz)
ZB0A, 64K bytes of RAM, a 1 2-inch
80-character by 25-line display,
double-sided double-density
574-inch floppy-disk drive, detach-
able keyboard, CP/M-compatible
operating system, structured BASIC,
a word processor, and a spread-
sheet program.

Son of Visicalc

Visicorp announced the long-
awaited successor to Visica Ic. It's
called Visicalc Advanced Version.
For $400 you get a souped-up ver-
sion of the most popular software
package in the field. Many of the
best features found in competing
spreadsheet programs have been in-
corporated into Visicalc Advanced
Version. As well, it has greatly ex-
panded help files to aid the com-
puter novice.

Its new features include protected
cells to prevent accidental loss or
change of information, hidden cells
to protect sensitive information, a
new tab feature to guide users from
one space to the next, more format-
ting flexibility, variable column

NEC's new APC (Advanced Personal Computer) executing a color-
based spreadsheet program.

widths, keystroke memory to repeat
frequently used commands, and
more. Visicalc Advanced Version Is
compatible with the original
Visicalc, which will still be sold for
those who prefer it. Dan Fylstra,
chairman of Visicorp, said that one
of his goals in creating Visicalc Ad-
vanced Version was to make the
program more of a "black box" for
nontechnically oriented users so
that they won't be distracted by un-
necessary information. To that end,
much of the instruction manual has
been incorporated into the pro-
gram's help files.

Software Trends

I saw the beginnings of two
trends being followed by some of
the biggest software producers—
Visicorp, Microsoft Consumer Pro-
ducts, and Software Arts (creator of
Visicalc and the TK Solver equation-
solving package mentioned in last
month's editorial). All three com-
panies have developed programs
that make use of enormous disk-
based help files. By making help
aboutthe program available literally
at the touch of a button, these
manufacturers hope to make their
programs easier to use. Another in-
teresting move Is toward the use of
high-level computer languages to
develop products that are easily
transportable among various
machines. Visicorp and Microsoft

Consumer Products are using the C
language, while Software Arts has
developed its own proprietary
language for in-house use. All three
companies develop software on
mainframe computers that have
extensive diagnostic and perfor-
mance evaluation features, and
then they move the finished pro-
grams to microcomputers.

NEC's Advanced
Personal Computer

NEC Information Systems Inc.
showed its 8086-based Advanced
Personal Computer (APC). The APC
Is available in two configurations—
a monochrome configuration that
includes CP/M-86, 128K bytes of
memory, and two 8-inch 1 -mega-
byte drives ($3998) and a color con-
figuration that substitutes a 1 2-inch
RGB (red-green-blue) color monitor
for the monochrome monitor
($4998). The color-based unit Is im-
pressive: over 300K bytes of
memory are used to give an 8-color
640- by 475-pixel display with no
limitations on adjacent pixel colors.
The actual graphics display Is 1024
by 1024 pixels, and the video dis-
play Is a movable window within
that area. NEC has already lined up
a comprehensive array of business
software packages for its machine,
something that's sure to continue as
competition quickens and the indus-
try matures. ■

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 61

The Hanover Fair

by Robert E. Ramsdell

With nearly 9 million square feet
of total exhibit space, individual dis-
plays the size of a football field, and
close to 600,000 visitors, the
Hanover Industrial Trade Fair and
Exposition \s the world's largest.
Held this year from April 21 to 28 in
Hanover, West Germany, this fair \s
a showcase for hundreds of manu-
facturers of office equipment and
computers.

CeBIT, the world center for office
equipment and data processing, had
a display that covered 1 .75 million
square feet (about 20 percent of the
total area) and spilled over into 5
buildings. To give you some idea of
the scale of things in Hanover,
CeBIT's space alone was about five
times greater than that of America's
largest computer show, the annual

Pentel's new computer.

National Computer Conference held
this year in June in Houston, Texas.
Some 178 U.S. companies were
part of the CeBIT display. The United
States Department of Commerce
sponsored a group pavilion there.
Among the 60 companies from the
U.S. that joined together to exhibit
their products in the European mar-
ketplace were Fortune, Corvus,
Altos, Beehive, Durango, M/A-COM
(Ohio Scientific), Micom, Morrow,
and Televideo. In addition, Osborne,
Tandy, Apple, Xerox, IBM, Cen-
tronics, Cromemco, Data General,
Digital Equipment Corporation,
Micropro, NCR, Burroughs, Texas In-
struments, Prime, Shugart, Tandem,
Teleram, Vector Graphic, Victor, and
more had booths elsewhere in the
show. On public display were

anywhere from 73 to 95 different
computer models; the count depend-
ed on whom I asked.

More than 30 Japanese computer
manufacturers exhibited, and some
of their booths were three stories
tall. The Japanese showed many
new (and slightly revamped) com-
puter models, including about 20
16-bit machines, most of which run
Microsoft's MS-DOS. The Intel chips
(8086/8088) seemed to dominate
these computers, but several models
used the Motorola 68000.

To cope with the huge crowds at-
tending the Hanover fair, the city of
Hanover has established a private-
room registry, with offices at the air-
port, train station, and the fair itself.
The registry guaranteed a room,
usually in a private home, to all
visitors and exhibitors. Many
Americans at the fair agreed that
staying in a private home was a
great cultural experience as well as a
delightful and inexpensive way to
absorb the German atmosphere and
the gemutllchkelt (friendliness) of
the German people. The language
barrier never seemed to be a prob-
lem, either at the fair or around the
city.H

Robert E. Ramsdell, CPA, is a microcomputer
consultant who lives and works in Rockport.
Massachusetts. His company. Pansophics Ltd..
publishes business- and financial-modeling ap-
plications software for use with Visicalc and
Supercalc programs.

Another Japanese entry, from Sanyo

The Epson HX-20 portable computer.

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

Build the Microvox
Text-to-Speech Synthesizer

Part 1: Hardware

The 6502 microprocessor in this intelligent peripheral device

translates plain English text into phonemes

to control a Voir ax SC-01A.

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury, CT 06033

This month's project may have a
strange ring of familiarity to those of
you who follow my activities in the
Circuit Cellar. Twice before, in June
and September of last year, I have
written about peripheral devices that
give personal computers the ability to
speak with an imitation of a human
voice.

The September article (see refer-
ence 5) described the Sweet Talker
speech synthesizer, which has since
become especially popular. The orig-
inal Sweet Talker, a parallel-inter-
faced synthesizer module pro-
grammed by phoneme (speech sound)
codes, was quickly joined by a ver-
sion that could be plugged into an

General-Purpose Computer

The 6502-based microcomputer that
forms an integral part of the Microvox
is ideal for use in many other small-
scale applications. Only the applica-
tion software and the interface to the
SC-01A chip are specific to the micro-
computer's use in the stand-alone text-
to-speech voice synthesizer. If you are
among the many readers who write to
me asking for suggestions on how to
put together a low-priced, general-
purpose microcomputer system, you
should consider building the computer
part of the Microvox design.

The computer section contains,
among other things, a 1-MHz 8-bit
6502 microprocessor, a serial input
port that can run at crystal-controlled
data rates from 75 to 19,200 bps (bits
per second) with full handshaking, 3

parallel input ports, provision for up
to 4K bytes of RAM (random-access
read/write memory) and 16K bytes of
EPROM (erasable programmable read-
only memory), and an on-board power
supply. It is suitable for use as a learn-
ing tool for computer concepts, as a
dedicated device controller, or as the
center of an expanded microcomputer
system (similar to systems that have
been built around the MOS Tech-
nology KIM-1 or the Rockwell
AIM-65).

The Micromint will be supplying
essential components of the microcom-
puter section of the Microvox for those
who wish to experiment with it. And
you may expect to see the same
6502-based control-computer design in
future Circuit Cellar projects.

Apple II computer and operated using
a text-to-speech algorithm stored on a
floppy disk.

But I wasn't satisfied. Neither the
Sweet Talker nor my June project (see
reference 4), the Micromouth, was
flexible enough to fit the variety of
applications I had envisioned. I could
foresee applications requiring un-
limited vocabulary (thus ruling out
use of the Micromouth) that also need
a smaller, more portable voice-syn-
thesis system than could be made out
of an Apple II. While I was content
with the Sweet Talker's speech quali-
ty, I did not want to try converting
the text-to-speech algorithm to run on
my Z8-BASIC Microcomputer.

I next considered using the Votrax
Type-'N-Talk. As a stand-alone voice
synthesizer with a built-in micropro-
cessor and 4K-byte text-to-speech al-
gorithm, it does quite well consider-
ing its moderate cost (see reference

Copyright © I 982 Steven A. Ciarcia.
All rights reserved.

Type-'N-Talk and Votrax are trademarks of
Federal Screw Works.

64 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Photo 1: Prototype of the Microvox speech synthesizer, which can pronounce texts consisting of English words from their represen-
tation as ASCII characters according to fixed pronunciation rules. The Microvox contains a general-purpose 6502-based microcom-
puter programmed to control the Votrax SC-OlA-based speech-synthesis circuitry.

12). However, its design is somewhat
limited for commercial applications.

Not finding any other suitable
product on the market, I did what
any red-blooded engineer would
naturally do: I decided to design an
improved text-to-speech voice syn-
thesizer.

You are reading the first of two ar-
ticles on the design, construction, and
operation of a text-to-speech voice
synthesizer I call the Microvox. This
new device, like the Sweet Talker, is
based on the Votrax SC-01A speech-
synthesis integrated circuit, but it in-
corporates new functions (most
notably pitch inflection) and a larger,
more complex control program. A list
of its features appears in table 1 on
page 66.

To support its various functions,
the Microvox contains a general-pur-
pose 6502-based microcomputer pro-
grammed to control the speech-syn-

thesis circuitry. Program routines
stored in ROM (read-only memory)
activate various control options upon
the user's command; the most com-
plex of the routines performs the
crucial task of translating the Micro-
vox's input — a stream of text repre-
sented by ASCII (American Standard
Code for Information Interchange)
character codes — into the special
phoneme codes required by the SC-
01A chip. Incidentally, this
6502-based microcomputer is ideal
for use in many other small-scale ap-
plications, as the text box explains.

As with many Circuit Cellar pro-
jects, the Microvox design has been
cast in printed circuit, and I have ar-
ranged for The Micromint to offer a
kit of the parts needed to build it. Fur-
thermore, an assembled, FCC- (Fed-
eral Communications Commission)
approved version of the unit is being
sold by Intex Micro Systems Cor-

poration under the trade name Intex
Talker. Information on availability of
both products appears at the end of
this article.

I cannot thoroughly cover such a
comprehensive topic in one article, so
this month I shall present only the
hardware and a brief overview of the
system commands. Next month in
Part 2, I'll discuss the design of the
text-to-speech algorithm and the sys-
tem software.

Let's begin with an explanation of
what we are trying to accomplish and
a brief review of the Votrax SC-01A
chip and phonetic speech synthesis in
general.

Text-to-Speech Background

Many articles in BYTE and other
technical magazines have been de-
voted to the topic of computer speech
synthesis. In general, they have dealt
more with the production of the

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Lnc 65

1.

Phoneme-based speech synthesis

2.

6502 control microprocessor

3.

64 crystal-controlled inflection levels

4.

1K-character buffer

(optionally expandable to 3K)

5.

6K-byte plain-text-to-phoneme

algorithm

6.

Full ASCII character-set

recognition and echo

7.

Adjustable data rates (150 to 9600

bits per second)

8.

RS-232C and parallel input interfaces

9.

Phoneme access modes

10.

Serial X-on/X-off software

handshaking

11.

User-expandable memory

12.

1-watt audio amplifier with

volume control

13.

On-board power supply

14.

Music and sound effects

Table 1: Major characteristics of the

Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer

(and of its alter ego, the Intex-Talker).

Code Function

IK

synchronize speech and text

!L

line-by-line pronunciation

!W

whole-text pronunciation

IE

each-letter pronunciation

!C

pronounce by direct phoneme

input

!T

pronounce by text-to-speech

algorithm

IN

play musical notes

!A

pronounce all punctuation

!M

pronounce most punctuation

IS

pronounce some punctuation

IF

set monotone or flat intonation

II

set automatically inflected

intonation

IPX

set intonation base pitch

(where x = 1 to 4)

IRy

set intonation clock rate

(where y = 1 to 16)

Table 2: An incomplete list of some of

the control codes and sequences used

by the Microvox, with their functions.

Part 2

of this article will contain more

detail

concerning the Microvoxs con-

trol capabilities.

speech interface and the technology
of specific synthesizers than with the
applications to which speech synthe-
sis may be put. Such treatment is
similar to comparing computer sys-
tems by their processor instruction
sets only instead of the high-level-lan-
guage software available for them.
Today, far more computer users are
concerned with applications than

with construction of computers or pe-
ripheral devices. The Microvox is de-
signed for easy use in a wide variety
of applications.

With the majority of low-cost
speech-synthesizer interfaces, the user
must arrange for conversion of the
material to be spoken from textual
characters to data that the speech
synthesizer can work with (pho-
nemes, linear-predictive-coding for-
mants, word codes, etc.). The dif-
ficulty of conversion depends largely
on the size of the required vocabu-
lary. For small vocabularies, a table
of words and their corresponding
synthesizer codes can be compiled
with reasonable effort. When the re-
quired vocabulary becomes very
large, all-inclusive tables become pro-
hibitively cumbersome, and a gener-
alized text-to-speech algorithm is re-
quired instead.

A text-to-speech algorithm is em-
bodied in a program that accepts
ASCII characters as input and per-
forms a synthesis-by-rule analysis of
character strings; that is, the algo-
rithm interprets the characters as
words or other elements of language
and devises a scheme for pronouncing
them according to a fixed set of rules
that determine which characters are
voiced, and in what way, and which
characters are silent. The rules are
based on how given combinations of
characters are pronounced most of
the time in English (or the language in
use).

Text-to-speech programs vary in
length depending upon the degree of
exactness required in pronunciation.
Typical algorithms use from 4K to 8K
bytes of object code for most pro-
cessors, but some of the more sophis-
ticated programs need up to 80K
bytes. (Often, half of an 80K-byte
synthesis-by-rule routine consists of
tables of words that are exceptions to
the rules.)

The primary difference you can see
between a 6K-byte and a 20K-byte
program is how the input text must be
spelled to obtain acceptable pronun-
ciation; the final sound quality may
be the same. Certain words may be
spelled unusually to fit the prescribed
pronunciation rules of the smaller
algorithm. For instance, my name,

Ciarcia, is properly pronounced by
most synthesizers (and by a lot of
people, come to think of it) only
when it is spelled "see-are-see-ah."
The only other major differences are
features such as pronunciation of
punctuation or inflected speech.
(Both of these capabilities are sup-
ported by the Microvox.)

Strengths of Microvox

While there are many speech-syn-
thesizer interfaces designed to be used
with a variety of personal computers,
packaging the text-to-speech algo-
rithm with its own dedicated pro-
cessor greatly simplifies the integra-
tion of any system. By creating an in-
telligent peripheral device, we don't
have to depend on operating systems
and application programs to support
speech synthesis.

The Microvox text-to-speech syn-
thesizer is just such a smart peripheral
device. It speaks any ASCII character
string directed to it through either its
serial or parallel input ports. The
ASCII text can come from PRINT
statements in a BASIC program or
from a previously prepared disk file.
Microvox connects to the computer
in the same manner as a printer or
modem, and virtually anything that
can be printed or viewed on the ter-
minal screen can be spoken.

The Microvox is controlled by the
host computer through that same
connection by means of special char-
acter sequences either transmitted
before the text to be spoken or
embedded in it. These control se-
quences are in the form:

Wetter, numeral

The exclamation point is a signal to
the Microvox that a control sequence
follows. Operating modes and op-
tions can be changed at any time by
sending the appropriate sequences.
Table 2 lists some of the control se-
quences and their functions. I'll write
about the intricacies of the Microvox
text-to-speech algorithm and the con-
trol capabilities next month.

SC-01A Phoneme Synthesizer

As I mentioned before, the Micro-
vox is a combination of two major

66 September 1982 © BYTE Publicabons Inc

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capacity and expand the overall capability of your
system to reach limits you never thought possible.

E3

With MICROBYTE and ASAP your Personal
Computer has all the potential you need for a
variety of applications: video games, educa-
tional use, home budget applications or
business use.

All MICROBYTE add-ons are constructed of
high quality components and feature gold
contacts and clear solder mask. Built to
MICROBYTE's rigid standards, each board is
fully assembled and tested.

Choose the IBM add-ons you need for your
applications. Then call ASAP today, and start
your own "Personal" improvement plan.

• Expansion Chassis with 5-slot motherboard

• 256K RAM Board

• Winchester Disk Drive and Controller, 6 and
12 megabytes (specify)

• Expansion Chassis with one or two 5W
floppy disk drives, either 48 TPI or 96 TPI,
single-sided or double-sided, double-density

• 32K Serial Printer Buffer Board

• 32K Parallel Printer Buffer Board

• EPROM Board up to 32K

ASAP offers a 15-day buyer protection policy: full money-back guarantee if not totally satisfied.

Ordering Information: name, address, phone; ship by: UPS or Mail. Shipping charge: addS2.90up to 1 lb. (UPS blue). U.S. Mail add S1.50 (U.S. only) ($25.00
minimum order). Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders. Visa and Master Charge (U.S. funds only). Tax: 6% Calif, res.. COD's and terms available on
approval (School PO's Accepted).

Toll free outside California: (800) 421-7701 inside California: (213) 595-6431 (714) 891-2663
ASAP Computer Products LTD., 1 1 6 Viceroy Road., D-12 Concord, Toronto, Ontario, Canada L4K 1A9
(416) 738-0500 (800) 268-1996

Circle 35 on Inquiry card.

asaii

computer ■
products, inc.

1198 E. Willow St.. Signal Hill. CA 90806

COMPUVIEWS CP/M'86 GIVES YOU WHAT IBM CANT

Increased
Productivity

Innovative features which dramatically
increase productivity include built-in
horizontal scrolling for up to 254
columns and screen line editing, which
lets you extensively edit or re-enter any
command line on the screen for
CP/M-86 and application programs.
Previously only available on mainframe
computers, this greatly reduces the
amount of re-typing necessary due to
mis-typed or repeated commands. Long
strings of commands can also be repeat-
ed with a few keystrokes. Its almost like
having a built-in full screen editor for
every program you use. And with 25%
more disk capacity you will be swapping
disks a lot less.

We Don't Lock You In

We can read and write not only IBM
CP/M-86 disks, but also IBM MSDOS
and many other CP/M double density
disks. And files may be transferred with
other CP/M and CP/M-86 computers via
the serial port. The screen driver with
status line and horizontal scrolling faith-
fully emulates many popular terminals.
Of course we're software compatible with
IBM and have a superset of their features.
And you may even find our manual to be
better than IBM's.

No Software Shortage

Most CB ASIC programs will run perfectly
with our CP/M-86 and CBASIC-86. Even
most programs compiled with CBASIC
8080 will run with CBASIC-86. And
Pascal-MT is available too. Remember,
we emulate most CRT terminals.

Compare CompuView with IBM CP/M-86

Feature

Compuview IBM

Horizontal Scrolling •

Screen Line Editing

PageControl

Emulate Popular Terminals

'Smart' CRT Functions

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Read/Write 1BMMSDOS Disks

Serial File Transfer

Yes No

Yes No

Support Non-IBM Hardware

Menu Driven Configuration

Programmable Function Keys

StatusUne

Yes No

Yes No

Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Serial and Parallel Printers

.; Yes Yes

FileCapacity

193K 154K

CP/M-86forlBMPC $285

QuadDensityDriveVersion . $350
Winchester Disk Version .... $425
ManualOnly $20

VEDIT-86 With Above

Purchase $125

This version of VEDIT has hori-
zontal scrolling up to 254 columns

CBASIC-86 $325

PASCAL-MT-86 $600

782K for
your IBM PC

Ta ndon quad density, double sided
drive gives 782K file capacity. Fits
into IBM PC as drive B or connect
two externally as drives C and D.
Requires CompuView CP/M-86.
Easy to install $450

Complete external drive expansion
with 1.5 Mbyte capacity Call

V-COM DISASSEMBLER

Labels, ASCII, Exceptional Speed

No other Z80 CP/M disassembler produces understandable
source code as quickly as V-COM. It is INTEL and Z1LOG
compatible, and features easy to read code with a cross refer-
ence table. Best of all, it can create source code with user
defined labels, storage areas and ASCII strings. V-COM is ex-
ceptionally fast and can disassemble a typical 12K .COM file
into a 76K .ASM file, containing 7500 lines of source code, and
a 33K cross reference file in under two minutes with 8" SD
floppies. (About five times faster than others).

The unique user created information files let you specify
labels for 8 and 1 6 bit values and the location of storage areas,
tables and ASCII strings. The disassembled code can be sent
to the console, the disk and the printer, or any combination
at once.

Each package includes a 30 page manual, sample pro-
gram files and variations of V-COM compatible with TDL,
MAC and ZILOG assemblers. Feature for feature, no other
disassembler at any price even comes close $80

ManualOnly $12

8086 SOFTWARE

VEDIT full screen editor for CP/M-86, MSDOS, IBM Personal
ComputerandlBMDisplaywriter $195

CP/M-86 BIOS for popular S-100 disk controllers and SCP
8086 computer. Source Code $90

BootableCP/M-86disksforpopularS-100computers . .Call

68 BYTE September 1982

The newest generation VEDIT combines
sophisticated program development editing
with useful word processing features and new
powerful 'TECO' like macros.

User Oriented

Fast and easy editing for program development and word processing. Includes automatic screen scrolling, a status line with the
cursor's line and column positions, an 'Gndo' key, and recovery from full disk conditions (you can delete files or change disks).
Fully aidapts to your system with a menu driven customization for keyboard layout, CRT selection and more. Since VEDIT
receives major enhancements twice ayear,youYeassured that VEDIT will always be 'state of theart' with our inexpensive update
option and support you can reaJJy count on.

Performance

Exceptional speed and true what you see is what you get' full screen editing with a convenient array of cursor movements
and editing functions. Edits files up to one disk in length, and holds up to 45K of a file entirely in memory. You can insert
a specified line range of another file anywhere in the text, and change disks in the middle of an edit session. Includes search
and replace, text move and copy, complete file handling and flexible macros. Unique automatic indenting for use with struct-
ured languages such as Pascal, 'C and PL/I. Other features for assembly language, Fortran and Cobol.

Word Processing

Features include word wrap, adjustable left margin, reformatting of paragraphs, word and paragraph oriented cursor move-
ment and deleting, and printing with imbedding of printer control characters. May be used stand-alone or in conjunction
with most text output processors.

Hardware Support

C RT version supports over 40 terminals, including ANSI standard and all screen sizes. Utilizes smart' terminal features for fast
screen updating. Your keyboard layout can use any available function and cursor keys. Memory mapped version offers high
speed, flexibility, supports bank select and the SSM VB3. Versions for Fulcrum VIO-X, PIICEON and TDL video boards.

New Macros

Ten buffers can hold macro command strings. These may be executed, edited, saved and loaded from disk. Macros can
perform complex editing operations. (For example, a macro could automatically perform a series of global search and replace
on many files). The buffers may also hold text, allowing extensive text 'cut and paste', including portions from multiple files. New
startup command file can also setup VEDIT parameters, initialize a terminal's programmable function keys and more.

Ordering

Please specify your microcomputer, video board or
the CRT terminal version, 8080, Z80 or 8086 code,
and disk format

VEDIT - Disk and Manual

For8080orZ80 $150

ForCP/M-86orMSDOS $195

ManualOnly $18

VISA and MASTERCARD

Dealers - You can now carry VEDIT
and V-COM on consignment

IBM • Apple II Softcard • TRS-80 II and I • SuperBrain
Zenith Z89 • HP-125 • Xerox 820 • Cromemco

MorthStar • DEC VT180 • Televideo • Altos
Vector • Micropolis • MP/M • CP/M-86 • MSDOS

1955 Pauline Blvd., Suite 200

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103

(313) 996-1299

CP/M and MP/M are rqpflrred trademarks of Digital Research, Inc. Apple II is a registered iradanark of Apple
Computer, Inc. Softcard is a trademark of Microsoft. TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation. IBM Personal
Computer is a trademark of International Business Machines. Inc.

CompuView

PRODUCTS, INC.
MAINFRAME FEATURES FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

Circle 124 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 69

+ v C c

/

D

2-BIT
LATCH

SELECT- WR1TE-

BUSY/ INTERRUPT ■*-

vcc

MCRC
P0-P5 MCX

VOTRAX
SC-01A

AF

AO
CB

GND

T

m

CLOCK

;c

f = 1.25/RC
R MIN =6 -5K
C MAX = 300pF
SET FOR 720kHz

AMPLIFIER

'))

SPEAKER

Figure 1: The general scheme to be followed in connecting the Votrax SC-01A to a
microcomputer system.

PHOnE 1
FILLS THE VOI

in or"

;•

on

Powerful Z^80®
communications software
tools are now available.
Fill the void between your
microcomputer and
mainframe.

SOFTWARE*

EMULATOn

2-80 is a registered
trademark of Zilog.

PHOnE 1

1011 River Lane • Loves Park, Illinois 61111 • 815/877-9008

elements: a 6502-based control micro-
computer and a Votrax SC-01A
speech-synthesizer chip. I explained
the SC-01A in detail in last
September's Circuit Cellar article (ref-
erence 5), but for new readers I'll
summarize the important facts.

The SC-01A is a 22-pin integrated
circuit which consists of a digital code
translator and an electronic model of
the human vocal tract. The internal
phoneme controller translates a 6-bit
phoneme code and 2-bit pitch code
into a matrix of spectral parameters
that adjust the vocal-tract model to
synthesize speech.

The SC-01A is manufactured using
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor) technology and oper-
ates within a range from +7 to +14
V. Handshaking with external control
circuitry is accomplished through a
strobe (STB) line and an acknowl-
edge/request (A/R) line. A diagram
of the generalized connection scheme
appears as figure 1.

The output pitch of the SC-OlA's
voice is controlled by the frequency
of the clock signal, which can either
be supplied from an external source
or set internally with a resistor/ca-
pacitor combination. The clock fre-
quency is nominally 720 kHz, but
subtle variations of pitch can be in-
duced to add inflection by varying
this frequency. Such variations pre-
vent the synthesized voice from
sounding too monotonous or arti-
ficial. Two separate pitch-control
lines, II and 12, are available for gross
variations in pitch so that the chip
can seem to speak with more than one
voice. These so-called manual-inflec-
tion controls operate independently
of clock-rate-induced inflection.

The 64 SC-01A phonemes defined
for the English language are listed in
table 3 on page 72. Most of these cor-
respond to speech sounds, but two
produce silence and one causes speech
synthesis to stop. The sound for each
phoneme is generated when a 6-bit.
phoneme code is placed on the con-
trol-register input lines (P0 through
P5) and latched by pulsing the strobe
(STB) input. Each phoneme is inter-
nally timed and has a duration rang-
ing from 47 to 250 ms (milliseconds)
depending on the phoneme selected

70 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 373 on Inquiry card.

Introducing
the 212
Auto-Cat by

300 BAUD is fine for the basics.
But now you can get in the fast lane without getting expensive.

Our engineers have come up with a pair of custom
microprocessors, five LSI circuits and a small miracle: the
212 Auto-Cat modem.

And if you've looked around, you know the $695 price is
part of the miracle.

Four times the speed. Half the size. All of the right
auto-dial/answer functions.

Your dealer has them right now. No need to waste any
more time. See him.

'Suggested retail price

Novation

TM

the recognized leader in
personal communications

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

18664 Oxnard Street, Tarzana, California 91356 • Telephone: (800) 423-5419 and (213) 996-5060

Circle 398 on Inquiry card.

INCOME TAX
ACCOUNTING

"Quick
jax

has the finest

software

I've ever seen

for the

Accounting

and Tax

Professional.

The programs are so well designed
and supported, we had no start-up
problems."— Ronald Braun, C.P.A.

□ 1040 TAX PROGRAM

ALL MAJOR FORMS &
SCHEDULES

$995

PRINTS ON IRS FORMS, OVER-
LAYS OR MULTI-PART FORMS

INDIVIDUAL OR BATCH
PROCESSING

CAN PROCESS THOUSANDS OF
RETURNS PER SEASON

RECURRING PRIOR YEAR
INFORMATION AUTOMAT-
ICALLY UPDATED

DIAGNOSTIC REPORTS

LETTER OF INSTRUCTION

CLIENT BILLING

MAILING LIST/LABELS &
ENVELOPES

UNLIMITED SUPPORTING
SCHEDULES

PLUS:

PROFORMA/TAX ORGANIZER
MULTI-STATE INTERFACE
TAX PLANNING

ALSO AVAILABLE:

GENERAL LEDGER/CLIENT WRITE-UP

AFTER THE FACT PAYROLL

AMORTIZATION & DEPRECIATION

SCHEDULES

ALL QUICK TAX PROGRAMS COME WITH
ONE YEAR WARRANTY A SUPPORT.

DEALER DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE.

See your nearest computer dealer.
Or, call or write for more information.

Quick-Tax Software is available for Xerox 820,
Radio Shack, IBM, DEC, Vector Graphic,
Dynabyte and other CP/M based computers.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Q ^

Ltd

319 Clawson St.

S.I., N.Y.C., N.Y. 10306

Da pt.BM(2i2) 351-6143

Hexadecimal

Phoneme

ASCII

Duration

Example Word

Phoneme

Symbol

Character

(ms)

Code

00

EH3

@

59

jacket

01

EH2

A

71

enlist

02

EH1

B

121

heavy

03

PA0

C

47

no sound

04

DT

D

47

buffer

05

A2

E

71

make

06

A1

F

103

pa/I

07

ZH

G

90

pleasure

08

AH2

H

71

honest

09

13

I

55

inhib/t

0A

12

J

80

/nhibit

0B

11

K

121

inn/bit

OC

M

L

103

mat

0D

N

M

80

sun

0E

B

N

71

bag

OF

V

O

71

van

10

CH

P

71

chip

11

SH

Q

121

shop

12

Z

R

71

zoo

13

AW1

S

146

lawful

14

NG

T

121

thing

15

AH1

U

146

father

16

001

V

103

looking

17

OO

W

185

book

18

L

X

103

/and

19

K

Y

80

trick

1A

J

Z

47

judge

1B

H

[

71

he\\o

1C

G

\

71

get

1D

F

\

103

fast

1E

D

55

paid

1F

S

90

pass

20

A

(space)

185

tame

21

AY

i

65

jade

22

Y1

"

80

yard

23

UH3

#

47

miss/on

24

AH

$

250

mop

25

P

%

103

past

26

O

&

185

cold

27

I

'

185

p/'n

28

U

(

185

move

29

Y

)

103

any

2A

T

*

71

rap

2B

R

+

90

red

2C

E

(

185

meet

2D

W

-

80

win

2E

AE

.

185

dad

2F

AE1

/

103

after

30

AW2

90

salty

31

UH2

1

71

about

32

UH1

2

103

uncle

33

UH

3

185

cup

34

02

4

80

bold

35

01

5

121

aboard

36

IU

6

59

you

37

U1

7

90

June

38

THV

8

80

the

39

TH

9

71

thin

3A

ER

146

bird

3B

EH

;

185

ready

3C

E1

<

121

be

3D

AW

=

250

call

3E

PA1

>

185

no sound

3F

STOP

?

47

no sound

Note: T must precede CH to produce "CH" sound.

D must precede J to produce

"J" sound.

Table 3: The 64 SC-01A phonemes defined for the

English language. Most of these

correspond to speech sounds; two

produce silence,

and one

causes speech synthesis

to stop.

72 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Amdek's Video-300 green phosphor monitor
is the easy-reading choice for almost any
system— including IBM and Apple.

Everything about our 12" Video-300
monitor was designed to be easy. Easy
to read. Easy to use. And easy to match
up with practically any computer or
word processing system, including the
popular Apple and IBM personal com-
puters. So it's easy to see why you
should choose Video-300 for your text
display needs.

Amdek's Video-300 monitor
features:

• Non-glare screen to eliminate dis-
tracting reflections

• P-31 green phosphor display for
no-strain viewing

• 80 x 24 character display

• 18MHz band width 900 lines [center]
resolution

• Built-in carrying handle for porta-
bility

• Light-weight, industrial-grade cabine-
try Conly 17 lbs J

• UL, FCC approved

• Full one-year warranty covering
parts and labor

So ask your dealer about Video-300
— part of Amdek's complete line of
color, green phosphor and black and
white monitors. Then match Video-
300's performance and price against
any other display monitor. For quality
and value, you'll choose Amdek.

Amdek Corporation, 2420 E. Oakton St., Suite E, Arlington Heights, 1L 60005. [312] 364-1180 • TLX: 25-4786

Circle 22 on inquiry card. BYTE September 1982 73

PARALLEL
I/O INTERFACE

POWER SUPPLY
+ 5V, +12V, -12V
(TO ALL SECTIONS)

ASCII
DATA— +{
INPUT

SERIAL

I/O INTERFACE

6502
MICROPROCESSOR

150-9600BPS

CLOCK CIRCUITRY
DATA- RATE
GENERATOR

4.9152MHz

1.22MHz

EPROM

(TEXT-TO-SPEECH

ALGORITHM)

PROGRAMMABLE

INFLECTION

CIRCUITRY

RAM

(INPUT BUFFER,

CONVERSION TABLES, ETC.)

SC-01A

VOICE

SYNTHESIZER

AMPLIFIER

AND

FILTER

o

VOICE SYNTHESIZER SECTION
COMPUTER SECTION

Figure 2: Block diagram of Microvox. The Microvox hardware can be viewed as a general-purpose 6502-based computer with a
speech synthesizer attached using a memory-mapped I/O (input /output) port.

The computer section (shown in black) uses 14 integrated circuits for serial and parallel I/O, address decoding, memory, and other
processing functions. Five additional chips (outlined in red) constitute the phoneme synthesizer, inflection circuitry, and audio
amplifier.

and the clock frequency. The A/R
line goes from a logic 1 to a logic
while a phoneme is sounding.

The usual method for using the SC-
01 A with a microprocessor sets up the
hardware so that the computer sys-
tem directly times the transmission of
phoneme codes. This method sends
phoneme codes to the synthesizer
chip through a latched parallel output
port and monitors the synthesizer's
activities through the A/R line,
which is connected to an input port or
interrupt line.

Microvox Hardware Overview

Figure 2 is a basic block diagram of
Microvox. As previously mentioned,
the Microvox contains its own micro-
computer that allows the unit to be
configured to function as an intelli-
gent peripheral device; therefore, the
Microvox hardware can be viewed as
a general-purpose 6502-based com-
puter with a speech synthesizer at-
tached using a memory-mapped I/O
(input/ output) port.

The computer section uses 14 inte-

grated circuits for serial and parallel
I/O, address decoding, memory, and
other processing functions. Five addi-
tional chips constitute the phoneme
synthesizer, inflection circuitry, and
audio amplifier (outlined in red).

Variations In pitch

prevent the

synthesized voice from

sounding too

monotonous or

artificial.

The Microvox is best explained by
dividing the circuitry into four func-
tional subsections: processor and tim-
ing, memory, serial and parallel I/O,
and speech synthesizer. A complete
schematic diagram of Microvox ap-
pears as figure 3a on pages 76 and 77
and figure 3b on pages 78 and 79.

Processor and Data-Rate Clock

The 1-MHz (megahertz) 6502

microprocessor, the same type used
in the Apple II and Atari 800 com-
puters, and the data-rate generator
(shown by itself in figure 4 on page
80) obtain their clock signals from a
circuit that divides down a 4.9152-
MHz frequency from a crystal-con-
trolled oscillator. You may find the
rationale for using this low-cost clock
divider interesting.

Most data-rate-generator circuits
are very costly because they use spe-
cialized data-rate generator chips
such as the COM5016, which you
must have if you really need to cover
134.5 and 110 bps (bits per second) as
well as the other standard data rates
from 75 to 19,200 bps. The former
two data rates are the only ones that
require oddball frequencies. If you
can get along without them (and most
people can nowadays), no special
divider networks or integrated cir-
cuits are required. By using a
4.9152-MHz (75 X2 16 ) base frequency
and a 12-stage binary divider (a
CD4040, IC6 in figure 4), the nine re-
maining rates are derived directly.

74 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Although the Datasouth DS180 matrix printer may not exactly rate as a work of art, our customers have a very
high opinion of its value. Over the past year, we have shipped thousands of DS180 printers to customers throughout
the world. Many of our sales now come in the form of repeat business— a strong testimonial to the acceptance of
a product.

The success of the DS180 in a very competitive market did not happen by accident; rather through our sensitivity
to the needs of the industry. This sensitivity we carry through research and development, production and quality con-
trol and finally to after sales support and service.

Recently we introduced new enhancements to make the DS180 printer even more versatile. Dot addressable raster
scan graphics produces output of computer generated charts, maps and graphs at a resolution of 75 x 72 dots per
inch. Variable horizontal pitch selection allows printing at 10, 12
or 16.5 characters per inch plus double wide printing at 5, 6 or
8.25 characters per inch. The expanded 2K FIFO print buffer
handles a full CRT screen dump at up to 9600 baud without de-
laying the host system. We also offer transparent mode for isolat-
ing communications problems, and for APL users, the dual ASCII/
APL character set option.

Check our list of features and we think you will agree that the DS 180
offers the most complete performance package in matrix printers.

DS180 PRINTER STANDARD FEATURES

• Microprocessor Control • Vertical Tabs

• 180 CPS Print Speed • Perforation Skip-Over

• Bidirectional/Logic Seeking • Auto Line Feed

• 1000 Character Buffer (Expandable) • 6/8 LPI

OPTIONAL FEATURES

• Compressed Print— 10. 12, 16.5 cpi

. 9x7 Dot Matrix

• Expanded Characters

• Adjustable Printhead/1-6 Copies
.96 ASCII Character Set

• Cartridge Ribbon

• 132 Column Print Width

• TractorFeed (Front or Bottom)

• Non-Volatile Format Retention
•Top of Form

• Horizontal Tabs

• Auto End of Line Carriage Return

• 5 IPS Paper Slew

• Parallel and Serial Interfaces

• 110-9600 Baud Communications

• Terminal Status Indicators

• Audio Alarm
. Self-Test

• X-on. X-off

• Paper Out Detection

Addressable Graphics

• 2k Expanded Print Buffer

• APL/ASCII Character Set

The DS180 is available nationwide through our
network of sales/service distributors.

tSnZrgfKraKi-WKE

• •

! Now Available Nationwide '
Through Participating

44) iiJl! | COMPUTERLAND Stores

Circle 149 on inquiry card.

mM\

computer corporation

P.O. Box 240947 • Charlotte, NC 28224 • 704/523-8500

DATA-RATE —
CLOCK j>0

R/W

$2

NOTES:

LETTERS INSIDE CONNECTORS
INDICATE CONNECTION TO THE
SAME LETTER CONNECTOR IN
FIGURE 3b.

BPS=BITS PER SECOND

SEE TEXT FOR EXPLANATION
OF JUMPER AND SWITCH
SETTINGS

CLOCK

IC6
CD4040

Q12
Oil
Q10

09
Q8
07
06
05
04

Q3
02

1

SW2

DATA -RATE

SELECT

JP1 75 BPS

-o o-

13.

4_
_5_

3 p^ Q 7

JP2

12,

10,

9 .

8 G

150 BPS
300 BPS
600 BPS
1200BPS
2400BPS
4800BPS
9600 BPS
19200 BPS

<T^b-j0.61MHz

7 ■ o 0-J1.22MH2

IC8
7400

h5V

111

8d

JP3

5V
A

9

1.22 MHz

irq nr>-

+ 5V

+ 5V

Dl
1N4148

: — v>

IC7
74LS04

C8
10^F

&>-

RES

IC1
6502

#0

IRQ

*2
01
DO
Dl
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7

AO

Al

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

A9

A10

All

A12

A13

A 14

A15

U

8b

{JE>^

m

(Jj

RES

NOTE:

ASTERISKS INDICATE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
WHERE 0.1 /iF DECOUPLING CAPACITORS
SHOULD BE ADDED.

Number

Type

+ 5V

GND

-12V +12V

IC1

6502

8

1,21

*IC2

2016

24

12

IC3

2016

24

12

IC4

2716/32/64

26,28

14

IC5

2716/32/64

26,28

14

*IC6

CD4040

16

8

IC7

74LS04

14

7

*IC8

74LS00

14

7

*IC9

74LS139

16

8

IC10

6850

12

1

*IC11

8255

26

7

IC12

SC-01A

18

1

IC13

74LS175

16

8

Id 4

74LS174

14

7

IC15

LM386

4

6

MC16

7407

14

7

IC17

MC1488

7

1 14

IC18

MC1489

14

7

*IC19

7497

16

8

Figure 3a: A section of the Microvox schematic diagram. Shown here are the 6502 microprocessor and the timing section. The
schematic is continued in figure 3b on the next two pages.

76 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

It

21

20

I 21

20

8

WE OE
AO

Al IC2
A2 2016
A3 DO
A4 Dl
A5 D2
A6 D3
A7 D4
A8 D5
A9 D6
AlO D7
CS

9 r 9

WE OE

AO
IC3 A1
2016 A2
DO A3
Dl A4
D2 A5
D3 A6
D4 A7
D5 A8
D6 A9
D7 AlO

CS

8

7

7

6

6

5

5

4

10 c

'«

4

3

11

i n

3

2

13

13

2

1

14

14

1

23

15

15

23

22

16

'

22

19

17

17

19

IC9a
74LS139

18

18

SEL- ADDR

-

1 - 8
2-1000

Al 1 2

ft
3 1

2

IN

3

4 SELO

A12 3

5 SEL1

6 SEL 2 r

±>

3-1800
4 - 8

A15 1

L

7 SEL 3 r

5 - AO

6 - CO

7 - E

*1 (

L

DO

Dl

D2

D3

_"

D4

H> "

D5

**~

D6

-i

D7

AO

Al

A2

\

A3

%

A4

t

A5

"^

r "

►

A6

w ~ i

►

A7

~ '

>

A8

►

A9

>

AlO

A

\

All

H

A12

~*

A13

A14

A15

M LS 1 3 9

14

A

B l

2

EN 3

12 SEL 4 r

±>

A13

13

I

11 SEL5 r

1

A14

1

V

10 SEL 6

V

9 SEL7

Y

IC7 A15
74LS04

>

20

20

2

CS
A12 DO
AlO Dl
A9 D2
A8 D3
A7 D4
A6 D5

- A5 D6

■ A4 D7

- A3

- A2

■ Al tu

- AO VPP

All/Vpp oi

11 C

11

CS
DO A12
Dl AlO
D2 A9
D3 A8
D4 A7
D5 A6
D6 A5
D7 A4
A3
A2

PP AO
OE All/Vpp

2

21

12 II

12

21

24

13

13

24

25

15 ,,

15

25

3

16

16

3

4

17

17

4

c

18

18

5

6

19

19

6

7

+ 5V +5V
it ^ <

7

8

8

9

9

1 1

+ 5V

IC4 IC5
27XX 27XX

+ 5V

i

All

k 3

2

3

22

22

23

3 ♦

1

16/32/64 16/32/64

1 All

-*

1 —

D5) T °

r: r figure 3b

D6
D7

AO
Al

t = 2764 ONLY

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 77

SEL4

<3

+ 5V

SEL5

nr

NOTE:

LETTERS INSIDE CONNECTORS
INDICATE CONNECTION TO
THE SAME LETTER CONNECTOR
IN FIGURE 3 a.

*o[b>

PR

D IC14b
74LS74

&

RES

® g

RES

PR

D IC14a
74LS74

CLOCK

CLR

FROM
FIGURE 3a

AO
Al

DO ■
Dl •

< D2
X D3 ■
D4
D5 ■
D6
D7 ■

**\D

SEL2(jh)>

DATA-

RATE | A>-
CLOCK —

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

11

f5V

DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 RS

E CSO

inn

CS1

CS2

IC10
6850

R/W

RXC TXC IRQ TD RTS RD CTS DCD

IRQ<TT-

IC16 IC7

7407 74LS04

«^<j

:r2

+ 5V

13

1

rd[d> 5 -

^[e> ^

SEL3[F>-

^ D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 Dl DO Al AO

WR
CS

IC11
82 55

C4 AO Al A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 C2 C7

13

00 00000

1 2 4 3 5 8 20 7

DO

Dl

D2

D3

40

D4

39

D5

38

D6

37

16

L

D7

10

ACK

STB

D,

00000000000

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 1 21 20

-RS-232C SERIAL PORT -

PARALLEL INPUT PORT-

Figure 3b: A section of the Microvox schematic diagram, featuring the serial and parallel I/O and the SC-01A speech-synthesis in-
tegrated circuit.

78 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SC-01A

:l4

kHz

614.4

1

633.6

2

652.8

3

672.0

4

691.2

5

710.4

6

729.6

7

7 48. 8

8

768.0

9

78 7.2

A

806.4

B

825.6

C

844.8

D

864.0

E

8 83.2

F

902.4

+ 12V

m

BH

SPEAKER

This approach does require one
other design compromise. The 6502
processor is specified to operate at 1
MHz, but, using this crystal and
divider circuit, only 611 kHz and 1.22
MHz are available as system-clock
signals. The computer must run at
either 61 percent or 122 percent of its
rated speed.

Practically speaking, this is not a

problem. The 1-MHz specification is
for worst-case conditions, which you
probably will not have. I have per-
sonally run 1-MHz 6502s at 1.8 MHz
with no trouble. Furthermore, in the
Microvox application, we can note
that the speech synthesizer requires
data at only about 200 bps to speak
continuously. Processor speed is just
not significant except when receiving

and manipulating data at 19,200 bps.
Just to be on the conservative side,
while the hardware can produce rates
from 75 to 19,200 bps, I have speci-
fied rates of 150 to 9600 bps for the
Microvox.

Memory Section

The address-decoding and memory
section of the Microvox consists of

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 79

rh

DATA-
C> RATE
CLOCK

Figure 4: A detail from the Microvox circuit, showing the circuitry that derives the data-rate and clock frequencies. With this simple,
low-cost arrangement, all standard data rates, except 110 bps (bits per second) and 134.5 bps, are available. Also, a trade-off must be
made in selecting a clock rate for operating the microprocessor.

Name

Hexadecimal Connection and Function
Address

IC2 memory block (RAM)
IC3 memory block (RAM)
IC10 serial port
IC1 1 parallel ports
IC14 inflection clock rate
IC14 phoneme latch
IC5 memory block (EPROM)
IC4 memory block (EPROM)

Table 4: The 5 high-order bits on the 6502 address bus are decoded by IC9 to
provide 8 strobe signals that control various parts of the system.

SELO

000

SEU

800

SEL2

1000

SEL3

1800

SEL4

8000

SEL5

A000

SEL6

cooo

SEL7

E000

IC2 through IC5 and IC9. IC9 (a
74LS139) decodes the 5 high-order
bits on the address bus to provide 8
strobe signals, as listed in table 4.

In the Microvox configuration,
memory components IC2 and IC3 are
intended to be RAM, while IC4 and
IC5 are meant to be ROM or EPROM
(erasable programmable read-only
memory). The pin designations for
IC2 and IC3 are for 2K-by-8-bit RAM
chips, such as the Hitachi 6116 or

Toshiba 2016. These components are
pin-compatible with the type-2716
EPROM, so you could use 2716s in
these sockets instead, if the computer
were being used in some other appli-
cation.

The read/write memory (IC2 and
IC3) is used for conversion tables and
register stacks and as the ASCII input
buffer. A buffer is required because
the Microvox can receive data faster
than it can speak it. The standard

Microvox uses only one RAM chip
(installed as IC2), which provides a
lK-byte input buffer; by adding the
second RAM chip in IC3, this can be
optionally expanded to 3K bytes of
text memory (for long-winded
speeches).

The text-to-speech conversion rou-
tine for the standard Microvox is
stored in 8K bytes, presently con-
sisting of two type-2732 EPROMs in-
serted in the sockets for IC4 and IC5.
As production increases or EPROM
prices drop, a single 8K-byte 2764
EPROM (or its ROM equivalent) will
be used. Any of the compatible
type-2716 (2K-by-8-bit), type-2732
(4K-by-8-bit), or type-2764 (8K-by-8-
bit) EPROMs can be used in these IC
positions, depending upon the jumper
selections JP4 and JP5.

Serial and Parallel I/O

Microvox, unlike most other voice
synthesizers, has both serial and
parallel input ports to receive ASCII
characters. The serial port uses a
Motorola MC6850 ACIA (asynchro-
nous communications interface
adapter, IC10). During system in-
itialization, the ACIA's functional

80 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SOLUTIONS are
free and easy
with the
ASSOCIATE"

The ASSOCIATE is a field proven desktop microcomputer with many
features: 64K memory plus 2K PROM; 720K bytes of floppy disk
storage; Z80A4Mhz processor; DMA disk controller, interrupt controller
and timer; unique anti glare screen; typewriter style keyboard,
numeric keypad and 10 function keys; and 2 RS232C ports. Optional
parallel, IEEE 488, and RS449 ports give added flexibility. The
remote or integrated hard disk option offers you needed growth
capability.

Your SOLUTIONS are supplied FREE. The CP/M operating system
provides access to thousands of software programs. We start you out
with FREE wordprocessing by Spellbinder, FREE business planning
by Microplan, FREE accounting and FREE testing programs; an
excellent combination for a total business system. To make it easy to
use we have programmed the 29 programmable keys and added
a quickly readable keyboard template for each SOLUTION. Other
SOLUTIONS and templates are available such as dBASE II, MBASIC,
SuperCalc, WordStar and more. You may even program the keys
and design a template to match your own chosen software.

You may select FRIENDS to assist your ASSOCIATE such as printers
from Qume, Ricoh and NEC. Ribbons, printwheels, and disks are also
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General Electric you have a total package which is hard to beat. And rv^ta Tonhnnlnrw m* TnHi lctri^Q™
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us today for a dealer near you and bring SOLUTIONS to your business or
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ii

SOLUTIONS, ASSOCIATE and FRIENDS are Trademarks of Data Technology Industries; Spellbinder is a Trademark of LEXISOFT, Inc.; Microplan is a Trademark of
Chang Labs; CP/M is a Trademark of Digital Research; WordStar is a Trademark of MicroPro; SuperCalc is a Trademark of SORCIM; dBASE II is a Trademark of
Ashton-Tate; MBASIC is a Trademark of Microsoft.

Circle 145 on inquiry card. BYTE September 1982 81

-booFdthe-bus-

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configuration is set up; communica-
tion parameters such as character
word length, clock division ratios,
parity, and stop bits are selected by
setting the proper bits in the ACIA's
control register. The data rate is set
by the system data-rate clock (from
SW2 and IC6), and data is sent and
received from the transmit- and re-
ceive-data registers, respectively.
Framing errors, parity errors, buffer
status, and handshaking status are
determined by reading the ACIA's
status register.

On the Micro vox, the serial port
can be used with or without hardware
handshaking, that is, with or without
using the RS-232C Clear to Send,
Data Carrier Detect, Ready to Send,
and other lines. The Microvox soft-
ware incorporates software hand-
shaking, which is especially useful
when communicating over a modem
link or with terminals that do not use
handshaking signals.

When receiving ASCII text in the
software-handshaking mode, the
Microvox sends an "@" (at sign) to
the host computer when its input buf-
fer is almost full, signaling the host to
stop sending data. The Microvox
sends a "#" (number sign) when it is
ready to receive data again. (The
characters used for signaling can be
changed to the X-on and X-off control
characters if need be.)

Obviously, this handshaking is not
needed if the data comes from the
host at a speed slower than the rate at
which the buffer is emptied. The pa-
rallel-input section uses a program-
mable Intel 8255 PIA (peripheral in-
terface adapter, ICll). As con-
figured, 8 bits of the PIA are used to
receive ASCII data in parallel format.
By using two additional connections
for data-available-strobe and
acknowledge signals, the Microvox
can be made to work with a
Centronics-compatible parallel
printer interface.

Also attached to the PIA is the DIP
(dual-inline pin) switch SWl, which
can be used to select operating pa-
rameters as follows. Bit selects
hardware or software handshaking;
bit 1 selects receipt of the ASCII input
data through the serial or parallel
port; bits 2 through 4 set the serial-

82 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

VISUAL presents ergonomic elegance and
high performance in a low-cost terminal.

FEATURE CO

MPARISON CHAR1

FEATURE

VISUAL
50

Hazeltine
Esprit

ADDS
Viewpoint

Lear
Siegler
ADM-5

Televideo
910

Tilt and Swivel

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Detached Keyboard

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

N-Key Rollover

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

Audible Key Click

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

Menu Set-Up Mode

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Status Line

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Full 5 Attribute Selection

YES

NO

NO

NO

YES

Smooth Scroll

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Line Drawing Character Set

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Block Mode

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Insert/Delete Line

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Bi-Directional Aux Port

YES

YES

NO

YES

NO

Columnar Tabbing

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

Independent RCV/TX Rates

YES

NO

NO

NO

NO

Answerback User
Programmable

YES

NO

NO

OPT.

NO

The VISUAL 50 represents a new
approach in low cost terminals. Although it
costs drastically less, it offers the features you expect

from the high priced units.

For example, the VISUAL 50 enclosure is econom-
ically designed in light weight plastic and can easily be
swiveled and tilted for maximum operator comfort. A detached
keyboard, smooth scroll, large 7 x 9 dot matrix characters and
non-glare screen are a few of the many human engineering
features normally offered only on much higher priced terminals.

Another distinctive feature of the VISUAL 50 is its emulation
capability. VISUAL 50 is code-for-code compatible with the
Hazeltine Esprit,™ ADDS Viewpoint,™ Lear Siegler ADM-3A™
and DEC VT-52." Menu driven set-up modes in non-volatile
memory allow easy selection of terminal parameters.

And you're not limited to mere emulation. As the chart shows,
the VISUAL 50 has features and versatility the older, less power-
ful low cost terminals simply cannot match.

The price of the VISUAL 50? Only $695 list. Call or write for
full details on the latest in the industry's finest line of video
terminals.

Service available in principal cities through Sorbus Service,
Division of Management Assistance, Inc.

See for yourself

Circle 502 on Inquiry card.

Visual Technology Incorporated

540 Main Street, Tewksbury, MA 01876

Telephone (617) 851-5000. Telex 951-539

RESCZ>

SEL

IC11/C2C2>

Figure 5: The business end of the Microvox, the circuitry that actually produces the artificial voice. This design is similar to the Sweet
Talker speech synthesizer; it is based also on the Votrax SC-01A integrated circuit. The main improvement is provision for 64 levels
of pitch inflection, instead of the 4 levels available on the Sweet Talker.

input word length, stop bits, and
parity on the ACIA; and bits 5
through 7 are not used.

Speech Inflection

The business end of the Microvox,
the circuitry that actually produces
the artificial voice, is shown in the
schematic diagram of figure 5.
Regular followers of Circuit Cellar
projects will recognize the Votrax SC-
01 A integrated circuit and notice that
this design is similar to the Sweet
Talker speech synthesizer from last
September's article. This time, how-
ever, I have provided for 64 levels of
pitch inflection, instead of the 4 levels
previously available.

The output pitch of the phonemes
is fundamentally controlled by the
frequency of the clock signal pro-
vided to the SC-01A. In general use,

this frequency, set with a resistor/
capacitor combination, is nominally
720 kHz. But as with any current-
controlled analog circuit, the frequen-
cy may be susceptible to change from
temperature variation and pickup of
external noise.

Coarse variations in

pitch are best used for

simulating completely

different speaking

voices.

In the Microvox, the analog clock
circuitry is eliminated. Instead of us-
ing the SC-OlA's internal timing cir-
cuit, the chip is configured for input
of an external clock signal, derived

from the crystal-controlled system
clock.

While the fundamental range of the
output pitch is a function of the clock
frequency, the two pitch-control lines
II and 12 (the "manual-inflection"
lines) can act independently to cause
four coarse variations in pitch from
the fundamental setting. I think that
these coarse variations are best used
for simulating completely different
speaking voices rather than for vocal
inflections. The frequency shift is
simply too great.

The preferred way to influence the
output pitch is by changing the exter-
nal clock frequency fed into the SC-
01A, although this takes more work.
Subtle variations in output pitch can
be obtained with reasonable effort,
by shifting the clock frequency up or
down by 20 or 40 kHz. And by apply-

84 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

iJJLLMJL

Kf in

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• Ultra-low power (435 Ma. max. —
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• Bank Select and Extended Addressing

• A 2K window which can be placed
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— One 48K and one 16K bank for use
in MP/M 1 (option)

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Circle 293 on inquiry card.

ing a digital rate multiplier to the
1.22-MHz system clock, the signal in-
put to the SC-01A can be made pro-
grammable to produce smaller and
better-defined pitch inflections.

IC19 in the Microvox is a 6-bit
binary rate multiplier. Its output fre-
quency obeys the function:

(b5 through bO being the six multi-
plier bits) and

F IN = 1.22 MHz

= MXF„

where

M = b5 X 32 + b4 X 16 + b3 X 8

+ b2 X 4 + M X 2 + fcO X 1

When the SEL4 strobe is acti-
vated, a 4-bit inflection code is
latched into IC13 (a 74LS175 quad D
flip-flop) and applied to the rate
multiplier. The 4-bit combination
(corresponding to a hexadecimal
value of to F loaded into IC13)
selects one of 16 clock rates that range
from 614.4 kHz to 902.4 kHz in
19.2-kHz increments. The frequency

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Orders and inquiries call 1-800-426-8075.
Alaska, Hawaii & Washington State Call Collect

*Line Carrier Modem

^■COMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH CORPORATION

J 1720-130TH AVENUE N.E. BELLEVUE, WASHINGTON 98005

A SUBSIDIARY OF ENERGY SCIENCES CORPORATION (206)881-9550

change of near 20 kHz creates a rela-
tively small pitch change by itself (out
of a 720-kHz nominal input frequen-
cy), but, used dynamically in a sen-
tence, it is just what the doctor
ordered for syllable inflection.

Remember that the 2 manual-in-
flection bits are still available to the
user; they are set by 2 bits on ICll
(SEL3). I refer to the level set by these
bits as the "base pitch" and the 16 fre-
quencies from the rate multiplier as
the "clock rate." The combination of
the 2 functions results in 64 pitch
levels or inflections.

The pitch at which individual pho-
nemes are pronounced may be con-
trolled automatically by the text-to-
speech algorithm, kept fixed, or
altered by user command. Some peo-
ple prefer automatic inflection,
because of the variety it gives to the
speech. Others think a computer
should sound like a computer and
prefer flat speech to artificially in-
toned speech. Still others may wish to
directly control the pitch to make the
unit sing (pitch and rate codes may be
mixed with phoneme codes to pro-
duce singing) or to pronounce words
with special emphasis.

The user may control the base pitch
setting independently of the clock
rate by issuing a pitch-control com-
mand:

!Px

where x is a digit from 1 through 4;
x = l selects the lowest pitch with
pitch increasing according to the
value of x.

The user may also control the clock
rate with a command of the form

!Ry

where y can take on values from 1 to
16; y = l selects the lowest pitch;
y = 16 the highest.

Musical Abilities

One final feature of the Microvox
is the ability to play musical notes
and produce sound effects by using a
program routine to toggle one bit of
the PIA (ICll) at a predetermined
rate. This line is connected to the out-
put audio amplifier along with the
output from the speech synthesizer

86 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

CHART-MASTER™

Business Graphics Software

Professional-Quality Graphics
from Personal Computers

CHART-MASTER works with Apple® II, Apple® HI
and IBM personal computers to create full-color
business graphics on Hewlett-Packard plotters,
including the new low-cost H-P 7470A.

POWERFUL

CHART-MASTER produces bar charts, line charts, scatter diagrams and pie
charts, as well as text pages and signs, on paper or acetate (transparencies).
Data can be entered manually or automatically from Visicalc® and other
programs. Charts can be edited, stored and retrieved.

FLEXIBLE

CHART-MASTER allows you to select from a b£@ad range of options to etfeate
the chart that best communicates your data, Options include producing up to
nine charts per page, footnote and framing capabilities, leJt and right y-axes,
a variety of hatching and line types, exploded pie segments, linear regression
afld curve-fittings, logarithmic axes and much more.

EASYTOUSE

CHART-MASTER is ari, interactive, menu-
driven program that allows users, whether
managers or secretaries, to produce
presentation-quality cfiarts immediately with
little at no fining. It is easy for you to enter
data, choose options, select a chart format . . .
and let CHART-MASTER cto the rest

COSfrEFFECTIVE QUALITY

To get the same high quality that CHART-MASTER delivers, you would have
to use expensive time-sharing services, commissioned graphic artists
or costly dedicated graphics systems. Thus, CHART-MASTER, especially when
teamed with the new Hewlett-Packard 7470 A plotter, represents a price/
performance breakthrough. Users of these more costly methods will find that a
CH^flf-MASTEfl/Hewlett-Packard combination pays for itself in just a few
months. And, because CHART-MASTER also offers convenience, speed, user
control and versatility, you will find that you will increase your use of business
graphics at no marginal cost.

CHART-MASTER is available through your local computer dealer for $375.
A complete graphics plotting package, consisting of CHART-MASTER, H-P
7470A plotter and interface for your Apple or IBM personal computer, costs asss
little as $2000. For further information and the name of your nearest dealer,
call or write:

DedSiOn ReSOUrCeS Professional software tools
PO Box 309, Westport CT 06880, 203/222-1974

Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Visicalc is a trademark of Personal Software, Inc.

Circle 154 an inquiry (Sard.

chip (IC12). The results are similar to
the sound produced by the internal
speaker of an Apple II computer us-
ing the same technique.

While the Microvox is not exactly a
virtuoso instrument, programming it
to play a simple tune is not hard at
all. The music mode is turned on by
the command:

IN

Once the music mode has been acti-
vated, a different set of note-specify-
ing commands is used.

In the music mode, notes may be
chosen from a range of 3 octaves
centered on middle C, indicated by
numbers from 1 to 3. Each octave
contains notes identified as A, B, C,
D, E, F, or G. Sharps are indicated by
the suffix character "+", flats by
" — ". Time values are selected by
reciprocal numeric arguments: the
length of a note may vary from a
whole note (length of 1) to a 128th
note (length of 128). Rests are in-
dicated by "R". When in the music
mode, sending Microvox the charac-
ter string "3F + 4" causes it to play a
quarter note at a pitch of F sharp in
the third octave. "R16" causes a
sixteenth-note rest.

Notes of unconventional lengths
may be used; for instance, the soft-
ware supports "thirty-seventh" notes.
Tempo may set from values of 50 to
128 beats per minute by a command
of the type "TV with x in the proper
range. The default tempo is 80.

To Be Continued . . .

I apologize if I am jumping ahead
too quickly. It's just that I want you
to be assured that these hardware
features of music and programmable
pitch are not an overcomplication;
they are easily accommodated in the
software.

Obviously, there is no conclusion
this month. I'll have a lot more to say
next month. And keep in mind that
while the main object of this project is
an easy-to-use text-to-speech syn-
thesizer, the computer section of the
circuit has some special merit of its
own. You may expect to see the same
6502-based control-computer design
in future Circuit Cellar projects.

Next Month:

We'll take a look at the software
and operation of the Microvox speech
synthesizer. ■

References

1 . Anderson, James C. "An Extremely Low-
Cost Computer Voice Response Sys-
tem," BYTE, February 1981, page 36.

2. Barden, William Jr. "Voice Synthesis for
the Color Computer: Third in a Series,"
BYTE, February 1982, page 258.

3. Blankenship, John. "Give Your Apple a
Voice: A Speech-Development System
Using the Radio Shack Speech Synthe-
sizer," BYTE, May 1982, page 446.

4. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build a Low-Cost
Speech-Synthesizer Interface," BYTE,
June 1981, page 46. Reprinted in Ciar-
cia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III, Peter-
borough, NH: BYTE Books, 1982, page
133.

5. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build an Unlimited-
Vocabulary Speech Synthesizer," BYTE,
September 1981, page 38. Reprinted in
Ciarcia' s Circuit Cellar, Volume III,
Peterborough, NH: BYTE Books, 1982,
page 168.

6. Ciarcia, Steve. "Talk to Me: Add a Voice
to Your Computer for $35," BYTE, June
1978, page 142. Reprinted in Ciarcia's
Circuit Cellar, Volume I, Peterborough,
NH: BYTE Books, 1979, page 77.

7. Fons, Kathryn and Tim Gargagliano.
"Articulate Automata: An Overview of
Voice Synthesis," BYTE, February 1 981 ,
page 164. (See also "BYTE's Bugs:
Upside-Down Static Phoneme," BYTE,
May 1981, page 232.)

8. Gargagliano, Tim and Kathryn Fons. "A
Votrax Vocabulary," BYTE, June 1981,
page 384.

9. Gargagliano, Tim and Kathryn Fons.
"Text Translator Builds Vocabulary for
Speech Chip," Electronics, February 1 0,
1981, page 118.

10. Gargagliano, Tim and Kathryn Fons.
"The TRS-80 Speaks: Using BASIC to
Drive a Speech Synthesizer," BYTE,
October 1979, page 113.

1 1 . Lin, Kun-Shan, Gene A. Frantz, and
Kathy Goudie. "Software Rules Give
Personal Computer Real Word Power,"
Electronics, February 10, 1981, page
122.

1 2. Miastkowski, Stan. "Add a Voice to Your
Computer: The Votrax Type-'N-Talk,"
Popular Computing, June 1982, page 81.

1 3. Payne, Robert A. " A Voice for the Apple
II Without Extra Hardware," BYTE,
November 1981, page 499.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's
Circuit Cellar project kits available from the
Micromint. circle 1 00 on the reader service
inquiry card at the back of the magazine.

The following are available from:

Intex Micro Systems Corporation

Suite 717

755 West Big Beaver Road

Troy, Ml 48084

(313) 362-4280

1. Intex-T alker , the assembled,
tested, and FCC-approved version
of the Microvox text-to-speech
synthesizer. With power supply

and documentation $295.

OEM pricing and availability will
be discussed on request. Michigan
residents please include 4 percent
sales tax. Please include $4 for
shipping. Overseas orders add $20
for shipping.

The Micromint Inc.
917 Midway
Woodmere, NY 11598
(516) 374-6793

(for technical information)
(800) 645-3479

(for orders only)

1. Complete kit for building the
Microvox text-to-speech voice
synthesizer, including the SC-01A
and all other components,
enclosure, power supply, and

documentation $215.

Overseas orders add $20 for
shipping.

or

2. Votrax SC-01A voice-synthe
sizer chip. . . .$70 each. Call fo\
OEM pricing and availability.

Residents of New York please
include 7 percent sales tax. Please
include $4 for shipping on all
orders.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous
Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for
each month's current article. Most of these past
articles are available in reprint books from
BYTE Books, 70 Main St., Peterborough, NH
03458. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I,
covers articles that appeared in BYTE from
September 1977 through November 1978. Ciar-
cia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II, contains articles
from December 1978 through June 1980. Ciar-
cia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III, contains the ar-
ticles that were published from July 1980
through December 1981.

88 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Test drive the Victor desktop
computer designed tor systems.

Like a high performance automobile,
the Victor desktop business computer
needs to be put to the test to be really
appreciated. Here's why:

The computer dilemma.

Systems houses today face a basic
dilemma when it comes to selecting a
computer.

The so-called "personal" computers
on the market are like "economy" cars.
They're relatively inexpensive but
have limited power and capacity.

And the larger mini computers offer
more power and speed, like a luxury
car, but are, of course, more expensive.

Victor has a solution to that dilemma.

The Victor 9000 Business Computer is
retail piiced under $5,000. If you sell
compu ter systems, quantity purchase
agreements will let you be very
aggressive.

The Victor gives your systems the kin d
of memory and storage capacity
advanced applications demand.
Much more than comparably priced
machines.

And the Victor display screen has dou-
ble the resolution and capacity of its
competitors. You can display a full
132-column report and still be per-
fectly readable. Is that important to
your system ? Ask any programmer.

Experience where it counts.

But those are only the technical
advantages of the Victor 9000.
Equally important is Victor's 65 years
of experience in solving business prob-
lems. And Victor's 50 branch offices
throughout the country providing fast
service and total support.

Software toots to keep you
growing.

Victor supplies CP/M-86 and MS DOS
with every machine. Runtime support

for Basic, Cobol, Fortran and Pascal is
no extra cost. The Victor 9000 has the
tools you need to do the job right.

The Victor 9000. It's a desktop system
computer designed to be a "cut
above" the rest. Whether you sell com-
plete systems, or are just looking for
the best computer to support your
software, call your Victor OEM spe-
cialist today.Orget in touch with
Victor at (800) 621-5559. In Illinois
(800) 972-5858. We're open 24 hours a
day, 7 days a week.

Serving American business for 65 years.
VICTOR' BUSINESS PRODUCTS

Subsidiary of Kidde Inc
KJDOE

Great visibility -

800x400 pixels - graph-
ics - 80x25 characters
(soft-loaded) green phos-
phor - anti-glare - hit
mapped.

Design for comfort

- display screen tilts
0° -11° and swivels ±42°
to suit the operator.

Power under the
hood - 8088 - SMhz-2
RS 232 ports - 2 parallel
ports - C0DEC4 bus
slots.

Ease of handling - up

to 103 keys - capacity
switches - sculptured -
soft-loaded - 6 foot cord

Circle 479 on Inquiry card.

Fuel for thought -

CP/M-86 - MS-DOS -
C BASIC - Basic 86-MS-
Pascal-CIS-COBOL MS-
Fortran - MS- COBOL -
Multiplan - VictorWriter

Compact efficiency

- 302 square inch foot
print - all components
separate - organize it
yourself

Excellent mileage -

The Victor Business
Computer takes your
system further for less
money. Test drive it and
compare.

BYTE September 1982 89

Nowyou don't have to decide

between a
personal computer and

aVTlOO terminal.

Digital's introduced a per-
sonal computing option which
| can turn a VT100 terminal into a
personal computer that uses the
CP/M® operating system.

It's called Digital's Personal Computing
Option. You can purchase just the option, or you
can buy the complete terminal/computing pack-
age called the VT180.

Either represents significant advantages over
the choices available to you now. For now, you
can provide access to a large computer and per-
sonal computing at the same terminal.

More than that, you save the
additional cost of putting personal
computers and terminals side by
side on the top of a desk.

With the CP/M operating sys-
tem Digital's personal computing
terminal will run the literally hun-
dreds of programs available for it.
Including word processing, mailing
lists, financial modeling, statistics,
even data base communications-in
addition to the many more being
specially edited for this terminal.

And by virtue of the fact that Digital's per-
sonal computing terminal is VTlOO-based, you get
all the features that people buy VTlOOs for in the
first place. Features like smooth scrolling with
up to 132 columns display, split-screen viewing,
double-height and width characters, and
reverse video.

Plus a reputation that's second to none in the
industry. Plus Digital's service, on-site, anywhere
in the world.

All of this should make great sense when
you're confronted with the choice of terminals or
personal computers.

Because now you can pick one and get both.
See your Digital dealer for more infor-
mation or write: Digital Equipment
Corporation, Terminals Product Group,
2 Mt. Royal Avenue, UPI-5, Marlboro,
MA 01752. Telephone toll-free 800-
225-9378 (outside the continental U.S.
or in Massachusetts call 617-480-4077)
between 8:30am and 5:00pm Eastern
time. In Europe: 12 Av. des Morgines,
CH-1213 Petit-Lancy /Geneva.
In Canada: Digital Equipment of
Canada, Ltd.

Circle 159 on inquiry card.
CP/M® is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Hardware Review

The Apple III
and Its New Profile

An in-depth look at the "new" Apple III microcomputer

and its Profile hard disk.

Robin Moore

Warner Hill Rd. RFD #5

Derry, NH 03038

r •

i

B

H

&

t

\ 6C3Q J"~J

SaSRSHSffiPxE SB

Photo 1:

file hard-
showing
screen.

A view of the Apple III, the Pro-
disk drive, and the Monitor III
a sample of Visicalc III on the

Photo 2: A rear view of the Apple III and
Profile showing the Silentype and game
paddle ports A and B, along with the
video, audio, RS-232C, and floppy-disk
connectors. The peripheral card visible is
the Profile interface card.

In 1980 when the Apple III was first
released, there were problems. Deliv-
eries were delayed, and when the ma-
chines finally arrived, they
often didn't work. The integrated cir-
cuits tended to wander out of their
sockets. Little software except Visi-
calc was available, and the much-pro-
moted real-time clock/calendar didn't
work well. The Apple III was, on the
whole, unreliable. It was a bad start.

Now, in 1982, the problems are
gone. The sockets have been changed
and the software bugs fixed. The
Apple III has been rereleased with re-
vised software, Pascal, and a brand-
new peripheral — the Profile, a
5-megabyte hard-disk drive. The new
Apple III is an impressive machine
and certainly a contender for the title
of Best Personal Computer in the less
than $10,000 class.

System Overview

Let's take a closer look. The Apple
III is a single unit that includes the
central processing unit, keyboard,
memory, floppy-disk drive, and
video output (see photos 1 and 2). It
has been designed to meet the needs

of the professional or small-business
user. Instead of offering an initial
low-cost unit requiring a number of
additions, Apple Computer Inc. has
included the most common system
expansions as standard in the Apple
III. These include an enhanced key-
board, a 24-row by 80-column dis-
play, an integral disk drive, 128K
bytes of memory, a programmable
128-character set, improved high-res-
olution graphics, and an Apple II
emulation program (see the At a
Glance box for additional features
and details).

In addition, several peripherals are
available for the Apple III. The most
impressive of these is the Profile,
Apple's new 5-megabyte hard-disk
drive. (The Profile will be described
in detail later in this article.) Other
options from Apple Computer in-

About the Author

Robin Moore is manager of microprocessor
development for A. B. Dick Co. and maintains
a strong interest in FORTH, graphics, and com-
puter music. He is also librarian for the
Southern New Hampshire Apple Core.

92 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

■ '

%

z

S* TbaSf THE ULTIMATE COMPUTER CONFLICT

Attacking, evading, scanning, corn-

between the forces of the Colonists
and the Kryon Empire. Join an inter-
galactic shootout with up to eight star-
ship commanders transmitting orders
from the keyboard cockpits of their
craft anywhere in the U.S.A.

municating. That's MegaWars. Easy
to learn but difficult to master. That's
why CompuServe will give one free
hour to every MegaWars player enter-
ing a game before December 31 , 1982.

Circle 102 on inquiry card.

Call toll free
800-848-8990.
You'll receive the illustrated guide to
CompuServe, America's most compre-
hensive Videotex service, plus the
MegaWars Commanders Briefing.

CompuServe

5000 Arlington Centre Blvd.
Columbus, Ohio 43220

800-848-8990

ERG/68000

MINI-SYSTEMS

D Full IEEE 696/S100
compatibility

HARDWARE OPTIONS

D 8MHz or 10 MHz 68000 CPU

D Memory Management

D Multiple Port Intelligent I/O

□ 64K STATIC RAM (70 nsec)

□ 256K Dynamic RAM, with full
parity (150 nsec)

□ 8" D/D, D/S floppy disk drives
D 5MB-32MB hard disk drives
D Full DMA host adaptor

□ 20MB tape streamer

D 10 to 20 slot backplane
D 30 amp power supply

SOFTWARE OPTIONS

D 68KFORTH 1 systems language
with MACRO assembler and
MET A complier

D Fast Floating Point package

□ Motorola's MACSBUG

D IDRIS 2 operating system with

C, PASCAL, FORTRAN 77,

68K-BASIC 1 compilers

Trademark 1 ERG, Inc.

'Whitesmiths

30 day delivery
with valid Purchase Order

OEM prices available

For CPU, Integrated Card Sets

or Systems.

Empirical Research Group, Inc.

P.O. Box 1176

Milton, WA 98354

206-631-4855

At a Glance

Name

The Apple I

Computer

Manufacturer

Apple Computer Inc.
20525 Mariani Ave.
Cupertino, CA 950 1 4
(408) 996-10I0

Components

System Unit

Size: width 1 7.5 inches (44.45 cmj, depth 1 8.2 inches (46.23 cmj, height

4.8 inches (1 2. 1 9 cmj
Weight: 26 pounds (1 1 .8 kg)

Power Required: 1 07- 1 32 volts AC, 60 Hz, 1 00 watts maximum
Processor: 6502B (2 MHz) with bank switching and enchanced indirect

addressing, double stack and zero pages
Memory: 1 28K bytes of dynamic RAM (expandable to 256K bytes), 4K bytes of

self -test and boot-loader ROM
Standard: keyboard for text and data entry; programmable RS-232C serial

communications/printer interface; power-up self-check and disk
bootstrap; both color-graphics and black-and-white/gray-scale graphics
video outputs; two game-paddle/joystick connectors; three audio
generators— fixed beep, I -bit programmable, and 6-bit A-D converter;
one !40K-byte 5 'A -inch floppy-disk drive
Video Display: Three Text Modes

24 by 80, black and white, normal and inverse
24 by 40, black and white, normal and inverse
24 by 40, 1 6 color characters on 1 6 color backgrounds
All text modes have software-definable 1 28-character sets
Four Graphics Modes

280 by 1 92, 16-color foreground and background with limitations
280 by 1 92, black and white
1 40 by 1 92, 1 6 colors with no limitations
560 by 1 92. black and white
Video Outputs: Both black-and-white/gray-scale and color-graphics outputs providing
NTSC monochrome composite video, NTSC color composite video, or
4-bit coded RGB color with a separate composite synchronization
signal
Keyboard: 74 keys for text and data entry; includes 1 3-key numeric pad for fast

numeric entries, four cursor control keys with two-speed auto-repeat,
three special-function keys, and text keys that allow entry of all 1 28
ASCII characters; SOS software provides a 1 28-character type-ahead
keyboard buffer; all keys automatically repeat after Vi second
Disk Drives: System supports up to four 1 40K-byte 5 % -inch floppy-disk drives

using Apple-format 6/8 GCR (group-coded recording) encoding

Operating System

Apple III SOS I . I (Sophisticated Operating System); single task, interrupt-driven, configurable
operating system with hierarchical file structure, multiple file protection levels, and device-
independent byte-oriented I/O

Special Features

An Apple \\ emulation mode that allows use of almost all existing. Apple \\ software; utilities
that allow transfer of DOS text files, Visicalc files, and Pascal files from the Apple \\ to the
Apple l\\

Software Available for the Apple III

Visicalc III $250; Applewriter III $225; Apple III Pascal $250; Business BASIC $125; Apple
Access III (communications software) $150; Apple III Business Graphics $175; Pascal Utility
Library $75; Script III $125; Mail List Manager $150; all from Apple Computer Inc.

Hardware Prices (Apple Computer Inc)

Apple III 1 2BK-byte system

Apple III 256K-byte system

Additional disk drives (three maximum)

Profile 5-megabyte Winchester hard disk-drive and interface card

Universal parallel interface card

Apple Monitor III (monochrome/green screen)

Game controllers

$3495

$4295

$495

$3,499

$225

S320

$29.95

94 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

&*

r 'l

J JU

v *

"THAT'S IIP

There's nothing like the feeling you
get when you've got the solution.

And nothing else will help you
solve problems better, smarter, faster
than the Visi™ programs for your per-
sonal computer.

For example, our VisiCalc® pro-
gram: It's # 1 in the business because
it takes the work out of working with
business numbers. The VisiCalc
program is the powerful "electronic
worksheet" that speeds planning and
budgeting. It lets you ask "what if?"
and see the answers immediately. So
you can analyze the impact of deci-
sions before you make them.

OurVisiTrend/Plot™ program
combines graphics with forecasting
and statistics. It automatically performs
complex calculations and produces
charts and graphs. So you can analyze
the past, forecast the future and plot
your results in an easy-to-understand
visual form.

© 1982 VisiCorp

In addition, our series includes
theVisiFile™ VisiDex™ VisiSchedule 1
VisiPlot™ VisiTerm™ and Desktop/
PLAN™ programs.

But the Visi programs are far
more than individual problem-solvers.
They're all inter-related, just like your
needs and tasks, to give you a fully
integrated solution.

All of the Visi programs work in
much the same way, and they auto-
matically interchange data, too.
So it's easy to learn and use any
of them, work in many different
ways with all of them.

They're brought to you
by VisiCorp™ The one com-
pany whose only business
is helping you make the
most of the personal
computer in your
business.

Ask your
retail computer

store salesperson for a demonstration
of the Visi series. They'll help you and
your computer do all the things you're
intent on doing.

The VisiSeries From
VisiCorf

PERSONAL SOFTWARE"

Apple III (list prices)

128K-byte system unit with integral 140K-byte 5% -inch floppy-disk

drive, Apple SOS operating system software, both color-graphics and

black-and-white/gray-scale video outputs, RS-232C serial interface,

game control port, and Silentype printer interface

$3495

additional floppy-disk drive (three maximum)

$495

Apple Business BASIC software

$125

total

$4115

IBM Personal Computer (suggested retail prices)

48K-byte system unit, disk-adapter card, one 160K-byte floppy-disk

drive, DOS software, Disk BASIC

$2235

16K bytes of added memory and game adapter card

$145

additional floppy-disk drive (one maximum)

$570

serial RS-232C interface card

$150

additional 64K-byte memory card

$540

color-graphics video adapter card

$300

Microsoft extended BASIC software

$40

total

$3980

Table 1: Price comparison of comparable versions of the Apple HI and the IBM Per-

sonal Computer. Both systems include 128K bytes of memory, two floppy-disk

drives, color-graphics video output, serial RS-232C interfaces for Qume (or equiva-

lent) letter-quality printers, and game-paddle adapters. The system chosen is one

that might be purchased by people who wish to combine business and personal ap-

plications. Note that in this configuration the IBM has used up all its expansion slots,

while the Apple HI still has all four of its slots left for further expansion.

elude the Silentype thermal printer,
additional floppy-disk drives, the
monochrome green-screen Monitor
III, a universal parallel I/O (in-
put/output) interface card, and game
controllers.

Many of the existing Apple II inter-
face cards will work in an Apple III
while in the Apple II emulation mode.
However, use of Apple II cards in an
Apple III will probably make it ex-
ceed FCC (Federal Communications
Commission) radio-frequency radia-
tion limits and may cause interference
on nearby television sets or radios. In
addition, Apple II cards are not com-
patible with Apple III software unless
special device-driver routines are
written, and Apple provides virtually
no information on how to write
them.

Apple Computer currently pro-
vides a variety of software packages
for the Apple III in addition to Busi-
ness BASIC and Apple Pascal. There
are also various hardware and soft-
ware products available for the Apple
III from other vendors and the num-
ber of these will increase as the Apple
III user community grows.

The only software built into the
Apple III is a 4K-byte ROM (read-
only memory) that holds power-up
self -test and disk bootstrap routines.
All other software is loaded from
disk. Although this means that lan-
guages use up some of the available
RAM (random-access read/write
memory), it also allows easy software
upgrades and fixes that would be
more difficult if the software were
permanently in ROM.

System Pricing

The approach to Apple III pricing
is almost directly opposed to the pric-
ing strategy used for the Apple II and
the IBM Personal Computer. Because
Apple chose to include a large num-
ber of standard features, the Apple III
has a relatively high initial cost
($3495); however, it can expand to
256K bytes of memory, four floppy-
disk drives, and a letter-quality
Qume (or equivalent) printer without
using any of the expansion slots. A
fully usable system can be configured
by adding just a video monitor and
an inexpensive serial printer.

Table 1 shows a price comparison
of the Apple III and the IBM Personal
Computer. Both systems are con-
figured with 128K bytes of memory,
two floppy-disk drives, a serial RS-
232C printer interface, color-graphics
video outputs, and game controllers.
The IBM system costs slightly less but
uses all of its expansion slots, while
the Apple III still has its four slots
available for future growth.

The Apple HI User

A look at the documentation and
software supplied with the system
will quickly reveal that the Apple III
is targeted for professional and small-
business users. Clear tutorials and ex-
ample programs on disk demonstrate
most system functions and features.
There is even a two-disk program to
lead you through the keyboard and
display functions step by step.

The Apple III is not designed for
the home hobbyist. Much of the tech-
nical information included with the
Apple II is absent in the Apple III
package. There is no discussion of
bus structure, I/O addressing, mem-
ory usage, or screen-memory map-
ping. There are no listings published
for any of the system software, either
in the Apple III ROMs or on disk.
Apple does not even tell you about
the monitor program included in the
ROMs (which is accessible by hold-
ing the Control and Open- Apple keys
while pressing Reset).

All this technical information is
unimportant to business users. They
are more interested in using the Apple

96 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 214 on inquiry card.

Let's get personal

try out the in-stock selection of Heath/
Zenith microcomputers, peripherals,
accessories and software.

Now available at your nearby Heathkit
Electronic Center, or through the Heathkit
mail order catalog.

You get more with a Heath/Zenith per-
sonal microcomputer system! We offer:

I.Proven high-performance hardware:

Thousands of our microcomputers prove
themselves daily, in the field.

2. Vast software library: Three operating
systems (including CP/M), languages, word
processors, an electronic spreadsheet, ver-
satile utilities and the 500-program Heath
Users' Group software library.

3. Self-instruction courses: Evaluation
and programming courses from Heathkit/
Zenith Educational Systems.

4. Service support: Before and after the
sale -consultation by phone, carry-in
service by trained technicians.

Test run one of our microcomputers
at any of the more than 60 convenient
Heathkit Electronic Centers in the U.S.

Heathkit .

ELECTRONIC CENTERS* ^f

See the white pages of your telephone book rff?\
for store locations and telephone numbers. f

*Units of Veritechnology Electronics Corporation in the U.S.

Photo 3: The Apple HI with its main cover removed, The
power supply is housed in the enclosure visible to the left, I/O
card slots are in the center, and the disk drive is on the right.
The entire Apple HI is built around a single thin-wall aluminum
casting that provides both support and shielding.

Photo 4: The Apple HI main PC board. The piggy-back-
mounted board to the left of center is the removable main
memory board. Using this board, the Apple II can be expanded
to its full memory capacity without using up any of its I/O ex-
pansion slots.

Ill than in dissecting it, and will, in
most cases, use commerical software.
The Apple III is admirably designed
to serve their needs. For hobbyists
there are better choices, namely, the
Apple II.

Inside the Enclosure

The Apple III is a fine example of a
quality product designed for high-
volume production. The entire unit is
built around a single thin-wall
aluminum casting that provides sup-
port and shielding as well as heat
dissipation so that no cooling fan is
required. The expansion card guides
are molded into the casting, and fully
enclosed boxes are built in for both
the main printed-circuit (PC) card
and the switching power supply (see
photo 3).

All of the circuitry, except mem-
ory, is on one main PC board (see
photo 4). The system memory board
mounts piggy-back style onto the
main board and avoids taking an ex-
pansion slot. In fact, the Apple III can
be expanded to its full 256K-byte
memory capacity in the same fashion,
leaving all slots free.

The Apple III central processing
unit is based on a 6502B microproces-
sor with custom external circuitry
that provides a number of enhance-
ments to the normal 6502 instruction

set. These enhancements include ex-
panded addressing range, alternate
stack and zero pages, and improved
indirect addressing that is supported
by a separate pointer page.

Although the technical information
provided by Apple is somewhat
vague, apparently the 6502B is run at
2 MHz during the video blanking in-

The Apple III can be

configured to 256K

bytes without using a

single expansion slot.

tervals and at 1 MHz while the beam
is writing information onto your
monitor screen. This provides an
average speed of about 1.4 MHz, but
the screen can be turned off tem-
porarily during program execution to
allow the processor to run at its full
2-MHz speed, if desired.

While a normal 6502B can address
a maximum of 64K bytes of memory,
the Apple III uses bank switching to
expand this range to a theoretical
maximum of 512K bytes.

Up to fifteen 32K-byte blocks of
memory can be switched to occupy
the range of addresses between 2000
and 9FFF hexadecimal. This switching

is handled automatically by the oper-
ating system and is totally "trans-
parent"; that is, the switching ex-
ecutes in the background without af-
fecting any task you may be perform-
ing in the visible foreground. It
should be noted that, to date, Apple
Computer has not announced any
Apple III memory expansion beyond
256K bytes. Perhaps this will be a
future option.

The main PC board also includes
the disk controller, serial interface,
video generation circuitry, and the
expansion card slots. The expansion-
bus connections in the Apple III are
essentially the same as those in the
Apple II, although DMA (direct
memory access) is handled somwhat
differently. The Apple III Owners
Manual provides no information
about the expansion bus. Hopefully,
this type of information will be avail-
able in the future. There are few com-
peting systems that do not make this
sort of information available to the
public.

The Keyboard

Experienced typists should find the
Apple III keyboard easy to use (see
photo 5). Unlike the Apple II, this
keyboard has a typewriter layout so
that touch-typists should feel comf or-

98 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

ISIC6LC WORKSPACE KEKORY

EC«DS F?.E$£NT

J! :

: t 8f Hi -,?p

EXPAND VISICALC® ON APPLE® II

Do you need more memory
for your VisiCalc models?
Would you like to see them in
80 column display? Do you
want hard disk support?

Then you need one of
Saturn's VisiCalc expansion
systems. For a fraction of the
cost of a larger computer,
you can create models you
never dreamed possible on
an Apple II.

With Saturn board(s) and
software, you can increase
your workspace to as much
as 177K. With additional

hardware, you can get 80 col-
umn display and lower case
letters. You can even use the
Nestar hard disk system, if
you wish.

Saturn's VC-Expand pro-
grams allow you to use the
entire displayed VisiCalc
matrix, and to save your large
models on more than one
diskette.

You can also use your
Saturn boards to expand user
programming capabilities, or
to simulate a disk drive under
DOS, PASCAL, or CP/M ®

Ask your retail computer
store salesperson about
Saturn's memory expansion
systems. See how much big-
ger and better your VisiCalc
models can become.

VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corporation.

P.O. Box 8050 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107
(313)973-8422

Circle 41 3 on Inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 99

The Panasonic portable computer

We've improved the way

The link" by Panasonic.

It will improve the way you
solve problems. And the

solutions come from the
I portable computing power
you have at your
fingertips. You can take it
with you on planes, cars,
boats, anywhere, because
it fits into a suitcase. You can
be more cost effective in the
field, because you'll have
access to more information for
making on-the-spot decisions.
You'll have the incredible
advantage of being able to
telecommunicate from anywhere
you are. It gives you a whole
new world of computing.
Portable computing.

Software Solutions — Now

there's an exciting new software
system for the 6502
microprocessor that gives you more
solutions to your problems.
The popular language software for the portable computer includes
Extended Basic Compiler/Interpreter, SnapFORTH and Microsoft Basic.®
The Panasonic portable computer also has a wide range of specific
software programs for your specific problems, such as:

The Scientific Calculator — An incredibly powerful tool that solves mathematical problems for the
scientist, engineer, and professional wherever they go.

Portabudq et — It's your portable personal financial manager. It gives you up-to-the-minute personal
control. It allows you to be your own record keeper, savings advisor, accountant, bill manager, credit
and charge account guide, investment counselor, portfolio keeper, and tax assistant. Overall, it
helps plan your personal financial life, portably

Portacalc — Gives you the portability and the flexibility to automatically analyze numerical problems
wherever and whenever they arise. You can assess "what if" alternative business problems,
comprehend key variables in business, and dynamically analyze problems on engineering projects.

Portawriter — It allows you to write, edit, and format information. And, you can telecommunicate the
information from wherever you are. Whether you're in the boardroom, hotel room, or even on a golf
course, Portawriter gives you full editing and formatting capability for notes, reports, letters, news
copy, tables, lists, forms, orders, you name it.

Portalo q — It is an easy, precise tool for time-billing professionals without a minute to lose. Whether
you're on the road or in the office, you can log time, compile bills, generate billing reports, and track
the work of your highly paid employees. Portalog gives you improved timekeeping productivity.

Telecomputin g 2™ — It lets you telecommunicate with your data base. You can establish
communications between headquarters and field forces. Exchange files and programs between
remote stations. Access timesharing services and store data in a large computer's mass storage.
You can also upload and download program data.

with a wide range of new software,
you solve problems.

Portaflex — A master program that allows you to create solutions for applications, such as:

° Inventory Control— Analysis and control of inventory while you're on the job.

a Order Entry— A customized system for any sales order entry. It offers you productivity, and the
advantage of faster order entry.

° Field Service —Retrieve, diagnose, and analyze your field service data wherever you are in the field.

a Auditing and Accounting —Custom auditing and accounting, anywhere you are in the field.

° Estimating —Versatility for flexible bidding and estimating at your job site.

Software Development Tools for the Customizer — Create your own custom programs and burn
them into your EPROM so your program is recorded in nonvolatile form.

Simply take a desk top microcomputer,* insert the software development discs, create your own
program, de-bug that program, compile the program, then "burn-in" your problem-solving EPROM.

* Presently ottered lor Apple II Plus.

Hardware Specifications —

The Panasonic portable computer offers 6502
microprocessor (1 MHz) technology.

□ It offers 4K or 8K internal nonvolatile RAM

□ 48K internal ROM

□ Built-in Ni-Cad rechargeable battery pack

□ External AC adapter/recharger

□ 26-character liquid crystal display

a 65-key completely redefinable keyboard

Introducing Peripherals for Additional Solutions —

Modular peripherals let you customize your system.

□ Multiple RS-232C serial interfaces

□ Asynchronous modem with cassette interface
(110 or 300 baud)

□ 40-character microprinter (thermal dot matrix printing)

□ 8K or 16K RAM memory expansion packs

□ X-Y four-color plotter (up to 80 characters per line)

□ TV adapter (32 characters X 16 lines with color
and graphics)

The Panasonic portable computer. It's improved the way you solve problems. Because we believe
its portable modules and multiple software applications can vastly improve your productivity. And that
can be an important solution to your profit problems.

The portable computer from Panasonic. We've improved the way you solve problems.

The Link: by Panasonic. It's changing the way the world uses computers.

Please send me more information.

Panasonic Company, Hand-Held Computers
One Panasonic Way, Secaucus, New Jersey 07094

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Name (PLEASE PRINT) .
Title & Company

^ Type of Business.

^ Address

City

.State.

-Zip-

Phone Number!

Panasonic,

just slightly ahead of our time.

Circle 364 on inquiry card.

Photo 5: The Apple III keyboard. Although it looks separate, it is actually part of the
Apple III main enclosure.

table with the key placement. The
layout of the numeric keypad on the
right, which resembles that of a calcu-
lator, allows easy entry of numeric

data. The Apple III can also generate
all 128 ASCII (American Standard
Code for Information Interchange)
codes without extra hardware.

FOR CP/M-86

CC-86 Compiler available for both CP/M-86*

and MP/M-86* (incl. IBM PC)

Full Unix** V7 language compatibility

Standard I/O library supports both buffered and

non-buffered I/O and OS calls

Stand-alone assembler supports relocatable code,

local symbols and linkage to external modules

Introductory prices: $500 for CC-86 and
assembler/linker; $200 for assembler/linker;
$50 for manual (incl. K & R)

CP/M and MP/M
are trademarks of
Digital Research

Unix is a trademark
of Bell Laboratories

(503)297-7153

Control-C Software, Inc.

6441 SW Canyon Court
Portland. OR 97221

In addition to the normal Shift,
Control, and Caps-Lock modifier
keys, the Apple III includes special
Open-Apple and Close-Apple keys
that you can define for special func-
tions. All keys automatically repeat
when pressed for more than Vi sec-
ond, and the four cursor-movement
keys each provide a 2-speed repeat —
pressing gently repeats at 11 Hz,
while pressing firmly repeats at 33
Hz.

Apple's SOS 1.1 operating system
provides a 128-character type-ahead
buffer so that keystrokes wont be
lost if you continue to type while the
system is busy. This buffer may be
emptied, or flushed, if the program
running needs to wait for a particular
keystroke.

One of the biggest complaints
about the original Apple II concerned
the close proximity of the Reset key
to the rest of the keyboard. In the
Apple III the Reset key has been posi-
tioned at the rear edge of the key-
board enclosure, thus avoiding the
accidental resets encountered in early
Apple lis. Simultaneously pressing
Control and Reset simulates a power-
up and reboots the system from the
main disk drive.

In addition to the normal keyboard
functions, a number of special control
features are built into the Apple III
keyboard. Pressing the Control key
and one of the keys on the numeric
pad will allow you to turn the video
on and off, flush the type-ahead buf-
fer, suspend screen output so that the
processor can run at maximum speed,
display control characters, or turn off
the screen until the program requests
an input.

In general, I found the keyboard
versatile and pleasant to use. (Al-
though the keyboard is actually part
of the main enclosure, it is styled to
appear as a separate unit. A conve-
nient recess at the top can support a
book or a pencil.) My only problem
was that the very light touch required
to avoid automatic key repeat some-
times caused me to produce extra
characters. You have to break the
habit of letting your hands rest on the
keyboard while thinking about what
to type next.

102 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 132 on inquiry card.

*TIfc Home Computer*
This is the one?

A lot of computers offer a lot. Only one
in its price range offers the most. The TI
Home Computer.

Better to begin with. Anyone can start
right away with our Solid State Software ™
Command Cartridges. Dozens of programs
are available in home management, educa-
tion and entertainment.

Easy to expand. Our Peripheral Expan-
sion System gives you plug-in cards for
memory expansion, P-Code capabilities, a
disk drive controller and the RS232 Inter-
face. You can also add a modem, speech

synthesizer, disk drive and 80 column dot
matrix printer.

Programming flexibility. TI BASIC is
built into the Home Computer. But it can
alsohandleTI Extended BASIC, UCSD
Pascal* Version I V.0, TI LOGO II, TMS
9900 Assembly Language and TI PILOT'.
Programs can be stored in the optional
Mini Memory Command Cartridge.

High-Tech specs. 16-bit microprocessor,
16K bytes RAM (expandable to 52K).
26K bytes internal ROM, upto30K bytes
external ROM. 3 simultaneous tones from

110 HZ to 40,000 HZ. High resolution video.
U. & I.e. Single line overlay for 2nd function.
Control & function keys. 16 color graphics
with 4 modes & sprites.

Sound impressive? Compare a TI Home
Computer with the competition and really
be impressed. You won't even
need a computer to tell you this
is the one. ^_^

Texas
Instruments

i 1982 Texas Instruments

'UCSD Pascal is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California

Circle 461 on inquiry card.

Mode

Format

Colors

24 by 40

black and white

1

24 by 40

16 foreground and
16 background
colors

2

24 by 80

black and white

Table 2: Apple III text display modes, screen formats, and color capabilities.

Color

ASCII

Gray

Color

Value

Character

Level

black

black

magenta

1

1

dark blue

2

2

lavender

3

3

dark green

4

4

dark gray

gray

5

5

medium blue

6

6

light blue

7

7

brown

8

8

medium gray

orange

9

9

gray 2

10

pink

11

;

green

12

<

light gray

yellow

13

=

aqua

14

>

white

15

?

white

Table 3: Table of graphics colors or gray levels produced by the GRAFIX driver
routine. After opening the routine as an output device, colors may be selected by
printing a CHR$(9) followed by an ASCII character. The color values shown are ex-
tracted from the lower four bits of the ASCII code transmitted. Higher-level graphics
functions are provided by the BGRAF invocable module.

Display Modes

The Apple III offers several text
and graphics display modes. Either
type of display is available in black
and white or color, and both offer
various formats and resolutions.

The normal text display is black
and white, with a 24-row by 80-col-
umn format and a maximum of 1920
displayed characters. Alternate
modes include 24 by 40 black and
white and 24 by 40 color. In all three
text modes the characters are normal-
ly displayed as a 5- by 7-dot matrix
within a 7- by 8-dot character cell.
However, all 128 characters are user-
programmable and may be defined to
be 7 dots wide by 8 dots high so that
adjacent characters will touch in all
directions if desired. (See table 2 for
available text display modes.)

In the 40-column color-text mode,
you can display 16 colors of charac-
ters on 16 colors of background. In
combination with the user-definable
character set, you can produce some
surprisingly good color-graphics dis-
plays. For example, Apple's well-
known "running-horse" demonstra-
tion program (shown in photo 6) is
produced in color-text mode. The col-
or values shown in table 3, although
specified for graphics, can also be
used for color text.

With four graphics modes, the
Apple Ill's capabilities are significant-

Expand your IBM PC...

256K IBM PC RAM
EXPANSION BOARD

Model No. ADS 5001
with parity upgraded
at 64K intervals

SUGGESTED LIST PRICE

• W/64K RAM .... $380.00

• W/128K RAM .... 655.00

• W/192K RAM .... 795.00

• W/256K RAM .... 995.00

Distributor and dealer inquiries welcome

IADSI ANTEX DATA SYSTEMS

\r\U \J\ £ Division of International Antex, Inc.
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(415) 941-7914 TWX 910-373-8500 "INTER AX PTVY"

ADS 8001 DOT MATRIX
PRINTER -

PRINT FEATURES

Print Speed: 120 CPS

Characters: 8 sizes, 5 different

alphabets, upper/lower case descenders

Print Width: 8 in. max., Form Width: 4.5 in. to 10 in.

Print Mode: 9x9 exceptional quality with proportional spacing

Graphics: 144x144 dots/in. square and block graphic in ROMs

Print Head: 9 pins, heavy duty designed with air-cooled fins

Number of Columns: 136 max.

Print Direction: Bidirectional logic seeking

Form: Folded/Single sheet

Form Feed: Tractor and friction, bidirectional

Number of Copies: Original plus 3 ul Listed

104 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 29 on Inquiry card.

Go from spread sheets to letters
in one easy move with a new
^m***^*^ double-duty

JT^ m-m DMS-

• • I

Add the versatility of the
DMS-5000's rotating screen-
plus graphics— to HiNet™ the
complete hardware/software local
area network. It's flexible ,

inexpensive , fast — and from a single source.
The DMS-5000 puts an end to scrolling left or right for spread

sheets; up or down for full page, word processing display. Display 80

high-resolution characters by 66 lines or, rotate the screen 90° to

horizontal and display an extended line of 132 characters by 50 lines

(or 80 characters by 26 lines).
In either position, the DMS-5000 provides im pressive gra phics .

Its 16 bit-mapped pixel intensities and an optional

second memory plane, provide text overlays on a

graphics display plus computerized "slide shows."
The DMS-5000 is a complete HiNet station

too-with a Z80A and 64K RAM, or 8086 and

up to 1MB RAM, each with full I/O comple-
ment and the HiNet network port.
Find out how the HiNet Local Area Network

speeds business communications— and how

the DMS-5000 doubles the potential of your

HiNet hardware.

Digital Microsystems

Because man was not meant to work alone.

cm

1840 Embarcadero, Oakland, CA 94606 (415) 532-3686, TWX 910-366-7310/ Extel House, East Harding St., London EC4P-4HB 01-353-1080 Telex 23721

CP/M® is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 162 on inquiry card. BYTE September 1982 105

Photo 6: The well-known "running horse" demonstration. This display was generated
using the 24-row by 80-column color-text display mode using the Apple Ill's program-
mable character set to produce the special shapes required.

Photo 7: An example of the 560- by 192-pixel graphics display mode. Although this
mode doesn 't offer color, it is ideal for displays that require fine detail.

ly better than those of the Apple II
(table 4 shows the available modes).
The highest resolution offered is 560
by 192 pixels, black and white. This
mode is useful for scientific or tech-
nical displays that require maximum
resolution, as shown in photo 7.
There is also a 280 by 192 black-and-
white display mode.

The highest-resolution color dis-
play available is 280 by 192 pixels.
Using this mode you can display up
to 16 colors with some limitations. In
each 7-dot-wide section of a given
vertical coordinate, only two colors
can be displayed. Bits that are turned
on will display the specified fore-
ground color, while bits that are

turned off display the background
color for that section. This is usually
noticed only when lines of different
colors cross. The limited color mode
is useful for many applications where
16 colors are required but where max-
imum resolution is needed (an exam-
ple is shown in photo 8).

The most colorful graphics mode is
the 140- by 192-pixel 16-color mode.
With no limitations on color place-
ment, it is capable of producing very
impressive displays (see photo 9).
One of the more interesting techniques
in this mode mixes various colors of
dots to produce a variety of in-
between shades of color. Using this
technique, it is possible to produce
several hundred colors on an Apple
III.

Although the resolution is effec-
tively reduced in the shaded areas,
this method is typically used for fill-
ing in areas of pictures rather than for
outlines, which are normally drawn
in solid color. A talented artist with a
digitizing tablet and the appropriate
software can produce results like
those shown in photo 10.

Apple SOS

Apple's SOS (Sophisticated Oper-
ating System) 1.1 is one of the more
powerful operating systems available
for an 8-bit microcomputer and offers
features usually found only on larger
machines. SOS supports multiple
nested directories, handles interrupt-
driven and DMA I/O, and manages
the Apple III memory and hardware
environment.

A unique feature of SOS is that
there is no user interface. All com-
munications with SOS are handled by
the resident language (BASIC or
Pascal for now) in a fashion compati-
ble with the language syntax. For ex-
ample, with Business BASIC you dis-
play a disk directory by typing
CATALOG (or CAT), but in Pascal
you would press F to enter the filter
and then press E to get an extended
directory. Rumor has it that Apple is'
working on a separate SOS user-in-
terface package. This would allow ac-
cess to SOS without requiring that a
language be loaded into the system.

All Apple III I/O is handled by
SOS through device drivers. Each

106 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 297 on inquiry card.

CASHFLOW
PROBLEMS?

ITS NICE TO KNOW SOMEONE
WHO HAS THE SOLUTION.

MicroAge is your Solution
Store . . . that means at
MicroAge Computer Stores
we have a wide selection
of time-saving computer-
ized business systems
designed specifically to
solve the daily cash flow
problems every business-
man faces.

MicroAge has computer-
ized business systems that
quickly and affordably allow you to regain con-
trol of your critical accounts receivable ... at last
making it possible for you to carry out effective
collection procedures on a consistent basis.
MicroAge has accounts receivable program
packages to automatically display and update
account information; prepare trial balance
including a balance-due and delinquency aging

report, and take care of dozens of other tasks
that eat into your time and profit!

Computerized business systems from the Micro-
Age Computer Store are available in the $5,000
to $15,000 range, to suit the individual budget of
your small business or professional practice.
MicroAge backs up every system with personal-
ized service, warranty service and repair, instal-
lation, systems consulting, even customer train-
ing. Visit the MicroAge Computer Store in your
area soon with your business problems, and let
us help you with the solution.

/Miaorige

ca/WPUTor sTore

"The Solution Store" ™

VISIT THE STORE IN YOUR AREA:

EI Paso, Texas
(915) 591-3349
Tucson, Arizona
(602) 790-8959

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Aurora, Colorado
(303) 696-6950
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(716) 244-9000
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(817)284-3413
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(312) 349-8080

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(414)257-1100
Mountain View, California
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San Diego, California
(714) 278-0623

Richardson, Texas
(214) 234-5955
Minneapolis, Minnesota
(612) 338-1777
Omaha, Nebraska
(402) 339-7441
Phoenix, Arizona
(602) 265-0065
Columbus, Ohio
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Indianapolis, Indiana
(317)849-5161
Portland, Oregon
(503) 256-4713
Norwalk, Conneticut
(203) 646-0851
St, Louis, Missouri
(314) 567-7644
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
(405) 728-1837

FOR FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITY INFORMATION CALL (602) 968-3168

Houston, Texas
(713) 440-7547
W. Palm Beach, Florida
(305) 683-5779
Toronto, Canada
(416) 487-5551
Houston, Texas
(713) 270-9647
Wilmington, Delaware
(302) 658-3664
AJlentown, Pennsylvania
(215) 434-4301

Graphics Mode

Graphics

Colors

Memory

Main Screen Alternate Screen

Resolution

Available

Used

4

280hby 192v

black and white

8K

1 5

280hby 192v

16 colors with
limitations

16K

2 6

560hby 192v

black and white

16K

3 7

140hby 192v

16 colors,
no limitations

16K

Table 4: The Apple III graphics modes, resolution,

available colors,

and graphics

screen memory requirements. Each main mode allows two separate screen buffers so

that one screen may be updated while the other screen is displayed. When the black-

and-white gray-scale video output is

used, the 16 colors are output as

16 gray levels

from black to white.

Photo 8: An example of the Apple Ill's 280- by 192-pixel limited 16-color mode. While
there are some limitations on the combinations of colors that can be displayed next to
each other, this mode offers the highest color resolution and is useful in many applica-
tions.

device driver is a group of routines
designed to communicate with a par-
ticular hardware device and provide a
uniform interface to SOS. For exam-
ple, in a minimal Apple III system,
you need the device driver .CON-
SOLE to handle the keyboard and
text display, as well as .FMTDl to
handle the system floppy disk. Some
of the other drivers included with
the system are .AUDIO, .RS232,

.PRINTER, and .GRAFIX. Even
though the RS-232C interface and the
graphics display hardware are in-
cluded in the Apple III, they are con-
sidered optional I/O devices for pro-
gramming purposes.

The System Configuration Pro-
gram (SCP) provides a variety of
tools that allow you to modify and
reconfigure the system device drivers.
Once the device drivers are specified,

the SCP can regenerate a version of
the system that meets your particular
requirements. You can also use the
SCP to specify whether a driver will
be active or inactive. When the
system is booted up, only the active
drivers in the SOS. DRIVERS file will
be loaded and require memory space.
From the programmer's point of
view, device drivers are treated as
files and can be used from either
BASIC or Pascal. With Business
BASIC they may be opened, ac-
cessed, and closed like any other file.
(You can pass commands and data to
an opened driver simply by using the
PRINT# statement.) For example, the
following Business BASIC lines
would list the current program on the
Silentype printer if the .SILENTYPE
driver were installed:

10 OPEN#l, ".SILENTYPE"

20 OUTPUTS

30 LIST

40 CLOSE#l

SOS allows the disk drives to be ac-
cessed either by their device name
(e.g.,.Dl) or by the volume name of
the disk currently in the drive (e.g.,
MYDISK). Suppose that line 10 from
the previous example were changed
to read:

10 OPEN#l, "MYDISK/LISTFILE"

This would cause the program listing
to be sent to a file called LISTFILE on
a disk called MYDISK.

Unlike most systems which provide
a single disk directory, SOS treats a
directory like any other file. You can
create and maintain directories easily
with the same commands (LOCK,
UNLOCK, RENAME, DELETE, etc.)
that are used to maintain other files.
You can assign any type of file to a
directory, and any given directory
may be a file assigned to another,
higher-level directory.

The key to dealing with these
nested levels of directories is the SOS
pathname. Using device and file
names separated by slashes, you can
tell SOS what path to follow through
various levels of directories. For ex-
ample, the pathname /MYDISK/
RECORDS/CHECKS/JAN.81/ would
search the system for a disk volume

108 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Photo 9: Two examples of the 140- by 192-pixel full 16-color mode.

Photo 10: A talented artist with a digitizing tablet and the appropriate software can
produce results like this by using blended colors in the Apple Ill's 140- by 192-pixel
color mode.

named MYDISK, locate the directory
RECORDS (which itself would con-
tain the subdirectory CHECKS), and
then locate the file JAN. 81. The path-
name specifies the sequence of direc-
tories to follow when accessing a
given file. As a convenience, SOS
provides a pathname prefix facility.
By using PREFIX$ in the previous ex-
ample, we could have set the path-
name prefix to /MYDISK/RECORDS/
and then simply referred to
CHECKS/JAN.81.
File types supported by SOS in-

clude DATA, which holds raw binary
data; PASTXT (a Pascal text file);
PASCODE (a machine language or
Pascal program file); BASIC program
files; ASCII files of unformatted text;
PASDTA (Pascal data files); CAT or
directory files; FONT files for the
programmable character generator;
and FOTO files, which store graphics
screen images.

Business BASIC

Although it is fairly conventional,
Apple's Business BASIC provides a

combination of advanced and unique
features that makes it an easier lan-
guage to use than Applesoft BASIC.
With Business BASIC you should be
able to write shorter programs with
fewer errors. (See tables 5a-5e for a
summary of the language.)

Business BASIC supports both
TEXT and DATA files. The com-
mands PRINT# and INPUT# are used
to access text files while READ# and
WRITE# allow you to store or read
any type of data in a DATA file. All
files may be sequential or random ac-
cess (with the record size defined
when the file is created). You can also
use the word CREATE to make new
files and directories. Directory entries
may be examined by reading sequen-
tial text records from a directory file.

The language also provides for-
matted I/O. To output data to either
the screen or a file, you can specify
the format with an IMAGE statement
or within the PRINT USING state-
ment. The Apple Ill's output formats
are very flexible. Numbers may be
printed in fixed-point, floating-point,
scientific, or engineering formats.
You can also align the right or left
edges of the output to a particular
column or center the output if you
wish.

Four main data types are available
in Business BASIC. You can use in-
tegers ranging from —32,768 to
+ 32,767, real numbers with 6-digit
precision, long-integers with 64-bit
binary precision, or strings that can
vary from to 255 characters. Arrays

110 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

.

MORE THAN EVER, ATARI HOME COMPUTERS
ARE SPEAKING YOUR LANGUAGE.

With more program languages than ever to choose from, you
now have more opportunities than ever to utilize the amazing
capabilities of the ATARI 800™ Home Computer.

Whether you're a beginning programmer, or at the fore-
front of the art, you'll find an ATARI programming language
that can make your task quicker and simpler than ever
before. Just look at what ATARI has to offer:

ATARI Microsoft BASIC -Now we offer the industry
standard, the most powerful Microsoft BASIC yet. With
simple commands, it allows you to take advantage of unique
ATARI hardware features such as our well-known player/
missile graphics. For ease of programming, it includes
n-dimensional arrays for numerics and string handling. And
importantly, conversion procedures are simple.

ATARI Macro Assembler— Faster and more powerful than
any ATARI language before, the ATARI Macro Assembler
also allows you to access more memory space. And it's excel-
lent for I/O interface and manipulation of such features as:
player/missile graphics, sound registers and peripherals.
In addition, the macro processor and "include" file library
features speed-up program development considerably.

Fig-FORTH- For specialized programming needs, such
as educational or game applications, ATARI Fig-FORTH is
uniquely effective. Fig-FORTH combines power and sim-
plicity in an efficient 10K size, with characteristics of an
interpreter and the speed of machine language code.

ATARI BASIC- An affordable and easy to use BASIC that
requires only 8K of memory. It allows you to take advantage of
the spectacular ATARI graphics and sound capabilities.

And its immediate mode error messages greatly simplify
debugging.

ATARI Assembler Editor — An excellent tool to assist the
assembler-programmer in creating, editing and debugging
assembly programs.

PILOT— ATARI PILOT is an exceptional learning language,
with built-in "turtle" graphics to let you create spectacular
designs and pictures with very short programs. Simple one
or two-letter commands allow you to create a dialogue with
the computer. And a single "match" command can perform
complex text evaluation and pattern-matching instantly.

ATARI Pascal — An excellent high-level language for
teaching structured programming, and for developing and
maintaining programs. In addition to offering all the features
of the ISO Pascal standard, ATARI Pascal offers unique
extensions that allow you to take advantage of ATARI graphics
and sound capabilities.

ATARI is constantly developing new ways to help you get
more out of your ATARI 800 Home Computer. So watch
for more innovative and exciting programming
languages from ATARI in the future.

For more information, write to ATARI, Inc..

Dept. C1Z, P.O. Box 16525,

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A

Circle 40 on inquiry card.

Command

Description

CATALOG

CHAIN

CLEAR

lists a disk directory

executes a program from disk leaving variables intact

clears program variables

CONT

CREATE

DEL

continues interrupted program
creates a new file or directory on disk
deletes a specified range of BASIC lines

DELETE

HOME

INVERSE

deletes a file from disk

clears current text window and places cursor in upper left-hand corner

sets further text output to inverse video characters

LIST

LOAD

LOCK

lists BASIC lines
loads a BASIC program
protects a file from alterations

NEW

NORMAL

NOTRACE

clears a program and variables from memory
sets further text output to noninverse video
turns off trace option

UNLOCK
RENAME
RUN

removes protection from a disk file

changes name of file on disk

loads and runs programs from disk or runs current program

SAVE

TEXT
TRACE

saves current program on disk

sets screen to text mode with full-screen window

turns on trace option

Table 5a:

A summary of Business BASIC commands.

Statement

Description

CLOSE

CLOSE#

DATA

closes all open files
closes a particular file
standard DATA statements

DEFD FN

DIM

END

user-defined function
dimensions arrays
ends program

FOR. . .NEXT

GET

GOSUB

standard FOR loop

reads a single character from the keyboard or an EXEC text file

executes a subroutine

GOTO
1 IF. . .GOTO. . .ELSE
1 IF. . THEN. . .ELSE

continues execution at a specified line
modified IF statement
standard IF statement

IMAGE
INPUT
; INPUT#

defines a PRINT USING format

reads data from the keyboard

reads text from a disk file or other open device

INVOKE
ON EOF#
OFF EOF#

loads an external file module of assembly-language routines
sets up end-of-file error trap
turns off end-of-file error trap

ON ERR
OFF ERR
ON KBD

sets up general error trapping
turns off general error trapping
sets up keyboard interrupt handling

OFF KBD
ON GOSUB
ON GOTO

turns off keyboard interrupt handling
standard computed GOSUB statement
standard computed GOTO statement

OPEN# ...AS

OUTPUT#

PERFORM

opens a file as INPUT, OUTPUT, or EXTENSION
sends subsequent output to file
executes a previously invoked routine

POP
PRINT
PRINT USING

removes one level of subroutine nesting

prints to current output device or file

prints using a given format |

Table 5b: A summary of Business BASIC statements.

Table 5b continued on page 114

without dimensional limits can be
created out of all four data types. To
convert between the various data
types, Business BASIC provides the
numeric functions CONV, CONV%,
CONV&, and CONV$, all of which
will accept arguments of any type and
will produce real, integer, long-
integer, and string results, respective-

ly.

An interesting feature of Business
BASIC is its use of reserved variables
to access and control certain system
functions (see table 5f for a
summary). Reserved variable names
are used to hold error codes, the file
record numbers, or the code for the
last key pressed. Others may be used
to hold or control the cursor position
on the screen, set the listing
FOR. . .NEXT loop indent level, con-
trol the listing line length, or set the
SOS pathname prefix.

One of Business BASICs most
powerful features is its ability to use
invocable modules. An invocable
module is a file of external procedures
and functions, written in assembly
language or Pascal, that can act as an
extension to the BASIC language
once invoked (loaded into the
system). The modules provide
features that are sometimes necessary
but were not built into the Business
BASIC language. The modules in-
clude VOLUMES.INV, which is used
to show which volumes and devices
are present in the system; READ-
CRT. INV, which is used to read
characters from the video display;
DOWNLOAD.INV, which is used to
load special text fonts into the Apple
Ill's character generator; and RE-
NUMBER.INV, which provides a
variety of functions including pro-
gram renumber, append, and merge.
Another more significant module is
BGRAF.UMV which provides all the
graphics procedures and functions
used by Business BASIC.

Once a module has been invoked,
the external procedures and functions
provided in that file are accessed by
using the BASIC commands PER-
FORM and EXFN. For example, the
line

PERFORM PENCOLOR(%BLUE)

would execute the procedure to set

112 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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SYSTEMASTER® as the master board.

SYSTEMASTER® Features:

Floppy controller: controls mini and/or
maxi drives; variable independently-
justable pre-write compensation.

CPU:4MHzZ80A
• Two RS-232C ports.
• Two full parallel ports.
64K bank-selectable memory
variable from 32K to 60K.
Remaining memory is fixed at top of
64K address space.
• DMA: allows transparent data transfer to
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CPU wait states.
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Real-time clock.

Operating systems available: Digital Research
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Parallel ports may be connected to Teletek's PSC
board for RS-422 capability.

ELETEK

© Teletek 1982

9767F Business Park Drive Sacramento, CA 95827 (916) 361-1777
Circle 457 on inquiry card.

Table 5b continued:

Statement

Description

PRINT#

prints to a particular output device or file

PRINT# USING

prints to a particular file or device using a given format

READ

reads information from DATA statements

READ#

reads information from a data file

REM

standard remark statement

RESTORE

resets read pointer to start of DATA list

RESUME

returns from on ON ERR statement

RETURN

returns from a subroutine, ON KBD or ON EOF routine

SCALE

adjusts PRINT USING decimal-point position

SPC

used in PRINT statements to output numbers of blanks

STOP

stops program execution

SWAP

swaps the values of two given variables

TAB

used in PRINT statements to position the cursor to a particular

column

WINDOW

sets the text/scroll window size and position

WRITE#

writes information to a data file

Function

Description

ABS
ASC
ATAN

absolute value

converts ASCII character to its numeric value

arc tangent

BUTTON

CHR$

CONV

paddle-button state

converts number to equivalent ASCII character

evaluates expression — returns real number value

CONV$
CONV&
CONV%

evaluates expression — returns string value
evaluates expression — returns long-integer value
evaluates expression — returns integer value

COS

EXFN

EXFN%

cosine

executes an invoked external function that returns a real number value

executes an invoked external function that returns an integer value

EXP

HEX$

INSTR

exponential, base e

returns a string that represents the hexadecimal value of the expression

searches a string for a substring and returns location of occurrence

INT

LEFTS

LEN

largest integer less than or equal to argument
takes substring starting with first character
length of a string

LOG

MID$

PDL

natural logarithm

extracts a substring from a given string

returns a game-paddle position

REC

RIGHTS

RND

returns current file record number
takes substring ending with last character
random number

SGN

SIN

SQR

sign of argument

sine

square root

STR$
SUB$
TAN

converts a number to a string
inserts a substring into a given string
tangent

TEN

TYP
VAL

converts last four characters of a string from a hexadecimal text image to a

decimal value

returns the data type of a file record

converts a string to a numeric value

Table 5c:

A summary of Business BASIC functions.

the graphic drawing color to blue,
provided that the variable BLUE has
previously been defined properly.

While external procedures may
be passed only integer values, exter-
nal functions can return either integer
or floating-point numbers. The re-
served word EXFN% is used to call
functions that return integers and
EXFN accesses functions that return
real values.

BASIC Graphics

Although you could use graphics
from BASIC by simply opening the
.GRAFIX driver and sending charac-
ters directly to it, the BGRAF.INV
module provides a much cleaner and
more powerful interface. It essentially
adds a number of graphics commands
to the Business BASIC language. (A
similar library unit is included with
Apple III Pascal.) The .GRAFIX
driver must still be present and
opened because you need a controller
for the graphics hardware, but all
graphics operations are performed by
the external procedures and functions
provided by BGRAF. The following
two lines provide all the setup re-
quired:

100 OPENjjfl, ".GRAFIX"
110 INVOKE "BGRAF .IN V"

BGRAF provides all of the stan-
dard graphics operations. You can set
PENCOLOR and the background
FILLCOLOR, plot dots at absolute or
relative positions with DOTAT and
DOTREL, draw lines to absolute or
relative points with LINETO and
LINEREL, and position the graphics
cursor with MOVETO and MOVE-
REL. BGRAF supports a graphics
VIEWPORT that allows you to limit
graphics drawing to a particular area
of the display screen.

Text may be displayed with graph-
ics by simply sending it to the opened
.GRAFIX driver with a PRINT# state-
ment. NEWFONT lets you redefine
the graphics text font by specifying
character form, height, and width.
The SYSFONT command switches
you back to the current text-mode
display font.

Predefined images stored in integer
arrays may be displayed with DRAW-
IMAGE. A given array may hold a

114 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 338 on Inquiry card.

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116 BYTE September 1982

The best software for
the IBM Personal Computer.
Could it beyours?

Attention, all programmers. Here's a
chance to reach the top.

If you've written software that's completed
and runs on the IBM Personal Computer, we
could be interested in publishing it.

(We also could be interested if it runs
on another computer. If we select your software,
we'll ask you to adapt it to our system.)

But be advised.

Our expectations are great.

Because the software we publish must be
good enough to complement IBM Personal
Computer hardware. In fact, the more you take
advantage of all our hardware capabilities (see
the box at right), the more interested in your
software we become.

Think about incorporating color graphics
into your program, for example.

Use sound. Consider the power of our
keyboard and remember to utilize the ten
programmable function keys.

In all cases, we're interested in "friendly"
software — with emphasis on quality and wide
appeal. Programs with the greatest chance
of being published must be easy to use, offer
a better way to accomplish a task and provide
something special to the user.

What kinds of programs? All kinds.

Education. Entertainment. Personal w

finance. Data management. Self improvement.^*
Games. Communications. And yes, business.

We select programs that will make the
IBM Personal Computer an even more useful tool
for modern times.

j~ IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS

User Memory

Display Screen

Permanent Memory

1 16K- 5 12 Kbytes*

High-resolution*

(ROM) 40K bytes*

1 Microprocessor

80 characters x 25 lines

Color/Graphics

16-bit, 8088*

Upper and lowercase

u Text mode.

1 Auxiliary Memory

Green phosphor screen* ]6 colors*

1 2 optional internal

Operating Systems

256 characters and

t diskette drives , 5 V\ '

DOS, UCSD-p System,

symbols in ROM*

\ 160K bytes or 320K

CP/M-86?

Graphics mode.

bytes per diskette

4-color resolution:

1 Keyboard

Languages

320h x 200v* i

83 keys, 6 it. cord

BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN

Black & white resolution:

j attaches to

MACRO Assembler,

640h x 200v*

system unit*

COBOL

Simultaneous graphics ik
text capability*

10 function keys*

Printer

| 10-key numeric pad

Bidirectional*

Communications

Tactile feedback

80 characters/sea >nd

RS-232-C interface

Diagnostics

12 character styles, up to

Asynchronous (start/stop)

| Power-on self testing* 132 characters/line*

protocol

Parity checking*

9x9 character matrix *

Up to 9600 bits per second

| *ADVANCED FEATURES FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS

So, if you think your software is the best,
consider submitting it. If it's accepted, we'll take
care of the publishing, the marketing and the
distribution. All you have to do is reap the
benefits of our new royalty terms. And you're free
to market your program elsewhere at any time
even if you license it to us.

We're offering the ladder. Think about
taking the first step.

For information on how to submit your
program, write: IBM Personal Computer,
External Submissions,
Dept. 765 PC, Armonk,
New York 10504. ==:= =•

The IBM Personal Computer
A tool for modern times

For an authorized IBM Personal Computer dealer near you (or information from IBM aboutquantity purchases) call 800-447-4700. In Illinois, 800-322-4400. In Alaska or Hawaii, 800-447-0890.
tUCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California. CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 228 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 117

Operators

Type

+ - * / DIV MOD

arithmetic

AND OR = < >
>< <> < =
=< >= =>

logical

NOT

unary logical

+

string concatenation

Table 5d: A summary of Business
BASIC data operators. DIV and MOD
apply only to the long-integer data
type.

Data Type

Type Name

Range

16-bit integer

integer

-32768 to 32767

64-bit integer

long-integer

± 9223372036854775807 ( ± 2 83 - 1 )

32-bit floating point

real

± 10 M with 6 digit precision

character strings

string

- 255 characters

arrays

(all types)

no dimensional limits

Table 5e: A summary

of Business BASIC data types and ranges.

Variable Description

EOF
ERR
FRE

HPOS

INDENT

KBD

OUTREC
PREFIX$
VPOS

holds reference number of file causing an EOF error

holds error type code of most recent error

holds amount of remaining bytes of memory available

, NEXT loops in listings

holds/controls cursor horizontal position
holds/controls number of spaces to indent FOR .
holds the ASCII value of the last key pressed

holds/controls the maximum line length output by the LIST command
holds/sets current SOS pathname prefix
holds/controls current cursor vertical position

Table 5i : A summary of Business BASIC reserved system variables.

Procedure Description

DOTAT plots a single dot at a given position

DOTREL plots a dot relative to current position

DRAWIMAGE draws a rectangular bit-map image at current position

FILLCOLOR sets background color

FILLPORT fills current VIEWPORT with FILLCOLOR

GLOAD loads and displays a FOTO file from disk

GRAFIXMODE specifies graphics mode and buffer choice

GRAFIXON switches display to current graphics mode and buffer

GSAVE saves current graphics display as a FOTO file on disk

INITGRAFIX sets full-screen VIEWPORT, places cursor at upper left-hand corner and

sets normal color and transfer tables

LINEREL draws a line relative to current position

LINETO draws a line from current to an absolute position

MOVEREL positions cursor relative to current position

MOVETO positions cursor at an absolute position

NEWFONT used to specify a new graphics character font

PENCOLOR sets current PLOT and DRAW color

RELEASE frees highest graphics buffer memory

SETCTAB sets a color-table entry

SYSFONT causes normal system character set to be used as graphics character

font

VIEWPORT defines graphics-drawing window size and position

XFEROPTION defines the logical operation that places dots on the screen

XLOC returns graphics-cursor x position

XYCOLOR returns color of dot on screen at current position

YLOC returns graphics-cursor y position

Table 5g: A summary of Business BASIC graphics procedures.

number of images that can be selected
with the DRAWIMAGE arguments.

One of the most interesting features
of BGRAF is its control of color. By
using two controllable processes — the
color table and the transfer option—
you can modify the effects of plotting
and filling operations.

With 256 entries, the color table
specifies which color results from
plotting a dot of a given "source col-
or" on top of a dot of a given "screen
color." The color table is initialized to
simply display the source color re-
gardless of the existing color of the
specified dot position. However, by
altering the mapping conditions in the
color table you can establish a color
precedence. This precedence allows
lines to appear to pass under or over
existing images, or it can produce a
number of other interesting effects.

To alter a color-table entry, you
use the enternal function SETCTAB.
The form of the statement would be:

SETCTAB (%SOURCECOLOR,
%SCREENCOLOR,
%RESULTCOLOR)

The following example would alter
the color table so that when an
orange dot was printed onto a blue
background, the result would be
green:

SETCTAB (%9, %6, %12)

Table 3 shows a summary of the
graphics colors and their color
values.

The black-and-white equivalent of
the color table is the transfer option,
which describes the logical operation
used to place dots on the screen. De-

118 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 414 on inquiry card.

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pending upon the option specified, a
dot (or its inverse) may replace exist-
ing data, overlay it, invert it, or erase
it with new data. The XFEROPTION
procedure and an argument specify
the transfer mode. The transfer op-
tion may also be used with color
data, but predicting the results is dif-
ficult.

Although circle drawing and turtle
graphics are not supported, BGRAF is
still a very nice package of routines
that should allow you to produce a
wide variety of color graphics. (See
table 5g for a summary.)

Business BASIC Performance

Although Business BASIC is much
more powerful than the Apple II's
Applesoft BASIC, it is not much
faster. Tests with the series of sixteen
benchmark programs shown in listing
1 indicated that while Business
BASIC is faster than Applesoft in
some areas, it is slower in others. The
net result should be a slight to
medium speed improvement, depend-

ing upon the program being run.

The best test in the series was prob-
ably the Sieve of Eratosthenes prime-
number program used by Jim Gil-
breath (see "A High-Level Language
Benchmark," September 1981 BYTE,
page 180). Although this program is
more representative of average pro-
gram execution than any of the other

The execution speed

advantage of the

6502B Is largely

cancelled out by

the complexity of

Business BASIC.

benchmarks, it uses only addition
and subtraction and does not have a
wide variety of BASIC statements. In
this test, the Apple III proved to be
slightly faster than the Apple II but
slower than the IBM Personal Com-
puter or the 4-MHz Z80.

From the results of this limited set
of benchmarks, it seems that the exe-
cution speed advantage of the Apple
Ill's 6502B is largely cancelled out by
the increased complexity of Business
BASIC. However, I suspect that in
larger programs Business BASIC will
turn out to be a good deal faster than
Applesoft. The combination of its
powerful built-in features and in-
vocable modules will eliminate the
code required in Applesoft to accom-
plish the same functions. Also, if the
benchmark programs had included
the appropriate code to turn off the
video screen during time-critical
calculations, an additional 30 percent
speed increase could have been
gained by allowing the 6502B to run
at 2 MHz. This would have placed the
Apple III ahead of the IBM and Z80
computers in many tests.

Although benchmarks always have
some validity, they may or may not
be significant in a given application.
It is best to approach the results with
caution— the programmer frequently

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BY 9/82

120 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 335 on Inquiry card.

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Circle 432 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 121

Exciting new capabilities can blossom in your lab— when
you automate it with the DAISI family of data acquisition
peripherals for your Apple Computer.
DAISI interfaces, from Interactive Structures, turn your econom-
ical Apple into a personal electronic lab assistant. DAISI prod-
ucts are designed to read instruments and sensors, control
temperature and pressure . . . with reliability and precision.
Here's a rundown on some DAISI interfaces
AM 3, 12-Bit Analog Input System-$550

■ 16 input channels ■ 20 microseconds conversion time.
AI02, 8-Bit Analog Input System-$299

■ 16 input channels ■ 70 microseconds conversion time.
AO03, 8-Bit Analog Output System- $ 1 95- $437

■ up to 8 independent channels ■ range and offset adjustable.

DI09, Digital Interface with Timers— $330

■ timing and interrupt capability ■ direct connection to BCD
digits, switches, relays.

Don't settle for garden variety equipment for your laboratory
applications. Get the best— at a great price. Pick a DAISI!

«s

Call us for the DAISI dealer near you.

Interactive Structures Inc.

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Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004
(215)667-1713

All DAISI Interfaces come
complete with cable, In-
structional diskette and
comprehensive manual.

Listing 1: Execution benchmark pro-
grams. See table 6 for a summary of their
results.

Listing la: tests a null loop,

60 0=2.71828

£8 8=3.14159

100 FOR 1=1 TO 5009

320 NEXT I

Listing lb: tests REM execution time.

100

FOR 1=1 TO 5000

120

REM

140

REM

160

REM

188

REM

200

REM

210

REM

240

REM

268

REM

280

REM

300

REM

320

NEXT I

Listing lc: tests the IF. . .THEN state-
ment.

60 fi=2. 71828

80 8=3.14153

100 FOR 1=1 TO 5000

120 IF FKB THEN 320

320 NEXT I

Listing Id: tests addition.

60 R=2- 71828

80 6=3.14158

100 FOR 1=1 TO 5000

120 C=H+B

320 NEXT I

Listing le: tests multiplication.

KM

H=2. 71828

80

8=3.14153

100

FOR 1=1 TO

500£i

120

C=fl*B

320

NEXT I

Listing If: tests division

60

H=2. 71328

80

6=3.14158

100

FOR 1=1 TO

5000

120

C=(VB

32W

NEXT I

Listing lg: tests exponentiation.

60 fl=2. 71828

80 8=3.14159

100 FOR 1=1 TO 5000

120 C=H-'-B

320 NEXT I

Listing 1 continued on page 124

122 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 241 on Inquiry card.

r//

1." N t «■'&&

iX

S

w$%.

ow get a

UJ»

of apple add-ons

°Visb

mam ■ computer

Vista f N r ANY -

Available through your
local computer dealer.

-'v,

MODEL GB75©
Typewriter Interface

Apple to IBM Electronic 50, 60,
75 Typewriters Interface ■
Reads IBM keyboard in parallel
with Apple keyboard ■ Sup-
ports the IBM code functions
using an escape sequence ■
Types at about 13 characters per
second ■ Prints from Integer
or Applesoft programs ■ Sup-
ports the "Control I Number N"
parallel line length mode se-
quence ■ Has switch selec-
table upper/lower case I/O 60,
66, 78 continuous from feed
page lengths, 40+video, 80, 95,
132 character line lengths

Suggested price $225.00

TIMECARD III©

Multi-function time utility forthe
APPLE III computer system.
Contains t he year of the century,
the month, the date, the day of
week, the hour, the minute, the
second. ■ A countdown timer
with a range of one millisecond
to 999 hours, 59 minutes, 59
seconds, 999 milliseconds ■
Selectable 12 or 24 hour time
formats ■ Diagnostic error
reporting ■ Fully compatible
with the APPLE SOS operating
system

Suggested price $195.00

Circle 4 1 8 for Dealers only Circle 4 1 9 for OEM'

MODEL 150 TYPE
AHEAD BUFFER

■ Up to 40 character type ahead
capability ■ Enter commands
or data while your Apple is pro-
cessing previous instructions

■ Compatible with all Apple
computers, keyboards and
software ■ No cuts — no
jumpers — no software patches
required ■ Includes complete
instructions for quick and easy
installation

Suggested price $49.95

A800© FLOPPY DISK
CONTROLLER

■ High speed DMA transfer of
data (1 micro-second/byte) ■
Documentation provided — in-
cludes theory of operation,
schematics and diskettes ■
Uses all standard Apple DOS
commands (OPEN, CATALOG,
LOCK, DELETE, LOAD, etc.)
except for I NIT which has been
improved and enhanced in a
Vista format routine ■ Com-
patible with Apple DOS 3.3,
Pascah/land CP/M 2.2(withthe
Z80 soft card by Microsoft)"
2K x8 PROM contains Autoboot
functions and all eight-inch

s only Circle 420 for all other inquiries

floppy driver code allowing
complete compatibility with
Apple DOS 3.3

Suggested price $545.00

PROM DEVELOPMENT
SYSTEM©

■ Menu driven program devel-
opment monitor ■ Programs
2708, 2716, 2532, 2732and 48016
EPROMS ■ Simulates PROM
from RAM 4K ■ Data and ad-
dress interface for operator
location and control ■ Com-
plete user documentation

Suggested price $495.00

VISION 80

■ Full upper and lower case
character with 3 dot descenders

■ 9x10 dot matrix per line U.S.
(9x11 Europe) ■ 128 ASCII
character set ■ BASIC, FOR-
TRAN and Pascal languages
supported ■ Z80™ and CP/M™
comtible ■ Compatible with
all standard Apple™ peripherals

COMPUTER
COMPANY,
INC.

Vista

Circle 481 on Inquiry card.

••Copyright 1981 Vista Computer Company.
'"Apple Computer Company. Inc.

Shift and lock for upper and
lowercase ■ Source switches
between 40x24 and 80x24 soft-
ware and hardware ■ Rated #1
video card by Softalk and Call
Apple

Suggested price $325.00

VISION 40

Softscreen programmable char-
acter/generator card for the
Apple II computer ■ Allows
use of DOS tool kit upper/lower
case character sets in Apple 40
column mode ■ Permits crea-
tion of new alpha/numeric and
graphic characters under Am-
inatrix ■ Ideal for non-English
language applications ■
Compatible with most popular
word processing software pack-
ages

Suggested price $175.00

VISION 20

■ Cost effective ■ Compat-
ible with the latest Apple II ■
Complete easy to follow instal-
lation guide ■ 120 day war-
ranty ■ Immediate delivery
Suggested price $29.95

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Listing

1 continued:

Listing lh: tests transcendental func-

tions.

60

H=2. 71828

8Q

B=3. 14159

100

FOR 1=1 TO

5000

120

C=SIfr-KH>

320

NEXT I

Listing

li: tests the LOG function.

KM

H=2. 71828

80

8=3.14153

1 00

FOR 1=1 TO

5000

120

C=L06< B >

320

NEXT I

Listing lj: tests the ON.

. .GOTO state-

ment.

80

M=2

100

FOR 1=1 TO

5000

120

ON M GOTO 80*320,100

320

NEXT I

Listing Ik: tests the GOSUB/RETURN

statement.

60

0=2.71828

80

8=3.14153

100

FOR 1=1 TO

5000

120

GuSUB 1 000

320

NEXT I

1000

RETURN

Listing 11: tests the INT

(integer) func-

tion.

80

0=2.71828

80

8=3.14153

100

FOR 1=1 TO

5000

120

C=INT<fi)

320

NEXT I

Listing

lm: tests the MID$ function.

30

fl*= H .3bcdef-9h

iJklw"

100

FOR 1=1 TO

5000

120

B*=MQ*<fi*,6,6>

320

NEXT I

410

PRINT""

420

END

Listing

In: tests random

number speed.

60

0=2.71828

88

8=3.14158

100

FOR 1=1 TO

5000

120

C=RND< 1 >

320

NEXT I

Listing lo: tests the CHR$ function.

80 0$= " abc def sh i j k 1 m "

100 FOR 1=1 TO 5000

120 C$=CHR$(50>

320 NEXT I

Listing 1 continued on page 126

124 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 317 on Inquiry card.

• . : 1 . STRfl :

BWm EUROPE ROBOT JTT 13Bi-i386

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It's a fact. The Strobe Graphics System
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The new StrobeView composer pack-
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But that's just the beginning. With StrobeView, you can create a broad vari-
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Listing 1 continued:

Listing lp: Jim Gilbreath's Sieve of
Eratosthenes prime-number program.

Listing 2: Disk-access benchmark programs. Listings 2a and 2b are write and read tests
for the Apple III. Similar programs were used for the Apple II and the IBM Personal
Computer.

(2a)

40

HS= " 1 2:545673 1 2345678 1 2345678 1 2345678 "

1

SIZE=7000

86

B*=fi*+fl$+fi$+fl$

o

DIM FLPGS<700i;>

80

NR=500

"7

PRINT "only 1 iterat-ion"

100

0F'EN#1, H TEST"

5

COUNT=0

140

FOR 1 = 1 TO NF:

K

FOR 1=1 TO SIZE

160

INPUT#1;B*

i

FLHGS<I)=1

200

NEXT I

8

next i

220

CLOSE* 1

9

FOR 1=0 TO SIZE

240

PR INT" DONE"

10

IF FLOGS* I >=0 THEM 18-

11

PRIME=I+I+3

(2b)

40

fi$= " 1 2345678 1 2345673 1 2345678 1 2345678 "

12

K=I+PRIME

b'0

B*=fi*+fi*+fi*+fi*

13

IF K>SIZE THEN 17

60

NR=500

14

FLOGS< K >=0

1 00

0F'EN#1,"TEST U

15

K=K+PRIHE

140

FOR 1=1 TO NR

16

GOTO 13

160

PRINT#1#B*

17

C0UNT=C0UHT+1

200

NEXT I

18

NEXT I

220

CLOSE* 1

19

PRINT COUNT, "primes 11 i " "

240

PR I NT "DONE"

Apple III

Apple II

IBM

4-MHZZ80

Listing #

Benchmark

Business BASIC Applesoft BASIC

Advanced

BASIC

MBASIC4.51

1a

empty loop

8.9

6.7

6.43

5.81

1b

10REMs

19.2

19.5

21.0

15.8

1c

IF. . THEN

22.9

19.8

17.6

14.9

1d

addition

19.5

17.5

18.2

16.3

1e

multiplication

25.0

27.3

19.6

19.9

1f

division

27.6

28.8

23.8

24.9

19

exponentiation

184.5

249.1

84.8

121.1

1h

sine(x)

98.0

193.1

73.9

63.1

1i

log(x)

87.1

113.6

49.4

55.4

1J

ON. . .GOTO

18.6

17.5

17.3

12.9

1k

GOSUB/RETURN

16.4

13.6

12.4

9.4

11

INT(x)

20.0

19.3

18.1

15.5

1m

MID$

37.3

32.5

23.0

18.6

1n

RND(x)

90.5

33.1

18.4

19.7

1o

CHR$

26.8

23.5

16.2

13.4

1p

prime numbers

222.4

224.4

190.0

151.0

Table 6: Table of execution times (in seconds) for a series of benchmark tests run on Apple III Business BASIC, Apple II Applesoft

BASIC, IBM Personal Computer Advanced BASIC, and

a 4-MHz Z80 computer

running Microsoft's

MB ASIC 4.51. The results

shown may or may

not be indicative <

jf performance in

a particular application;

they should be interpreted with caution. The

results for the IBM Personal Computer

and the Z80 microcomputer were taken from Gregg Williams'

"A Closer Look at the IBM

Personal Computer"

(January 1982 BYTE, page 54). See

listing 1 for the benchmark programs used.

makes more difference than the ma-
chine. (The benchmark results are
summarized in table 6.)

Apple II Emulation

The Apple Ill's ability to emulate
an Apple II is an extremely useful fea-
ture that allows access to the tremen-
dous volume of Apple II software.
Virtually all Apple II DOS 3.3 pro-
grams in either Applesoft or Integer
BASIC can be run on the Apple III
without change — the few exceptions
are those programs that require a

RAM card or language system to
operate. Also, some of the Apple II
arcade games use their own routines
to read the game paddles rather than
calling the routines in the Apple II's
monitor ROM. These programs will
run but will not operate correctly.

To use the Apple II emulation
mode, you must boot a special emula-
tion disk and select either Applesoft
or Integer BASIC as the available lan-
guage. Since the Language Card is not
emulated, only one language at a time
can be resident. The Apple III serial

port can be configured to emulate
either an Apple II serial card or a
communications card. The data rates
and carriage-return handling can also
be specified. Once the emulation pa-
rameters are specified or the defaults
accepted, you can boot a normal
Apple II DOS 3.3 disk and start run-
ning.

The emulation mode has a few
minor weak points. If you have an
Apple III Silentype printer, it will not
be accessible in emulation mode
unless you install an Apple II Silen-

126 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

HAVEN'T YOU HEARD
OF THUNDERCLOCK PLUS ?

■

SEPTEMBhh

^fWv.

If you want to put
your Apple® to work — around the
clock — Thunderclock Plus is the solution. Just plug it
in and your programs can read the month, date, day of
week and time — down to the second — in any of Apple's
languages. So your Apple can do any number of tasks
for you automatically In the office, the lab or at home.

Most good software packages for business, data base
management, communications and time management
are made to read Thunderclock Plus. (It's compatible
with DB Master,* Micro- Courier** and VisiDex 1 , to
name a few). So no matter how you use your Apple now,
Thunderclock Plus can make it a more versatile
and efficient tool.

For example, with business or communi
cations software, your Apple can auto-
matically access a data base or send elec-
tronic mail when the rates are lowest.

In addition, Thunderclock Plus can
organize your disk files. Our optional
DOS-DATER™ software upgrades the
regular DOS on your disks. So every
time a program is saved or a file is modi-
fied, the time and date, to the minute,
are stored in the CATALOG with the file
name. Now you can instantly know
exactly when your files were last updated.

=*=»

/Y^

Thunderclock Plus
can even give you a sense of
security. Or just make your life a little easier. With our
X-10 interface option and a BSR X-10* Home Control
System, your Apple can turn on your lights, water your
lawn . . .whatever you desire, according to schedules you
create. It comes with our menu-driven SCHEDULER
software. So it's easy to design and modify schedules
that can run in the "background" while you have
"hands-on" use of your Apple.

Thunderclock Plus comes with a one-year warranty.
Powered by on-board batteries, it runs accurately for up
to four years without battery replacement.
So now that you've heard of Thunderclock Plus, isn't
it time you put your Apple to work —
around the clock? See your dealer
for a demonstration or contact us.

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS
and BASIC software

$150

DOS-DATER/DEMO disk $ 29

X-10 Interface option

$ 49

PASCAL software disk

$ 29

®Applc is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

*DB Master is a registered trademark of Stoneware, Inc.

"Micro-Courier is a registered trademark of Microcom.
tVisiDex is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.
IBSR X-10 is a registered trademark ofBSR (USA) Ltd.

Thunderware's DOS-DATER time and
date stamps your disk files to the minute.

THUNDERWARE, INC.

44 Hermosa Ave., Oakland, CA 94618 (415) 652-1737

Circle 462 on inquiry card.

At a Glance

Name

Profile Winchester-technology disk drive

Manufacturer

Apple Computer Inc.
20525 Mariani Ave.
Cupertino, CA 95014
(408) 996-1010

Price

S3499

Storage Capacity

5 megabytes (equivalent to about 35 normal Apple 5/4 -inch floppy disks)

Size

Height 4.39 inches (1 1.5 cm), width 17.28 inches (43.89 cm). Depth 8.81 inches (22.38 cm)

Weight

I 1 pounds (5 kg)

Power Required

1 10 volts AC (U.S.). 35 watts

Hardware Required

Apple III computer

Software Required

Apple SOS I.I

Organization

Four data surfaces, 1 53 tracks per surface, 1 6 sectors per track, 5 1 2 bytes per sector, 2448
sectors per surface, 9792 sectors per drive

Specifications

Data transfer rate: 5 megabits per second; average seek time: 95 milliseconds; rotational
speed: 3600 revolutions per minute; ready to operate: 60 seconds

Interface

Interface card occupies one Apple III expansion slot; one drive per interface card, up to four
drives per system

Special features

Power-up self-test and disk scan; automatic bad-sector relocation; error checking and limited
error correction

type interface card, which may
violate FCC radio-frequency radia-
tion limits. Nor can you access the
Profile hard-disk drive — Apple II and
Apple III files won't mix on the same
disk. Also, the RGB (red-green-blue)
video outputs will not provide color
signals while emulating Apple II
graphics, but the composite video
outputs will work normally.

The Profile

The Profile hard-disk drive is the
newest component of the Apple III
family and a worthy occupant of an
expansion slot. With a 5-megabyte
capacity, integral Z8-based con-
troller, and built-in power supply, the
Profile is a self-contained intelligent
subsystem with its own self -test, error

checking, and bad-sector relocation
facilities.

When powered up, the Profile's
controller waits for the disk to come
up to speed and does a data integrity
check by stepping from track to track
to verify that all disk sectors read cor-
rectly. If a bad sector is found, either
during this process or during normal
activity, the Profile attempts to cor-
rect the data errors and then relocates
as much data as possible to an alter-
nate good sector.

The key component in the Profile is
the ST-506, a SV^inch hard-disk
drive manufactured by Seagate Tech-
nology Inc. The ST-506 uses the
sealed disk environment and low-
altitude (10-microinch) flying heads
that characterize all Winchester-tech-

nology disk drives (see photo 11).
Because a number of vendors produce
drives that are plug-compatible with
the ST-506, Apple should have no
trouble producing Profiles even if
Seagate's supplies get short.

During operation the disk drive is
relatively quiet, emitting a soft tone
as it steps from track to track. Be-
tween accesses you can hear the main
drive motor, but the sound should
not be obtrusive or even audible in
most office environments.

The Profile is styled to match the
rest of the Apple III system and may
be positioned on top of or adjacent to
the computer.

I found the Profile a pleasure to
use. Its capacity is equivalent to that
of about 35 normal Apple floppy
disks, and its data throughput is
about 10 times faster. Viewing its
capacity in other terms, the Profile
can hold over 1200 pages of typed
text or more than 300 high-resolution
graphics pictures occupying 16K
bytes apiece.

The Profile's performance is ex-
cellent. In the disk-access benchmark
programs shown in listing 2, the Pro-
file effectively tripled the program
speed when compared to an Apple or
IBM floppy disk. Considering that a
significant proportion of the program
execution time is used to execute the
BASIC program statements, the ac-
tual increase in disk-access speed
would seem to be even higher. (The
results of the disk-access benchmarks
are summarized in table 7.)

The weakest point of the Profile
and other similar products is data
backup. If a hard disk fails, you can
lose a great deal of important data.
The only solution is to periodically
back up the most critical files onto
floppy disks or onto a second Profile
hard-disk unit. (Apple Computer will
happily allow you to connect up to
four Profiles to your Apple III, at a
total cost of $13,996 in addition to the
cost of the Apple III.) However,
chances are very slim that the entire
Profile would be wiped out if a
critical component failed. After
repair, it should be possible to
recover virtually all the original data
in most cases.

128 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

One company has sold more printers
to this planet than anybody

Epson.

By now, that shouldn't come as a surprise.
After all, we invented digital printers for the
1964 Tokyo Olympics. We've built more print
mechanisms than the rest of the manufacturers
in the world combined. And our MX Series is
the best selling line of printers for small
computers ever seen.

So is it surprising that the world's first
Notebook Computer should come from Epson?

Not to us. You see,
we have some other
notable feats in our
past. Not only the
world's first print-
er, but the world's
smallest printer, the
world's most reliable
printers, the world's
first disposable print

head, and now, the world's first portable
computer with the power of a desktop.

We intend to be as big in personal compu-
ters as we are in printers. And we'll do it
the same way. By making computers you can
count on to perform. With the options, soft-
ware and interfaces you need. And by deliver-
ing what we promise, at prices people can afford.
But some people don't think we can do in

computers what we've
already done in print-
ers. And for them,
we have this advice:
Just watch.

EPSON

EPSON AMERICA, INC.

3415 Kashiwa Street • Torrance, California 90505 • (213) 539-9140

Circle 191 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 129

Photo 11: The Profile with its top cover removed. The intelligent controller is shown
on the left with the switching power supply beneath it. The HDA (hard-disk assembly)
with its sealed internal environment is mounted on the right.

Apple III
Profile

Apple III
Floppy Disk

Apple II
Floppy Disk

IBM
Floppy Disk

Write 13.2
Read 10.2

37.3
33.2

234
273

32
22.9

Table 7: A summary of disk-access-time benchmarks comparing the performance of
the Apple III Profile hard-disk drive and the Apple III, the Apple II, and the IBM
Personal Computer floppy-disk drives. The table shows the times (in seconds) taken
to read and write 500 disk records.

ALF COPY SERVICE

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If you need your software duplicated quickly and conve-
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proof and double-boot formats), and TRS-80 model 1.

Our "no frills" pricing means you don't have to buy extras
you don't need. Of course, we have the frills too — includ-
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ALF (303)234-0871 1448 ESTES DENVER, CO 80215

At $3499, the Profile isn't inexpen-
sive — none of the available hard-disk
subsystems are — but it provides a
truly significant extension to the
capabilities of the Apple III system.

Documentation

Apple Computer's documentation
has always been excellent, and the
manuals provided with the Apple III
are no exception. All the manuals are
in the familiar 6- by 8V2-inch (12.8-
by 21.6-cm) format, and a new flap
has been added to the back cover so
that the manual title is visible while
the book is on the shelf. The manuals
are all clearly written with numerous
charts, tables, and screen photos to il-
lustrate points described in the text.

With a Business BASIC system,
you receive four manuals: the
Owner's Guide and Standard Device
Drivers deal with Apple III features
and SOS, while volumes one and two
of Apple Business BASIC provide a
comprehensive description of the lan-
guage.

The Owner's Guide explains how
to set up the Apple III system and
describes various aspects of SOS and
the Apple III hardware. There are sec-
tions about system installation and
start-up, the operating system, the
System Configuration Program, and
the machine itself. Appendixes ex-
plain error messages, describe proper
disk care and handling, give I/O port
specifications, and tell you how to
use the Apple II Emulator. The infor-
mation is presented in a clear, easy-
to-read style and should be sufficient
to get any novice started.

Standard Device Drivers provides
complete specifications and descrip-
tions of the operation of all of the
standard I/O device-driver routines.
After a short section that explains
what device drivers are, the manual
describes the System Configuration
Program. Separate sections describe
each individual driver in detail. The
appendixes contain quick references
for all the drivers, an explanation of
the system error messages, and a
description of the console data for-
mats.

With a BASIC system, you'll get
Business BASIC volumes 1 and 2.
Although the manuals were not de-

130 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Performance Breakthrough. . .

the CYBERDRIVE for the IBM Personal Computer

13.5 or 27 million bytes of disk capacity in a single cabinet with
an integrated mini-cartridge tape for secure data backup.

Setting an exciting new microcomputer standard, the
CYBERDRIVE 1 combines a full package of features.

It offers new, higher performance levels, with an inte-
grated business-oriented backup device.

As the CYBERDRIVE is made available for other systems,
media transfer is assured regardless of the host hardware or
Operating System.

The CYBERDRIVE slashes the seek time dramatic-
ally— e.g. the usual 5 Megabyte stepper-motor Winchester
disk offers average seek time typically in the range of 100 to
200 milliseconds (incl. head settling).

With the CYBERDRIVE, the average seek time across
more than five times as much data is only 33 milliseconds
(incl. head settling).

This basic speed, coupled with disk cache buffering and
a peak transfer rate of 1 million bytes per second, make the
CYBERDRIVE a performance champ!

The integrated mini-cartridge tapes used for backup of
data allow dumping of (for example) 10 million bytes of data
in about 10 minutes . . . much faster than other tape or floppy
disk backup techniques. Hardware read-after-write error
checking is incorporated in the tape device.

O Copyrttfit 1982 by Cytwroe tics I nc AJ I right r

Prices and specifications subject to change without notice.

m is^eis

...And don't fail to ask about our superb lineup of serious
business software (also offered in CYBERDRIVE format)
including:

RM/COBOL 2 compiler-the micro industry standard.
MBSI 3 RM/COBOL general business applications (derived

from MCBA 4 minicomputer packages). . . thousands

in use . . . money back guarantee . . . source program

license.
CRT! 1 from Cybernetics (COBOL Reprogramming Tool!)-

Program generator for RM/COBOL to ease pro-
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alternative to a Data Base System.
CBASIC2 5 & CBASIC86 5 compilers ... for aficionados of a

useful BASIC.

The software is available on a variety of industry-standard
Operating Systems including CP/M 5 -MP/M 5 (both -80 & -86),
OASIS 6 , PCDOS, and UNIX 7 . Inquire for specific details and
prices.

i - Cybernetics, inc 2 RyarvMcFariand Catp 3 • Micro Business Software, int
4 MinHConHHJtef Business Applications inc 5 Ogital fteaearcn. inc 6 PtUse One Syste*r>s. Inc 7 Bell Labwatones

8041 NEWMAN AVE., SUITE 208
IS-l^lS^ll-lS^ HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92647

^ 714/848-1922

IS-

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

The most powerful
Screen Oriented Relational
Database ever designed
that requires no user
programming !

SORD puts You in
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system: quickly, easily,
and at a new low price!

Powerful

•User defined CRTentry

screens speed data input

and editing.
•Makes full use ofCP/M 2.0*

facilities for rapid access

and retrieval.
•User controlled security

access codes.

User Oriented

•A consistent system of help
messages, menus, and
prompts assits the user in all
phases of operation.

Clear Documentation

•Our manual is concise, easy
to understand, and indexed.

Price Reduction

•Sales volume = new low price
• Rebates for current users

,$25
manual

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REQUIRES: CP/M 2.0+SYSTEM WITH
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ADDRESSABLE CURSOR AND 8" DISK
DRIVES ( 5 V Formats Soon)

"CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

132 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

signed to teach BASIC, the 335 pages
contain all the information required
to learn Apple's version of that
language. Volume 1 is primarily a
tutorial section; it gives clear explana-
tions of all of the BASIC statements
and provides numerous examples.
After a short introduction and a
description of the BASIC editor, dif-
ferent sections describe BASIC I/O,
control of program execution, and
file I/O. The manual also explains in-
vocable modules and shows you how
to use external procedures and func-
tions.

Business BASIC volume 2 is
primarily a quick reference quide that
will be of most use to people who
have some familiarity with the Busi-
ness BASIC language. Within the
BASIC reference section, each lan-
guage statement and function is
described and shown in an example
along with descriptions of any error
messages that might be produced
when it is used. Separate appendixes
describe error messages and their
causes, explain variable memory
usage, tell how to program for max-
imum speed, and give syntactic
definitions of the Business BASIC lan-
guage. The Graphics invocable
module (BGRAF.INV) is described in
a 57-page section that gives detailed
examples of plotting and drawing,
saving pictures on disk, creating
graphics text fonts, and setting up
your own color and transfer tables.

If you purchase Apple III Pascal,
you'll get an additional four manuals
that describe the Pascal system, utili-
ty programs, and the Pascal lan-
guage. One distinct benefit of Apple
III Pascal is that the description of the
Pascal assembler provides details
about the 6502 enhanced features that
are not found in any of the other
manuals. Unfortunately, even though
the BASIC invocable modules are
written in Pascal, the manuals do not
tell you how to write them. This may
not be important to small-business
users; nevertheless, the information
should be available.

Summary

It is impossible to do the Apple III
justice in one article. The machine is

very flexible and has a mix of features
and capabilities that are unmatched
in any of its competitors. Some
points, however, deserve special
mention.

First, SOS is a unique and powerful
operating system; it provides a varie-
ty of features that, as far as I know,
are not available on any other 8-bit
machine.

Business BASIC is also very power-
ful and includes options not found in
most versions of the language. The
use of invocable modules allows the
user to maximize available memory
space by adding only the capabilities
needed. Its I/O-formatting and file-
handling capabilities are extremely
versatile and, for most business data-
handling applications, will allow pro-
grams to be shorter and easier to
debug.

As for hardware, although some
people might argue that Apple should
have chosen a more advanced micro-
processor than the 6502B for the
Apple III, I think the company made
the right choice. Without the 6502B it
would have been difficult, if not im-
possible, to transfer files and pro-
grams from the Apple II to the III,
and Apple II emulation would not
have been possible. Admittedly, it
was a conservative choice — more
powerful processors are avail-
able — but actual processor perfor-
mance is much less important than
software availability. Apple's choice
clearly maximizes the usability of the
system.

The Profile hard-disk drive is a
significant enhancement to the Apple
III. Its speed and high capacity will
eliminate 99 percent of the disk swap-
ping required when using only floppy
disks, and the SOS nested directory
structures will keep it well organized.

Finally, one of the strongest points
in favor of the Apple III is Apple
Computer Inc. When early Apple III
users had problems with the first ma-
chines, Apple simply replaced the en-
tire computer immediately — as many
as two or three times in some cases.
This unqualified backing of its prod-
ucts shows a commitment to cus-
tomer satisfaction unequaled in the
industry. ■

GP-100A: US$389

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Other valuable features:

•Graphics, regular and double width character
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• Optional lnterface:RS232C,IEEE488,appleII,etc.

Graphic Printer W_^ Serioa

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Manufactured by SEIKOSHA SYSTEM EQUIPMENT DIV. 4-1-1 Taihei Su m i da -ku Tokyo Japan. Phone: 03-623-8111 Telex: 262-2620

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

THE FIRST AND ONLY
BCARTrOJR IBM PC
MAYEVERNEED.

Your IBM personal computer is a very
versatile piece of equipment. Perhaps
more versatile than you realize. New
applications and functions are being
developed every day. Now with Quadboard

by Quadram you can keep your options
open for tomorrow's technology. Following
in the tradition of Quadram Quality, four
of Quadram's best selling IBM boards
have been combined into one board.
Your remaining slots will be left free and
available to accommodate future expan-
sion needs and uses which you may not
even be able to contemplate today.

s&susah?!

yM7tPM%MiLn

PROVEN DESIGN.

Quadram has been shipping IBM boards
with each of the Quadboard functions
on separate boards since December,
1981. They are still available as separates
(including a Dual Port Async Board) for
those who desire a quality board but do
not need to keep slots open for future
expansion. And they all come with a
one year warranty from the leader in
technology applications.

256K MEMORY EXPANSION.

Socketed and expandable in 64K
increments to 256K, full parity generation
and checking are standard. A Quad-
board exclusive feature allows parity to
be switch disabled to avoid lock-up
upon error detection. The dip switches
also allow it to be addressed starting
on any 64K block so that it takes up only
as much as it has memory installed.
Memory access and cycle time naturally
meet all IBM specifications.

CLOCK/CALENDAR.

Quadboard eliminates the hassle of
manually inputting the date on system
boot-up by providing for the clock and
all software routines necessary for
inserting the appropriate programs on
your diskettes. The internal computer
clock is automatically set for compati-
bility with most software routines which
utilize clock functions, On-board battery
keeps the clock running when the
computer is off.

ALL ON ONE BOARD

Now you can utilize all the PC's capacity
with Quadram's extremely flexible con-
figurations. And it's totally compatible
with IBM hardware, operating systems,
and high level languages. It's a full-size
board that can be inserted into any free
system slot and it even includes a card
edge guide for securely mounting the
card in place.

INCREDIBLE PRICE!

Priced at $595. with 64K installed, $795
with 128K, $895 with 192K and an un-
believable $995 fully populated with
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and still protect the few limited empty
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/08255A
DSII9DP
© 19 7 9 AMI

$595

i*i*i*i*i«iM

with 64K
Installed

$m

:w

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IMIfrast?!'

Mil 1 1 TYTTTTTT

11

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5i [<M£

1 m |

i

III

llllllll

||

in

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^«H*»Hl ;

W7\

PARALLEL PRINTER I/O.

A 16 pin header on Quadboard is used
for inserting a short cable containing a
standard DB25 connector. The connector
is then mounted in the knock-out hole
located in the center of the PC back-
plane. The parallel port can be switch
disabled or addressed as Printer 1 or 2.
No conflict exists with the standard
parallel port on the Monochrome board.
The internal cable, connector and
hardware are all included.

ASYNCHRONOUS (RS232)
COMMUNICATION ADAPTER.

Using the same chip as that on the IBM
ASYNC board, the device is software
programmable for baud rate, character,
stop, and parity bits. A male DB25
connector located on the back connector
is identical to that on the IBM Async
Adapter. The adapter is used for
connecting modems, printers (many
letter quality printers require RS232),
and other serial devices, Switches
allow the port to be configured as COM!
or COM2 and the board fully supports
IBM Communications Software.

AVAILABLE NOW!

Quadram does not advertise products

until shipments have begun. Count on it.

But order today for immediate delivery.

ASK YOUR DEALER.

All products are sold through local

personal computer dealers. If yours

does not stock Quadram,

please ask him to call us

at (404) 923-6666. yfTTN

QUADRAM

CORPORATION

Circle 388 on Inquiry card. \|/ XL /
4357 Park Drive /Norcross, Ga. 30093

Computers Can Play a Dual Role
for Disabled Individuals

Besides providing special assistance,

microcomputers should give disabled individuals

access to standard software.

Gregg Vanderheiden, Director

Trace Research and Development Center

314 Waisman Center

1500 Highland Ave.

Madison, WI 53706

The move toward more portable
and flexible microcomputers is revo-
lutionizing the design and develop-
ment of electronic assistive devices
for the disabled, ensuring the status
of powerful, low-cost microcom-
puters as valuable tools for disabled
individuals and those working with
them.

The past few years have witnessed
a tremendous increase in the number
of individuals and small groups in-
volved in the development of special
aids for disabled persons. Microcom-
puters have given individual de-
signers who don't have access to ex-
tensive laboratory and production
facilities the capability of developing
sophisticated electronic aids. This is
not to say that the design of aids to
assist disabled individuals is easy or
can be easily developed in a few

Gregg Vanderheiden is director of the Trace
Research and Development Center for the
Severely Communicatively Handicapped at the
University of Wisconsin-Madison.

weekends or evenings. The worth-
while developments in this area have
taken a lot of time and effort, not
only in programming and interfacing,
but also in carefully studying the real
needs of the disabled individuals and
the many barriers and practical con-
siderations that are involved in the
successful applications of technology
to meet their needs.

Worthwhile ~~*
developments require

careful study of

disabled individuals'

real needs.

The influx of new people into this
area has resulted in a wealth of new
ideas, energy, and enthusiasm. The
purpose of this article is to provide an
overview of some of the many areas
in which microcomputers can serve
the needs of disabled individuals and
to discuss a few major concepts im-
portant to the development of suc-
cessful applicable software. I hope

this overview will stimulate new
ideas, approaches, and applications
for microcomputers in those inter-
ested in getting involved in designing
for the disabled. The basic concepts
presented can help you learn from
and build upon, rather than dupli-
cate, the early work and mistakes in
this area.

A Dual Role for Microcomputers

When we first think about the use
of microcomputers by disabled in-
dividuals, our minds usually turn to
thoughts of text-to-braille translating
programs, special communication
aids, programs that can teach sign
language, etc. These all involve the
development of special software that
can be run on the computer to pro-
vide a specific function required by a
disabled individual.

In considering the use of computers
by disabled individuals, however, it
is very important to remember that
disabled people also need to use the
same programs and accomplish the
same tasks as anyone else. Thus the

136 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 377 on inquiry card.

PGS

Princeton
Graphic Systems

High Resolution RGB Color Monitor
Designed for the IBM Personal Computer

FEATURES

□ 80 characters x 25 lines

□ 690 dots horizontal resolution

□ 16 colors

□ .31 mm dot pitch tube

□ non-glare, black matrix

□ plugs directly to IBM PC

$795

Princeton Graphic Systems' new HX-12 high resolution color
monitor is designed with an NEC .31 mm dot pitch CRT to give you
up to 690 dots horizontal resolution. You need not compromise the
display quality of your system with monitors rated at less than the
640 horizontal dots generated by your IBM PC. The PGS HX-12
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blind individual who may be able to
make good use of a text-to-braille
program also needs to be able to use
standard text editors, spreadsheet
programs (e.g., Visicalc), and data-
base managers, to name only a few.
Similarly, the physically disabled in-
dividuals who could use a game or
writing program that requires only
the operation of a single switch also
need to be able to use the standard
educational software as well as the
accounting programs and computers
at the companies considering them
for jobs. This is the dual role that

microcomputers must fill: they must
help disabled persons perform tasks
denied to them because of their dis-
ability, and they must be physically
modified to allow disabled persons to
tap all the microcomputers' comput-
ing and word-processing powers.

At present, the vast majority of the
software being developed for disabled
individuals is limited to providing for
a special need, rather than allowing
the use of common general-purpose
software. These special programs (al-
though often quite sophisticated) are
generally easy to implement because

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Write or call for free catalogue

JOHN D. OWENS Associates, Inc.

12 Schubert Street, Staten Island, New York 10305
212 448-6283 212 448-2913 212 448-6298

the full capabilities of the computer
are available to the programmer.
They do not, however, address the
greater need for disabled individuals
to be able to use standard systems.

Trying to provide access to stan-
dard software programs for individ-
uals who cannot see the video display
or cannot use the keyboard is very
difficult. In many cases, the more
powerful standard software takes
complete control of the computer
when it is loaded, disabling the
special routines or programs intended
to provide access to disabled individ-
uals. This is true even when the
special routines are hidden in remote
areas of the memory. In addition, the
standard programs themselves are
often "locked," and the source code is
unavailable, making any direct modi-
fication of the programs impossible.

Despite the many barriers, strate-
gies are being developed now that can
allow extremely motor-impaired in-
dividuals to access all standard soft-
ware, even though the user may have
as little controlled movement as an
eyeblink.

Providing Special Functions

It would be impossible to quote an
exhaustive list of the special functions
microcomputers could provide for
disabled individuals. Almost any
aspect of human activity that has
been impaired could potentially be
aided to some degree through the use
of microcomputers as processors, ma-
nipulators, or controllers.

Sensory enhancement/translation:
Microcomputers can be used to pro-
vide either a clarification of audio or
visual information so that it can be
more easily understood or a transla-
tion from one medium to another.
For example, microcomputers can be
used to expand visual displays, pro-
vide visual displays of auditory infor-
mation, provide auditory output of
visual information, translate a
limited, spoken vocabulary into text,
and provide tactile displays and feed-
back to individuals both deaf and
blind.

Manipulator/controller: For in-
dividuals with severe motor impair-
ments, the use of remote actuators
and powered artificial remote pros-

138 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

theses (or robotics) to give them ma-
nipulative capabilities has been pro-
posed. One of the difficulties has been
the large number of signals that are
required in order to control such
robots or manipulators. One role for
microcomputers might be to help
control these remote manipulators by
developing and remembering com-
plex movement command strings for
specific types of activities. These
command strings could then be called
upon by the user, using a small num-
ber of commands, thus allowing com-
plex motions to be made with reason-
able speed and ease.

Information amplification (for
motor impaired): The problem of
slow information transfer is not re-
stricted to the manipulator/control
field. In fact, its greatest impact is
probably in the area of communica-
tion and writing. Here the speed with
which one can transfer information is
crucial, and the demand for reason-
able speed is extremely high. A dif-
ference in speed by a factor of 4 or 5
(the average factor for a motor-
impaired individual is around 10 to
20) can make the difference between
being able to complete a day's work
in a day and taking a week to accom-
plish a day's work. Similarly, it can
be the difference between being able
to complete one's homework each
night and being able to do one night's
homework every week or two. The
microcomputer can be used in a num-
ber of ways, however, to increase or
amplify the amount of information
that can be relayed with a given
number of keystrokes or signals.
Most of these techniques take advan-
tage of redundancy in information
transferred, but others are more in-
volved.

A simple example would be an
abbreviation expansion routine that
would allow an individual to abbrevi-
ate all commonly used words and
greatly reduce the number of key-
strokes required to type out mes-
sages, programs, etc. The program
would automatically expand the
abbreviations as the user typed them.
The abbreviations could represent
commonly used words, mnemonics,
phrases, sentences, or entire blocks of
frequently used information.

Another technique would be to use
a large word-base that could antici-
pate the word being typed, thus trun-
cating the process of spelling words
out. This can be done based upon
word and letter frequency. More
elaborate schemes involve looking at
idea-to-text or concept-to-text (or
even concept-to-speech) translation.

Also being explored is a semantic-
feature-based phrase/sentence recall
system in which three to five key-
strokes would define an entire sen-
tence (see "Minspeak" by Bruce
Baker, page 186). Only about 60 keys

are involved, but their meanings vary
as a consequence of the order in
which they are pressed. Although this
approach at first seems complex, a
system like this may be necessary in
order to provide the information
amplification necessary to offset the
severe information-transfer problem
that many motion-impaired individ-
uals have. Advances in this field need
not be limited to assisting disabled in-
dividuals either.

Special control interfaces to other
devices: A general method for in-
creasing the information-transfer rate

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HiPad Digitizer $755.

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We are evaluating new products for the IBM
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Overseas Callers: TWX 710 588 2844
Phone 212 448-6298 or Cable: OWENSASSOC

JOHN D. OWENS Associates, Inc.

SEE OUR AD ON FACING PAGE

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 139

uses microcomputers to provide a
special interface between the disabled
individuals and the device(s) that
they are trying to control. The pur-
pose of this special interface would be
to obtain the best possible match be-
tween individuals' residual capabili-
ties and the characteristics of the sys-
tems that they are using.

Depending upon the severity of the
physical handicap, these special inter-
facing techniques can take a variety
of forms. For severely disabled in-
dividuals, single-switch input systems
can be used; the microcomputer con-
tinually presents choices to the user
until the user responds by activating a
switch.

More common and effective, how-
ever, are various special direct-
selection or encoding input tech-
niques. For individuals who have
head control, screen-based optical
headpointing schemes (similar to a
long-range light pen) can be used.
Other individuals may use expanded
and/or recessed keyboards. For those
who are able to point but unable to

point to a large enough array of ele-
ments to represent a full keyboard,
smaller arrays consisting of numbers
can be used in an encoding fashion to
specify the letters, words, etc. Efforts
are also currently being directed
toward cost-effective methods of
using the eyes, both for encoding and

A special interface

obtains the best match

between individuals'

residual capabilities

and the characteristics

of the system they are

using.

for direct selection of items from a
display. All of these approaches can
be adapted in size and arrangement in
order to meet best the needs and
capabilities of specific individuals.

Recreation and development aids:
Disabled individuals can, of course,
use microcomputers to play games in

the same manner as anyone else. For
individuals with severe physical or
sensory disabilities, however, micro-
computers can play a more extensive
role than just recreation. For exam-
ple, manipulation of objects and ex-
ploration of environment important
to development in children may not
be possible. A specially interfaced
microcomputer may be able to offset
some of this disability by providing
children with a reliable means to con-
trol, explore, and manipulate objects
either in real space or on a video dis-
play. It may also allow individuals to
be able to move themselves about in
space to gain new perspectives on
their environments as well as to reach
and act on the objects in it.

Educational aids: In the educa-
tional field, a number of specific
problem areas can be addressed in
part by microcomputers. One area of
difficulty involves the slow rate of
response of severely physically dis-
abled individuals. This response rate
makes any remedial drill or practice
session extremely time-consuming

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140 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 89 on inquiry card.

In this age of runaway inflation...

Look what $825 will buy

The ideal input device for the small
system user.

■is ! ***

g»j[^ 62S.00 s;»-; ™»

w.v>.« 670.00 »i»-< i*«

£i»3^ 725.00. ™*;j **£

s us

m> rnt

MJI* ') l.OWiil

i ' :

Available with stylus or optional cursor.

The HIP AD™ digitizer

Inexpensive input to your computer

The HIPAD™ digitizer can be used for both converting graphic information into
digital values and as a menu. Utilizing either the stylus or the optional cursor, the
operator can input graphic data into the computer by locating individual points on
the digitizers 11" x 11" (28cm x 28cm) active area. In the "stream mode" a contin-
uance of placements of coordinate pairs may be input.

Not a kit, the HIPAD™ comes complete with both RS-232-C and parallel interfaces
and has its own built-in power source. The origin is completely relocatable so coor-
dinates may be positive or minus for a true reference value and oversized material
may by input by simply resetting the origin.

Accurate positional information, free form sketches,
even keyboard simulation

All can be entered using the multi-faceted HIPAD™ digitizer. Its capabilities and
low price make the UL listed HIPAD™ a natural selection over keyboard entry, inac-
curate joysticks, or expensive approximating light pens. It's perfect for inputting
isometric drawings, schematics, X-rays, architectural drawings, business graphs,
and many other forms of graphic information, as well as creating your own graphics.

Use it with Apple II™ , TRS-80 Level II ™ , PET ™ or other
popular computers

The HIPAD's™ built-in RS-232C and parallel 8 bit interfaces make it all
possible. (For Apple II order DT-11 A, for TRS-80 or PET order DT-11).
Furthermore, you get English or metric scaling, data format (Binary/BCD/ASCII),
selectable baud rates, and resolution of either .005" or .01".

For complete information, contact Houston, Instrument, P.O. Box 15720, Austin, Texas 78761.
(512} 835-0900. For rush literature requests, outside Texas call toll free 1-800-531-5205. For
technical information ask for operator #5. In Europe contact Houston Instrument,
Rochesterlaan 6, 8240Gistel, Belgium. Phone 059/27-74-45. Telex Bausch 81399.

Available with optional display.
*U.S. Suggested retail price

TM HIPAD is a trademark of Houston Instrument
TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation
APPLE is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.
PET is a trademark of Commodore Business Machines. Inc.

Circle 48 for literature.

Circle 49 to have a representative call.

INSTRUMENTS &SVSTEMS DIVISION

1bgetner...we'l create tomorrow

BAUSCH S. LOMB (W

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

MODEM

I

129

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(and therefore expensive in terms of
personnel time, etc.). Microcom-
puters can be used to allow individ-
uals to practice lessons independently
and at their own speed.

Learning that involves manipula-
tion, such as might be found in chem-
istry, physics, and other sciences,
presents another problem area. Here,
microcomputers and computer-aided
instruction can allow an individual to
manipulate and explore ideas, con-
cepts, figures, etc., in structured but
flexible ways. Such programs can
allow severely physically disabled in-
dividuals to handle "flasks" and
"chemicals" on the TV screen and
carry out experiments and manipula-
tions that would otherwise be beyond
their direct control.

Another whole area for microcom-
puters in education would be their use
not as direct teaching aids but as aids
in providing fundamental facilities
necessary for a meaningful and effec-
tive education. Examples of these aids
for a "normal" individual might be
eyeglasses or a pencil and paper. The
need to see, read and write, take
notes, and do independent work are
of course necessary capabilities for
receiving an education within our
current system. The severely physi-
cally disabled individual who has no
ability to use a pencil and paper, to
take notes, to write, or to do indepen-
dent work is at an extreme disad-
vantage. Microcomputer-based
writing systems designed to provide
the same flexibility as a scratch pad
and pencil could be used to provide
these individuals with the capabilities
for appropriate and adequate partici-
pation in their educational programs.

Finally, microcomputers can be
used to teach fundamental program-
ming skills. Because of the many
ways in which microcomputers can
aid individuals with disabilities, and
because of the direction in which
many aspects of the employment
world are heading, it is quite clear
that microcomputers hold future
vocational potential for disabled in-
dividuals, whether their vocational
direction is in the computer field or
not. Computer literacy and the abili-
ty to reconfigure or oversee the re-
configuring of computer systems to

meet their changing needs may be ex-
tremely important capabilities for dis-
abled individuals to have.

Communication aids: Because of
the nonportability of microcomputers
up to now, their use has been limited
mostly to work-station types of appli-
cations. These applications include
computer-aided writing and filing
systems as well as work-station
phone control and phone communi-
cations using the new speech-output
capabilities. However, the stationary
systems have not been able to mean-
ingfully address the conversational
needs of individuals with severe
speech impairments.

The recent introduction, though, of
portable and hand-held computers is
opening up the potential for micro-
computers to move out of the sta-
tionary writing-aid category and
begin to address the categories of por-
table writing/note-taking aids and
conversational communication aids.
Because of the fine motor control re-
quired, these portable units will find
their greatest initial application for
individuals having mild to moderate
physical disabilities. When used as
components within systems having
other input techniques, however,
they may also be used by individuals
having more severe disabilities. The
limited memory, I/O (input/output),
and control capabilities of these sys-
tems are currently hampering their
application in many areas. In time,
the memory capabilities may greatly
expand, but the I/O and control
capabilities are generally not empha-
sized in a portable unit and may con-
tinue to present problems for awhile.

The major barrier for using micro-
computers as communication aids,
however, is the need for custom inter-
facing to achieve optimum speed.
This usually involves the develop-
ment of special interfaces not com-
mercially available. As I will discuss
in more detail later, the use of custom
hardware in conjunction with stan-
dard computers can negate many of
the advantages of using a microcom-
puter in the first place. Care must be
taken, therefore, when making a deci-
sion between an adapted microcom-
puter and a specially designed aid to
solve problems in this area.

142 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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150

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200

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160

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Expanded Print

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Dot Addressable

Graphics (Dot/In., H/V)

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Out-of-Paper Sense

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Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Ribbon, Continuous

Loop Cartridge (Yds)

30

30

30

30

30

Interfacing:

Parallel Cent. Comp.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

RS-232C Serial

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

DP-9000A

Silent/Scribe. The Quiet Ones from Anadex.

ANADEX, INC. • 9825 De Soto Avenue • Chatsworth, California 91311, U.S.A. • Telephone: (213) 998-8010 • TWX 910-494-2761
U.S. Sales Offices: San Jose, CA(408) 247-3933 •Irvine, CA (71 4)557-0457* Schiller Park, IL(312)671-1717 • Wakefield, MA (617)245-9160
Hauppauge, New York, Phone: (516) 435-0222 • Atlanta, Georgia, Phone: (404) 255-8006 • Austin, Texas, Phone: (512) 327-5250
ANADEX, LTD. • Weaver House, Station Road • Hook, Basingstoke, Hants RG27 9JY, England • Tel: Hook (025672) 3401 • Telex: 858762 ANADEX G

Circle 25 on Inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 143

Rugged, simple, dependable.

RCA Interactive Data
Terminals as low as $236...

Reliable, portable RCA VP
3000 series Interactive Data Ter-
minals feature: video and audio
output; color-locking circuitry for
sharp color graphics and rainbow-
free characters; reverse video;
tone and noise generator; 20 and
40 character formats; resident and
programmable character set; LSI video and microprocessor con-
trol. All have a unitized 58-key, 1 28 character keyboard with flexi-
ble membrane switches, plus the features of the ASCII key-
boards below.

VP 3501 Videotex Data Terminal. (Shown) Built-in RF mod-
ulator and 300 baud direct-connect modem. Ideal for time sharing
data base applications. Works with standard TV or monitor. Also
has expansion interface and 1 6-key calculator keypad. As low
as $265.*

VP 3303 Interactive Data Terminal. Similar to VP 3501,
without modem or calculator keypad. Has selectable baud rates
and RS232C/20Ma current loop interfaces. As low as $246.*

VP3301.

as $236.*

Same as VP 3303, without RF modulator. As low

...and RCA ASCII Encoded
Keyboards as low as $49:

RCA VP 600 series ASCII key-
boards feature: flexible membrane
keys with contact-life over 10 mil-
lion operations; unitized keyboards
are spillproof, dustproof with finger
positioning overlay and positive
keypress; 2-key rollover circuitry;
tone feedback; high noise immunity CMOS circuitry; 5V DC oper-
ation and 58-key, 1 28-character keyboard, selectable "upper
case only."

__ VP 616. EIA RS232C compatible, 20 mA current loop and
TTL outputs; six selectable baud rates. Standard keyboard plus
1 6-key calculator. As low as $78.*

VP 611. Similar to VP 616 with 8 bit parallel output. As low
as $59.*

VP 606. Same as VP 616, less calculator keypad. As low
as $65.*

VP 601 . (Shown) Same as VP 61 1 , less calculator keypad.
As low as $49.*

To order, or more information, call toll-free 800-233-0094.
In PA, 71 7-393-0446. Or write:
RCA Microcomputer Marketing,
New Holland Avenue,
Lancaster, PA 17604.

*OEM quantity prices.

ItC/l

Information resource/manage-
ment: Disabled individuals could use
a microcomputer for information re-
source/management in all of the same
ways that able-bodied individuals
can. In addition to these uses, com-
puters can help physically or sensori-
ly disabled individuals to access
materials that would normally be dif-
ficult for them to handle in a number
of ways. Sensory or, particularly,
physical disabilities may prevent
these persons from making effective
use of notebooks, filing systems,
calendars, dictionaries, phone lists,
etc., due to their inability to quickly
manipulate and scan these materials.
Microcomputer-based systems with
interfaces designed specifically to
work with the individual's residual
capabilities can provide effective and
efficient means of paralleling all of
these functions. At present, most of
these applications are in the area of
user-generated information storage
and retrieval, although in some cases,
such as a dictionary, materials or
databases are being developed for
general use and dissemination.

Security/monitoring systems: A
major barrier to the ability of many
disabled or aging persons to live inde-
pendently is the lack of effective and
economical means to ensure their
safety and the ability to summon
help. Some ways in which a micro-
computer could aid in these indepen-
dent living endeavors would be
through the provision of mechanisms
for physically disabled individuals to
control the locks and windows in
their homes, emergency-call systems
for individuals who have difficulty in
making a call or who are unable to
speak, monitoring systems for per-
sons who could fall or in some way
render themselves unconscious and
unable to call for help, and medica-
tion-reminder systems.

A monitoring system could run pe-
riodic checks and call for help if the
individual does not respond to the
system's queries. Reminder systems
can be developed both to provide
reminders as to when medication
should be taken and to check whether
certain actions necessary in the taking
of the medication (e.g., opening the
refrigerator) have been done. Lack of

144 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 406 on Inquiry card.

DISK DRIVE
IN OPERft 1I0M

Microsoft's RAMCard with RAMDrive"

takes the whir, click and wait

outofthelBMPC.

Solid State Disk. When you add the Microsoft
RAMCard to your IBM® Personal Computer, you
also add RAMDrive, which lets you use
memory as you would normally use a
disk. That gives you "disk access"
that's typically 50X faster than
disk. Without the whirring,
clicking and waiting of mech
anical data access.

Fast and easy. You simply
designate a portion of
memory as "disk." RAMDrive
takes it from there, instructing
the program to go to RAM rather
than disk whenever data access is
needed. The result is faster, smoother,
no-wait computing.

64K to 256K. You can start small, but think big
Start with 64K and add Microsoft RAMChips™
in 64K blocks. Or buy the full 256K now. Either way,
you get both RAM and "disk" capabilities. All in a
single slot

A complete subsystem. The RAMCard package
comes complete with the memory board (64K,

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp.
Microsoft, RAMChips, RAMCard, and RAMDrive, are trademarks of
Microsoft Corporation.

128K, 192K or 256K), documenta-
tion, a diskette which adds

RAMDrive and, a full one year
warranty.

More tools for IBM. Microsoft
wrote PC-DOS, the standard operat-
ing system for the IBM Personal
Computer. And Microsoft is first in
providing a full range of languages,
applications programs and utilities
for the IBM PC. The addition of RAMCard
with RAMDrive is our way of saying that
Microsoft will continue to offer more and
better supported tools for the IBM PC.

See for yourself. Ask your Microsoft or
IBM PC dealer for a demonstration of both
main memory and disk features of the Microsoft
RAMCard with RAMDrive. It's solid state memory
you can also use like a disk. And it takes the whir,
click and wait out of the IBM PC.

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

/HICRpSOfT

^F Microsoft Corporation ^^ i

V 10700 Northup Way ^ V

Bellevue. WA 98004

Circle 542 on inquiry card.

response to these reminders could be
used as an alerting signal to the moni-
toring/call system, which could, in
turn, summon aid.

Cognitive and language-processing
assistance: Congenital or acquired
conditions often leave an individual
with impaired cognitive processing.
In some cases, it is a general process-
ing deficit, as in mental retardation.
In other cases, it is a specific dysfunc-
tion of a particular process, such as
short-term memory or the ability to
program speech or remember names.
The greatest obstacle to identifying
effective applications of microcom-
puters in these areas is the limited
knowledge about the processes and
remediation methods in general. The
prospect of microcomputer-based
cognitive prostheses is still beyond
the current state of the art but not
beyond the imagination. The use of
microcomputers in remediation,
however, may be much closer and
more realistic, especially in areas
where extensive drill and practice are

associated with the remediation pro-
cess.

Providing Standard Functions

As I stated previously, it is impor-
tant for disabled individuals to be
able to use microcomputers for the
same purposes as everyone else does.
These purposes include word process-
ing, computer games, computer-
aided instruction, control (including
environmental control in both the
home and job site), financial plan-
ning, management, and general com-
puting. In some cases, the disabled in-
dividual may use these standard
capabilities (e.g., word processing) to
help offset specific disabilities (e.g.,
inability to use a pencil). More and
more, however, individuals need to
access the standard computer pro-
grams because computers are an in-
tegral part of their education or jobs.
As our society in general incorporates
the use of computers into every facet
of daily living, access to them is be-
coming more and more essential.

Now add time-
keeping capability to your
RS-232C compatible

on top of othoi

Clock coordinates and W^ompurerCHnpammrSvit™ h— c «„™ .n^n.

logs system activities by (Each requires a dedi-

date and time . , , down to the second. cated RS-232C port.)

The Chronograph is ideal for Keep your computer system up

business or home applications. Use it date with the Hayes Stack Chronogra

with your computer for timing everything Only $249 at computer stores every-

from time-sharing access... to electronic where. There's no fT\||

mail and lights and sprinklers. better time. I f I H3V€

(Each requires a dedi-
cated RS-232C port.)

Keep your computer system up-to-
date with the Hayes Stack Chronograph.

Tie-sharing access... to electronic where. There's no fT\|i

id lights and sprinklers. better time. |f J H3V68

The Hayes StaelCChrar^
K time. And it^ now

Hayes Microcomputer Products Inc.

5835 Peachtree Corners East, Norcross, Georgia 30092 (404) 449-8791
Hayes Stack is a trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.
© 1981 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. Sold only In the U.S.A.

In order to provide disabled in-
dividuals with the ability to run stan-
dard software programs, transparent
modifications that can circumvent the
individual's particular disabilities
need to be developed. (The word
transparent is used here to refer to a
technique that is invisible to any stan-
dard software programs — that is,
modifications cannot be detected by
any piece of standard software when
this technique is used.) A completely
transparent modification does not in-
terfere with the standard program in
any way. Similarly, the standard pro-
gram cannot interfere or negate the
modification. A few examples of
transparent modifications may be
useful here.

The simplest example of a transpar-
ent modification is a weight on a
hinge that can be tipped to hold down
the shift key. This mechanical modifi-
cation can allow a one-handed or
one-fingered (or headstick) typist to
enter shift or control characters on
the keyboard. There is no way for
computers to tell in what manner the
individuals are entering data, and any
programs will run without modifica-
tion.

A somewhat more flexible modifi-
cation may be the use of a keyboard-
emulator module, which would be in-
serted into the computer between the
keyboard and the main computer
board. Electrically, this keyboard
emulator would look exactly like the
standard keyboard. As a result, it
would be impossible for the processor
(or any software) to tell that the
signals coming to it were not coming
from the computer's keyboard.

The keyboard emulator would
have a connector on the side that
would accept RS-232C serial, paral-
lel, or any desired signal format and
inject the characters received into the
computer as if they were typed on the
keyboard. In this manner, persons us-
ing any one of a large number of spe-
cial communication or control aids
could directly control the computer
as if they were typing on the key-
board.

Because the special communication
aids can be custom fitted to the in-
dividual, they can be selected to op-
timize the individual's physical con-

146 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 532 on Inquiry card.

' i #

A GALAXY of featu&es /rakes the LN^VSt) a

remarkable, computer. As you explore the
LNW80, yjou: will find the most complete,
powerful, ready to run,' feature-packed per-
sonal and business computer ever made into
one compact* solid unit.

QUALITY CONSTRUCTION - Instrumenta-
tion quality construction sets LNW80 com-
puters apart from all the rest Integrated into
the sleek solid steel case of the LNW80 is a
professional 74-key expanded keyboard that
includes a twelve key numeric keypad.

HIG.H RESOLUTION GRAPHICS & COLOR-

The stunning 480 X 1 92 resolution gives you
total .display control - in color or black and
white. The choice of display formats is yours;
80, 64, 40 and 32 columns by 24 or 1 6 lines in -
any combination of eight colors.

.PERFORMANCE- Lift-off with,a4MHz Z80A
CPU for twice the performance. The LNW80
outperforms all computers in its class.

HI

1

MODEL I COMPATIBILITY -The LNW&0 is

fully hardware and softwafe compatible with
the Model I. Select from a universaof hardware
accessories and software - from VisiCalc® to
space games, your LNW80 will launch you
into a new world of computing.

FULLY LOAQED - A full payload includes Sm
on-board single and double density disk
controller for 5 W'vffcnd 8" single or double
sided disk drives. RS232C communications
port, cassette and parallel printer interfaces
are standard features and ready to go. All
memory is fully installed - 48K RAM,* 16K
graphics RAM and 12K ROM complete with
Microsoft BASIC.

Our down to earth price won't send you into

, ,2620 WALNUT Tustin, C

(714)641-8850 (714)544-

Monitor and Disk drives not included
M Personal Software, Inc.

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 147

ITI ^ r Y x software

>t* Quality Discount

GUARANTEED LOWEST PRICES! We will match any
advertised price. Just show us the ad.

APPLE

ArtScI Magic Window S 79

Dos Boss 22

Utility City 25

Apple Panic 25

Teacher Plus 35

Continental CPA acctg.

moduleea 210

Depreciation planner 335

Datamost Real Est. Analysis 110

Datasoft Mlcropalnter 30

Denver Software

Financial partner $219

Pascal Tutor 108

Pascal Programmer 1 08

Ouosoft Business Planner 265

Edu-ware compu-matlc 32

Ellis Computing

Nevada Cobol S169

Nevada Pilot 129

Nevada Edit 99

Application pkg. ea 22

Hayden Software

Datagraph S 39

Hlstograph 25

Applesoft Compiler 3.2 1B0

ApplepieSeriesea 109

Howard Software

Real Estate Analyzer S145

Tax preparer '82 127

Tax preparer state: CA.NY/NJ/IL . 60

IUS

Datadex S125

Easy writer 162

Easymover B8

Easyjack (Combo) 262

Easymaller 162

Microfocus

CIs Cobol Std S775

Forms-2 175

MicroPro

Wordstar S229

Mallmerge 85

Calcstar .145

Spellstar 145

Games

Sargonll S 25

Zorklorll 32

Deadline 32

Crossword Magic 18

Misc.

Mathemaglc $ 80

Spellguard 267

Edit 6502 82

Locksmith 90

Super Screen II 108

A-stat 79 140

Mailing list 48

G.O.C. I full Acctg. system 1 ,B0D

Stoneware DB Master 179

Muse Software

SuperTextll S125

Address book 43

Form letter 87

Data Plot 52

And Many More

MicroPro

Wordstar S235

Mallmerge 95

Calcstar 199

Spellstar 160

Supersort I 170

Microsoft

Basic 80 S285

Basic Compiler 325

Fortran 80 345

Cobol 80 570

Macro 80 140

Peachtree

General Ledger S399

Accounts Receivables 399

Accounts Payables 399

Inventory 399

Payroll 399

Property Management 799

CPA Client Write-up 799

Star Computer System

G/L, A/R, A/PorPay S350

LegalTimes Billing 845

Property Management 845

Sorcim

Supercalc S225

Trans 86 115

Act 155

Supersoft

Diagnostic I S 48

Diagnostic II 83

. Disk Doctor 84

Fortran 215

C Compiler 175

TCS

GL, A/R, A/P, or Pay $ 79

All modules above 265

Module Compiler 9B

Inventory 95

Ashton - Tate

Base II S595

Byrom Software

BSTAM S160

BSTMS 160

Digital Research

Pascal MT +

MAC S 85

SID (8080 Debugger) 65

ZSI0 (ZB0 Debugger) 90

CP/M 2.2 149

C Basic 2 97

PL/1-80 449

And Many More

IBM PC

Wordstar S285

Mallmerge 95

Easlwritir II 299

Easlspeller 149

Crosstalk 129

DataBase Manager 170

Mailing List 85

Vedlt 165

CP/M 86 295

Write-on 110

Move It 125

Spellguard 247

East (Exec. Acctg. Sys.) 625

Accessories/

1

Hardware

Boards

Co Processors 88 card (Ap. II) . .

S795

Sottcard(ZB0CP/MAp. II) ....

298

CPS Muitllunctlon

178

Mountain A/D + 0/A

289

CCS 12K R0M/PR0M

. 89

CCS A/D Convener

. 98

CCS Serial Asynch

149

Applescope (your Apple as an

Oscilloscope)

595

Vldex Enhancer I

. 149

K & D Enhancer

115

Dan Paymar Lower case

. . 27

ALS Smarterm

. 379

ALS Z-card

269

Percom Doubler II

. 167

Bit3FullVlew80 (ATB00)

. 299

Bit 3 32K Memory (AT400/800)

.159

BTAD 0S-1 (64K, ZB0, CPM

for IBM PC)

^99

Oatamac 64K (IBM PC)

. 399

Vldex Mlcromodem Chip

. . 25

Xedex Baby Blue (IBM PC)

. 550

Quadram Deluxe Board (IBM PC)

. 495

Quadram 128K Ram (IBM PC) . .

495

MIcrofazerBK Printer Buffer . . .

. 135

Versacard

?1R

Computers

Commodore/Atari/NEC/

Xerox

Call for Price Information

Monitors

Amdek Video 300 S217

Amdek RGB Color 750

NEC12"HlresGreen 175

Sanyo 12" Hires Green 220

TEC0TM- 12 GX Green 147

TEC0RGB13" 525

Modems

Novation Apple-Cat II $350

Hayes Smartmodem 225

Mlcromodem II 319

Chronograph 199

Printers

Anadex 9500 Series S1.5B0

Epson SCali

Diablo 630 2,200

NEC 3530 1,890

NEC8023A 525

Okldata Mlcrollne B2A 535

Okldata Mlcrollne B3A 790

Prism B0 (w/ 4 options) 1,177

Prism 132 (w/ 4 options) 1,7B5

Smfth-Corona TP-1 750

Disk Drives

Rana Elite 1 (Ap. II) $339

Rana Controller (Ap. II) 110

Micro SclA35(Ap. II) 399

Micro SclA40(Ap. II) 3B5

MlcroSclA70 540

Micro Scl Controller (Ap. II) 90

Tandon TM-100-1 299

TandonTM-100-2 389

And Many More

One Stop Shopping at
Guaranteed Lowest Prices

Write for our Free Catalog

ORDER TOLL FREE ■ Outside Wl - 1-800-826-1589

Please: • Wisconsin residents - add 5% sales tax

• Add $3.50 for shipping per software and small items.
Call regarding others.

• Foreign - add 15% handling charge. Shipping extra.

We welcome: • Visa, Mastercharge - (Add 4%)

• Checks (Allow 1-2 weeks for clearing)

• COD (Add $1.50 per shipment)

For technical information & in Wisconsin: 715-848-2322

OryX Software • 205ScottSt., Dept. AG • P.O. Box1961

Wausau, Wl 54401

$

148 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 355 on inquiry card.

trol and communication rate. One in-
dividual might be using a "brow
switch" and a special scanning dis-
play. Another individual could be us-
ing a light-beam headpointer. Still
another might use Morse code or
some other encoding system that re-
quires the individuals simply to look
at the characters they want on a dis-
play.

The outputs from these displays
would then be fed into the keyboard
emulator and then into the computer
as "input from the keyboard." Such
an arrangement would be completely
transparent and allow these individ-
uals to utilize any software controlled
from the keyboard. (Game-paddle
emulators can also be used to access
other programs.)

In order to allow use of the com-
puter in its normal fashion, most key-
board emulators also accept input
from the keyboard and pass it along
to the computer as well. Thus, with
the keyboard emulator in place, the
computer can be used in the standard
way by disabled individuals.

Equipping one or more computers
in a classroom with such keyboard
emulators would allow disabled in-
dividuals with special communication
aids to access and utilize the same
educational programs and course-
ware as the other members of their
class or school. Similarly, if a com-
pany had a terminal with an emulator
installed, the terminal would be
usable by disabled as well as able-
bodied personnel without any modifi-
cation to the company's systems or
software. Because the module plugs
in between the keyboard and the pro-
cessor, it can also be removed at any
time (and the keyboard plugged back
into its normal slot) for testing or
maintenance of the computer or ter-
minal. Smart keyboard emulators can
also be plugged into themselves to
run self -diagnostics.

Another transparent modification
deals with output rather than input: a
special audio screen is connected to
the computer's bus; instead of creat-
ing a video image, however, it has a
special flat tablet that lies on the table
beside the keyboard. As blind in-
dividuals move the cursor around on
the tablet, they can cause the tablet to

Circle 286 on inquiry card. »

^r

rocomputer Business industries C

TwoTTSctical Per
- Your

ation

letime'"/Clock Card $99™*

ully Mountain Computer Sohw4rVj£ompatibie
^Disk included with all software*-^*
Includes Datebook™ - a conylete desk calendar
• Time of day • International time-keeping ability
i Calendar datW m Recharging battery backup
Day of weekA • Complete software formating
Proerarf?limer\ • Offset time/date/day readout

Prograrfntimei\* Offset time/date/day readout
™ Card - "Versatile Interface PeripheraP'

mailable for EPSON, NEC, C-ITOH, IDS PRISM, OKIDATA and
her graphic printers soon.) w /

™ C- The Ultimate Graphics Card $1 1 9™^

-#*

* Recommended A \ V —
Retail Price • >

• Enlarged picture mode \j

• Variable line length with left & right margins

• Block graphics | • Chart Recorder Mode

Upgradable to VIP™

• 90° picture rotation

VIP™C+ w
has all the features of the VIP™ G plus:

• A sekd-port with full RS232 capability

• Software baud rate control frorrMIO tc

V| pTMpV -W"

an Interface card featuring: V ^

• Two parallel ports • Upgradable^:

VIP™SP

r'lPTM C+

$^4900*

VIP™ G- The Ultimate Graphics Card $11900* and cable. Features: j± *\

w A Centronics Parallel Interface and Cable featuring^ -^ • Full VIP™ I software capabilities

* • Text and graphics screen dump routine • Plus side-by-side tw^n picture capabilit

• Graphics with inverse & emphasized modes • Self-documentation

■k M Mfc H TM Microcomputer Business Industries Corporation

55L£5 EhS Suite 20 ° • 1019 81h streel M,t^«.i *,

- -— — — 3-- Golden, Colorado 80401 National ai

• Software baud rate control fr omNjIO to 9600 baud

TV $11900*

an Interface card featuring: V \l„

• Two parallel ports • Upgradable^ VIP™ SP

vip™sp ^^ $14900*

an Interface card featuring:

• Two parallel ports • One serial port ^l .

VIP™ Graphics Diskette $1 9 95

ipr the person who already owi^a parallel interface
and cable. Features: 4^ \

• Full VIP™ I software capabilities 1

• Plus side-by-side twin picture capability

• Self-documentation J

(303) 279-8438 TWX: 910-934-0191

National and international
dealer inquiries welcome.

Apple s a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. MBJ, Applefime, VIP, and Daleboolt are Irack'nurks of Microcomputer Business Industries Corporation.

read out the words or letters their
hands are "over." In this fashion,
blind people can easily scan the
screen and have it read off the con-
tents in any random order they
desire. Because they can move their
hands around on the tablet, they can
also get a "special feel" for the infor-
mation. Because it is impossible for
the main computer (or its software) to
tell that this system is in place or in
use, any software that uses the video
display and pronounceable characters
can be used by the blind individual.
Thus, an individual would be able to
access and use most standard soft-
ware without modification.

It's obvious, of course, that pro-
grams that use a video display are
designed for individuals who can see.
The screen presents information to
the user in a parallel format — that is,
the information on the entire page is
presented to the user at one time.
Blind individuals using the above
modification would be able to "see"
the screen only a word or a character
at a time. This would be equivalent to
sighted persons trying to read and
make sense out of words on a screen
by looking at the screen through a
soda straw (a character at a time) or a
small tube (a word at a time). Al-
though they could figure out what the
screen said, the effectiveness of the
visual display is decidedly decreased,
and the organization and presenta-

tion of much of the information on
the screen may be far from optimum
for this type of "serial" input.

For this reason, programs written
specifically for use by blind individ-
uals use considerably different
strategies for organizing and present-
ing information. Thus, although the
audio-screen technique just described
does provide access to standard soft-
ware for blind individuals, it does not
give them equivalent access to that of
sighted individuals; nor does it give

The audio-screen
technique doesn't

give the blind
equivalent or even

optimum access.

them optimum access. Unfortunately,
the software that has been optimized
for use by blind individuals is an ex-
tremely small fraction of the software
generally available. It is likely we will
see the amount of this software in-
crease with little improvement in
quality. As a result, such non-
optimum approaches as the audio
screen will play an increasingly im-
portant role.

In the design of aids for the dis-
abled, insights into the practical
aspects of using special modifications
(such as that gained by the tube

analogy above) can provide program-
mers with a much better understand-
ing of the problems they are trying to
solve and can lead to design of much
more effective special modifications.

Semitransparent Modifications

Hardware intervention is almost
always necessary to achieve full
transparency. Hardware intervention
ensures complete transparency but
comes at a higher cost. As a result, a
number of strategies, termed semi-
transparent, have also been devel-
oped to work with some but not all
software.

Some of these techniques take the
form of special software routines that
are hidden in infrequently used por-
tions of memory. Vectors within the
operating system are reset to cause
the computer to access special
pointers instead of the normal key-
board-servicing routines. These pure
software routines are often loaded
from disk into the computer just prior
to loading the standard program. In
some cases, the routines may be auto-
matically loaded when the computer
is turned on. The individual can then
use the special routine to select and
run other programs.

The major drawback to modifica-
tions of this type is that they usually
rely on pointers that may often be
reset when more sophisticated or
complex programs are loaded into the

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150 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

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IBM is a trademark of International Business
Machines Corp.

Apple III is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.
Z-89 is a trademark of Zenith Corporation.
HP-87 is a trademark of Hewlett-Packard Company.
CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Inc.
Peachware, Peachtree Software, Peachcare,
Peachpak, PeachPay, PeachText and PeachCalc
are trademarks of Peachtree Software Incorporated,
an MSA Company.

Copyright © 1982 Peachtree Software Incorporated,
an MSA Company.

BY 982

Peachtree
Software

computer. In addition, many of the
more advanced programs consume all
of the available memory space, total-
ly wiping out such special programs.
In some cases, special programs can
be hidden in ROM (read-only mem-
ory), and special strategies can be in-
corporated that allow them to con-
tinually retake control of the com-
puter even while more complex pro-
grams are being run. However, this
approach again requires the use of at
least some special hardware.

Examples of purely software modi-
fications are the programs written by
Peter Maggs at the University of Illi-
nois, Champaign-Urbana (see refer-
ence 1) to provide a voice output of
video-screen contents (using a variety
of speech synthesizers). An example
of the ROM-based approach is the
adaptive-firmware card developed by
Paul Schwejda for the Apple II (see
"Adaptive-Firmware Card for the
Apple II" by Paul Schwejda and
Gregg Vanderheiden, page 276;
see also reference 2). In the case of the

adaptive-firmware card, the modifi-
cation is essentially transparent to
most programs except those that have
critical timing loops around keyboard
input routines (the adaptive-firmware
card "steals" the microprocessor dur-
ing these periods).

The SHADOW/VET voice-entry
terminal for the Apple (by Scott In-
struments) is another example in this
category. The SHADOW/VET allows
total control of the Apple using voice
commands. Except for programs that
involve critical timing loops around
input routines, the SHADOW/VET
can be used instead of the Apple key-
board for all operations even inside
protected programs such as Visicalc.
(Some keyboard use is necessary dur-
ing initial voice programming of the
unit.)

Multilevel Program Processing
and Multitasking

In addition to the transparency
problem, designers must understand
two other concepts that are important

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to the development of many micro-
computer-based assistive systems,
particularly for extremely motor-im-
paired individuals. The first concept,
multilevel program execution, refers
to the ability of programs to be
stacked so that the output of one pro-
gram serves as the input to the next
(for example, a special one-switch in-
put program feeding a communica-
tion/spelling acceleration program
feeding a standard text editor or other
standard program). Multitasking
refers to the ability to jump back and
forth between different programs
while keeping all programs active in
memory in the computer at the same
time (see reference 3).

The need for multilevel program
execution stems from practical con-
straints in the development of pro-
grams for disabled individuals. If you
had unlimited funds and time, you
could develop a single program which
contained all of the following:

• input routines (one-switch scan-
ning, Morse code, optical headpoint-
ing, etc.)

• acceleration techniques (abbrevia-
tion expansion, word/phrase capabil-
ity, word prediction, etc.)

• function programs (text editing,
spreadsheet programs, games, educa-
tional programs, etc.)

Similarly, if all of the software
were to be written by one group at
one university (or company or reha-
bilitation center), then the software
could be written in compatible mod-
ules that could simply be linked to-
gether to form the configuration
desired by a given individual.
Because neither of these proposals is
practical, especially in light of the ex-
treme variety of programs and func-
tions that would be required on the
third level, some type of program
nesting is going to be required.

The need for multitasking can best
be seen by first imagining an average
person sitting at his desk, working on
a problem, when the phone rings. He
turns and answers the phone. The
caller, a colleague, is asking for infor-
mation for a project she's working
on. While on the phone, the person
pulls out a file, runs off some calcula-

154 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 15 on Inquiry card.

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THE UPPER HAND
IN COMPUTER
SOFTWARE.

tions, and makes some notes based on
feedback from his colleague. He then
hangs up and goes back to his writ-
ing.

A severely physically disabled in-
dividual who uses an assistive micro-
computer-based system would need a
multitasking capability to accomplish
this. First, he would have had to sus-
pend what he was doing (without de-
stroying it or waiting to update and
store it) before answering the phone.
While on the phone, he would need to
access his information system, use his
writing system to make notes, and
use some computing capability before
hanging up the phone and reentering
the program he had suspended as the
phone rang. During the process, he
would need to enter and exit from
several programs and routines with-
out losing his place in any of them,
thus requiring multitasking.

As with the multilevel program,
this problem would not exist if it were
possible to write a single, all-encom-
passing program for each individual.
The program could then be written to
allow suspension of activity and
jumps from one section to another.
This approach, however, would not
allow the individual to take advan-
tage of any of the standard software
constantly being written and up-
dated. It would also deny him access
to the programs being used by his
peers, as well as programs that may
be necessary for him to access as part
of his education or employment.

Approaches to the Multilevel
and Multitasking Problem

Although current microcomputer
operating systems do not allow multi-
level and multitasking activities,
more sophisticated operating systems
are continually being developed.
With the increasing memory and pro-
cessor capabilities of the newer gener-
ations of microcomputers, designers
can begin to consider the develop-
ment of special versions of operating
systems specifically designed to allow
these types of multilevel and multi-
tasking operation.

If the systems were configured to
look like one of the many standard
operating systems from the outside,
they could in fact run standard pro-

156 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 471 on inquiry card.

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grams along with special-function
programs. At present, such "super
operating systems" do not exist.
Moreover, it would take a fairly high-
capacity machine to successfully im-
plement such a system. The bulk of
the microcomputers being secured
and supplied for disabled individuals
today are of the much more limited
variety. In addition, the software that
the disabled individuals must access
for their education or employment is
also implemented on computers that
do not have multilevel and multitask-
ing capabilities. An alternate ap-
proach therefore is required that can
be implemented now with the existing
systems.

A Dual Central Processing
Unit Approach

Although a true multilevel, multi-
tasking capability is not currently
possible on smaller computer sys-
tems, a reasonable approximation of
one can be achieved using dual,
nested computers. In this configura-
tion, one computer would be used for
the input and information accelera-
tion programs as well as some special-
function routines. A cable would con-
nect this first computer to the key-
board (or keyboard emulator) on a
second computer. The second com-
puter would be used to run the stan-
dard software programs (the func-
tion-level programs).

Because the first computer would
control the second computer through
a keyboard emulator, any standard
software programs could be run on
the second computer without modifi-
cation. At first glance, using two
computers appears to be a brute-force
solution; it is, however, the most flex-
ible and straightforward method for
dealing with many of the problems —
and, in most cases, the least expen-
sive.

Because the function-level pro-
grams would run on a separate com-
puter, they would not require modifi-
cation and could be written in any
fashion and in any language. Because
the entire first computer would be
available for these programs, they
could be written in a high-level lan-
guage, thus lowering the cost to de-
velop these special programs. Modifi-

158 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 243 on Inquiry card.

cations of these special programs for
specific individuals would be much
easier, and complex input routines
and data structures could be used to
optimize the specific user's control
and rate of input. This approach
would also be much easier to modify
and adapt over time to match the in-
dividual's changing abilities and
needs (see reference 4).

If two identical computers were
used in a dual, nested computer ap-
proach, the user would have a built-
in hardware backup capability. If
either computer went down, the other
could be put into the input-level posi-
tion. If the input-program package in-
cluded some basic-function capabili-
ties, the user would have at least a
rudimentary system that could be
used during the repair of the faulty
computer or component.

It is more likely, however, that the
two computers would not be identi-
cal. The system is designed so that the
two computers do not need to be the
same make, brand, model, or size. As
a result, the first computer could be
implemented on an inexpensive com-
puter selected to provide only the
capabilities necessary for the "first-
computer" functions. This computer
could then drive a much more expen-
sive computer, which would be
selected based upon the standard soft-
ware programs the individual wanted
to use.

In fact, the first computer could ac-
tually be used to control several dif-
ferent second computers in different
environments (an Apple II at home,
an IBM at work, and an Atari 400/
800 when playing games with
friends). In one system being devel-
oped at the Trace Center, University
of Wisconsin, an Atari computer is
being programmed to function as a
high-speed, screen-based, optical,
headpointing input system with
abbreviation expansion and dic-
tionary lookup capabilities. The sys-
tem can then feed into a wide range of
second computers (including IBM,
Apple, and Radio Shack) using key-
board-emulator modules. In one case,
the first computer (the Atari 400)
costs less than many of the interface
cards or accessories for the second
computers. No matter which com-

puter is chosen, the software avail-
ability for the first computer is not
important, because it will be running
only the special input routines. It is
the second computer that would be
selected to match the standard soft-
ware packages desired by the disabled
individual.

Conclusion

Microcomputers are providing
existing rehabilitation engineering
programs and firms with valuable
new tools in the development of spe-
cialized communication techniques

and aids. They are also opening up
the rehabilitation engineering field to
an entirely new group of individuals
(programmers, etc.) who previously
were unable to directly contribute
due to the high overhead required in
parts and equipment. Whereas work
on custom electronic aids usually re-
quired that an individual be part of a
research team at a center, practical
solutions can now be created with
little or no hardware components
other than the standard microcom-
puter system and accessories. This is
particularly true for special-function

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Dealers and OEM Inquiries circle 294. All other Inquiries circle 295.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

159

Learning with Logo makes Logo
come alive at home or in school

Learning with Logo is the ideal intro-
duction to Logo for children and adults.
Written for children between the ages of
ten and fourteen, the book is also
perfect for parents and teachers who
want to learn Logo from the ground up
or to use this unique language with
children. Many of the projects and
activities in the book were originated by
children.

The book starts from the absolute
beginning with detailed information
about the Logo system and basic com-
mands for controlling the Logo turtle.
Dozens of introductory turtle design
suggestions offer each learner a way to
create projects that are uniquely his or
her own, while later chapters map out a
rich universe of mathematical explora-
tions in turtle geometry.

The second half of Learning with
Logo goes beyond turtle graphics to
present a set of interactive computer

games, quiz programs, and language ac-
tivities that introduce the learner to
more advanced programming concepts.

Special sections throughout the book
highlight the powerful ideas contained in
each activity and warn about common
bugs and pitfalls. For adults, "Helpers'
Hints" explain important concepts more
fully and offer practical teaching
suggestions.

The book features detailed instruc-
tions for creating a Logo Procedures
Disk (also available directly from the
author) that contains sample programs
and a number of "tool procedures"
needed to carry out the projects in the
book.

Daniel Watt has been involved in education
as a curriculum developer, elementary school
teacher, teacher trainer, and researcher. He
worked for five years on a series of Logo
research and development projects as a
member of the MIT Logo Group. At present
he is an editor with B YTE Publications and

contributes regularly to Popular Computing
and BYTE magazines.

Learning with Logo is written specifically for
users of the version of Logo developed at MIT for
the Apple //® and distributed by Terrapin, Inc. and
Krell Software, Inc. It contains appendices for users
of Apple Logo® and Tl Logo® .

Learning with Logo

Spiral-bound
ISBN 0-07-068570-3
230 pages
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Circle 69 on inquiry card.

LOGO:

Language of the 80's

Apple

For the Apple II"

Harold Abelson

lis

Harold Abelson

V^v

Apple Logo and Logo for the Ap

II introduce you to a dynamic new com-
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Readers of this book will see that
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at the same time providing sophisticated
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unique procedural language.

The author introduces programming
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advanced projects that utilize Logo's
sophisticated list-processing capabili-
ties; these include the conversational

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program with its simulated
psychotherapist and an INSTANT pro-
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Get in on the ground floor of the
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Apple Logo is for users of Apple Logo™
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specifically for users of Logo software
developed at MIT for the Apple II computer
(distributed by Krell Software and Terrapin,
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programs developed to meet specific
needs of disabled individuals.

The problem of providing trans-
parent access to microcomputers (and
thus allowing access to the vast world
of standard software) usually requires
some type of hardware intervention.
With the advent of keyboard emula-
tors and the use of dual, nested
computers, even this activity prom-
ises to be returned soon to the more
readily accessed and duplicated world
of software. As a result, the im-
mediate future promises to be an ex-
tremely exciting and productive
period, which will see rapid advances
in the development of both special-
function programs and new strategies
to ensure the complete access by dis-
abled individuals to the world of
microcomputers.

If this access can be assured, then
the functional disabilities currently
experienced by these individuals
should decrease markedly as our
society moves more and more into
the electronic information age. If we

fail to ensure access to our computer
and information-processing systems
for disabled individuals, our progress
into the electronic information age
will instead only present new bar-
riers.

With good communication among
the new group of individuals entering
this field, the existing rehabilitation
personnel, and most important, the
disabled individuals themselves, the
amount of truly useful software can
be maximized and many existing bar-
riers reduced. It may even be possible
to effectively eliminate some disabili-
ties in the same way that eyeglasses
have eliminated what would other-
wise be a visual handicap for many of
us. A possible example of this would
be the elimination of the writing hand-
icap currently experienced by many
persons with mild to moderate ma-
nipulative difficulties (due to a
physical disability or severe arthritis)
through the development of very ef-
fective and portable text-editing sys-
tems. Although initially writing speed

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might be slower, the incorporation of
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References

1. Maggs, Peter and Visek, Dianna. "The
Apple Computer as a General Purpose
Vocational Aid for Blind Users," Pro-
ceedings, Fourth Annual Conference on
Rehabilitation Engineering, Washington,
DC, 1981.

2. Proceedings, First Annual Computer
Search for Handicapped Individuals,
Johns Hopkins University, 1981.

3. Vanderheiden, G. V. "Practical Applica-
tion of Microcomputers to Aid the Handi-
capped," Computer, January 1981.

4. Proceedings, Fourth Annual Conference
on Rehabilitation Engineering, Washing-
ton, DC, 1981.

Further Reading

The Bulletin of Science and Technology for

the Handicapped

American Association for the

Advancement of Science

1515 Massachusetts Ave.

Washington, DC 20005

Closing The Gap

(newspaper on computers and the

disabled)

Budd Hagen, Editor

Route 2, Box 39

Henderson, MN 56004

Communication Outlook
Artificial Language Laboratory
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Ml 48824

COPH Bulletin

Congress on the Physically

Handicapped

101 Lincoln Park Blvd.

Rockford, IL 61102

International Software Registry of Programs

Written or Adapted for Handicapped

Individuals

Trace Research and Development Center

314 Waisman Center

University of Wisconsin

Madison, Wl 53706

Link and Go

(includes COPH Bulletin above)
2030 Irving Park Rd.
Chicago, IL 60618

162 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 343 on inquiry card.

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BYTE September 1982 163

r*ggXeX§)

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A New Horizon for Nonvocal
Communication Devices

Using the Panasonic Hand-Held Computer As a Personal,

Portable Speech Prosthesis

Perhaps the greatest potential of
personal computers is for people with
severe physical disabilities. The
power, flexibility, low cost, and
availability of these machines make
them natural tools for people whose
physical limitations restrict their ac-
tivities.

In this article, we will describe how
to use the new Panasonic Hand-Held
Computer (HHC) as a personal and
portable communication device. We
have focused on its use by individuals
who have expressive communication
impairments due to physical disabili-
ties. Expressive communication in-
cludes all of the methods we use to
make known our needs, concerns,
and creative thoughts. The most ob-

About the Authors

Patrick Demasco is a research engineer at the
Rehabilitation Engineering Center at
Tufts-New England Medical Center. Richard
Foulds is Assistant Professor of Rehabilitation
Medicine and Director of Rehabilitation
Engineering at Tufts-New England Medical
Center.

Acknowledgment

The work in this paper has been supported at
the Rehabilitation Engineering Center under
Grant #G008200044 from the National Institute
of Handicapped Research of the U.S. Depart-
ment of Education.

Patrick Demasco and Richard Foulds

Tufts-New England Medical Center

171 Harrison Ave., Box 1009

Boston, MA 02111

vious is the power of speech —
something which most of us use as
our primary means of communica-
tion. Other expressive skills, such as
handwriting and typing, come into
play as well.

Typical of those who may have
communication impairments are
large numbers of people with cerebral
palsy. This form of brain damage oc-

Single-purpose

communication devices

are effective

but very costly.

curs around the time of birth and
results in a lifetime disability. A
smaller group of people are com-
munication-impaired as a result of
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS,
commonly known as Lou Gehrig's
disease), which is a progressive
neurological disease. Those who have
suffered a stroke in the brain-stem
area may also have communication
impairments.

In general, these people often can-
not produce intelligible speech or legi-
ble handwriting. But it is important
to note that communication im-
pairments are not a reflection of

cognitive abilities. Each of these peo-
ple has normal linguistic and intellec-
tual capabilities.

Alternative Communication

A great deal of work on behalf of
people who have communication im-
pairments has been done over the last
decade, and several well-designed
devices have been marketed for their
use. Recently, the Apple II and the
TRS-80 computers have been put to
use as aids for the physically im-
paired. The growing interest in com-
munication devices is undeniable; in
the Johns Hopkins First Annual
Search for the Application of Per-
sonal Computers and the Handi-
capped, 27 of 99 entries dealt with
communication-device concepts.

A moderate number of dedicated,
single-purpose communication
devices have been built. These are
typically microprocessor-based with
some form of printout and display,
and possibly a synthesized voice.
Sizes, weights, and battery-life of the
devices can be tailored to the needs of
the disabled to aid in portability.
They can be packaged to fit on a
wheelchair and to withstand tests of
rugged and continuous use.

But these devices have drawbacks
as well. Their cost is necessarily high.
Low-volume production cannot

166 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 444 on inquiry card.

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Split the screen as often as you want

VisiCalc . ...NO

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FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

Photo 1: The Panasonic Hand-Held Computer (HHC) along with some of the available
accessories. The HHC is in the lower right. Clockwise, the accessories are the I/O
driver, the RS-232C port, the additional 8K-byte RAM module, and the video/televi-
sion adapter.

possibly compete with the economics
of large-run production. Distribution
and service present additional prob-
lems. Products with limited use can-
not support extensive field-service or
local-service organizations. Repairs
are often done at a central location
that may be inconvenient for many
users.

The personal microcomputer with
its widespread availability offers an
interesting alternative to single-
purpose communication devices.
Software communication aids are
easily distributed on floppy disks that
run on existing hardware. Thus the
basic hardware cost is lower because
of the economics of scale. By using
standard microcomputer components
such as game paddles, digitizing
tablets, keyboards, voice recognizers,
and so on, input to the personal com-
puter can be configured to accom-
modate the existing abilities of the
disabled person.

The personal computer's size is one
drawback; mounting an Apple II on a
wheelchair is impractical. And even if
you did, it consumes too much power
to be battery operated. While the per-
sonal computer is an excellent table-
top communication device and
teaching aid, it does not meet the

voice replacement requirement of the
disabled person.

The Panasonic HHC

An article in BYTE (G. Williams
and R. Meyer, "The Panasonic and
Quasar Hand-Held Computers,"
January 1981, page 34) describing the
new HHC marketed by both
Panasonic and Quasar stimulated our
interest. The computer seemed to be a
bridge between the single-purpose
portable communicator and the flexi-
ble, less costly personal computer.
The HHC is portable enough to
qualify for wheelchair mounting and
is generally available at a reasonable
price.

The Panasonic HHC represents a
significant advance in personal com-
puters. The system consists of a main
unit with a 6502 processor, RAM
(random-access read/write memory),
ROM (read-only memory) monitor,
ROM sockets, keyboard, liquid-crys-
tal display (LCD), and an external
bus connector. Additionally, there
are several peripherals including an
RS-232C interface, RAM modules,
video driver, cassette interface,
printer (only recently available), and
modem (see photo 1).

Two or more peripherals can be at-

tached to the main unit with the I/O
(input/output) driver. If only one
peripheral is used, then it can be con-
nected directly to the main unit. You
can create and run Microsoft BASIC
(MB ASIC) programs. The HHC can
also run SNAP (a derivative of
FORTH) programs. SNAP programs,
however, must be written and de-
bugged on a separate development
system. The working program is then
loaded into a PROM (programmable
read-only memory) and executed in
the HHC. The HHC's operating
system is written in SNAP.

Our goal at the Rehabilitation
Engineering Center at Tufts Universi-
ty, which focuses on technology as it
relates to expressive communication,
was straightforward: to see how close
we could come to reproducing the
valuable features of the single-pur-
pose communication devices by using
the Panasonic HHC.

Design Considerations

Engineers working on solutions to
communication problems of disabled
people must, of course, work around
an individual's existing physical
abilities to generate communication.
In many instances the disabled person
has sufficient manual coordination to
touch a number of keys. If 27 keys
can be conveniently reached, the en-
tire alphabet and space bar can be
used to make words. If more keys can
be reached, their functions can be ex-
panded to include common words or
phrases. We call this one-to-one cor-
respondence (one key for each entry)
a direct-selection method. It is not
much different from typing. Typical-
ly, in this case, a disabled person will
use one finger or a headstick (a wand
attached to a helmet) rather than all
10 fingers.

Sometimes, however, the desired
vocabulary exceeds the number of
keys or switches that can be easily
pressed by the user. In extreme cases,
only one switch may be accessible.
For instance, the user's only con-
trolled movement for purposes of ac-
tivating a switch may be the kick of a
foot. When the user has such a
limited selection capability, an alter-
native presentation of the alphabet
and vocabulary must be found.

168 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 445 on inquiry card.

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FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box 1628 Champaign, IL 61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

Photo 2: The Tufts Interactive Communicator, developed in 1972, was an early scan-
ning communication device. It employed all TTL circuitry and used a dedicated 5-inch
monitor to display 1024 characters.

In earlier work in our laboratory,
we used the scanning method for a
single-switch communicator. The
Tufts Interactive Communicator
(TIC) was a stand-alone, single-pur-
pose device that presented the alpha-
bet in a sequential fashion. The user
faced a keyboard that had a back-lit
array of seven rows of eight entries
(see photo 2). The TIC highlighted
the array row by row from top to
bottom. The user selected a row by
hitting a single switch. The TIC
responded by then highlighting each
entry in the row from left to right.
The user hit the same switch a second
time to choose an entry as it was of-
fered. The chosen letter was then
shown on an accompanying video
display (32 characters by 16 lines).

Using the HHC

In developing the HHC as a com-
munication device, we used both the
direct-selection and scanning
methods. Additionally, we worked
within three design constraints. We
would use commercially available
components. No custom-fabricated
circuits would be considered in the
initial work. The purchase price for
the components would not exceed
$2000.

We purchased two additional
pieces of hardware, a Votrax
Type-'N-Talk for speech output and a
digitizing tablet from Houston In-
strument for use as an input device.
All of our programs, which were
written in BASIC, shared the follow-
ing elements:

The purchase price for

our communicator

could not exceed

S2000.

• User input: Each implementation
has an input handler that recognizes
some action of the user as a selection.

• Message array: The user's responses
are directed to the selection of a char-
acter, word, or phrase. The arrange-
ment of those units is called the
message array. This array is generally
a two-dimensional matrix whose
units can be described with a row and
a column number.

• Control selection: In addition to
those units that are part of the user's
message, additional units are de-
signed to control functions necessary
for the device to operate. For exam-

ple, one unit in a system with speech
output would correspond to a com-
mand to send the output to the voice
synthesizer.

• Message buffer: When the user
selects a message unit, it is stored in
the message buffer. Many of the con-
trol functions (e.g., display) operate
on this buffer.

• Message output: The message
selected by the user is used to com-
municate with another person. There-
fore, it is desirable to have a flexible
output scheme that will closely im-
itate normal communication (e.g.,
speech output, printed copy).

We have developed three imple-
mentations of the HHC as a portable
communication device: a scanning
communicator, a direct-selection
communicator using a keyboard, and
a direct-selection communicator us-
ing a digitizing tablet. We will treat
each of the three methods separately
before returning to a general discus-
sion.

The Scanning Communicator

Our first effort involved duplicat-
ing the function of the TIC on the
HHC through a software emulation.

We needed hardware to display the
8 by 7 array of selections and to pro-
vide a single-switch input and a way
to output the user's message. We used
the LCD to display the array of selec-
tions. The major drawback to this im-
plementation is that only one row of
characters can be displayed at a time.
(This was not a severe limitation, as
we will explain later.) We used the en-
tire keyboard of the HHC as the
single-switch input so the user can hit
any key (with a few exceptions) to
signify a selection.

We used two output modes. For
visual output, the LCD displays the
user's message. The addition of a
Votrax Type-'N-Talk provides syn-
thesized speech of the user's message.
The Votrax is connected to the HHC
through the RS-232C peripheral. A
printer would also be desirable, but
that peripheral was not available to
us when we wrote this article.

We used only one noncommercial
piece of hardware in this configura-
tion. Because certain keys on the

170 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 446 on inquiry card.

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FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box 1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

Photo 3: The HHC when used as a scanning communicator (a latter-day TIC) uses the
LCD to display rows of characters. The Votrax Type-'N-Talk and a Radio Shack
speaker complete the communication device. A printer can also be added. (The first
row of the TIC array is shown on the LCD.)

HHC should not be hit as a user
switch input (e.g., the Off key), we
installed a Plexiglas guard on the key-
board. This guard also prevents
possible damage to the HHC and
angles the computer so the user can
see the display more easily. The
guard is easy to build (fabrication
plans are available from the Tufts
Rehabilitation Engineering Center).
The scanning communicator is dis-
played in photo 3.

The HHC scanner operates as a
row-and-column scanner. Two
switch closures or key presses are nec-
essary to select a unit. The HHC dis-
plays each of the eight rows in se-
quential order. When the user sees the
desired letter or character on the
LCD, he presses a key that selects the
row. The chosen row remains on the
LCD and the individual letters are
highlighted from left to right by the
cursor. The user presses a key again
to select the single desired character.
At this point the selection process is
complete and that letter, along with
any previously generated part of the
message, is displayed on the LCD. If
the message exceeds 26 characters,
the most recent segment of the
message is displayed. Then, following
a short delay,' the scanning process
begins again at the first row.

Scanning is, of course, an inherent-
ly slow way of selecting messages.
Because a sequence must be followed,
some entries are near the beginning,
while others fall near the end. It takes
a great deal of time to reach those
near the end.

In 1973 we had addressed this
problem on the TIC by arranging the
letters according to their frequency of
occurrence in the English language.
The accepted rank order is:

space etaonrishdlf
cmugypwbvkxj qz

The letter arrangement must combine
the rank order with the procedure of
scanning a two-dimensional array.

Because the scanner moves from
top to bottom and from left to right,
the upper-left entry is closest to the
beginning of the scan. That entry, the
first column of the first row, will be
displayed more frequently during
repeated scanning. The entry next to
it is one step less frequent because it is
in the second column, one step far-
ther away. In this manner, we can
count the number of steps to each
entry in the array. If the upper left
has a value of 2 steps (1 row plus 1
column), the next entry in that row
has a value of 3 (1 row plus 2 col-

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Figure 1: The scanning process moving
from top to bottom and left to right pro-
vides faster access to certain locations.
The numbers shown in this array signify
the distance of each location from the
start of the scan. Each time a selection is
made, the scan starts over.

umns) and the third has a value of 4
(1 row plus 3 columns). The first en-
try in the second row also has a value
of 3 (2 rows plus 1 column), and the
second entry in that row has a value
of 4 (2 rows plus 2 columns). By plac-
ing the value of each entry in an 8 by
7 array, we can see a pattern emerg-
ing (see figure 1).

The entries that are equally as far
from the beginning of the scan are
located along diagonal lines. By tak-
ing the rank order of letters in English
and placing them according to the
best location on the array, we can ob-
tain an optimal arrangement for scan-
ning a keyboard (see photo 4).

When we compared our layout to
similar 8 by 7 arrays that have been
arranged alphabetically or in pseudo-
typewriter fashion, we found our ar-
rangement to be approximately 50
percent faster for the user.

To perform functions that are not
part of the basic system operation,
some of the units in the array are used
as control selections. These are as
follows:

SP (Speak): sends the entire contents

of the message buffer to the

Type-'N-Talk.

DS (Display): displays the contents of

the message buffer.

CL (Clear): clears the contents of the

message buffer.

< — Back (Backspace): moves the
message cursor back one space.

< W (Backword): moves the message
cursor back one word.

172 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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In three short years, Tele Video
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THE COMPUTERS THAT

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• High speed Z80A microprocessor
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• A high resolution, non- glare
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• Two R232C serial
ports for a printer
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• And a high speed port for plug-in
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• But suppose you need more stor-
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The TS 802 and TS 802H are more
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When it's time to expand, simply
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multi-tasking systems. The TS 802s
then become intelligent, fast response
satellite stations.

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CPU, there's none of the degradation
of throughput and contention for a
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With Tele Video, there's no obso-
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THE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

THAT GIVES YOU MORE.

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, ;7r ^ offers you the
; most popular,
most versatile
software:
MicroPro's®
-- word proces-
sing WordStar™
k and business
: planning
CalcStar™
Whether you
own a small
business, manage a
department in a company,
or are your organization's DP manager,
the combination of TeleVideo com-

puters with WordStar and CalcStar
gives you the quality text editing and
financial planning help you'll need.
If you do require more software, our
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microprocessor software.

When you buy either the TS 802
at $3,495* or TS 802H at $5,995?
TeleVideo includes WordStar and
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a savings of nearly $300.

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TeleVideo's small business computers
are serviced by TRW's nationwide
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around the world.

THE BETTER BUSINESS

SOLUTION?
PROVE IT TO YOURSELF.

Before you begin evaluating business
computers make a list of what you'd
like one to do for you. Then bring that
list to one of TeleVideo's computer
dealers throughout the world. Sit down
at a TeleVideo® computer. Study the
TeleSolutions Package. Even try another
computer. Compare the features, the
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And compare the price.

We don't think you'll find a better
business solution than TeleVideo and
TeleSolutions.

For details and the address of your
local distributor call toll free 800-
538-1780. And in California call
415-745-7760.

tflfeWided

TeleVideo Systems, Inc.
Dept. 610B
1170 Morse Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Please send detajls on TeleVideo computers
and TeleSolutions to:

NAMF.

TITLE

COMPANY

APHFFSS

CITY

STATE
PHCNF nt

ZIP

)

TeleSolutions™ is a trademark of TeleVideo Systems, Inc.
WordStar"' and CalcStar™ are trademarks of MicroPro
International Corporation

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc
*Pnces are suggested retail excluding applicable state
and local taxes — Continental U.S.A., Alaska and Hawaii.

Circle 458 on inquiry card.

Northeast Region 6 17/369-9370. Eastern Region 212/308-0705, Southeast Region 404/447-1231, Midwest Region 312/969-01 12,
South Central Region 214/258-6776, Northwest Region 408/745-7760. Southwest Region 714/752-9488, European Sales (Holland) 31-075-28-7461

n

A

R

D

u

V

?

T
N
H

s
c

1

F
P

L
Y
J

G
X

+

I
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■

K

m

•

CTRL
C

/

3
8

9

I

4
9

M

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Q

1

2

B

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$

5

6

7

a. r. ah

HOME

HACK

SPACE

V

/CR

PAGE

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HOME

9

Photo 4: The optimized scanning array of the TIC is arranged according to the frequen-
cy of letters in the English language.

SR (Scan rate): allows the user to
alter the rate at which information is
displayed on the LCD. In the case of a
disabled person, this control is essen-
tial to optimization of the user's per-
formance.

BP (Beep): causes the HHC to make
an audible beep. This allows the user
to gain someone's attention easily.

The revised design we are now
working on will include these im-
provements:

• User programmability: Including a
user vocabulary makes a communica-
tion aid a personal device. The 8 by 7
matrix does not leave much room for
user vocabulary after the basic alpha-
bet and control commands are added.
We have two alternatives: to make
the array larger (e.g., 10 by 10) or to
layer the scanner so that the user can
switch levels. By offering a large
number of selections, a program-
mable user vocabulary could greatly
enhance the potential of this imple-
mentation.

• External switch: The keyboard as a
switch is not an effective input
scheme for every individual. Connect-
ing an external switch through the
RS-232C port (e.g., foot switch)
could take advantage of the bodily

movement over which the user has
the most control.

• Anticipatory scanning: Rather than
display the same 8 by 7 matrix to the
user every time, it is possible to
develop a scheme in which the device
offers the user a choice based on his
previous letter selection(s). For exam-
ple, if the user selected "Q," the
device would then display "U" as the
first option. (The probability that "U"
would follow "Q" is high). This
scheme could significantly increase
the efficiency of the device for the
user.

Direct Selection Using a Keyboard

This configuration of the HHC is
easy to do. Simply described, a
direct-selection communicator uses
the keyboard of the HHC for message
entry. The necessary hardware is the
HHC main unit, the RS-232C adap-
tor, and the Votrax Type-'N-Talk.
Output is through the LCD and the
Type-'N-Talk.

Because the keys on the HHC are
much smaller and closer together
than those on a conventional key-
board, we had to implement a
keyguard. We designed one to fit
over the HHC keyboard that would
help prevent the user from making

false entries that could impede the
communication rate. Initially, we at-
tempted to use Plexiglas, but we
found that the drilling necessary to
make the sheet fit the square keys of
the HHC was extremely difficult.

Finally, we used the telecomputing
overlay that comes with the RS-232C
peripheral. This is a thin vinyl die-cut
overlay that fits over the keyboard
and changes the legend to the
equivalent of a teletypewriter key-
board. The overlay was originally
designed to fit so that the keys would
stick through and project above it.
Our modification used y 8 -inch-thick
double-stick tape placed between the
rows of keys. We placed the overlay
on the tape to elevate it to a level even
with the top of the keys.

The HHC now has a flat surface.
When a finger hits between two keys,
neither key is pushed, because the
overlay, supported by the double-
stick tape, cannot move. When a key
is hit directly, the vinyl dimples down
and allows the key to be pushed. This
modification provides a workable
keyguard without expensive altera-
tion.

To operate this device, users type a
message at the keyboard. As they
type, entries appear on the LCD of
the main unit. The assignable-
function keys serve as command units
to enable them to output the message
to the voice synthesizer and clear the
message buffer. The drawback to this
implementation is that the keyboard
is small and many disabled in-
dividuals might have difficulty mak-
ing accurate selections despite the
presence of a keyguard.

Direct Selection Using a Tablet

The usefulness of the direct-
selection communicator is restricted
by its small keyboard. To overcome
this limitation, we decided to use a
digitizing tablet from Houston In-
strument as an input device.

The digitizing tablet has an
11.5-inch-square active area and out-
puts the coordinates of the cursor
through an RS-232C port. The device
has several operating modes that in-
clude single-point digitization and
continuous digitization. The tablet is
easily connected to the HHC with the

176 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 226 on inquiry card.

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Photo 5: A Houston Instrument Digitizing Tablet is added to the HHC and
Type-'N-Talk to allow for an expanded and flexible keyboard.

Photo 6: Jim Viggiano, a nonvocal consumer consultant at Tufts-New England Medical
Center, demonstrates his method of communicating using his index finger on the
language board. The keyboard arrangement is the WR1TE-400 system of language
clusters.

RS-232C peripheral. Message output
is accomplished by the LCD and the
Votrax Type-'N-Talk. This con-
figuration appears in photo 5.

A 12 by 12 matrix of character and
word selections is overlaid on the
digitizing surface: To operate the tab-
let, the user holds the digitizer pen
and touches the desired unit, which

appears on the LCD for user verifica-
tion. A potential for greater com-
munication rates exists because the
user does not have to wait for the
selection to appear as in the scanning
system. He only has to pick it out of
the array by touching the tablet.
Naturally, the user of this device
must have greater motor control.

Q G Y Z

U I P

R S

J M N SPACE E H W

T

C AD

F L

K V

Figure 2: An optimized direct-selection ar-
rangement for the alphabet using the
relative frequency of letters to place them
in concentric circles around the space.

We decided on a 12 by 12 arrange-
ment, but that is only one of many
possible layouts. The digitizing tablet
has a resolution of 100 targets to the
inch. Under software control it is
possible to select layouts that include
small or large targets and even arrays
of targets with mixed sizes and
shapes.

The same sort of array-optimiza-
tion scheme that we used in the scan-
ning method can also be used in direct
selection. The typical disabled person
may use only one finger or a head-
stick, so the standard typewriter
layout is inefficient. Because a space
is the most commonly used "charac-
ter," it can be located in the center of
the keyboard. An optimized key-
board design can be completed by ar-
ranging the characters around the
space in concentric circles or squares.
The more frequently used characters
will be placed closer to the center.
Figure 2 provides an example of this
implementation for an 8 by 7 array.

The designer of any communica-
tion system must choose the char-
acters, words, or phrases that will ap-
pear in the array. While this choice of
units is dependent on many things,
the most important factor is the size
of the array. The scanning-com-
municator array was not much larger
than the size of the alphabet. In the
direct-selection tablet communicator
the array is 144 elements, which gives
us much greater flexibility in our
choice of units. Instead of an alphabet
and word scheme, we chose the
WRITE system, developed at the
Rehabilitation Engineering Center by

178 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Dr. Cheryl Goodenough-Trepagnier.
It consists of a statistically derived list
of the most commonly occurring
letter clusters in the English language.
(Photo 6 shows the language clusters
on the digitizing tablet.)

The rationale for this system is that
it provides a set of language units that
will produce all English words by
means of the lowest possible number
of selections. For example, in an
alphabetic system the average num-
ber of selections per word is 5; in a
WRITE-400 system, the average num-
ber of selections per word is 1.54.

The control selections implemented
on the direct-selection communicator
include all that were used on the scan-
ning communicator, with the excep-
tion of the scan rate.

Of the many ways to improve this
system, user programmability is pro-
bably the most significant enhance-
ment that can be made. Because the
direct-selection implementation has a
much larger array than the scanning
communicator, an individualized
user vocabulary is a more desirable
feature. In addition, programmability
would enable the user to select the
size of the array. The array size is
ultimately dependent on the user's
motor-control ability. Because in-
dividual abilities vary significantly,
no single configuration can optimize
every user's communication speed.

BASIC Implementation

We wrote all three implementa-
tions in the supplied MBASIC lan-
guage using information from the
HHC's reference manuals. (See listing
1 for the scanning configuration pro-
gram.) Along the way, we discovered
it was not possible to use the INPUT
or GET commands to look at the key-
board because both of those com-
mands wait for an input before pro-
ceeding to the next command. With a
scanning arrangement, the display
must be changing while the device
waits for an input. Therefore, to im-
plement a keyboard scanner we had
to use the keyboard buffer. The key-
board-buffer pointer will change any
time a key is depressed. In the pro-
gram in listing 1, PEEK(518) rep-
resents the value of this pointer.

There is a major disadvantage to

Listing 1: MBASIC program for the scanning configuration of the HHC.

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

REM DATA FOR DISPLAY ARRAY
DATA "' "V E "," A V R "," D V U
DATA " T V V 1 V L V G "," K
DATA " N V S "," F V Y "," X n ,"BP
DATA " H "," C "," P ", M J "," + V "
DATA " M V W "," Q V' ">" l ">" 2
DATA " B V Z "," $ "," 5 "," 6 "," 7
DATA M CL ","<- ","<W ","SP ","DS "," *

REM DATA FOR MESSAGE DISPLAY ARRAY
DATA " ,, , ,, E ,, , ,, A ,, , ,, R ,, , ,, D ,, ,"U","V ,, , ,, ? n
DATA "T", "0", "I", "L", "G", "K, " ". ", " , "

"m" i»c" "tt " "v" "v" "11" ,! 12 ,! ,l! "

11 11 11

11 7 ti

","SR ",

j

II i it

•

"," / ",

it _ it

"," 3 ",

.. 4 ..

"," 8 ",

" 9 "

"," ( ",

.. ) i.

DATA "N'V'S'V'F",' Y'V'X'
DATA "H", "C", "P", "J", " + ", "-", "/","="
DATA ,, M n , n W ,, , ,, Q M , n n , ,, l ,, , ,, 2 ,, , l, 3 M , M 4 M
DATA "B ,, , n Z ,, , ,, i} ,, , ,, 5 ,, J ,, 6 ,, , ,, 7 ,, 3 ,, 8 ,, , ,, 9 n

DATA l, 13 l, > l, 14 l, > ,, 15 l, > l, 16 l, > l, 17 , V , * l, , l, ( l, , l, ) M

DIM A$(8,7),Bfc(8,7)

ATTACH 7 TO #2
REM

100 REM EXECUTABLE CODE
105 GOSUB 555
110 REM
115 REM THE FOLLOWING CODE LOADS THE TWO ARRAYS

12 REM A$ AND B$ WITH DATA
125 FOR 1=1 TO 7

130 FOR J=l TO 8

13 5 READ A$(J,l)
140 NEXT J, I
145 FOR 1=1 TO 7

15 FOR J=l TO 8
155 READ Bfc(J,l)
160 NEXT J, I

16 5 REM

17 REM THE FOLLOWING CODE WILL EXECUTE A ROW

17 5 REM SCAN AND TESTS FOR A KEYBOARD ENTRY
180 XLAST= PEEK(518)

18 2 PRINT

18 3 PRINT BUF$

185 FOR 1=1 TO 7

195 FOR J=l TO 8

200 PRINT AH(J,I);

2 05 NEXT J

210 PRINT

212 IF PEEK(518)<>XLAST GOTO 240

215 NEXT I

2 20 GOTO 18 5

225 REM

230 REM THE FOLIO WING CODE EXECUTES A COLUMN

235 REM SCAN AND TESTS FOR A KEYBOARD ENTRY

240 YLAST=PEEK(518)

245 PRINT

250 FOR J=l TO 8

255 PRINT A$(J,I);

2 60 FOR L=l TO WAIT

26 5 NEXT L

270 IF PEEK(518,OY'LAST GOTO 315

275 NEXT J

280 PRINT Listing 1 continued on page 182

180 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Computer Graphics To Get To Know Your Business Better.

GRAFTALK IS POSITIVE PERFORMANCE SOfTWARt, DESIGNED EXPLICITLY FOR THE BUSINESS USER,
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GRAFTALK ADDRESSES THE JOB, NOT THE COMPUTER SCIENCE! 1

GrafTalk functions as a business tool, not a computer adjunct,
You don't have to know the intricacies of computers to use
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GRAFTALK TAKES COMMANDS

...in the way YOU want to give them — in straightforward English-like
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Whether you are a tender foot or a veteran in
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GrafFalk's more than
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are fully de- \
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GrafTalk works with most
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#

&

lifeboat Associates

Lfeboal Associates

1651 Third Avenue

New York. New York 10028

Tel (212) 860-0300

TWX 710-581-2524 (LBSOFT NYK)

Telex 640693 (LBSOFT NYK)

Liteboal Associates. Ltd
PO Box 125
London WC2H 9I.LI
United Kingdom
Telephone 01-836-9028
Telex 893709 (LBS0FTG)

Lifeboat Associates. SARI.
70 Avenue D Argpnteuil
92600Asmeres. France
Telephone (1)733-08-04
Telex 620154 (LBFRA)

Lileboal Associates GmbH
Hmterbergstrasse 9
Poslfach 251

CH 6330 Cham. Switzerland
Telephone 042 36 8686
Telex 865265 (MIC0CH)

World's foremost software source.

Inlersolt. GmbH
Schlossgarlenweg 5
0-8045 Ismamnq W Germany
Telephone 089-966-444
Telex 521 3643 (IS0F0)

Liteboal. Inc
5-13-14 Shiba

Minalo-ku. Tokyo. 108 Japan
Telephone 03-456-4101
Telex 2423296 (LBJTYOJ)

Circle 266 on inquiry card.

developing flexible input schemes
from a BASIC-based system: the key-
board buffer is the only HHC device
that can be programmed easily from
that language. Unfortunately, the
status of peripheral devices such as
the RS-232C interface is hidden from
BASIC. Because the peripheral
devices lie in the same address range
as the MBASIC ROM, you must
switch banks to access those
peripherals. This can be done only
from a SNAP program.

Realizing Full Potential of HHC

We believe communication aids
can be successfully developed on the
HHC through the use of SNAP. In
addition to SNAP'S greater accessibil-
ity to the HHCs unique memory ar-
chitecture, it offers the advantage of
greater execution speed and smaller
memory requirements.

Although you will never be able to
program directly in SNAP on the
HHC, a SNAP-based development
system on the market includes emula-
tion software to run on an Apple II.
This development system (available
from Friends Amis Inc., 505 Beach
St., San Francisco, CA 94133) allows
the programmer to create and debug
programs on the Apple II and then to
burn PROMs that are placed inside
the main HHC unit. Because the
Panasonic machine does not have a
disk storage system yet, PROMs are
an ideal storage system.

Using a SNAP-based system would
also make way for the expansion of
the HHCs usefulness to the disabled
individual. We are now focusing on
having the HHC operate in two
modes. The first mode, which has
been the topic of this article, is the
operation of the HHC as a personal
communication device. The second
mode would incorporate the three in-
put strategies (e.g., scanning) into the
actual operation of the HHC. This
mode would give the disabled in-
dividual an opportunity to operate
the HHC as a personal computer.
This strategy clearly presents the
greatest potential for using a personal
computer as a rehabilitation aid and
comes closest to our ultimate goal of
eliminating the need for special-pur-
pose devices. ■

Listing 1 continued:

285 GOTO 245

290 REM

295 REM THE USER HAS MADE A SELECTION

300 REM THE FOLLOWING CODE DETERMINES IF IT WAS

305 REM A CHARACTER OR A COMMAND. IF IT WAS A

310 REM CHARACTER THEN THE MESSAGE IS DISPLAYED

315 IF LEN(BluJ,l)=2 GOTO 355

320 BUF$=BUF$+Bij(j, I)

3 25 N=N+1

335 GOTO 180

3 40 REM

345 REM THE FOLLOWING CODE EXECUTES THE COMMAND

35 REM SELECTIONS

355 COM=VAL(Bfc(J,l))-10

360 ON COM GOSUB 37 5,515,400,450,470,435,420

363 PRINT

3 55 GOTO 18

3 70 REM BEEP(BP) SUBROUTINE

375 FOR 1=1 TO 5

380 PRINT CHR$(7)

38 5 NEXT I

3 90 RETURN

3 95 REM CLEAR SUBROUTINE
400 BUF$=""

405 N=0

410 RETURN

415 REM DISPLAY SUBROUTINE

42 5 RETURN

4 30 REM SPEAK SUBROUTINE

43 5 PRINT #2 ;BUF$
440 RETURN

445 REM BACKSPACE SUBROUTINE

45 BUF$=LEFTJ}(BUFJ} ,N-1)

455 N=N-1

460 RETURN

465 REM BACKWORD SUBROUTINE

470 C$=RIGHT$(BUF$,1)

475 IF C$ = " " GOTO 505

47 7 IF C$=' f " GOTO 505

480 BUF$=LEFT$(BUF$,N-1)

495 N=N-1

500 GOTO 4 70

50 5 RETURN

510 REM SCAN RATE CHANGE SUBROUTINE

515 XLAST=PEEK(518)

517 PRINT

520 FOR 1 = 1 TO 10

525 PRINT I; M ";

52 7 FOR L=l TO WAIT

5 28 NEXT L

5 30 IF PEEK(518;oXLAST GOTO 550

535 NEXT I

540 PRINT

545 GOTO 517

550 POKE 535,1

55 5 WAIT=145+(PEEK(535)*200)

560 RETURN

565 END

182 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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D Thorough 100% final test and burn-in

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multi-user applications

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MACROTECH International Corp.,
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Circle 278 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 183

Performance,
quality,

reliability.

CompuPro delivers results in the toughest business, industrial, and
scientific computing environments. Backed by a one year limited warranty
(two years for boards qualified under the Certified System Component
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When you depend on your computer, choose a computer on which you
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Disk Controllers/Sub-System

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enclosure, Disk 1 , power supply, and software: CP/M® 2.2, CP/M-86, SuperCalc-86, dBase II! $3295.

Disk 1 . High speed DMA floppy disk controller. $495, $595 CSC.

Disk 2. High speed DMA hard disk controller for SA4000/F2300 interface. $795, $895 CSC.

Disk 3. High speed DMA hard disk controller for SA1 100/ST506 interface. Avail. Q4.

CPUs

CPU 8085188. The original dual processor board runs 8 and 16 bit software. $425, $525 CSC.
CPU Z. High speed Z80 board. $295, $395 CSC.

CPU 86187. 16 bit CPU; provision for 8087 math co-processor. $695, $850 CSC. 8087: list $300,
factory installed option.

CPU 1 6032. Provision for MMU and math co-processor. Avail. Q4.

Static 1 2 MHz Memory

RAM 20. Extended addressing or bank select. RAM 20-8K: $210, $280 CSC. RAM 20-1 6K: $285,
$355 CSC. RAM 20-24K: $355, $425 CSC. RAM 20-32K: $425, $495 CSC.

CMOS Static 1 2 MHz Memory

RAM 1 6. 64K X 8 or 32K X 16 - works automatically with 8 or 1 6 bit systems. $650, $750 CSC.
RAM 1 7. 64K X 8; ultra low power. $599, $699 CSC.

RAM 21 . 128K X 8 or 64K X 16 - works automatically with 8 or 16 bit systems. $1350, $1450 CSC.
RAM 22. 256K x 8 or 128K X 16 - works automatically with 8 or 16 bit systems. Avail. Q4.

M-DRIVE. The first 'solid-state disk drive' can increase operating speeds up to 3500%. 128K M-
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Interfacers

Interfacer 1 . Two RS-232C serial ports. $249, $324 CSC.

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Interfacer 3-5. Five RS-232C serial ports (2 sync/async, 3 async). $599, $699 CSC.

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Documentation.

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'Interfacing to S-100/IEEE 696 Microcomputers'. By Mark Garetz and Sol Libes.

Softcover, $15.

Individual technical manuals also available.

CP/M, CP/M-86, and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research. SuperCalc is a trademark of Sorcim Corporation.
* MP/M 8-16 is Compu Pro's proprietary edition of MP/M -86 (V2.X), with XIOS by G & G Engineering for CompuPro.

For more information on high-level business, industrial and scientific computing, visit
your authorized CompuPro Systems Center or circle the reader service number.

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

Minspeak

A semantic compaction system that makes self-expression easier
for communicatively disabled individuals.

Minspeak is a new language pros-
thesis designed for disabled people
who cannot express themselves
through speech or hand signs. It is a
semantic interface that uses micro-
processor technology in a radically
new system of communication that
reduces the time and effort required
for self-expression.

A person using a Minspeak board
with fewer than 50 keys can produce
thousands of clear, spoken sentences
with fewer than 7 strokes. Minspeak
users don't even have to know how to
spell; they can produce complete
sentences without selecting letters,
phonemes, or words. The unique
Minspeak process permits the user to
translate thought into speech.

Minspeak has a modern linguistic

About the Author

Bruce Baker did his undergraduate and
graduate work in Greek and Latin at Wabash
College, Indiana University, and the University
of Paris and has taught widely in the United
States and Europe. Currently, he is a doctoral
candidate in French and Spanish at Middlebury
College and Consulting Linguist to the Prentke
Romich Co. in Shreve, Ohio. Last year he was
named Contributing Editor to Communication
Outlook, a publication of the Artificial
Language Laboratory of Michigan State
University.

Bruce Baker
840 Rolling Rock Rd.
Pittsburgh, PA 15234

coding system based on general ideas
underlying human communication.
The coding technique uses sequence
to define context, thus exploiting the
human mind's ability to process
semantic information. Easy-to-under-
stand symbols on each key represent
ideas. The meaning of each key image
changes according to the sequence in
which it is hit. By combining these
symbols, whole spoken sentences can
be generated. The simplicity or com-
plexity of the symbols will depend on
the needs and abilities of the user.

The best way to explain how
Minspeak can do all of this is to start
with the reasons behind its existence.

Research and Insights

Several years ago, as research for
my dissertation, I set out to study the
attitudes of able-bodied people
toward people with obvious physical
disabilities. To do the research, I
needed to speak to disabled as well as
able-bodied individuals. The most in-
teresting and insightful group of peo-
ple I met had cerebral palsy. Ironical-
ly, the condition which caused them
to have these insights also prevented
them from being able to express those
insights easily. Communication was
slow and inconclusive. Unless you
have had some personal experience

with severe physical communication
disabilities, you may not fully realize
what slow and inconclusive means in
this context.

One man I met can communicate
only with the aid of an IBM Selectric
typewriter. His lack of voluntary
muscle control, stemming from a
birth injury, precludes not only hand
signs and speech but also a reliable
eye blink for Morse code. He ex-
presses himself by pushing down on a
board with his chin. This signal is in
response to the presentation of letters
on a revolving metal disk. The disk
pauses for two seconds to position
each letter in front of a stationary
arrow. When he sees the letter he
wants, he presses the board with his
chin, and the letter is typed. This
method is slow and tedious. Creating
the word "can" requires two and one
half scans of the entire alphabet, and
a single sentence often takes 30
minutes to complete.

Another man uses a communica-
tion system based on eye motion. A
movement of the eyes upward and to
the left indicates yes, while a move-
ment downward and to the right
means no. In this system, the conver-
sational partner performs the func-
tions of the revolving disk. As I slow-
ly recited the alphabet, he signaled his

186 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

A Communications Impasse

The communicatively disabled con-
stitute a group for whom access to
microprocessors could mean a real rev-
olution, and a common assumption is
that recent technological advances
have produced the necessary commu-
nication aids. Unfortunately, this is
not the case, but the problem does not
lie in the new technology.

Neurological damage sufficiently ex-
tensive to hamper intelligible vocaliza-
tion is regularly accompanied by dif-
ficulty in control of physical move-
ments. To use any communication aid,
the user must be able to actuate some
type of switch. Consequently, existing
communication systems do not solve
the basic human-engineering problem
of transferring information from the
mind of the communicator to the com-
munication aid, because all systems for
complete communication, voiced or
unvoiced, have been based upon ac-
tuating letters, words, word parts, or
phonemes (minimal sound units).

Magnetized or light-sensitive key-
boards, new scanning methods, and
eye-tracking systems can make the
selections easier, but still cannot
reduce the number of selections re-
quired to communicate whole
thoughts.

A nonspeaking person with cerebral
palsy faces the task of accessing be-
tween 30 and 40 keys to produce a
single sentence. A neurologically im-
paired person able to make one selec-
tion every five seconds requires many
minutes of intense concentration and
labor to produce a single statement.

The normal response time in conver-
sation is less than three seconds. If
someone is forced to wait 10 seconds
for a reply, anxiety results. If a person
is forced to wait five minutes, commu-
nication falters; conversation becomes
impossible.

If letters are too slow, what about
words? Sadly, systems based on actu-
ating words are too extensive and iron-
ically too restrained. The more words
there are, the longer it takes to scan
through them. Imagine going one by
one through 200 words. Even being
able to jump through them five at a
clip requires an enormous amount of
time. And yet 200 words is really a
small vocabulary.

If direct selection is physically possi-
ble for the user, imagine a board with

Photo 1: Hale Zukas has cerebral palsy and uses a communication board and head-
stick of his own design. A Phi Beta Kappa graduate in mathematics from the
University of California at Berkeley, he is one of a group of highly skilled commu-
nication-aid users whose cooperation and insights into Minspeak have been in-
dispensable.

400 words. The huge size of such a
board, the smallness of the individual
squares, and the intellectual complexi-
ty of remembering locations of words
present obvious difficulties.

Coding can reduce the size of a word
board and increase the available
vocabulary. A three-number sequence
can address up to 999 words, but the
human memory requirements are stag-
gering. "What is word 643? Is it
'potato'? No, that's 512." The average
person uses thousands of different
words every day. And even if the word
board could contain most of a user's
vocabulary, a simple sentence like
"Are you going to the store today?"
would require the user to select 7 codes
by hitting 21 keys. Research has shown
that most people who have tried to use
fixed-word boards return to alphabet-
spelling boards.

What about a hybrid system that
mixes words, letters, and word parts?
Photo 1 shows a person using such a
system, which he actuates with a head-
stick. The board has more than 100
squares, each inscribed with a letter,
word, or word part. (The word parts
are morphemes, un-, -ed, -ly, or fre-
quently used letter combinations, -th,
-wh, -tion, -ize.) This approach is an

improvement but, like the others, is
still very slow. An average sentence re-
quires in excess of 20 actuations. To
get the number of actuations below 20,
the board would have to have more
than 400 keys. By combining the de-
mand this would make on human
memory with the considerable effort
required to make a single key selection,
it becomes obvious that communica-
tion on these systems demands con-
siderable effort from sender and
receiver.

A system based on letters is not the
answer, and one based on words is
worse. A mix of words and letters af-
fords some relief, but not enough.
People with communications disorders
simply need more "bang to the punch"
if they are going to be able to exploit
the computer's potential for equalizing
physical differences.

The source of the difficulty seems to
lie outside the realm of technology.
The very nature of the alphabet is at
the heart of the problem. The quantity
of information borne by a single letter
is quite small. Information transfers
conducted in such small units will nec-
essarily require many units. Biomed-
ical engineering cannot change this.
Perhaps a semantic approach can.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 187

letter choice by making the "yes" eye
movement. Although we divided the
letters of the alphabet into separate
groups of vowels and consonants,
and further divided the consonants
into those before and after "L" for
easier reference, this system is still
terribly slow and very limited.

For him to ask the simple question
"What did you say?" requires a dozen
scans through the alphabet and many
questions to establish whether a word
is ending or a new word is beginning.
The degree of concentration that this
system demands of the conversation-
al partner is so great that my friend
often lets many misunderstandings
pass just to get the central message
across. I often wonder if I have
understood his message correctly or if
my friend feels that the correction
isn't worth the time and effort re-
quired to make the meaning clearer.

The inability to express oneself is
one of the most widespread and
catastrophic disabilities. According
to a report from the University of

Wisconsin's Trace Research and
Development Center for the Severely
Communicatively Handicapped, as
many as 500,000 people in this coun-
try are unable to communicate either
vocally or with standard hand signs.
The causes are numerous, but among
the most common are cerebral palsy,
strokes, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(Lou Gehrig's disease) and vehicular
head trauma. One family in four is at
some time touched by a serious com-
munication disorder.

Because hundreds of thousands of
these people have unimpaired cogni-
tive abilities, the need for easy com-
munication methods becomes all the
more important. As the realities of
physical communication disorders
became apparent to me, I decided to
focus my research on finding some
means of facilitating nonvocal com-
munication.

Addressing the Need

Minspeak began as a simple
remedy to a single aspect of nonvocal

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communication needs, the problem of
feedback — called phasis in linguistics.
Sentences that check the channel of
communication between sender and
receiver serve a phatic function.

In face-to-face conversation,
speakers need to be assured either
through verbal or body language that
the message is getting through.
Because the listener is aware of this,
he nods, makes sounds such as
"unhuh,hmm" or says "yes, I see." If
the message is complex or the speaker
is anxious, the speaker may request
additional phatic signs by saying
"you know" or mentioning the
receiver's name. When a person has a
severe physical communication
disorder, phatic problems take on a
pressing importance for both conver-
sational partners.

Able-bodied speakers have a wide
range of vocabulary and syntactical
phatic strategies at their disposal. In
principle they can generate an infinite
number of different phatic sentences,
but they do not. Instead, the same
phatic utterances are used again and
again. A limited number of responses
meets the five basic phatic needs most
people experience in conversation.
They are:

1. To ascertain the quality and
quantity of the information being
received at the other end of the
communication channel. (Am I
being heard? Is my meaning com-
prehended?)

2. To learn whether the informa-
tion, once understood, is being
judged correctly or erroneously.
(Am I right, Joe?)

3. To determine how the transmit-
ted information is affecting the
emotions of the receiver. (Doesn't
he care the article is late?)

4. To estimate how the transaction
is affecting the receiver's opinion
of the sender. (I won't tell her
that; I'll sound so stupid.)

5. To collect information about
what's going to happen in the im-
mediate future concerning: (a)
the duration of the conversation,
(b) possible topic shifts, (c) even-
tual results of the interaction.

188 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 109 on inquiry card.

Circle 467 on inquiry card. .

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Hewlett-Packard on

the professional use of personal

There's a considerable differ
computer and one that really fits.

There are a lot of places where the
basic one-size-fits-all type of per-
sonal computer fits in really well.
But if you're like most of the tech-
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That's why we've developed
these five very different personal
computers just for people like you.
And configured each one specif-

just like a real craftsman's tool
fits your hand.

Now we'd like to show you, in
some detail, just what we mean.

TheHP-41.

You might remember the series
9100 engineering computer we in-
troduced in 1968 for $5000. Now,

able computing system. Add a
printer for hard-copy output. Or
our 128 k byte cassette for mass
storage. Or add both; they'll only
take up as much space in your
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You can even use your HP-41 as
a remote data collector, then link
it up with any HP Series 80 per-
sonal compu-
K terviaHP-IL.

HP 9836

/ ia B5

HP-87

HP-41

ically to operate in
technical environ-
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We also offer you a full range
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Plus over 5000 software programs
at last count.

As a result, you can practically
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a personal computer that fits
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for a base price of $250, you can
hold all the power of that system
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All by itself, this hand-held
computer can help a petroleum
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in the field.

Add the new
Hewlett-Packard
Interface Loop
(HP-IL),andyou
can turn your
HP-41 into a
powerful, port-

Aii the power of our 9100 Series Desk-top Engineering Computer.
Now you can hold it in the palm of your hand

The HP-85.

Complete with an integrated
tape drive, printer and CRT, this
typewriter-size system fits easily
in a crowded work area. Where
you can use its impressive number-
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ways. For waveform analysis. Re-
gression analysis. Linear
programming.

Add the HP-IB interface,
and you can control up
to 14 instruments simul-
taneously. Add our Data
Communications Pac and
you can tie into another

computers.

ence between the one-size-fits-all

Our 7470 Plotter. One of many peripherals

that help make our personal computers really personal.

on-site computer, a major data net-
work, or a national timesharing
service.

You can even use this portable
machine to do all these same jobs
out in the field. And more.

The HP-87.

The HP-87 sets a new level of per-
formance for personal computers
in its price range. You get built-
in screen graphics, up to 544k
bytes of RAM, and an 80-column
integrated CRT. Plus the same
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applications as the HP-85. Be-
cause of its extended memory, you
can take advantage of a VisiCalc®
PLUS worksheet withup to 16,000
cells. And since the HP-87 has a
built-in HP-IB, it's easy to add in-
struments, disc drives, printers,
plotters, and even a graphics tab-
let. To give you even more to work
with, there's an optional CP/M®
module. And all applications devel-
oped for the HP-85 in BASIC are
upward-compatible to the HP-87.

The HP 9826.

Designed to handle high-speed
data acquisition
and tests, the
9826 has a pow-
erful MC 68000
CPU, a built-in
flexible disc, up
to 2 megabytes
of read/write
memory, and
power-fail pro-
tection. Plus a
built-in HP-IB in-

VisiCalc® is a registered trademark of VisiCorp,
CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digital
Research, Inc.

RS232

terf ace and a var-
iety of other inter-
face cards, so
you're free to con-
centrate on test-
ing. Instead of sys-
tem configuration.

To give you even more flexibil-
ity, you can run applications in
HP-enhanced BASIC, HPL, or
Pascal. We've also built a CRT
display with advanced graphics
into the system, so you can see
and interpret your data the in-
stant you get it. And since every-
thing about this system is built
for speed, we've developed a spe-
cial rotary control knob that lets
you edit programs, calibrate instru-
ments, and control motor speed,
all with fast analog inputs.

The HP 9836.

This full-function workstation
does it all: design, computation,
and high-speed testing. Because it
gives you all the high-performance
features of the 9826. And then
some. With the 9836, you get a
big, easy-to-read CRT. So-
l phisticated graphics capa-
bility. Two flex-
ible disc drives.
Room for up to
two megabytes
of memory.
And an even
longer list of
engineering
software and
peripherals to
choose from.
And those

are just the five
personal compu-
ters we've devel-
oped for technical
professionals; we
also make a full
range of person-
al computers for business
professionals.

So. Before you decide to adapt
your routines to fit the needs of a
one-size-fits-all computer, we think
you should get in touch with us
first. And see what it's like to
have a personal computer that
really is personal.

Just return this coupon, and
we'll send you full information on
any or all the personal computers
we make.

I Hewlett-Packard
1820 Embarcadero Road, Palo Alto, CA 94303

I'd like to see which of your personal computers
fits the way I work best. Please send more
information on these models:

□ HP-41 □ HP-85 □ HP-87 □ HP 9826

D HP 9836

HP-IB

HP-IL

Name.

Title_

Company.
Address

City/State/Zip.
| 77136

m

HEWLETT
PACKARD

A wide variety of interfaces for technical environments, including
HP-IB, HP-IL, RS 232, GPIO, and BCD.

TCG-203

Please Circle The Product/Products for Which You Would be Interested in Receiving Information:
HP-41 -CIRCLE 216 HP-85-CIRCLE 218 HP-87-CIRCLE 220
HP-9826 -CIRCLE 217 HP-9836-CIRCLE 219

KEYBOARD

VOICE SYNTHESIZER

j

1
1

*

SENTENCES IN EPROM

-<:

Figure 1: The bulk of the Minspeak's memory is erasable programmable read-only
memory (EPROM). The voice synthesizer used in the first prototype was the Votrax
SC-01.

I prepared 26 sentences to satisfy
these phatic needs. The simplicity of
implementation can be illustrated
with the rotating-disk communica-
tion system. English sentences do not
begin with question marks, so I decid-
ed to use them to designate the begin-
ning of a phatic comment. Each of the
26 sentences is written on the user's
lap tray and marked with a single let-
ter. He can communicate an entire
sentence by hitting the ? key and a let-
ter. The receiver then consults the lap
tray to see which sentence corres-
ponds to the letter. For example,
when the user selects ?G, the receiver
can look at the lap tray and read "I'm
pleased by what is being said."

These sentences facilitated conver-
sations on a number of different silent
systems and had the potential of be-
ing even more effective if they could
be generated on voice-synthesis
equipment. If phatic sentences could
be designed context free and reusable,
so could other sentences. The success
of the phatic experience could be ap-
plied to the rest of the communication
process.

If users of communication aids had
at their disposal a collection of
several hundred multipurpose
sentences, all sorts of routine but im-
portant transactions could be made
easier for them and for their
associates. If users could access these
sentences through short codes, com-
munication could be conducted
almost at the speed enjoyed by able-
bodied speakers.

Taking It One More Step

The redundant character of daily
speech as seen in the phatic project

became a primary concept of a new
system for communication. I called it
Minspeak, a parody on the "new-
speak" in George Orwell's 1984, with
the Min for minimum. My first task
involved constructing thousands of
sentences that were reusable and ap-
propriate for most daily situations.

I designed short codes to access
these sentences through a radical
alteration in the representational in-
formation of an alphanumeric key-

Users can easily

remember a large

number of sentence

sequences.

board. Instead of letters, the keys
bear images taken from daily life.
These images stand for concepts
rather than words. Some symbolize
linguistic functions, some the ac-
tivities of daily life; others denote
styles of speech and mood.

Most important, each key has a
range of significance, including a
function, several activities, a style,
and a mood. The sense of each key is
defined by the order in which it is
struck. This multiplicity of meaning
is called polysemy and is the way
human language works.

For example, in the sentence "They
will play a tape of the play," no one
would confuse the two uses of the
word "play." Many of our words in
English are polysemous and depend
on their context for meaning.

Polysemy and redundancy are the

foundation of Minspeak. The incor-
poration of polysemy into the design
allows a small number of keys to
have hundreds of referents. The
amount of information carried by a
letter is small; that borne by a word is
considerably larger. The information
in a visual image is enormous.

Hardware Configuration

Minspeak requires a keyboard
coupled with a microprocessor. The
EPROMs are used to store complete
sentences without regard to in-
dividual words, phonemes, or letters.
In addition, a commercially available
speech synthesizer such as the Votrax
Speech PAC with an SC-01 voice-
synthesizer chip can be used. The out-
put of the voice synthesizer is in turn
coupled to a loudspeaker which
generates audible synthetic speech.
Because the preprogramming is done
on the basis of semantic rules,
Minspeak will be able to achieve a
vocal quality unobtainable with text-
to-speech methods. (See figure 1 for a
diagram of that configuration.)

The keyboard design is illustrated
in figure 2, with each circle represent-
ing an individual key. Each key has
an illustration of a common object or
an action. In most Minspeak em-
bodiments the majority of the keys
also have identifying sequential
numbers, a letter that corresponds to
the number, a portion of the human
anatomy, and a proper name. The
keyboard design shown in figure 2
was intended to be used by someone
with a relatively high level of intellec-
tual achievement. (See table 1 for a
detailed description of the keys.)
Simpler keyboards are designed for
users with different intellectual levels.

For example, with this keyboard
design, key #10 has an illustration of
philosopher Bertrand Russell, famous
for his paradox, "the set of all sets,
not sets of themselves, etc." This key
is used to change topics. A simpler
board would use the same key for this
purpose but would illustrate it with a
frog that is jumping. (See figure 3 for
examples of other keyboard images.)

The microprocessor is programmed
so that hitting any one key twice des-
ignates that key's central image as the

192 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

How To Sell More Software

No. 3 in a series of
software marketing bulletins
from Prompt Doc, Inc.

THE PramptDoc

Manual Maker

You know better usermanuals sell more software, but
how do you make better user manuals? How do you
identify just the right details to motivate prospective

users to buy? How do you organize these details into a
sequence that makes sense to first-time users while it
provides ongoing reference to veterans? How do you
format and package a manual so it's attractive enough to
get attention yet clear enough to be readily understood?
And, how do you do all this at a pace that keep up
with your product release schedule? The Prompt Doc®
Manual Maker is the answer.

Introducing Computer-assisted Writing

Imagine a software product that prompts you through
the process of planning, outlining and writing a user
manual and even supplies boilerplate introductory and
transitional text. Envision reducing your user manual
preparation process to this:

1. Identify manual, select boilerplate chapter files
from menu

2. Edit chapter table of contents to tailor sequence
and terminology to your product needs

3. Pause while computer modifies boilerplate chapters
to match edited table of contents and builds a
skeletal manual in preformatted CP/M® text files

4. Use your word processortoeditthe skeletal man-
ual into a workingdraft.supplying product details
as prompted

5. Tell computerto purge prompts and instructions
from working draft, and build new Table of Con-
tents; publish review draft

6. Review the draft for accuracy and usability; revise,
polish and publish as instructed by documen-
tation

Compared to your current process that may sound
more like a software maker's dream than a real product.
It's a dream all right— a dream come true called the
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Consider These Benefits

Improved productivity— with Prompt Doc® you can
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Project control— with prestructured modular chapters,
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Manual uniformity— by product, by product line, by
company.

Quality assurance— the boilerplate files help assure
completeness and usability; the Prompt Doc® Writer's
Guide gives publishing instructions.

Proven performance— based on the Prompt Doc®
methodology, the structures and outlines have been
proved in myriad applications for the past four years;
now we've tailored it specifically for the commercial
software vendor.

Reasonable Price

$245 for software and two manuals, $45 for manuals
only. This productwill begin paying for itself the minute you
start using it and continue making you money each time
you publish a manual. Whatcould be more reasonable?

CP/M® Compatible;l)ses Your Word Processor

Now available for use with WordStar® and other word
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Use The Coupon Now

You know a better way to
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enhance your competitive
position. Why wait another
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not wait for the mail, call
(303)471-9875.

PramptOac

See our seminar ad in this issue.

Prompt Doc is a registered trademarkof Prompt Doc, Inc. Appleand Apple
II are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc. Softcard is a registered
trademarkof Microsoft Corporation. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital
Research, Inc. WordStarisa registered trademarkof M icroPro International
Corporation.

I needthe Prompt Doc Manual Maker now! Send a copyto:

Name

Address,

.Telephone ( )_

Configuration: D Apple II

□ Other

□ Send manual only.

□ My check is enclosed for $

□ You may charge my VISA

Account #_

Amount $.
Signature.

□ CP/M □ 8" CP/M

.□ UPSC.O.D.
MasterCard

-Expiration Date.

□ I need more information. Send ittothe address above.
Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 384 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 193

Figure 2: The images on Minspeak keys represent neither letters nor words, but concepts. Because a picture is, indeed, worth a thou-
sand words, the meanings of the symbols can change according to the order in which the keys are struck. Each image is rich in asso-
ciations. In short and obvious combinations, they represent whole thoughts. When such combinations are actuated, sentences are
spoken by the synthesizer. (See table 1 for a description of the information on the keys. See table 2 for examples of specific
sequences.)

Key# Image

Theme

1

apple

eating or food

2

turkey

bad or danger

3

cathedral

wheelchair

4

tie, shirt

dressing or clothing

5

directional arrow

transport or travel

6

privy

ablutions, bathing, or water

7

equation

philosophy or ideas

8

tuxedo

formalities, departures, or greetings

9

Chinese symbol, center

personal opinions or disclosures

10

Bertrand Russell

logic or modality

20

elephants

tag questions

29

caduceus

medical

30

sun

positive expression or happiness

50

scales

typing mode

60

electric current

electricity or control

Letter

Anatomy

Person

A

arm

Ann

B

bone

Bob

C

coccyx

Cathy

D

diaphragm

Dan

E

ear

Everest

F

feet

Fred

G

gall bladder

God

H

I

head
eye

Hades

I

J

jugular

Jesus

K

tongue

Tom

ovary

Table 1: Each key may have several functions depicted. The majority of the keys have a number, a letter, a portion of human
anatomy, a name, and an illustration. The theme of the key is the topic that is selected when the key is hit twice. The information
in this table corresponds to the keys pictured in figure 2.

194 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

NO COMPROMISE ON P 3 *

I/O TECHNOLOGY S-100/IEEE-696 PLUG-INS

DUAL GPID-488 INTERFACE BOARD

The Dual GPIB-488, is a Stand-Alone, independently controlled Dual
Channel IEEE-488, 1978 Interface Controller. Interface Activity Modes
such as Controller In-charge, Controller Assigned or Terminal Bus Slave
and all Interface Functions, their Sub-Functions including Extended
Functions, are handled by an On-Board 5MHz Processor and DMA Con-
troller. 500K Byte Data rates are easily achieved with minimum host
processor overhead.

Assembled and tested, P/N 52748-800-100 $475.00

12-BIT A-D-A CONVERTER BOARD

8 Channel A-D: 12 microsec. Conv. time, Programmable Gain & Offset Voltage control, Diff. /Single Voltage or Current Input.
8 Channel D-A: 2 microsec. Settling time, Bipolar V / Unipolar I Output, Programmable Reference levels, DUAL-PORTED
Refresh RAM. 16 or 8-bit Data Transfers via Program I/O or Memory Mapped I/O, Extended Addressing and much more.

Assembled and tested, P/N 52748-900-100 $375.00

SOLID STATE DISK/BULK MEMORY SYSTEM

Up to 10M Byte capacity w/battery back-up. May be shared among 16 different users / S-100 Systems. Complete with software
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P/N 52748-010

128Kx8/64Kx 16
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MULTI-FUNCTION I/O BOARD

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LOGIC AND

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Two Serial SYNC/ASYNC
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BOTTOM BOARD
96K x 8/48K x 16 RAM

150 nsec. Access, 2716 compatible RAM devices, Ex-
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Assembled and tested, P/N 52748-650-128 $825.00

PROTOTYPING BOARD KIT

:-_ iBB^BilSr

Can be used for wire-
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Kit P/N 52748-400 $49.95

* PERFORMANCE, low POWER, PRICE

s&

VISA

Calif, residents add 6 1 /2% sales tax.

U.S. Domestic Price, F.O.B. Factory.

<c;l/0 Technology, 1982.

POST OFFICE BOX 2119

CANYON COUNTRY, CA 91351

(805) 252-7666

Circle 227 on Inquiry card.

®

CANYON COUNTRY
CALIFORNIA

Figure 3: Minspeak keyboards designed for people who can read have numbers and let-
ters to aid in sequencing and lessen any unnecessary memorization. The letter generally
stands for a word associated with the central concept behind the key. Key §1 prefaces
statements dealing with numbers. The associated word ; s algebra. This key was de-
signed for a 40-year-old man with cerebral palsy who is beginning college. Key #2 deals
with cleaning and liquids. It's associated word is bath. Key §20 deals with transport and
is from a keyboard for a person who does not like the traditional wheelchair symbol.
The associated word is throne. Key #4 is from a keyboard designed for a Minspeak user
who does not read. The associated idea is "call 4 help. " Key #6 is for commands. The
associated word is fetch. The names in the upper left area of the keys are of family
members and friends.

topic (see figure 4). All keys hit there-
after designate ideas associated with
that topic. This continues until the
user signifies a change of topic by hit-
ting key #10.

For example, when the user hits
key #1 twice, the topic of eating is
established. When key #2 is hit, the
sentence "Get that food out of my
mouth!" is read from memory and
spoken through the voice synthesizer
and loudspeaker. If key #3 had been
hit after the eating topic had been
established, the sentence "The posi-
tion of my chair is not right for eat-
ing" would have been generated. Us-
ing key #4 would have produced
"Look out; the food is getting on my
clothes."

The programming also recognizes a
single keystroke after the establish-
ment of a topic as a request for a neg-
ative sentence or expression. This was
done because negative sentences are
often of an emergency nature and the
user needs to be able to convey the
message quickly and easily. A posi-
tive phrasing of each of the preceding

General
Software

Mailing Address:

1454 S. 25th St.

Terre Haute, IN 47803

WE HONOR

VISA and MASTERCHARGE

TOLL FREE - Outside Indiana
1-800-457-0517
ORDER DESKS
(812) 234-9421

Best Selection

Best Service

Write for our famous CATALOG.
Contains many Items not In ad.
Still only $1.00 (refund with pur-
chase) Outside US add $10 plus
Air Parcel Postage. Add $3.50
postage and handling per each
Item. Indiana residents add 4%
sales tax. Allow 2 weeks on
checks. COD add $3.00 per Item.
Prices subject to change without
notice. All Items subject to
availability.

Disk Manual
with Only
Manual

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ^ *

Dental (PAS-3) $849/40

Medical (PAS-3) $849/40

BYROM SOFTWARE

*BSTAM $149

'BSTMS .$149

DIGITAL RESEARCH
CP/M

2.2 Intel MDS-800 $149/25

Northstar (Horizon) ' $149/25

Micropolis $169/25

TRS Model II $159/35

CB-80 $459/35

CBasic2 $ 98/20

Pascal MT+ $429/30

Compiler $316/20

SPP $140/15

FRIENDS

ACCESS80I $249/50

ACCESS 80 II $429/50

FRONTIER SOFTWARE
Professional

Time Accounting $549/40

General Subroutine $269/40

Application Utilities $439/40

ISA

Spellguard $229/25

SP/Law $109

PASCAL LANGUAGE

Pascal Z $349/30

Pascal MT+ V5.5 $429/30

Compiler $316/20

SPP Only $140/15

KEY BITS

Wordsearch $179/50

String 80 $ 84/20

String 80 (Source) $279

String Bit $ 65

MICRO AP

Selector IV $269/35

SelectorV $469/50

SBasic $269/25

MICRO TAX

* Level I $249

•Level II $995

* Level III $749

'Combo II + III $1495

Microsoft 5.3 49

Run time module

MICRO PRO®

Wordstar $309/60

WS Training Guide 20

WS Custom Notes $429/na

MailMerge $109/25

WS-Mailmerge $419/85

Datastar $249/60

DS Custom Notes $429/na

Calcstar $259/na

Supersort I $199/40

Spellstar $175/40

MICROSOFT

Basic-80 $298

Basic Compiler $329

Fortran-80 $349

Cobol-80 $629

M-Sort $124

Macro-80 $144

Edit-80 $ 84

MuSimp/muMath $224

MuLisp-80 $174

ORGANIC SOFTWARE

"Textwriter III $111/25

*Datebook. $269/25

•Milestone $269/30

PACIFIC SOFTWARE
Sequitur

Onyx, Plexus $3495/NA

PDP-11 $5000/NA

PEACHTREE® SOFTWARE

General Ledger $399/40

Accounts Receivable $399/40

Accounts Payable $399/40

Payroll $399/40

Inventory 399/40

Mailing Address $399/40

for P5 Version add $119

Series 6-Peachtree

CPA $799/40

Property Mgt $799/40

Passive Payroll $449/40

Series 7-Peachtree

Sales Tracker $3049/55

AR-Sales Analysis $1299/50

Inventory $799/40

Order Entry $699/40

SOHO GROUP

Matchmaker $ 97/20

Worksheet $177/20

SORCIM

•Pascal/M Z80 $349/40

Pascal/M 86/88 $449/40

*Act65 $149/20

•Act 68
•Act 69

*Act86/88 $149/25

•Trans 86 $119/25

* Supercalc $269

SOUTHERN COMPUTERS

•Raid $224/35

•RaidFP $349/35

*FFP $224/15

•Recover $ 75

•RADAR $449/25

ISIS $224/20

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

GL, AR, AP, PR, OE $849/40

Call for others
SUPERSOFT

•Diagnostic II $ 84/20

•Forth $149/30

*SSS Fortran $219/30

•Fortran w/RATFOR $289/35

*C Compiler $175/20

•Disk Doctor $ 84/20

•Term I $129/25

Term II $169/25

Z8000 Xassembler $449/35

Others less 10%
WHITESMITHS

C Compiler $700/40

Pascal (incl C) $900/45

Cross Compiler 8080/Z80 host
Target M68000, PDP11, 11/70, VAX

$1400/50

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

Wordstar3.0 $309/60

Mailmerge $109/25

Supercalc $269/NA

Visicalc (256K) $229/NA

Optimizer $200/NA

CP/M-86

Supersof t C $500/NA

Pascal MT + 86 w/SPP $730/NA

CBasic-86 $299/NA

SuperCalc $369/NA

SuperSoft C Compiler $450/NA

Wordmaster $Call

MISCELLANEOUS

•dBASEII $575/50

Ptan-80 $269/30

•Fabs(B-Tree) $159/25

Ultrasort $159/25

•Super vyx : . . $ 89/1 5

•Micro B +

(Specify Language) $229/20

•Mini Model $449/50

•Spellbinder $349/45

•Statpak $439/40

*"The Word". • •$ 75

•Lynx $199/20

Mfg. Inventory and Control Program
TI990, 300 Meg. storage required
Distributed in Cobol object code

Call for Info $20000/NA

Write for catalog ($1.00) and other listings

Available for Apple with Softcard

196 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 205 on inquiry card.

INFOWORLD

RAVES ABOUT

PERFECT WRITER!

Read for yourself
what InfoWorld
said about this
incredible word
processor!

■ ■ Perfect Writer would be my
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■ ■ Perfect Writer lives up to its
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Text handling is convenient and
versatile and you are given

an unusually complete set
of commands J J

All quotes are from InfoWorld's Perfect Writer
software review, by John Ford, June 14, 1 982.

■ ■ 'User friendly' is a trite, but true
description of Perfect Writer. J J

■ ■ Personally I found the full-
screen text to be comfortable and
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■ ■The documentation is
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CHECK THESE OTHER
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AMERICAN!
iBjCPRESS

Copyright 1982 by CW Communlca-
tlons/lnc, Reprinted from InfoWorld.

PW10

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

The Influence of Language

Language has such a pervasive in-
fluence on perceptions and thought pro-
cesses that so far we've been unable to
devise a way to measure the depth or
extent of that influence. To say an issue
is "just semantic" is a contradiction. A
person may as well say "just life or
death." Americans of African descent
are not nit-picking when they insist that
"black" replace "colored." Non are
women being petty when they use
"Ms. " The way a person is described af-
fects how he or she is treated.

People with physical disabilities can
be isolated by the language used to
describe them. I recently formed a small
company and one of my two partners
uses a communication aid because he
has cerebral palsy. For me to call him or
even think of him as "afflicted" would
be bad for business. To call someone a
"victim" of polio or to say a person is
"suffering from multiple sclerosis"
leaves a negative impression. Most peo-
ple find it hard to deal with anyone they
view as a "suffering victim. " To say "He
had polio" is easier and clearer.

"Confined to a wheelchair" is an
especially unfortunate phrase. People
are not "confined" by wheelchairs; they
use them for mobility. Some people are
tortured for years by unsuccessful at-
tempts to enable them to walk. Wheel-
chairs can operate with grace and effi-
ciency. It's harmful to perpetuate pre-
judices against them.

Adults with disabilities are often
spoken of and hence thought of as
children. I know a gray -haired profes-
sional with cerebral palsy whose wife
was recently asked who the crippled
boy with her was.

On the other hand, try not to let this
list of "don'ts" make you feel anxious,
because people with disabilities are
often isolated by other people's fear of
making a faux pas. Be natural. Most
people with disabilities are skillful in
dealing with all kinds of situations. It's
the prejudices of the able-bodied com-
munity that are destructive.

When I am in a quandary about
whether to use a certain word or not, I
just ask myself, "Would I like my part-
ner described that way?"

More information is available in a
pamphlet, "4 Letter Words in the Dic-
tionary of the Disabled, " from United
Cerebral Palsy, 66 East 34th St., New
York, NY 10016.

f START J

SET

'NO THEME'

?

FIRST KEY
ACTUATION
SYMBOL (A)

SECOND KEY
ACTUATION
SYMBOL (B)

DECLARE
ERROR

SET
'THEME'

THIRD KEY
ACTUATION

SPEAK
SENTENCE

GET NEXT
SYMBOL

Figure 4: The Minspeak algorithm. To select a topic strike the corresponding key twice.
All sequences then deal with that topic until another topic is selected. Escapes, though
not shown, are available for a variety of emergency situations.

examples can be made by modifying
the key sequence. The following se-
quence — key #1 twice (to set the
topic), key #30 once (to denote a
positive response), and then key #2 or
key #4 — would result in "It's okay;
I'm not choking" or "It's all right if a
little food gets on my clothes."

For a severely disabled person to
say these sentences on a text-to-
speech or phonemic system would re-
quire the user to select dozens of keys
plus have the ability to read and spell
very well. Minspeak requires no more
than four key selections, and reading
and spelling don't matter.

Many other variations and com-
binations of the keys are available to
the user and will result in different

sentences being output. For examples
of other sequences, see table 2. For
users with some linguistic sophistica-
tion, a series of keys can provide a
method for altering existing sentences
through insertions and deletions.

Other options include changing the
person, number, tense, voice, and
mood of verbs. Subjects and objects
can be modified, eliminated, or
reversed. A "fudge-factor" key intro-
duces sequences to produce more
than 100 sentences linguistically de-
signed to correct or clarify enunciated
sentences that inaccurately represent
the user's thoughts. An example of
one of these sentences could be
"That's not what I meant." Style and
context keys can easily alter the

198 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 496 on Inquiry card.

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Sinclair technology is also available in Timex/Sinclair computers
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■ Multi-dimensional
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The ZX81 is also very convenient to use. It
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Ask for operator #509. Phones
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*Plus shipping and handling. Price includes connectors for TV and cassette, AC adaptor, and

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"Does not apply to ZX81 kits.

NEW SOFTWARE: Sinclair has
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To order call toll free: 800-543-3000

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Price*

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Amount

ZX81

$99.95

ZX81 Kit

79.95

16K Memory Module

49.95

Shipping and Handling

4.95

$4.95

TOTAL

MAIL TO: Sinclair Research Ltd.,
One Sinclair Plaza, Nashua, NH 03061.

Name-

Ad dress-

Topic Key Seqi

jence Key

Possible Meaning

3

1

oil the chair

3

2

bad brakes

4

2

tie is choking; belt is tight

5

2

chair won't move

29

2

bone, joint pains

7

3

philosophy of religion

29

3

coccyx and seating problems

29

4

breathing, diaphragm problem

5

1

eating plans for a trip

60

6

no water in wheelchair battery

7

1

eating preferences; I'm a vegetarian.

29

8

head

29

9

eye problems

—

10

next sentence theme will differ

10

—

clear buffer; start a new topic

20

—

tag questions; "He's gone, isn't he?"

30

—

changes negative context to positive

50

—

change to typewriter mode

60

electrical control; telephone dialer, TV switches

Table 2: To generate

a sentence,

the user must hit a key twice to set the topic, and

then hit one or more

keys to select a sentence pertaining to the topic. For example, if

the user hits key #3

twice to set the topic and follows that by hitting key §1, a

sentence pertaining to oiling the chair would be generated. The information in this

table corresponds to

the keys pictured in figure 2.

Photo 2: The Express 3, developed by Prentke Romich Co., is a portable communica-
tion aid powered by internal rechargeable batteries and designed for mounting on a
wheelchair. A special Express 3 is being prepared to implement the Minspeak concept.
The system will use a combination of power-strobed EPROM and CMOS RAM. A
Votrax Speech PAC with an SC-01 voice synthesizer marketed by Vodex will be
coupled to the output of the microprocessor. It will retain other features of the original
Express 3, including a 40-character upper- and lowercase liquid-crystal display with
corresponding thermal printer and serial ASCII output for connection to other com-
puters and environmental-control devices.

vocabulary and social tone of the
stored sentences.

Considering the Possibilities

If you had 1000 sentences carefully
constructed to cover most of the
typical activities in your day, perhaps
75 percent of your utterances would
be included in that group. Imagine
adding 3000 more sentences com-
posed to express a wide range of
statements and questions concerning
emotion and personal goals. If you
then added another 1000 sentences
which included statements of courte-
sies, greetings, thank yous, and
you're welcomes, you would have
enough sentences to cover most of the
routine contingencies of life.

If communication-aid users could
access any of these sentences with a
few physical responses, their expres-
sive difficulties would be on the road
to resolution. Actual field work has
shown that the number of sentences
whose sequences can be easily
remembered and used is unexpectedly
high, perhaps approaching the
thousands for a large percentage of
potential users.

Minspeak is currently under devel-
opment at the Prentke Romich Co. in
Shreve, Ohio. PRC is working on the
development of expressive com-
munication aids for the severely
physically disabled. A demonstration
prototype of Minspeak will be avail-
able from the company later this
year. Until now, the effectiveness of
communication aids has caused agen-
cies to question their definition as a
prosthesis and this has limited the
amount of outside funding available.
Because of the advances represented
by Minspeak, a coordinated multi-
state legal campaign has been
launched to persuade private and
public health care funding agencies to
make funding available for purchase
of this device.

People who hear and cannot speak
have an enormous potential for con-
tributing to society through their in-
sights into human communication. It
is my sincerest hope that Minspeak
will give them access to modern tech-
nology that will enable them to make
this contribution in an easier and
more productive way. ■

202 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

MVP-FORTH

A Public Domain Product

ORDER TODAY!!!

In keeping with the public domain release of FORTH by its inventor, Charles
Moore, and the promotion of the language by the FORTH Interest Group, MVP-
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are also placed in the public domain and may be used freely without restriction.

MVP-FORTH contains a kernal for transportability, the FORTH-79 Standard
Required Word Set, the vocabulary for the instruction book, STARTING FORTH,
by Brodie, editor, assembler, many useful routines, and utilities.

MVP-FORTH PRODUCTS

□ MVP-FORTH Programmer's Kit including disk with documentation, ALL ABOUT
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□ MVP-FORTH Disk with documentation. Assembly source listing version. $75

□ MVP-FORTH Cross Compiler with MVP-FORTH source in FORTH. $300

□ MVP-FORTH Programming Aids for decompiling, callfinding, and
translating. $150

□ MVP-FORTH Assembly Source Printed listing. $20

□ ALL ABOUT FORTH by Havdon. $20

• ••MVP-FORTH operates under a variety of CPU's, computers, and
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8080/Z80® , 8
H89/Z89, 5V4

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D 8086/88 by Laboratory
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D PET by FSS, F & X $150

□ TRS-80/I or III by Miller
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F, X.&79 $130

□ 6809 by Talbot Micro-
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□ Z80 by Laboratory Micro-
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CROSS COMPILERS Allow extending, modifying and compiling
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DOCUMENTS

□ Starting FORTH by
Brodie. Best instructional
manual available, (soft
cover) $16

D Starting FORTH (hard
cover) $20

D METAFORTH by Cassady.
Cross compiler with 8080
code $30

□ Systems Guide to fig-
FORTH $25

□ Caltech FORTH
Manual $12

□ Invitation to FORTH $20

□ PDP-11 FORTH User's
Manual $20

D CP/M User's Manual,
MicroMotion $20

a FORTH-79 Standard $15

D FORTH-79 Standard
Conversion $10

D Tiny Pascal in

fig-FORTH $10

Installation Manual for fig-FORTH, contains FORTH

model, glossary, memory map and instructions $15

Source Listings of fig-FORTH, for specific CPU's and
computers. The Installation Manual is required for
implementation. Each $15

□ 1802 □ 6502 □ 6800 □ AlphaMicro

□ 8080 □ 8086/88 □ 9900 □ APPLE II

D PACE □ 6809 □ NOVA □ PDP-11/LSI-11

Ordering Information: Check, Money Order (payable to MOUNTAIN VIEW
PRESS, INC.), VISA, MasterCard or COD's accepted. No billing or unpaid
PO's. California residents add sales tax. Shipping costs in US included in
price. Foreign orders, pay in US funds on US bank, include forhandling and
shipping by Air: $5 for each item under $25, $10 for each item between $25
and $99 and $20 for each item over $100. Minimum order $10. All prices and
products subject to change or withdrawal without notice. Single system
and/or single user license agreement required on some products.
DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED

FORTH MANUALS, GUIDES,&

D FORTH Encyclopedia

by

Derick & Baker. A com-

plete programmer's

manual to fig-FORTH

with

FORTH-79 references

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THE FORTH SOURCE™

MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC.

PO BOX 4656

MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

(415)961-4103

Circle 330 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 203

FDA Regulation of
Computerized Medical Devices

What designers of medically related hardware and software

should know.

Most people know that when a
device is used for medical purposes, it
falls under the jurisdiction of the
Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) of the U.S. Public Health Ser-
vice. Now, with the advent of the
microprocessor, many existing
medical devices have become com-
puterized, and new medical equip-
ment is being designed with micro-
processors. Consequently, many
hardware and software producers
may be required by law to notify the
FDA of their medical devices. And
those designing such devices or pro-
ducing software for medical purposes
should be aware of the regulations
and the manufacturing controls that
must be followed in order to comply
with the Medical Device Amend-
ments of 1976.

The Law

The Medical Device Amendments
of 1976 to the Federal Food, Drug,
and Cosmetic Act gave the FDA the
responsibility and authority to assure
that medical devices are safe and ef-
fective.

As defined by the amendments, a

Joseph Jorgens III

Carl W. Bruch

Frank Houston

Bureau of Medical Devices

Food and Drug Administration

8757 Georgia Ave.

Silver Spring, MD 20910

medical device is an "instrument, ap-
paratus, implement, machine, con-
trivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or
other similar or related article, in-
cluding any component, part or ac-
cessory, which is intended for use in
the diagnosis of disease or other con-
ditions, or in the cure, mitigation,
treatment, or prevention of disease,

Many hardware and

software producers

may be required by law

to notify the FDA of

their medical devices.

in man or other animals, . . . which
does not achieve any of its principal
intended purposes through chemical
action within or on the body."

Levels of Control

The amendments provide three
levels of controls to assure the safety
and effectiveness of medical devices.
They are Class I, devices requiring
general controls; Class II, those re-

quiring specific performance stan-
dards; and Class III, those requiring
premarket approval. Medical devices
such as bedpans and surgical instru-
ments for which general controls are
adequate to ensure safety and effec-
tiveness fall into the Class I category.
General controls prohibit adultera-
tion and misbranding of a medical
device. Under the amendments, adul-
teration may include failure to follow
Good Manufacturing Practice Reg-
ulations, comply with an FDA stan-
dard for a device, or submit a pre-
market approval application. Mis-
branding may include failure to reg-
ister production facilities, list a
device, or properly label the medical
device, e.g., by not providing ade-
quate directions for use. Labeling is
not confined to the label on the device
itself but may include any literature
accompanying the device, operating
or service manuals, and advertise-
ments for the device.

Class II products require a specific
performance standard, as well as the
general controls, in order to provide
reasonable assurances of safety and
effectiveness. For example, devices
such as those that make measure-

204 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

£

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SuperBrain and CompuStar are registered trademarks of Intertec Data Systems Corportion.

Circle 86 on Inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 205

Butch Brown believed

"logic seeking heads"

lived in the hippie district

Until he became an
Orange Micro Printer Expert.

Printers Can Be Confus-
ing. Sometimes, even the
informed personal com-
puter owner is caught short
by the mound of technical
differences in printers. After
one visit to Orange Micro,
Butch learned a logic-
seeking print head skips
over blank spaces and
seeks the fastest path
to the next printable

character— for
quick stock record
printouts.
We Educate

First. With so many different

printers out there with as many

different features, we feel a printer

education is in order. We take what you already

know about computers and explain printers in

the same terms. Our current customers seem

to like that because of the friends they refer.

(Nearly 50% of our business is referral.)

It's Easy To Be An Expert. Orange Micro

printer specialists are there to make you feel

comfortable with your newfound printer

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We Have The Right
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Circle 353 on Inquiry card.

ments or amplify physiological sig-
nals fall into this category. The
amendments gave the FDA authority
to establish mandatory performance
standards for these products. Equip-
ment such as electrocardiographs,
blood-pressure meters, and medical
thermometers are in Class II. Class II
also contains some devices whose use
entails some risk for the patient, such
as defibrillators and electrical nerve
stimulators.

A Class III device is one that may
pose a significant risk to health from
its use and for which there is insuffi-
cient information available to devel-
op a performance standard. This
would be the case, for instance, in
new measurement techniques, new
treatments, or artificial organs. Many
implantable devices are in this class.
In order to bring a Class III medical
device to market, a manufacturer
must demonstrate to the FDA that the
device is safe and effective. The
results from animal studies, clinical
trials, and in vitro studies for the
medical device are submitted in a pre-
market approval application to the
FDA for review.

In the FDA, the Bureau of Medical
Devices has the primary responsibili-
ty for regulating medical devices as
defined above. Several working
groups within the Bureau are charged
with carrying out different provisions
of the act. Medical device manufac-
turers usually interact with the Office
of Compliance, the Office of Device
Evaluation, or one of the FDA's field
offices.

The Office of Compliance is
responsible for assuring good manu-
facturing practices as well as ad-
ministering recalls and examining any
violations of the act. Legal actions
such as seizures, injunctions, and
prosecutions are also part of its ac-
tivities. Manufacturers who bring a
new device to market generally deal
with the Office of Device Evaluation,
which is divided into seven medical
specialty groups. (For this discus-
sion, the term manufacturers will in-
clude producers of both software and
hardware.) Advisory panels com-
posed of experts from outside the
FDA assist each division in its special-
ty area.

Circle 213 on Inquiry card. »

Four times faster than any 300

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detect, auto-answer and high speed.

your branch offices, or exchange programs
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THE EPROM

PAOMAN

HAVE ROOM FOR

Presenting the Intel 27128.

The biggest EPROM in the world— able
to take 16K bytes (or 128K bits) of software
in a single gulp.

But enough with the introductions.

The fact is now it makes sense to put
application and system software— once re-
served for floppies— on an EPROM instead.

Why?

A lot of reasons.

You can make a computer less of a com-
puter for people using it. Operating systems,
compilers and application software can all
be pressed into action with one easy-to-
remember pushbutton instead of 15 or so

computer startup procedures.

You can make a computer react faster.
Compared to software stored on a floppy, 80
times faster. Or faster than Blinky can wipe
out your man.

You can also make a computer more
reliable. Since Intel EPROMs have the MTBF
to keep going 600 times longer than floppies.

Yet you re not locked into a program for
life. Unlike its ROM counterparts, an EPROM
is meant to be changed.

And even though the 27128 EPROM
can help shrink your system, you have all the
room you need. So the CP/M operating

BURP!

THATCANEAT
AND STILL
SPACE INVADERS.

system can fit in one chip. And a BASIC
interpreter in one.

Of course, you get all the other no-
nonsense advantages of an Intel EPROM.
JEDEOapproved bytewide pinouts for easy
upgrades. The 0.1% AQL that made our
2764 a world standard. And the immediate
availability for non-stop production of
your system.

All this without blowing your systems
costs out of the water Because as sure as an
EPROM has 28 legs, the 27128 EPROM
will set a new low for cost per EPROM bit
within the next year.

After all, the way we see it, the way to

make software friendlier is to make it hard.

To see how our 27128 software carrier
can improve your game plan, contact your
local distributor or Intel Corporation,
3065 Bowers Avenue, Santa Clara, CA
95051. (408) 987-8080.

intel

delivers
solutions

United States and Canadian Distributors: Alliance, Almac/Stroum, Arrow Electronics,
Avnct Electronics, Component Specialities Inc., Hamilton/ A vnet, Hamilton Electro Sales,
Harvey, L.A. Varah. Measurement lechnology Inc., Mesa, Pioneer, Wyle Distribution
Group, Zentronics. In Europe and Japan, contact your local Intel sales office.

PAC-MAN is a trademark of NAMCO-America, Inc.. Space Invaders is a trademark
of'Iaito America Corporation. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.

Circle 239 on Inquiry card.

Device evaluation is concerned
with new products that will be placed
in commercial distribution. Products
that are new, those that have been
"significantly modified/' and "me-
too" products (copies of devices
already on the market) from a new
manufacturer require a premarket
notification from the manufacturer 90
days prior to marketing the device.
The premarket notification is called a
510(k) submission since it is required
by regulation 510(k) of the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Dur-
ing this 90-day period, the appropri-

ate Device Evaluation division
reviews the premarket notification
and determines whether or not the
product is substantially equivalent to
a device that was in commercial
distribution before May 28, 1976, the
date on which the Medical Device
Amendments became law. If the pro-
duct is substantially equivalent, it
may be commercially distributed. A
product that is not substantially
equivalent to a pre-amendments
device, and which has not been
reclassified, is placed in Class III and
requires a premarket-approval ap-

Time up your LA36

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• 1000 character print buffer

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• 20 mA Current Loop interface

• Top of Form

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• Double wide characters

• ferity selection

• Optional APL character set

Over 5,000 DS120 units are now being used by customers ranging from
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plication that is reviewed by FDA
staff as well as by the advisory panel
to determine whether the safety and
effectiveness of the device have been
demonstrated. If they have, the pro-
duct will be allowed into commercial
distribution.

Computers and Medical Devices

With the advent of micropro-
cessors came two developments for
medical devices. First, micro-
processors began to replace discrete
components, and second, totally new
devices became possible. The first
development augments the reliability
of medical devices and also allows
great flexibility without the necessity
for major hardware design changes.
The second development arises from
the ability to implement very com-
plex logical decision schemes with a
relatively inexpensive piece of hard-
ware. In addition, the proliferation of
personal computers and associated
software allows individuals to pro-
duce small, very intelligent medical
devices and medical software.

Microprocessors that are com-
ponents of medical devices or of large
computing systems that interface
with medical instruments are normal-
ly considered medical devices. Soft-
ware that is written for such systems
may be classified as a medical device.
By identifying the purpose of the sys-
tem and the function of the software
within the system, you can determine
if your hardware and software are
medical devices.

Hardware

Products that apply the latest tech-
nology (often using microprocessors)
to perform the functions of discrete
component designs will not be
regulated in a manner significantly
different from their predecessors if
the use of the microprocessor does
not change the medical nature of the
product. Consider, for instance, the
electrocardiogram monitor, which
has evolved from electron tubes, to
transistors, to integrated circuits, and
finally to microprocessors. The hard-
ware and software of the latest
generation of monitors are regulated
to the same extent as the tube model
was, as long as the two generations of

210 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 150 on Inquiry card.

monitors are substantially equiv-
alent.

If a microprocessor in the monitor
automates a process, say, by auto-
matically infusing a drug when a cer-
tain electrocardiographic pattern is
present, then the medical nature of
the device may be considered
changed. The monitor may be no
longer primarily a provider of data; it
might now be a maker of medical
decisions, and if this device were the
first of its kind, it might be regulated
as a new (Class III) device.

Software

The subject of software is a bit
more complex. Software gives
medical devices flexibility and can be
portable from one computer system
to another. For the sake of simplifica-
tion, consider four software
categories:

1. software that is permanently in-
stalled in a specific medical device

not intended to be altered by the
user and required for the device to
function

2. software that may be temporarily
installed in a specific medical
device with the capacity to alter
the function or performance of the
device

3. software designed for use on a
single, general-purpose computer
(that is, a computer not specifically
dedicated to one particular device)

4. software designed for use on multi-
ple, general-purpose computers

Category 1. In this case, the soft-
ware is really a fixed component of
the instrument. If the instrument is a
medical device, so is the software.
The level of control will be governed
by the device function or purpose of
the instrument.

Category 2. This software is a
replaceable component, somewhat
like a phonograph record. It may
change the performance of the instru-

ment and make it function as a dif-
ferent medical device. Again, if the
instrument operates as a medical
device, the software enabling such
operations will also be considered a
medical device.

Category 3. Suppose a software
package is developed for one mini-
computer system that might accept
EKGs from a 10-bed intensive care
unit, analyze the electrocardiograms,
and make a diagnosis of the patients'
heart conditions. This would fall into
Category 3. Because it accepts data
from a patient and makes a diagnosis,
it falls within the definition of a
device and is subject to regulation.

Category 4. Category 4 would
apply to a package developed in one
of the high-level languages such as
FORTRAN, BASIC, or Pascal.
Categories 3 and 4 contain gray areas
with respect to the medical-device
definitions. If someone takes several
medical textbooks, develops a deci-
sion process leading to a diagnosis,

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your own menus or other dialogs.

D Simple— If you use CP/M, you can learn OKARA in an hour
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mark of Digital Research.

Circle 259 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 211

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212 BYTE September 1982

Circle 394 on inquiry card.

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Circle 394 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 213

and automates the process, is the
resulting program a medical device?
No definite decision has yet been
made. Even if this automated process
is considered a medical device, how
should the Bureau of Medical Devices
analyze the 510(k) submissions?
Perhaps the appropriate method
would be to ask whether the
algorithm that is used is substantially
equivalent to the algorithm that was
employed manually. If the algorithm
were the same, the computerized ver-
sion of that process would be deter-
mined to be substantially equivalent
to the manual version and would not
be covered by Class III regulations.

As you may imagine, the issue of
software as a medical device is com-
plex and still in a state of flux. Per-
haps some examples of software pro-
ducts that have already been exam-
ined by the Bureau of Medical
Devices will provide some clarifica-
tion.

One product that was reviewed by
the Bureau of Medical Devices was a
microprocessor-based monitor that

measured several patient parameters
such as blood pressure and heart rate,
manipulated those measured
parameters, and displayed the mea-
surements in both a real-time fashion
and in a trend plot. The product, in-
cluding its software, was considered
to be a medical device.

Another product used hardware,
leased or sold to a hospital, that mea-
sured pulmonary parameters. The
raw data was sent to a computer by
way of phone lines. The computer
manipulated the raw data and re-
turned a display of the patient's pul-
monary functions to the hospital.
Because the data manipulator and its
software made claims for medical
purposes and required the leased or
purchased front-end hardware sys-
tem, it was considered a medical
device rather than a service and fell
under the Bureau of Medical Devices
regulations.

A new pulmonary-function
analyzer uses an Apple II microcom-
puter to measure a patient's breathing
with an electronic flowmeter, analyze

the information, and print out a
graph of the patient's pulmonary
function. This is considered a new
medical device, but because it merely
does the same analyses that were once
done by hand, it was determined to
be substantially equivalent to a pre-
amendments device and was not
placed in Class III.

Another firm uses a computer to
analyze X rays and patient informa-
tion received from hospitals to deter-
mine the patient's future growth
statistics. Several X rays and a history
of the patient are mailed to the com-
pany where the future growth
parameters are predicted by way of a
programmed algorithm. The Bureau
of Medical Devices considered the
firm a service provider, and although
the programmed algorithm is a
medical device, it is not subject to ac-
tive regulation except for the regula-
tions regarding misbranding and
adulteration.

Products that fall into this limited
level of regulation must meet the
following criteria:

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1. The product must be a computer
software package essentially based
on data-analysis methods appear-
ing in the literature.

2. Only services provided by the soft-
ware can be sold. The software
itself can't be sold or leased to
users or other service providers.

3. The data used as input by the soft-
ware must be generated by a com-
mercially available device.

In this instance, if the firm were to
market the software package that
guides the calculations, such a
package would be an actively
regulated medical device.

Conclusion

This article has been a limited dis-
cussion of FDA regulation of com-
puterized medical devices and
medical software. Many details have
been omitted. Designers of medical
software and hardware should obtain
additional information by contacting
the Office of Small Manufacturers
Assistance, Room 1431, S757 Georgia
Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910 (301)
427-7184. ■

214 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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CONTRpL DATA

Circle 133 on inquiry card.

How to get

You're not alone, you know.

We've all been through that same excru-
ciating moment when we realized that we were
going to have to learn a lot more than we wanted
to know about programming, in self-defense.

But most of us survived.

Many of us with a little bit of help called
dBASE II, the relational database management
system (DBMS) for micros.

The best defense is a strong offense.

Don't get seduced by BASIC, because
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dBASE II is much easier because it's a
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You can prepare your forms and formats
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Here's the catch.

With any language, you'll need to under-
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With dBASE II, you'll also get an easy
way to make choices (IF.. THEN.. ELSE) and a
powerful way to perform repetitive tasks
(DO WHILE..).

216 BYTE September 1982

With these tools, you're ready to tackle
your accounting and time billing, project man-
agement, and any other data handling and record
keeping. You can work interactively and get your
answers right now. Or save your instructions and
repeat everything with two words: DO Man-
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Use dBASE II to help make your choice.

If you've got a 48k CP/M micro with a
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the best of
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Call (213) 204-5570 today or drop by your
local computer store for the rest of the story.

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©1982 Ashton-Tate

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

BYTE September 1982 217

Talking Terminals

Text-to-speech translation involves
looking at the problem from a different "viewpoint. "

David Stoffel

Scion Corporation

12310 Pinecrest Rd.

Reston, VA 22091

Imagine for a moment that you are
sitting in front of a computer video
terminal working on a program when
suddenly the screen goes blank. The
display tube has failed. Could you
continue to work on the program
even though you couldn't see the
screen display? That's exactly the
problem that faces many visually dis-
abled persons when they try to use
standard microcomputers.

An answer to that problem is the
"talking terminal." Simply, a talking
terminal resembles a conventional
computer terminal except that it
speaks information instead of, or in
addition to, displaying that informa-
tion visually. This article aims to of-
fer an understanding of the human
factors involved in selecting a talking
terminal and to compare current talk-
ing-terminal products.

About the Author

David Stoffel has participated in the research
and development of voice-response technology
for six years. He has built his own talking ter-
minal as a research tool and for his personal
and professional use.

In addition to conventional ter-
minal capabilities, a talking terminal
requires several additional features
and capabilities. First, of course, the
terminal must be able to talk intel-
ligibly for you to understand its

Speech Is an elusive

method of

communication;

once those sound

waves are heard,

It's up to the listener

to remember what

was said.

speech. So, we want to assess the in-
telligibility and acceptability of the
product's speech. Second, speech is
an elusive method of communication;
once those sound waves are heard,
it's up to the listener to remember
what was said. So, just as many
video-display terminals provide local

editing and memory, a talking ter-
minal has to. provide a "say again"
feature. Finally, consider, for a
moment, how you would read this ar-
ticle aloud to someone. Would you
read the punctuation as pauses, or
would you say the names of the punc-
tuation symbols? Would you pro-
nounce acronyms, such as ASCII, or
would you spell them out letter by
letter? Would you read the string of
digits 1234 as "one thousand, two
hundred, and thirty-four," or "one,
two, three, four," or use some other
method? A talking terminal should be
able to present the information in a
variety of ways, suited to your needs
and preferences.

Today's commercially available
talking-terminal products (see table 1)
represent two different design
strategies. The speech-related features
and capabilities have either been built
into an existing conventional com-
puter terminal, as with the Total Talk
and the FSST-3, or are in a self-con-
tained accessory module connected in
series on the communication line be-
tween the computer and the terminal,
as with the VERT. These two design

218 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Product: VERT (Verbal Emulation in Real Time)

Self-contained speech unit connected
line between computer and any terminal.
Price: $5900 (with educational discount $4990)
Manufacturer: Automated Functions Inc.
Suite 813

4545 Connecticut Ave. NW
Washington, DC 20008
(202) 362-6292

Product: Total Talk (other models are available)

Hewlett-Packard HP-2621 terminal with added speech circuitry.
Price: $4990
Manufacturer: Maryland Computer Services Inc.

2010 Rock Spring Rd.

Forrest Hill, MD 21050

(301) 838-8888

Product: FSST-3 (Free-Scan Speech Terminal)

Zenith Z-19 terminal with added speech circuitry.
Price: $4495
Manufacturer: Triformation Systems Inc.

3132 Southeast Jay St.

Stuart, Fl_ 33494

(305)283-4817

Table 1: Manufacturers of talking terminals.

strategies have significant ramifica-
tions in two of the three areas of com-
parison: speech review and speech-
parameter control.

Translation Algorithms

An exhaustive comparison of the
intelligibility and acceptability of the
speech output — measures of listener
comprehension and preference — re-
quires rigorous performance mea-
sures. Such scientific evaluation is
beyond my resources. Nevertheless, I
can offer some useful observations on
the different text-to-speech algo-
rithms used in these talking terminals.

Though some manufacturers do
not acknowledge the ancestry of the
text-to-speech algorithms they use, it
is reasonably safe to infer that both
the VERT and Total Talk use the
Mcllroy (Bell Laboratories) algo-
rithm, as enhanced by NIH (National
Institutes of Health), and that the
FSST-3 uses the NRL (Naval Research
Laboratory) algorithm. The Mcllroy
enhanced algorithm uses about 1000
rules, and the NRL uses about 600 in
performing the letter-to-phoneme or
word-to-phoneme translation. (A
phoneme is the smallest sound unit of
speech. When we speak, we string
phonemes together to produce
words.)

Both algorithms are quite ade-

quate, with translation accuracy, lin-
guistically speaking, of about
90 percent. In my experience, I find
that the Mcllroy algorithm handles
difficult words correctly more often
than the NRL. Neither of them makes
any particularly egregious errors in
the text-to-speech translation.

Choosing Synthesizers

The only viable synthesizers to
date are those that use phoneme syn-
thesis, rather than synthesis by
analysis (speech encoding), because
the synthesizer must be able to speak
an unrestricted vocabulary. The
speech-encoding synthesizers, such as
Texas Instruments' TMS5221 LPC
(linear-predictive coding) synthesizer
or National Semiconductor's Digi-
talker, are still limited to fixed, pre-
recorded vocabularies. Both the
VERT and the Total Talk use the
Votrax VSB single-board speech syn-
thesizer; while the FSST-3 uses the
older Votrax VSA.

Both Votrax synthesizers are
capable of independent variation in
speech rate and pitch, under either
manual or program control. The
VERT takes advantage of the pro-
grammable-speech-rate control to en-
hance the pronunciation duration of
very short and very long words,
while also providing you with

220 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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company.

WESTICO

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manual speech-rate and pitch con-
trols. The Total Talk and the FSST-3
offer you manual speech-rate and
pitch controls.

The Votrax VSA and VSB syn-
thesizers seem quite similar with
respect to their phoneme production,
but the FSST-3, which uses the VSA,
definitely sounds inferior; whether
this is an artifact of the VSA syn-
thesizer or poor audio amplification,
I don't know.

You may wonder why none of
these products uses the new Votrax
SC-01A integrated circuit, which is

less expensive. The single-quantity
cost of the VSB is about $800, while
the SC-01A is $70. But there are two
major reasons why the SC-01A is not
used. The speech-rate and pitch con-
trols are both dependent on the same
clock signal or timing circuit, affect-
ing the ease with which intelligible
speech may be produced. Also some
people are concerned about the
acceptability of the SC-OlA's sound
quality. Only scientific performance
measures can determine which
Votrax synthesizer is ultimately more
intelligible. (For a description of an

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application using the Votrax SC-01A
speech-synthesizer chip see Steve
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issue.)

Speech-Review Capabilities

Imagine that a talking terminal is
reading this article to you. Suddenly,
you wonder at what you just heard —
either a terrible pronunciation of a
proper name (like "Ciarcia" perhaps)
or maybe just a word that you don't
recognize. You would like to stop the
speech, perform some review func-
tions to repeat the last few lines or
words, or spell the word in question,
and then continue the speech just
where you stopped it.

Stopping the speech output of a
talking terminal requires that the
stream of characters coming from the
host computer to the terminal be
halted. (Some remote computers
make this very difficult.) Only the
VERT attempts (when the feature is
enabled) to tell the host computer not
to send any more text when review-
ing. The Total Talk loses data after
receiving 120 characters of yet-
untranslated text from the host com-
puter. The FSST-3 loses data after ac-
cumulating 1920 characters of yet-
untranslated text.

All three products allow you to
review the text saved in memory. The
VERT saves the most recent 12,000
characters, the Total Talk saves two
screens (48 lines of 80 characters
each) in the HP-2621's display
memory, and FSST-3 saves from one
to three screens (depending upon the
amout of memory installed) in the
Zenith Z-19's display memory. All
three products can repeat the text in
its entirety or by character, word, or
line. In addition, the VERT can repeat
text by phrase, sentence, or
paragraph.

The Total Talk and the FSST-3 per-
form their review functions as a result
of using the standard cursor-move-
ment and screen-print functions of
the HP-2621 and Z-19 terminals. The
VERT responds with its review func-
tion to an ASCII (American Standard
Code for Information Interchange)
escape-code sequence from any data-
terminal equipment.

222 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 63 on inquiry card.

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The integration of speech capabili-
ty with an existing, popular terminal
design — the case for both the Total
Talk and the FSST-3 — has positive
and negative consequences. Such
integration negates the need to ac-
quire a computer terminal separately
when you shop for a talking terminal.
On the other hand, building the
speech circuitry into terminals has
resulted in a performance characteris-
tic especially annoying to pro-
grammers: both the FSST-3 and the
Total Talk (Z-19 and HP-2621 ter-
minals, respectively) never speak cur-
sor, character-attribute, or print-
function codes.

Anyone who buys a VERT must
also acquire a standard computer ter-
minal. This terminal is connected to
one of the VERT's two ports, while
the computer (or modem) is con-
nected to the other. The VERT trans-
mits all characters received from the
host computer to the terminal, while
translating and speaking if appropri-
ate. The VERT can also transmit all
characters received from the terminal
to the host computer, though usually
some are trapped as the VERT func-
tion codes. This black-box filter-like
approach to the problem of providing
a talking terminal is modular and
well formed.

Speech Parameter Control

A talking terminal should give you
the option of setting speech-control
parameters. It should either decide
the most appropriate way to translate
and speak segments of text where
machine-based decisions are compe-
tent or provide you with the capabili-
ty of manually setting those decision
parameters which cannot be success-
fully handled by a machine. A pro-
gram can decide whether to pro-
nounce or spell IBM, NIH, or ASCII.

The VERT uses truth tables for
prefixed and suffixed letter pairs to
determine whether to spell or pro-
nounce alphabetic tokens. It is rather
more difficult for a program to decide
whether to say 370 as "three seven
zero/' "three hundred seventy," or
"three seventy." If the text is referring
to an IBM 370 mainframe computer,
the choice will be obvious to you. But

224 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 465 on Inquiry card.

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measurements.

The cost: $1100 for the 221 3*.
$1400 for the dual time base 2215.

You can order, or obtain more
information, through the Tektronix
National Marketing Center, where
technical personnel can answer
your questions and expedite
delivery. Your direct order includes

probes, operating manuals, 15-
day return policy and full Tektronix
warranty.

For a demonstration stop by your
local Tektronix Sales Office.

ORDER TOLL FREE

1-800-426-2200

Ask for Department J0333

In the state of Washington,
Call (206) 253-5353 collect.

•Price FOB Beaverton. OR

Tfektronix

COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE

Copyright© 1982 Tektronix, Inc. All rights reserved. 135

BYTE September 1982 225

Circle 433 on inquiry card.

CP/M DATA ENTRY

"RADAR"

RADAR is a high speed data entry system
that will run on any CP/M system pro-
viding a "3741" style key-to-disk en-
vironment. RADAR is ideal for replacing
KEYPUNCH machines and older, slower
key-to-disk systems like the 374 1's and
42's.

Features:

Verify Mode

Check Digit Processor

Auto Dup/Manual Dup

1 6 Accumulators

Parameter Driven (No
Programming)

"Virtual" File Access

Add or Delete Records

Record Retrieval By Number
Or Content

Full Editing Capability

Operator Prompts

Extremely Fast (Written In
Assembly Language)

In addition to "heavy.-duty" data entry,
RADAR is also the ideal "front-end" for
many applications programs, providing
aquisition and retrieval of keyed data with
a degree of reliability simply not possible
with any other technique. RADAR can cut
programming time by more than 30%,
simply because there is no longer any
need to write the "input" portion of a pro-
gram, just let RADAR handle it!

Write or call for free brochure. The
RADAR manual is also available
separately for $25.00.

SOUTHERN
COMPUTER
SYSTEMS,
Inc.

P.O. Box 3373A
Birmingham, AL 35255
Phone: 205-933-1659

Text-to-Speech Translation

Several independent efforts have
resulted in various grapheme-to-
phoneme translation systems for
speech synthesis. Graphemes are let-
ters or other characters, and phonemes
are the sounds of speech. There are
two approaches to the problem of
translating written language (ortho-
graphy) to its spoken (phonetic) form.
All current efforts to create artificial
speech use either one or both of these
approaches.

The first approach searches a dic-
tionary of words and/or word frag-
ments (morphemes) for corresponding
phonetic representations. Such diction-
aries that are expected to satisfy a wide
variety of contexts must be quite large.
The software responsible for searching
a dictionary must be able to account
for various forms of a given entry.
When dictionaries of morphemes are
used, the software must be capable of
separating the words to be translated
into their constituent morphemes.

The second approach uses
grapheme-to-phoneme translation
rules. Such rules attempt to describe a
correspondence between the ortho-
graphic and phonetic forms of the lan-
guage. Some efforts have resulted in a
combination of these two methods of
translation, resorting to the second
when the first fails to satisfy a transla-
tion request.

Unrestricted Text

In order to remove all restrictions on
the content of the text being translated,
the translation system must be able to
distinguish among English words,
acronyms, mnemonics, abbreviations,
etc. The input stream of text to be
translated is parsed into tokens that
contain characters of the same type.

Tokens may be divided into types
alphabetic, punctuation, numeric, or
symbolic. A token is complete when a
character in the input stream of
another token type is encountered.
The type of a token determines the
classification of rules used in translat-
ing the token. The selection of the rule
set is dependent on the token type.
There are currently rule sets for
English, numerals, punctuation, and

spelling. Spelling is the English pro-
nunciation of a single character's
name. You must also consider that
alphabetic characters do not always
represent an English word.

Frequency tables representing the
occurrence of letter pairs (digrams) or
triplets (trigrams) offer significant help
in deciding whether a group of charac-
ters represents an English word, an
acronym, or a mnemonic. The fre-
quency tables currently in use were
derived from a lexicon of about a quar-
ter of a million words. The digram-fre-
quency table is reduced to a binary
table that represents the occurrence or
nonoccurrence of letter pairs in the lex-
icon. The use of digram or trigram
tables could be expanded to the detec-
tion of specific subsets of English
vocabulary. One case where this is use-
ful: frequency tables derived from a
common-usage dictionary and a lex-
icon of medical terms are significantly
different.

Rule-Directed Translation

Orthographic representations of text
are translated to phonetic representa-
tions by means of a production system.
The rules used in the English-to-
phoneme translation match context-
sensitive patterns to the word or word
token. The rules are of the form:

left-context {current -token]

right-context — phonemes

The current-token is the characters)
that is currently being translated by a
rule. The left-context and the right-
context are the text in which the cur-
rent-token must be matched. These
left- and right-contexts may contain
special symbols that define arbitrary
patterns of characters. The current-
token may not contain these special
symbols and must match, character for
character, the token of the word being
translated. The right-hand part of a
rule gives the phonetic symbols repre-
senting the current-token. English
phoneme rules are classified in
subgroups of alphabetic, numeric,
punctuation, and spelling rules. The
phonetic replacements selected by the
successful matching of rules are used to
drive a speech-synthesizing device.

226 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

a translation program has no way of
"knowing" the correct pronunciation
of a number or word on the basis of
the context in which it was used. The
Total Talk and the FSST-3 simply
speak numbers digit by digit. The
VERT does the same or says numbers
as whole words depending on your
parameter setting.

Ironically, it's often desirable to
make your talking terminal remain
silent, while continuing to display
and save text. The reasons are many,
varied, and a matter of preference,
but the capability is important. Total
Talk will remain silent when you
depress its Silence key. The VERT can
be made to remain silent until a new
line, speech command, or predefined
text pattern is received. The FSST-3
can start or stop speaking on com-
mand.

No matter what the accuracy and
proficiency of a text-to-speech trans-
lation system, there will always be
words or symbols that you would like

to have spoken your own way. For
example, it is becoming popular in
academic computer-science circles to
use the word "bang" or "shriek" for
the exclamation-point character (!). I
am sticking with the conservative
"exclamation," even though the new-
comers are shorter and can be spoken
more quickly. The VERT offers you
the power to define, in English, your
own translation preferences. You
simply define a rule that says
! = "bang," or whatever.

On the Horizon

We may see the cost of talking ter-
minals either decrease as new speech
synthesizers are used, or increase as
speech capabilities are integrated with
personal computers. Whatever the
result, the cost of a talking terminal
will remain a serious problem for
visually disabled persons. Talking-
terminal manufacturers should ex-
pand the market for their pro-

ducts — not limit it to the visually dis-
abled. Increased sales will lower costs
and benefit everyone in the long run.

One perplexing problem remains.
The rapid advance of video-display
technology has promoted the ever-
increasing use of video-dependent
software. Users of talking terminals
will require programmed solutions
for describing essentially visual infor-
mation. Unfortunately, information
science is still far from providing ac-
curate verbal descriptions of two-
dimensional space, thus, for instance,
making it impractical to run a screen-
oriented program like Wordstar sole-
ly from spoken output.

Though the sound quality of avail-
able phoneme synthesizers is defin-
itely far from human-sounding, I've
found that visually impaired persons
find it intelligible and acceptable with
use. I believe that computers with
natural-sounding speech and more
sophisticated algorithms for transla-
tion will be achieved in this decade. ■

WHAT'S

ECC (Error Correction Code) is a poly-
nomial derivative which is used to detect
and correct errors. In simpler terms, this
means that the computer will detect and
automatically correct data errors sometimes generated
spuriously in the equipment.

ECC?

VR Data's HARD DISK III has this feature.

If your system will abend or die during a

data error or if you must always have the

correct data for your functions, ECC is a

necessity. This feature has filtered down from the larger

computer systems and is now used by manufacturers of

superior micro computer products.

Imagine a 5 meg Winchester Hard Disk with the following features:

FOR *1 899. Complete

• ECC— onboard buffer

• FCC approval— Heavy Duty Power Supply

• Automatic power on with system

• Heavy duty linear power supply

• Gold plated contact on all connectors

• Heavy gauge aluminum chassis

• 115/230 VAC 60/50 HZ Standard

• State-of-the-art controller

• 2 pass forced air cooling system

Interfaces to: Radio Shack TRS 80 Model I • Radio Shack TRS 80
Model III • IBM Personal Computer • Others to be announced

ONLY
FROM

MR

data

777 Henderson Boulevard N-6 Folcrofr, PA 19033
(515)461-5300 1800)315-8102

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 227

A

ATARI

400

16K ... $ 249
32K . . . $ 389
48K . . . $ 489

410 Recorder $76.00

810 Disc Drive $449.00

822 Printer $269.00

825 Printer $589.00

830 Modem $159.00

820 Printer $259.00

850 Interface $1 69.00

CX40 Joy Stick $18.00

CX853 16K RAM $77.95

. HOT ATARI-
JK GAMES A<

PAC-MAN $35.00 I

Centipede $35.00

Caverns of Mars S32.00

Asteroids S29.00

Missile Command $29.00

Star Raiders $39.00

Canyon Climber $25.00

Protector S24.00

Mouskattack $31.00

Jawbreaker S27.00

Ghost Hunter S24.00

Telecommunications

Modems

Hayes

Smart S239.00

Chronograph $1 99.00

Micromodem II $279.00

Micromodem 100 S309.00

Novation Auto S239.00

D Cat S169.00

Cat S159.00

Anchor Modem S79.00

VISICORP

VISICALC

Apple II + S189.00

Atari S189.00

Commodore S189.00

IBM $189.00

| Also available are:

VISIDEX VISIPLOT

| VISIFILE VISITERM

| VISIPACK VISITREND

800

16K . . . s 649
32K . . . $ 724
48K . . . $ 769

Microtek 16K RAM $74.95

Microtek 32K RAM $119.95

Ramdisk (128K) $429.95

Intec 48K Board $219.95

Intec 32K $119.95

One year extended warranty $70.00

481 Entertainer S69.00

482 Educator $130.00

483 Programmer S49.00

484 Communicator $344.00

KBYTE

ROM CARTRIDGE GAMES
FOR YOUR ATARI

I Krazy Shoot Out $39.00

K-razy Kritters $39.00

K-razy Antics $39.00

| K-star Patrol $39.00

STICK STAND «L
s 6" jk

ARCADE ACTION FROM YOUR IF

ATARI JOYSTICK ^

AMDEK
MONITORS

300G $169.00

Color I S339.00

Color II $699.00

Color III $429.00

OTHERS

Zenith 9 " (Green) S119.00

BMC 12" Green S85.00

SOFTWARE

We stock manufacturer's and third patty software
for most all computers on the market! Call today
for a copy of our new

CATALOG

You'll find programs by Atari, APX, Data Soft
Crystal Software, EPYX, Synapse, OnLine, Arcade
Plus, K-BYTE, Magis, Canadian Micro Professional
Software, Creative Software, BPI, VISICORP, Com-
modore, NEC and of course our own!

FRANKLIN
ACE 1000

64K Personal Computer

Hardware, software and

peripheral compatable with the
Apple II and even has some fea-
tures not found on the Apple.

Call now for best price!!

Finally, a dual disk drive for
the Atari 800/400. Both single
and dual drive models read
both sides of the disk! Will
read all disks written for Atari
810. CALL FOR INTRODUCT-
ORY PRICE!

NEC

COMPUTERS

8001-A $749.00

8031 S749.00

8012 S549.00

PRINTERS

8023 $549.00

7710/7730 $2399.00

3510/3530 $1789.00

MONITORS

JB-1201 S179.00

JC-1201 S349.00

JC-1202 S899.00

Maxell Disks

MD I (box of 10) $36.00

MD II (box of 10) $46.00

MFD I (8") S44.00

MFD II (8" Double Density) S54.00

Syncom (box of 1 0) S29.00

Computer Covers

Commodore VIC-20 S6.99

Atari 400 S6.99 Commodore 8032 S14.99

Atari 800 $6.99 Commodore

Atari 810 $6.99 8050/4040 S10.99

WESt

In Nevada
CALL
1(702)588-5654

8QQ- 648-33 1 1

P.O. Box 6689
Stateline,
NV. 89449 J

m

HEWLETT
PACKARD

HP* 85

5 1969

HP-87 $1799.00

HP'125 S1999.00

HP-85 16K Memory Module S1 69.00

5'/i " Dual Master Disc Drive $1 799.00

Hard Disk w/ Floppy $4349.00

Hard Disk $3549.00

"Sweet Lips" Plotter $1 199.00

) Column Printer $649.00

ra

HEWLETT
PACKARD

HP41CV

CALCULATOR

$ 239

HP 41C $189.00

HP11C $79.00

HP 12C $114.00

NEW 15C $119.00

NEW 16C $125.00

HPIL PERIPHERALS IN STOCK!

EPSON

PRINTERS

MX 80 w/Graftrax $449

MX 80 FT III CALL

MX 100 CALL

ADA 1600 Parallel Printer to CBM $119.00

ATC-1 Parallel Printer to Atari $29.00

AP-80 Apple Parallel Card & Cable $69.00

IBM-1 Parallel Printer to IBM $32.00

In-stock items shipped same day
you call. No risk, no deposit on
C.O.D. orders. Pre-paid orders
receive free shipping within the
continental United States with no
waiting period for certified checks
or money orders. All prices shown
are cash prices. Add 3% for
Mastercard and Visa. NV and PA
residents add sales tax. All items
subject to availability and price
change.

CBM 8032

s 999

fr

Word Pro 5 + $319.00

Word Pro 4 + $299.00

Word Pro 3 + $199.00

The Administrator $379.00

InfoPro Plus $219.00

Power $79.00

Televideo
Terminals

910 $579

912C $699

920C $749

925C $749

960 $939

802 SCalt

802H SCall

816 SCall

806 SCall

CITOH

PRINTERS

Star-writer

F10-40CPS $1439.00

F1Q-55CPS CALL

Prowriter $499.00

ADA 1450 Serial Printer to CBM $139.00

ATC-2 Serial Printer to Atari $29.00

AP-S10 Apple Serial Card & Cable $95.00

Commodore

Business Machines

CBM 64 CALL

4032 $969.00

8096 Upgrade Kit $369.00

Super Pet $1 599.00

2031 $529.00

8250 Doubled Sided Disk Drive $1699.00

D9060 5 Megabyte Hard Disk $2399.00

D9090 7.5 Megabyte Hard Disk S2699.00

8050 $1299.00

4040 $969.00

8300 (Letter Quality) $1799.00

8023 $769.00

4022 $499.00

Pet to IEEE Cable $37.00

IEEE to IEEE Cable $46.00

Tractor Feed for 8300 S240.00

VIC 20 /° — wozo •
$ 239 'S=^-. - -)

VIC 1530 Commodore Datassette $69.00

VIC 1540 Disk Drive $499.00

VIC 1515 VIC Graphic Printer S339.00

VIC 1210 3K Memory Expander $32.00

VIC 11 8K Memory Expander $53.00

16K VIC Expansion $94.00

VIC 1011 RS232C Terminal Interface $43.00

VIC 112 VIC IEEE-488 Interface S86.00

VIC 1211 VIC 20 Super Expander $53.00

VIC Mother Board $99.00

Smith-Corona

TP-I

649

Letter Quality

Daisy Wheel

12 CPS Text Printer

CENTRONICS
PRINTERS

739-1 $519

739-3 $619

2 Meter RS232-RS232 Cables $29.95

- ALSO -

Diablo 630 Special $1799.00

Talley 8024-L $1629.00

IDS Prism CALL

OKI DATA
PRINTERS

82A $489.00

83A $729.00

84 $1 099.00

NOTE

All of the above OK I DATA Printers come equiped
with both parallel ports & RS232 Serial ports.

I 477 E -
THIRD ST.

Williamsporl

PA 17701

IN PA

CALL

(717)327.9575

*/////////////////////

%

'

: r< u

if

The RAM67

Our RAM67 static RAM offers low power for
cool operation and high reliability. It is the
first SI 00 memory of its size to ofFer battery
back up. The RAM67 will run without wait-
states with any present SI 00 bus CPU.

Advanced static RAM67 features:

□ Low power CMOS RAM

□ 100 ns access time

□ No wait states with our 10 MHz
Lightning One™

□ 8/16 bit operation

□ Phantom disable

□ Battery back up option

If you need high performance and high relia-
bility at an affordable price, the RAM67 is the
memory for you.

128KRAM $1495.00

Battery back-up option $100.00

The Lightning One

The Lightning One is the fastest SI 00 CPU
board presently available. The 8086 processor
with its two co-processors, the 8087 and 8089,
provide exceptional data manipulation, nu-
meric processing and I/O handling capability.

The Lightning One features:

□ 8086 or 8088 16 bit processor

□ 4,5,8, or 10 MHz jumper selectable
operation

□ Optional 8087 and 8089 co-processors

□ Onboard monitor with diagnostics

□ 9 vectored interrupts expandable to 65

When you need mini-computer performance
at micro-computer prices, the Lightning One
should be your choice. Benchmarks available.

Prices start at $395.00

Other LDP Products

In addition to the RAM67 and Lightning One,
Lomas Data Products offers the following fine
products:

□ HAZITALL System Support

2 serial ports, 2 parallel ports, clock/calendar,
9511 or 9512 math support (option), hard disk
controller host interface A & T, $325.00

□ LDP72 Floppy Disk Controller

Single or double density operation, single or
double sided disks, controls both 8" and 5 l A"
floppy drives, digital data separator for adjust-
ment free reliable operation

A & T, $274.95

For 16 bit computing on the S100 bus,
come to the leader . . .

LDP

□ LDP128/256K Dynamic RAM

An advanced dynamic RAM with static like
performance. An ideal choice for large mem-
ory configurations where cost is an important
consideration. No DMA, or reset restrictions
.... A & T, 128K $795.00, 256K $1395.00

□ LDP88 8088 CPU Board

Ideal for inexpensive systems requiring the pro-
cessing power of a 16 bit instruction set. The
LDP88 has up to 8K of on-board EPROM, IK
bytes of RAM, 1 serial RS232 port, 9 vectored
interrupts, 5 MHz operation. Useable as a single
board 8088 processor A & T, $349.95

Software Available

□ CP/M-86*

Full track buffered BIOS, memory disk support,
double density format $300.00

D MP/M-86*

Full MP/M-86 implementation, hard disk and
floppy disk support, plus memory drive. 1, 2 and
5 user configurations.

□ MS-DOS 44

The IBM Personal Computer operating system,
includes macro assembler $250.00

□ Other software:

BASIC86, BASCOM86, FORTRAN86, C,
FORTH.

*CP/M-86 & MP/M-86 trademark of Digital Research.
**MS-DOS trademark of Microsoft.
Lightning One trademark of Lomas Data Products, hie.

Dealer and O.E.M. inquiries invited.

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS, INC.

729 Farm Road, Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752 □ Telephone: 617-481-2822

230 BYTE September 1982

Circle 270 on Inquiry card.

Hardware Review

The Cognivox VIO-1003

Voice recognition and output for the Apple II

Dr. William Murray

Computer Science Department

Broome Community College

Binghamton, NY 13902

The Cognivox VIO-1003, manufactured by Voicetek of
Goleta, California, is a speech-recognition and voice-
output peripheral for the Apple II computer. It is difficult
to believe that for a modest $295 for hardware and soft-
ware, you can actually carry on a conversation with your
computer.

The Cognivox can be "trained" to recognize a set of up
to 32 words or short
phrases (e.g., one, two,
alpha, syntax error, etc.)
This allows you maximum
flexibility because the Cog-
nivox can be trained with a
game, business, or scientific
vocabulary. As a matter of
fact, you can save several
sets of vocabularies on a
disk. During a training ses-
sion you enter the vocab-
ulary into the computer by
repeating each entry three
times into the Cognivox
microphone and typing the
entry once. This trains the
machine to recognize your
voice. Voicetek cautions that other people's pronuncia-
tions of the same words may or may not be recognized.

The Cognivox, working within the frequency range of
100 to 3200 Hz (hertz), compresses essential speech infor-
mation for one entry into a 48-bit pattern. This pattern is
saved during the training session and will be used as a
"mask," or model, for future comparisons. The system
uses only 4K bytes of storage for the program and tables,
and Voicetek claims up to a 98-percent word-recognition
rate.

Photo 1: The Cognivox VIO-1003 Voice Recognition and Voice
Output System.

The voice-output vocabulary is entered in much the
same way as the speech-recognition vocabulary. During
a training session your words are digitized and stored in
memory for future use. If you want your program to
have voice output, the word or phrase is assembled and
"spoken" through the built-in amplifier and speaker. The
voice output sounds just like you, the trainer. Because the

speech-recognition and
voice-output vocabularies
are independent of each
other, a wide range of
responses is possible.

It should be noted here
that the Cognivox is not a
speech synthesizer; it is a
speech digitizer. The voice
output is strictly limited to
the words or phrases that
you enter. However,
because you can use multi-
ple vocabularies, this is not
a serious limiting factor.

Steve Ciarcia's article
"Use Voiceprints to Ana-
lyze Speech" (March
1982 BYTE, page 50) covers the techniques used to record
voice prints. Steve points out that the quality of the
speech-recognition system depends on what he calls the
"templates" of the spoken words. The template or mask
quality in turn depends on how much storage is available.
His device, which produces voice patterns on an oscillo-
scope, uses bandpass filters starting at 31 Hz and covers
an 8-octave range up to 4000 Hz. The results presented in
the article show that most speech falls between 1000 and
4000 Hz, which is just about the range of the Cognivox.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 231

At a Glance

•

Name

Capabilities

The Cognivox VIO-1003

Recognizes isolated speech; digitizes up to 32 words or short

phrases per vocabulary set; allows separate recognition and

Manufacturer

speech vocabularies; accepts words or phrases up to three

Voicetek

seconds each in spoken length; typical recognition accuracy of 98

POB 388

percent for the voice it is trained to accept

Goleta. CA 93 ! 1 6

(805) 685-1854

Hardware Required

Apple II with 32K or 48K bytes of memory, one disk drive, and

Price

DOS 3.3

S295

Documentation

Hardware

26-page manual

Includes the Cognivox V\O-]003 (housed in a 5- by 6- by

I 'A -inch plastic case), microphone, and power supply; frequency

Warranty

response 1 00 to 3200 Hz; audio output 1 50 mW; power con-

1 20 days repair or replacement

sumption 1 50 mW during recognition and 450 mW maximum

during voice output; power supply 9 V DC, 300 mA (unregulated.

Audience

wall-transformer type); microphone jacks provided on front panel.

Those seeking to communicate by voice with their computers;

remote amplifier jack provided on back panel

potential uses include security functions, helping the disabled, and

audio games

Software

:

The control program VOX4 and demonstration programs

VDUMP, VTRAP, VOTK and TONES, all on a 5 '/4 -inch floppy

disk

TheCognivox VIO-1003 comes completely assembled
in an attractive 5- by 6- by lV4-inch plastic case. The
device plugs into the game-paddle I/O (input/output)
port of the Apple and operates from a 9-volt power sup-
ply provided with the device.

The Cognivox contains an internal amplifier and
speaker but also has an audio output jack for use with a
higher-quality amplifier system. Voicetek provides a
120-day repair-or-replacement warranty on the Cogni-
vox. Perhaps the best part of the system is the disk in-
cluded in the package; it has several programs that allow
you to save and restore vocabularies and play games.
The Cognivox system requires the Apple II, 48K bytes of
memory, and DOS 3.3 (16 sector).

Getting Started

If you're like me, the first 10 minutes after the delivery
of a computer peripheral can be very dangerous — you're
extremely tempted to experiment with the hardware first
and study the instructions later. But with the Cognivox
you've just got to take time to read the first few pages of
the 26-page Cognivox User Manual. All installation steps
are explained in detail, but here is a summary of what
gets your computer up and listening:

• First, plug the power supply into both the Cognivox
and the wall outlet.

• With the computer off, plug the Cognivox into the
game I/O port of the Apple.

• Next, plug the microphone into the Cognivox and set
the volume control.

• Now boot the Apple using the program disk provided
with the system.

• Type "RUN PROG4" and away you go.

When the system is booted you are provided with a
menu of the disk selections. In addition to the main pro-
gram (PROG4) Voicetek also includes four demonstra-
tion programs (I'll explain more about these later).

PROG4 is a demonstration program that immediately
allows you to digitize your voice for voice output or
speech recongition. You can also save or recall stored
vocabulary from the disk. Let's imagine that you want to
record a speech-recognition vocabulary. The program
will prompt you with the question "How many words
are in this vocabulary?" You may enter up to 32 words.
Digitized words must be greater than 150 milliseconds
(ms) and less than 3 seconds in length. The silence gap
between words is 150 ms. Voicetek warns that to achieve
maximum speech recognition you must enunciate clearly
and distinctly. When training is complete a playback op-
tion for each entry is provided that allows you to check
the clarity of your entries. You can then test the system's
ability to detect words corresponding to its stored
vocabulary by speaking the words you just stored. The
program will display each word it recognizes on the
screen. (Remember that the system is trained to one per-
son's voice, and others pronouncing the same words
might be rejected.)

To test the system's ability to recognize digitized
words, I performed two tests. One test used a vocabulary
of 32 words that I entered; some of these entries were
similar in sound. The second test used the same
vocabulary, but my wife pronounced the words. The
results are shown in table 1. Notice that the Cognivox
recognized every word spoken by the trainer. This
recognition rate of 100 percent is better than that claimed
by Voicetek (98 percent). My wife was not as well re-
ceived; the Cognivox recognized 8 words correctly, 7 in-

232 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

Gerald Cannon, Vice President of Operations, Dexter
Lock, Division of Kysor industrial Corp.; with family
at Chewacfa State Park, Auburn AL, home of
Auburn University.

Dexter Lock says a key to the extremely high pro-
ductivity of its Auburn plant is a unique Alabama job
training program. The state-funded program y-»
developed a proficient work force from scratch, f
beginning with screening. It followed with hands- i
on training in mobile classrooms and shops f
and continues with on-going screening, up- '
grading and renewal programs. Dexter Locks f
Gerald Cannon credits the program for the I
plant's low 2% turnover and absenteeism rates f

Eve job training

is second nature

toALabama.

and extremely high productivity. Other significant bene-
fits Mr. Cannon has found include: • Business oriented
___.. state government • An unequaled zero tax pro-
I gram • A total transportation network of roads, rail,
1 air facilities, navigable rivers and a major ocean
I port • An abundance of engineers and techni-
I cians • State grants for industrial site develop-
\ ment • High technology support industries.
t Find your key to greater productivity in
i Alabama by writing for details.

ALABAMA

Cut out for business.

For more information: Reuben Finney, Director, Alabama Development Office, State Capitol, Montgomery AL 36130, 205/832-6980

Word

Voice A

Voice B

microprocessor

microprocessor

microprocessor

daisy wheel

daisy wheel

business

interface

interface

(no response)

graphics

graphics

graphics

digital

digital

(no response)

editing

editing

interface

computer

computer

computer

conclusions

conclusions

conclusions

analog

analog

(no response)

acquisition

acquisition

(no response)

harmony

harmony

monitor

directory

directory

(no response)

byte

byte

free

Apple

Apple

call

encyclopedia

encyclopedia

(no response)

inexpensive

inexpensive

(no response)

import

import

(no response)

call

call

call

heart

heart

(no response)

technology

technology

(no response)

sales

sales

(no response)

free

free

free

technical

technical

technical

costing

costing

(no response)

cost

cost

heart

matrix

matrix

(no response)

mountain

mountain

(no response)

monitor

monitor

graphics

BASIC

BASIC

(no response)

Pascal

Pascal

Pascal

professional

professional

(no response)

business

business

(no response)

Table 1: Voice response test results. The Cognivox had been
programmed to respond to voice A (the author). When voice
B (the author's wife) replaced voice A, the Cognivox usually
responded with the wrong word or gave no response. The
first column of the table lists the words actually spoken by
both voices; the second and third columns show how the
Cognivox interpreted voice A and voice B, respectively.

correctly, and failed to respond to 17. This is to be ex-
pected, of course, because the device works with masks
of the trainer's voice.

Demonstration Programs

The four demonstration programs included on the
Cognivox program disk are VDUMP, VTRAP, VOTH,
and TONES.

VDUMP is a voice-output program that reads selected
locations of the Apple's memory. You enter the vocab-
ulary (the hexadecimal numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
alpha, bravo, charlie, delta, echo, and fox), select the
area of memory for review, and listen as the computer
reads its own memory in your voice.

VTRAP is another voice-output program. This one is

in the form of an entrapment game. You enter a vocab-
ulary of words that will control the moves of your player
on the video display. To move in a particular direction
you merely speak into the microphone and the player
responds.

VOTH is an interactive game program that allows you
and the computer to speak with each other. VOTH is
actually the game of Reversi (also known as Othello). In
this game the computer decides where it will place its
piece and tells you the location. When you are ready for
your turn, you tell the computer the coordinates of the
location for your game piece.

TONES is actually not a demonstration program by
itself. If used in conjunction with PROG4 or your own
program, TONES permits dialing a Touch-Tone (a regis-
tered trademark of the Bell System) telephone with a sim-
ple connection to the phone line. TONES contains the
corresponding tones for each of the 12 buttons on the
telephone. By selecting the correct sequence, any number
can be dialed.

Your own programs can be adapted to have voice out-
put or speech recognition by following the steps provided
in chapter 3 of the User Manual. Several routines are pro-
vided in the manual that can be spliced into your main
program. These routines assist you in training the
Cognivox to recognize your voice, developing a
vocabulary for response, and setting memory locations.
The instructions are clear, but you will probably have to
read them twice before attempting the actual installation.

Applications

The Cognivox could be used effectively in several ap-
plications, including security systems, aiding disabled
persons, and games.

Because the Cognivox is trained to recognize voice pat-
terns, it could be installed in security systems in place of
key and combination locks. The device could be pro-
grammed to select a sequence of five words at random
from a stored vocabulary. The person wishing to gain en-
trance to a room, safe, or computer would have to match
the recorded patterns. (As shown in my test results, my
wife would have a hard time getting into the family safe if
it were protected in this fashion.)

Because the Cognivox operates in the audio mode and
thus permits communications with the computer without
the necessity of a video display or keyboard, applications
for disabled persons abound. Using just the voice-output
mode, the Cognivox could be helpful to those with poor
eyesight. Blind people could communicate with the com-
puter using the keyboard for input and the Cognivox for
output. People unable to use the computer's keyboard
could use the speech-recognition mode to communicate
with the computer; the computer could either speak back
or offer a display on the video screen. Now that govern-
ment and educational institutions are becoming more and
more committed to helping the disabled, Cognivox could
play a significant role in training these people in com-
puter science and computer-related occupations.

234 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

A

communications
package
that's slightly
easier to use
than

MICRO/TerminaL

But

a lot less

functional.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

At MICROCOM we Ve made communicating with

all kinds of computers easier and less expensive. Now, with

MICRO/Terminal? users of Apple IT," Apple III™ or IBM®

Personal Computers can easily access any in-house or

remote database. Directly, with a minimum of effort.

With MICRO/Terminal, communications set-ups

and log-on routines are entered only once. From then on

they can be called up automatically. A built-in editor lets

you change part of a program without re-doing all of it,

and you can edit off-line.

Plus you can access your company computer and more

than 1,000 commercial services. The price? Under $100.

So that by comparison with other systems, anything else

is like talking through a tin can.

Just ask your computer dealer for more details.

MICROCOM

We make little computers talkbig

1400A Providence Highway, Norwood, MA 02062

MICRO/Terminal is a Trademark of MICROCOM, Inc. Apple II and Apple 111 are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc.
I BM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

BYTE September 1982

235

Name Means a Great Deal

Toll Free? s 800-854-6654

CALIFORNIA & INFORMATION (714) 698-8088

• 15 Day No Risk Policy

We accept all
major credit cards.

• Most Orders Shipped
Within 24 Hours

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since 1977

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NEC

^WUT COMPATIBLE
k^sf== ACCESSORIES

PC-6000

The serious fun machine for liv-
ing, learning, working and play-
ing. Please call lor details.

PC-8001 A Microcomputer (32K) CALL

PC-8031A Dual minidisk drives ... . CALL
PC-8012A 1,0 unit, 32K. 7 slots .. . , . 489"
FDC I/O port ... 139"

NEC 8023 Printer 489"

32K Memory Addon card 169"

PenTec 2 port RS 232 card . . 155"

RenTec Wedge Expansion w/32K . , 489°°

RGB to Composile Video Converter .129"

NEC PC 8001 Software

349°°

NEC CP/M Operating System
FORTRANbyMicrosolt .
General Accounting System 249°°

Accounls Receivable System 249 00

Inventory Control Syslem 249"

Payroll System ... 249"

Job Cost System 249"

Select Word Processing w/speiler 349"

Report Manager . ...... 149"

Games Pack 1 Alien. Space War 29"

Games Pack 2 UFO Galaxian. Bomber 29"

WordStar by Micropro ...299 00

Dalastar by Micropro 249°°

Maiimerge lor NEC Wordstar . 109"

Speilstar by Micropro 169°°

Superson by Micropro .

Basic-60 Compiler by Microsoft . .349"

Basic BO by Microsoft 319"

Cobol-80by Microsoft 649°'

Racet NEC DOS

Term II Communications Pkg 149"

FiieFax System 149"

Prolran (converts TRS 80 software) .. .99"
KFS80ISAM Package

fl- •••■."':' J]!V»

64K memory card by microsoft . . 379"

128K memory card by *' 499"

192K memory card by" 659"

256K memory card by" . .. .799"

64Kramchip upgrade kit . . . 169"

Serial Async Comm. card wM porl. 129"

Serial Async. card with 2 ports 249"

ClockCalenciarcard. . . 105"

Combo Card by Apparat . . 235"

IBM Joysticks 55"

Expansion Chassis CALL

Baby Blue Z-80 W/64K&CP/M CALL

Percom mimlioppy drives (addon) CALL

Tandon TM 100 minifloppy drives CALL

IBM compatible software

Continental Home Accounlant Plus

TIM. II! by Innovative

SuperCalc . .

SuperWnler .

Easywrileril

Easy Speller

Easy Filer

Qcommodore B^SIS ©

The Alternative

THE COMMODORE 64 COULD BE THE
MICROCOMPUTER INDUSTRY'S OUT
STANDING NEW PRODUCT INTRODUC-
TION since the Birth of this in-
dustry-

— SheaisorvAmencan Express

COMMODORE 64

The Commodore 64 is a compact unit tnat
can even hi inio a Ijnefcase Complete with
Ihese fealuros

• Full sue lypev;nler keyboard
. Full ASCII charactei set

• Upper and lower case

■ High leSOlutron color graphics

• 40 rjrjlumn video display

■ 6JK RAM under memory (Sltindaidl

• CPi'M operating syslem oplion

■ TV modulator interface

• Game cartridge slot

• Music Synihisizer

■ Smail peripherals

PLEASE CALL US FOR MORE DETAILS

We are a

full-line

Commodore

Dealer.

Please Call

For More
Information

• Apple II Compatibility m both peripheral
cards and software

■ 6502 and Z-80 CPU s

• 6.1K RAM. expandable to I28K

■ RGB and Composite Video Oulput
■Selectable 80 or 40 column display

■ High Resolution Graphics. 6 colors
280 x 192 with tour lines of texl

• 8 bit Parallel I/O mierlace

■ Detachable Keyboard All standard ASCII
characlers and keyboard funcnons.
upperlower case, and a numeric keypad
cursor control block, and 15
programmable special function keys

• Buiitm hardware for mounting two 5 l *
inch minifloppy disk drives

Six Apple II compatible slots lor plug in

ponpheial cards

Please call or write tor more details.

FRANKLIN
ACE lOO

TheFrankhn ACE 100 is a prolesstonal per-
sonal compute* thai is hardware and soil-
waie compatible with me Apple ll and in
cludesmany features not tound on the Apple
uml All piograms written Itir the Apple II
will run on the ACE 100 without modifica-
tion including Ihose using high and low
losolution black and white graphics The
ACE 100 is plug compatible wiih Apple AM
peripherals that operaie in the Apple II will
operate in the ACE 100 without modifica-

FRANKLIN ACE 100 FEATURES

• Apple II Compatible

• G4K RAM User memory

• Upper and lower case

• Typewnier style keyboard

• Twelve key numeric pad

• Alpha lock shill key

• VisiCalc friendly
■ 50 wait power supply

• BuiM m Fan

S-lOO BOARDS

CLEARANCE
SALE

-£357

Z-80 4Mhz CPU Card (CB2). A&T 239 00

VB3 80x24 S-100 Video Card. A&T . . 349"
VB3 80x48 S-100 Video Car J. A&T 389"

ExpandoRam 64K Dynamrc Memory Kil 199°°

(3®DQSDDDuQ@[F

j We Bring Prices Down to Earth

Call or Write for Free Catalog

Ordering Intormalion: Phone orders using VISA. MASTERCARD. AMERICAN EXPRESS.
CARTE BLANCHE and bank fund wire transfer. Send cashiers or certilied check, money order
oi personal check (allow ten days to clear). Unless prepaid with cash please add 5% lor shipping,
handling & insurance (minimum S5.00I. Calilornia residents add 6% sales tax. Foreign
customers please add 10% lor shipping & export documentation (minimum S50.00). Educa-
tional Institutions and Corporations please send lor written quotations. All equipment is sub-
ject lo price change and availability without notice. All equipment is new and complete with
manufacturer's warranty (usually 90 days). We will not honor prices which aie typographical
errors. C.O.D. orders require a 20% cash deposit in advance. If you are not completely
satisfied, return product within 15 days for a refund (only with original container and unfilled
warranty card — Applies to hardware items only — No returns on software). All other returns
subject to a restocking fee. Please call lor more details.

Send Orders to: B338 Center Drive. La Mesa. CA 92041

VIO20

The Friendly Computer

$244 50

VIC 20 Personal Computer 244"

VIC I540 Single Disk Drive 469"

DataselleCassette I/O unit 65"

Joystick Controller 10"

VIC 1515 Graphic Printer 329"

ViCSuper Expander 54"

3K Ram Cartridge 34"

8K RamCartndge 49"

16K Ram Cartridge 99"

VIC IEEE-488 interface 79"

VIC RS-232C Terminal Interlace . . 39"

UMI SOFTWARE
FOR V!C 20

ViCalc- Viable Calculator (T) 11"

ViCat • Visible Catalog <8K)(T) CALL

ViCheck - Checkbook Mgt. <8K)(T) ,. 19"

VtTerm- Dumb Terminal (T) 16"

Basic Programmer Utility ROM 27"

SpidersolMars(C)

AMOK(C)

AMOK(T)

Meteor Run(C)

Alien BhlZ(C) 32"

Alien Blitz(T) is»

Simon(T) 7"

Kiddie Checkers (T) 7"

3-D Maze (T) 11"

Raceway(T) 11"

Kosmic Kamikaze (8K/T) 20"

Kiddie Pakt (4 Tapes) 31"

Super Four I (4 Tapes) , . . . 39"

TheAlienOK/T) 19"

Renaissance-Otheito(C) 39"

SkyMathtSKT) 12"

LongDive(8KT) 12"

SpaceDiv(8K/T) 12"

Super Hangman (3K/T) 17"

T = Tape, C = Cartridge. 8K = 3K expansion

From Us and Save Your Green

Toll Free-,'" 800-854-6654

CALIFORNIA & INFORMATION (714) 698-8088

* 15 Day No Risk Policy

• We accept all
major credit cards.

• Most Orders Shipped
Within 24 Hours

* Serving people everywhere
since 1977

We will try to meet * Free Shipping
or beat any currently (Pre-Paid
advertised price. Cash Orders)

16K RamBoardl

FOR APPLE II

$50&°t

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $69°

•SOFTWARE

^ visicorp

VisiCalc 185"

VisiCalc Templates (New!) CALL

VIslFlle (Data Base Manager) 185"

VisiTrendWIslPlot 199"

VlsiSchedute(New!) , ,239"

VisiTerm 89"

VisiDex 185"

Desktop P/an II , . i85<™

$■'

Tax Preparer 119"

Real Estate Analyzer 1 1 9-'

Creative Financing 119"

mkroPfO

WordStar by MicroPro .199"

MailMerge* by MicroPro ' . 79"

SpellStaf by MicroPro 115"

OataStar" by MicroPro 169"

CalcStar- by MicroPro 115"

Supersort r by MicroPro 115"

WordStarCustomization Notes 269"

/MICRpSOfT

MICROSOFT SOFTCARD PREMIUM SYSTEM
(Includes: Saftcard, RAMCard, Videx
Vldeoterm 80 Col.. Softswitch, Osborne
CP/M User Guide) List . . . 755" .only 659"
Mtcrosolt TASC Applesoft Compiler . . 149*°

Fortran-80' 149"

A.L.O.S 89"

Basic Compiler' 269"

Cobol-80- 499"

Time Manager 129"

Super Text tl Word Processor Muse ...119"

PFS: Personal Filing System 79"

PFS: Report ....79"

DB Master 165"

Systems Plus Accounting Software . .CALL
Peachtree Accounting Software" . . . .CALL

Continental Accounting Pkgs 189'°

'Requires a Z-80 Solt-Card

WordStar 289"

Supersort 189"

MailMerge 109"

DataSlar , 239"

SpellStar 189"

CalcStar 235"

/H*CnpSDfT

BASIC 80 289"

BASIC Compiler 309"

Fortran 80 , 359"

CobolSO 569"

Macro 80 179"

mti Malh/mu SIMP 215"

mu LISP/mu STAR 169'°

d BASE M 499"

PLAN 80 . , 249"

CBASIC 115"

PASCAL MT+ Ver. 5,5 399"

Spallguard 299"

PASCAL 2 329"

SUPERCALC 225"

APPLE li COMPATIBLE

Accessories

(D Hayes

Hayes Micromodem II 289"

Hayes Smartmodem 245"

Hayes Chronograph 199"

Novation!

ry*&

Novation AppfeCat modem 319"

Expansion-Mod 39"

Handsel 29"

BSR X-10 control interlace mod 19"

Touch-Tone Firmware CALL

Videx VideoTerm 80 column card 245"

Videx Keyboard Enhancer I (orlg.) 75"

Videx Keyboard Enhancer II 129"

/UCNpSOfT

Z-80 SoltCard by Microsoft 289"

16K RamCard by Microsoft 155"

ThunderClock/Calendar card 199"

Smarterm 80 column card 289"

** CORVUS SYSTEMS

Corvus Winchesters Mb Disk 2950"

Corvus Winchester 10 Mb Disk 4295"

Corvus Winchester 20Mb Disk 5195"

Mirror Back-Up 699"

B Mountain i Computer

CPS Multi-Function Card 169"

Music System (16 voices) 299"

A/D + D/A Interlace 279"

Expansion Chassis (8 slots) .569"

Clock/Calendar card 229"

SuperTalker SD-200 149"

Romplus + card 129"

Keyboard Filter ROM for Romplus .40"

CopyRom for Romplus 40"

Rom Writer card 149"

RamPlus32K ram add-on(w/16K) 149"

VSVA

Sorrento Valley Associates

SVA 2 + 2 Sgl. Den. 8" Disk Cont CALL

SVA ZVX4 Megabyter 8" Disk Cont. . . CALL
Apple Cache 256K by SVA CALL

Miscellaneous

Form (Apple compatible) Drives CALL

IEEE-488lnterfacebySSM .389"

Vision-80 Col. card by Vista 255"

Prom Development System by Vista . . 355"

8" Disk Drives by Vista CALL

Adwar Video Processor Mod CALL

Videodisk-Apple Interface 475"

Echo II Speech Synthesizer 219"

Symtec Lightpen 210 < '°

The Mill-6809 Processor 319"

Lazer Lower Case Adapter 55"

Houstonlnst.GraphicsPlotter CALL

16K RAMBoard assembled & tested . . . 69"

16K Ram Board by CCI in kit form 50"

SYNERGY Multi-Card .CALL

Prometheus VersaCard 219"

ALF3Voice Music Card 179"

ALF 9 Voice Music Card 169"

Joysticks by Keyboard Co , 44"

23 Key Numeric Keypad by " .115"

Versawriter Digitizer Table 249"

GrapplerPrlnter Interfaces 139"

Microbuffer II 32K(specify prntr.) 289"

Microbuffer II 16K (specify prntr.) 249"

8K Serial Buffer Card tor Epson 149"

t6K Parallel Buffer l/F tor Epson 149"

Sup-R-Fan 45"

Sup-R-Terminal 80 column card 299"

We have more items too. . . Please Call Us.

fJ-SO

MICRO SCI APPLE II COMPATIBLE
DISK DRIVES

A2 with controller 469"

A2 w/o cont roller 399"

A40 with controller 479"

A40 wilhoul controller 389"

A70 with controller .599"

A70 without controller 499"

Clearance
Sale 1 .

PRINTERS A ATARI

Jtf^/l California
J^5* Computer

Clearance

u „t.40%OFF!

This Offer Good White Supplies Last
AsynchronousSerialCard(77l0A) . . .139"

Synchronous SerialCard(7712A) 99"

Centronics PrinterCard(7728A) 89"

Cable for Prism/Tigers to 7728A 29"

Parallel I/O Card (7720A) 89"

Calendar/Clock Card (7424A) 79"

Arithmetic Process (781 1C) 269"

Programmable Timer Card (7440A) 60"

3% Digit BCC A/D Converter 60"

GPIB (IEEE-486) Card (7490A) 1 69"

12K ROM/PROM Card (71 14A) 59"

Extender Card (7520A) 19"

HARDWARE from APPLE COMPUTER

SAVE UP TO 50%
Clearance Sale

Parallel Printer Card .99"

Hi-Speed Serial Card 99"

Centronics Printer Card 119"

APPLE II
SPECIAL DELIVERY SOFTWARE

CLEARANCE SPECIAL
SAVE over 50% OFF!

Pascal Animation Tools 37"

PSORT Pascal disk file sort 42"

Formulex . . 37"

Goodspell 30"

PianBO 92"

Order Tracking System 25"

VisiCalc Real Estate Templates 32"

Hand Holding Basic 50"

Supermap 17 00

Pilot Animation Tools 37"

Topographic Mapping 32"

Bridge Tutor 20"

Bridge Tutor Extended 30"

Artist Designer 32"

Galactic Wars 17"

Utopia Graphics Tablet System 37"

Diet Analysis 22"

Stepwise Multiple Regression 75"

We have more Apple Computer Inc. soltware
at greatly reduced prices , . Please call.

APPLE II GAMES

SOFTWARE
CLEARANCE

We are reducing our inventory ol software
at increadible savings to you. Hurry we have
a limited supply.

ANY GAME
ONLY $15.00

GalacticTrader(Broderbund) 15 00

Galactic Revolution (Broderbund) 15"

Galaxy Wars (Broderbund) 15"

Tawala's Last Redoubt 15"

Golden Mountain (Broderbund) 15"

Space Invaders (Cosmos Mission) 15"

Head-On 15"

Shuflleboard 15"

Microchess 15"

BridgePartner 15"

Monty Plays Scrabble , 15"

Monty Plays Monopoly , , , 15"

Rainbow Writer 15"

Checkering 15"

Gammon Gambier 15"

Fastgammon 1 5"

Bright Pen (Light pen) 15"

Both Barrels 15"

Rnadex

DP-9501 w/2K buffer 1149"

<3E C. Itoh

F-10 40 CPS (parallel) 1 399"

F-1040 CPS (serial) 1450"

ProWriter8510 10" (parallel) 489"

ProWriter 8510 10" (serial) 579"

ProWriler II 1550 15" (parallel). 699"

ProWriter II 1550 15" (serial) . 749"

EPSON

MX-80 T Type III w/graphics ..... ... CALL

MX-80 F/T Type III w/graphics ... , . , CALL

MX-82 F/TType III w/graphics CALL

MX-lOOType III w/graphlcs . CALL

Epson Graxtrax 60 ROM 59"

\d- lnli-^r.il I K1I.1 S\slt'im.lw.

Prism 80 witf lout color option 1049"

Prism 80 with color 1 299"

Prism 132with color 1569"

Apple Prism color software 55"

NEC

8023 Impact Dot Matrix 489"

35t033CPS serial 1749"

3530 33 CPS Centronics parallel 1749"

Bi-directional tractor for 3500 - s '229"

7710 55 CPS serial 2349"

7730 55 CPS Centronics parallel . 2349"

Tractor for 7700 series 229"

OKIDATA

OkidataMicroline80(ltdquan.) 319"

Okldata82Aw/tractor, 80 col .489"

Okldata83Aw/tractorl32col 725"

Okidata84A 132 col. serial 1169"

Okidata84A 132 col. parailei 1029"

SSB

Smith Corona Printer Parallel 649"

MONITORS

y4fN/IDEEK

Amdek Video 300 12" Hi-ResGreen . . .169"

Amdek Video 100 12" B&W 129"

Amdek Color 1 13" Coior w/audio 379"

Amdek Color II Hl-Res RGB monitor. . ,769"
Amdek Apple II DVM RGB card 169"

NEC

NEC9" Hi-Res Green monitor 179"

NEC 12" Hi-Res Green monitor 169"

NEC 12" Composite Color monitor 349"

NEC 12" Hi-Res RGBColor monitor . . .799"

SANYO

Sanyo9" B&W 1 69"

Sanyo9" Green monitor 179"

Sanyo 12" B&W 169"

Sanyo 12" Green (New case style!) . . . 269"
Sanyo 13" Color Monitor 389"

Zenith 12" Green monitor 119"

Atarl800(16K)

Atari 800 W/32K . . .7

Atari400(16K) 329"

Bit 3 80 Column Card tor 800 ..... 299"

410 Program Recorder 79"

810 Disk Drive 439"

850 Interface Module 169"

Epson cable for 850 module 34"

AtariJoysticks(pair) 20"

Axion Ramcram32K module 149"

Atari 16K Module by Microtek 69"

ATARI Software

EDU-PAK Educational 1 4 Tape Series . 149"

VisiCalc for Atari (D) 185"

Word Processor (D) 119"

Personal Finance Management (D) ... .47"
Dow Jones Investment Evaluator(D) . , .99"

Microsoft Basic (D) 89"

Macro Assembler & Text Editor (D) 89"

Conversational French (T) 49"

Conversational German (T) 49"

Conversational Italian (T) 49"

Conversational Spanish (T) 49"

Pac-Man (cartridge) 34"

Centipede (cartridge) 34"

Asteroids (cartridge) 34"

Missile Command (cartridge) 34"

Star Raiders (cartridge) 39"

Space Invaders (cartridge) 34"

Caverns of Mars (disk) 34"

Assembler/Editor(cartridge) 49"

We carry all ATARI software and hardware.

• ••

Control Everything In your Home

BSR Ultrasonic Command Console .

BSR Appliance Module

BSR Lamp Module

BSR Timer Module

SUPPLIES

Orange AC Surge Protectors 119"

Lemon AC Line Filter 50"

Executive Library Case 5- y<" 24"

Cableworks Cables (all sizes) CALL

Plexiglass cover for Apple II 24*

5-Vi" Disk Bank Storage Box 5"

8" Disk BankStorage Box .8"

GENERAL RIBBON PRODUCTS

NEC Multi-Strike Ribbon 8"

NEC Black Fabric Ribbon B"

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The Cognivox's potential extends to game applications
as well. The two games included on the demonstration
disk should only whet the appetite of game enthusiasts
everywhere. Imagine moving game pieces by using a
microphone instead of the keyboard. Computer graphics
could be twice the fun if you controlled the sketching by
yelling "up/' "down," "left/' "right," and so on. Think
how exciting a game of vocal chess might be.

System Limitations

A number of limitations in the system become ap-
parent after a few minutes of use. First, the audio quality
of the built-in amplifier and speaker is awful. Voicetek
recommends that the Cognivox be connected to a high-
quality stereo system for improved performance. The on-
ly problem with this suggestion is that my stereo system
is on the second floor and my office is on the first floor.
The poor quality of the audio should have the highest
priority for the first revision of the product.

Voicetek promotes the interface of the Cognivox to the
Apple by declaring, "It plugs into the game I/O port in
the Apple and does not use up the valuable peripheral
slots." Now that's a clever advertising ploy of accentuat-
ing the positive while downplaying the negative. Most of
us have a peripheral slot or two to spare, but how many
game I/O ports did you get with your Apple? If the
Cognivox is installed, you must give up your joysticks,
game paddles, and simple computer control of output cir-
cuits. This is a major loss if you want to control motors
or relays from a vocal alarm circuit. It also limits how far
you can go in flexible game design because you must give
up the push buttons.

I decided to take the Cognivox apart to see what
Voicetek had used for an audio amplifier; the two screws
holding the unit together weren't much of a challenge. It
looked like someone had spilled a milkshake on the inside
of the case: all the critical parts had had their numbers
either filed off or coated with a hard plastic material. The
Cognivox must be the hardware counterpart of the pro-
tected disk. If you have ever lost a chip or two because of
static electricity, you know how convenient it is to be
able to quickly repair your equipment by direct substitu-
tion of components. You won't be able to do this if the
Cognivox breaks down; you'll have to return the device
to the factory for repair, which will cost you time and
money.

Conclusions

The Cognivox VIO-1003 is what the manufacturer
claims it to be — a state-of-the-art speech-recognition and
voice-output peripheral for the Apple II computer. The
Cognivox records voice masks during a training session
and stores these on disk for future voice output or speech
recognition. Once trained to a voice, the recognition rate
is very high (98 to 100 percent) for a device that uses ap-
proximately 4K bytes of storage for programs and tables.

The Cognivox should open new vistas for security
systems, aid to disabled persons, and computer games. ■

.

Disk Storage
Needn't Double The Cost Of

A, ^N

Your Apple III

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can be an expensive proposition.

But Micro-Sci hos a better proposition tor you,
because our disk drives tor the Apple III give you
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And no compatibility problems. The A3 is a direct
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affording extra storage and tastseek rates tor all ot

"Registered Trademark of Apple Computers. Cupertino, California.

he programs mat run under that operating system.

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So see your Micro-Sci dealer today.

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Hardware Review

The Abilityphone

William L. Rush
817 C St., Apt. 1
Lincoln, NE 68502

I had awakened in the middle of the night with
stomach cramps. To an able-bodied person, getting up
would have posed no particular problem. But I have
athetoid cerebral palsy: I'm a person who is a quad-
riplegic as well as unable to speak. As a result, an other-
wise minor case of cramps became a cause for alarm.

I waited and prayed for the attack to subside. When it
didn't, I groaned, hoping I could arouse the student assis-
tant for my dorm floor. I hated to wake him up at 2 a.m.,
but I didn't have much choice. The cramps grew stronger
and more frequent by the minute, and sweat began run-
ning off my body. Why hadn't I taken a class in Lamaze
breathing? Finally, my groans alerted the student assis-

Photo 1: The author at work. The Abilityphone appears in the
background.

tant, who came into my room and asked, groggily,

"What's wrong, Bill? Are you too hot?"

I shook my head "No."

"Is something wrong with your electric wheelchair and
how it's charging?"

"Is something wrong with your voice synthesizer?"

"Is something wrong with your door opener?"

"Is something wrong with your physical body?"

I nodded "Yes" to his last question.

"If I call your attendant, would she know what to do?
Great. What's her number? Oh, you can't tell me that,
can you? How do I call her for you?" A mixture of frus-
tration and fatigue was in his voice. His training hadn't
covered situations like this.

I looked in the direction of my new Abilityphone,
which had my personal-service aide's number stored
somewhere in its electronic memory. The student assis-
tant only had to push the button marked "Help," and the
phone would do the rest. He was trying to find the num-
ber when he spied the Help key and asked, "If I push this
'help' button, will the phone give me your aide's
number?"

I nodded "Yes." He pushed the button with a picture of
a hand on it (so it can be spotted easily in an emergency).

About the Author

William L. Rush is a senior studying journalism at the University of
Nebraska-Lincoln as well as a freelance writer. He has a personal inter-
est in electronic aids for people with disabilities because he has cerebral
palsy. In addition to the Abilityphone, he uses a personal computer as a
voice synthesizer and a word processor.

240 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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At a Glance

Name

Abilityphone

Manufacturer

Basic Telecommunications Corporation

44 1 4 East Harmony Rd.

Fort Collins, CO 80525

(303] 226-4688 (Voice/TDD option]

Price

S2335 (suggested retail price]

Warranty

Two-year limited on all BTC equipment against defects in material
and workmanship

Shipping size

1 3/2 by 15 by 3% inches

Weight

8/2 pounds

Other physical characteristics

32-character alphanumeric display; I '/2-hour battery backup;
adjustable-membrane keyboard with 22 keys that responds to as
little as 5 ounces' pressure for activation; Lexicon plastic housing;
brushed aluminum base panel that accepts 2.5 mm external
switch jacks, 3.5 mm audio output jacks, modular phone jack, and
modular headset jack

Software needed

None

Audience

Anyone interested in devices that assist individuals with disabilities
of all types; people with disabilities who have unique telecom-
munications problems

homes. The Abilityphone, made by Basic Telecommuni-
cations Corporation (BTC) in Fort Collins, Colorado, is a
prime example of what can be done with a dual-micro-
processor-based system, persistence, and some luck.

The luck came in when I was selected as one of ten peo-
ple to participate in a three-month field testing of the
phone in May 1981. My first reaction to the concept of
the Abilityphone was that it was too good to be true. But
it sounded interesting, and I had learned not to underesti-
mate the potential of electronics. Besides, I was interested
in anything that would improve my ability to communi-
cate.

Workshop for "Test Pilots"

BTC invited me to a workshop designed to familiarize
the "test pilots" with the new telecommunications device.
We learned that the Abilityphone can answer itself auto-
matically, dial and redial a number by itself, and function
as an alarm clock, a four-function calculator, an en-
vironmental controller, and a calendar. It can even re-
mind its user to take daily doses of medication. The ter-
minal includes more than 40 features.

Some time after the workshop, I learned that this
phone was the result of a six-month market-research
study done in 1974 by BTC corporation president Tom
Cannon, then a human-factors and product-development
consultant. The study, designed to determine the special
telephone needs of people with disabilities, concluded
that there was a "significant" need for special telephone
devices. According to Cannon, the study was not in-
tended to result in a specific product but to identify
specific telephone problems of people with disabilities.

What happened next reminded me of something from a
science-fiction movie. The 13V2- by 15-inch Lexicon plas-
tic phone said "Help on" in a clear and computer-gen-
erated voice to confirm that the Help function had been
activated. Then it calmly (at least one of the three of us
was calm) said, "I am calling for help now: calling help
number one."

As it spoke, a 32-character alphanumeric display
flashed the messages so that if I had been deaf I would
have been able to understand what it was doing. Next, I
heard my personal-service aide's phone ringing through
the speaker (the Abilityphone does not have a conven-
tional receiver). When my aide, who lives in an adjoining
dorm, picked up her phone, my phone again spoke in its
electronic voice: "There is an emergency at 8117
Selleck . . . forced entry is authorized."

My aide had a Help-Answer beeper, which sent a
message to the Abilityphone terminal that help was on
the way. The phone, in turn, flashed a message to that ef-
fect on its display. Had my aide failed to answer the
phone within five rings, the Abilityphone would have
called another help number until it heard the beeper.

When the crisis was over, I marveled at how far the art
of computer technology has progressed in helping people
with disabilities to live outside institutions or nursing

Developing the Abilityphone

In 1974, four major obstacles stood in the way of de-
veloping a special telecommunications product. Most im-
portant, the technology to solve problems raised by the
study wasn't available. Even if it had been, the people
who could benefit most from it were the most difficult to
reach because of social service agencies' privacy-protec-
tion policies. Additionally, those who needed the product
often could not pay for it, and third-party sources of
money, such as insurance companies, were reluctant to
assist paying for it. Finally, the product would have had
to be sold through existing phone companies, which then
did not have the experience to deal with the unique needs
of people with disabilities.

But between 1974 and 1978, many changes had taken
place that made designing a special device for individuals
practicable. New technologies, such as microcomputers,
were available at a reasonable cost to provide solutions
to many problems. New laws and regulations made equal
opportunities for those with disabilities a reality, not just
a dream, and people with disabilities were demanding to
be treated as equals. In addition, government deregula-
tion of the telephone industry opened the field for com-
panies to sell new products to be hooked up to telephone
lines.

242 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE ANN ARBOR AMBASSADOR "300

WHY SETTLE FOR AN EMULATION?

When you

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60 line? (4800 character) display

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Area qualifications: protect, guard, numerics,

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Operator convenience modes

Erase and editing controls

Supports DEC*\rr52*/ANSI Mode, Origin Mode
and scrolling regions

Printer output: local and remote copy, print
format control

Block and character transmission
48 programmable function keys
Self diagnostics

Now you don't have to give up a full page display to use your VT100*-oriented software. The
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Circle 28 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 243

Photo 2: The Ability phone. Note that the keyboard and display
sections can be tilted at any angle. The membrane keyboard ad-
justs to respond to as little as five ounces of pressure. A fluores-
cent alphanumeric display of 32 characters is standard.

These developments encouraged Tom Cannon to
recommend that BTC develop a simulator that would
allow the corporation to test its ideas for solving the tele-
communication problems of disabled individuals. Such a
simulator incorporated a home computer, and people
with various disabilities were asked to test the simulator
for three months. Another version of the simulator was
portable and consisted of a computer in a suitcase, which

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took 18 months and about 6000 man-hours to build and
test. BTC took the suitcase simulator to rehabilitation
and independent living centers across the country to get
more feedback.

The goal of the simulators' designers was to build a
product that would serve people with all types of dis-
abilities so that it could be mass produced and, as a
result, more affordable.

The Finished Product

In March 1981, at the American Occupational Therapy
Conference in San Antonio, Texas, BTC unveiled the
result of more than three years and 24,000 man-hours of
work. In the five months that followed, BTC went into
full-scale production. During this time, the Abilityphone
underwent a battery of tests by an independent testing
laboratory that made sure it met a wide variety of
governmental and other standards.

The Abilityphone uses two microprocessors. The main
one is an RCA 1802. The terminal contains 24K bytes of
ROM (read-only memory) and 4K bytes of RAM (ran-
dom-access read/write memory). In addition, all I/O
(input/output) devices are memory-mapped. The RAM,
ROM, and I/O all reside in the lower 32K bytes of the
processor's address space.

The second microprocessor is an Intel 8048 with on-chip
RAM and ROM. It is a peripheral processor that moni-
tors the phone line and performs the environmental con-
trol functions (the unit will send commands to any BSR
remote-control module). The terminal uses prioritized in-
terrupts. The main processor and peripheral processor
are set up in a master-slave arrangement. When the
master sends a command to the slave, it causes an inter-
rupt to occur on the slave. When the slave has finished its
task, it sends a status message back to the master.

The Abilityphone's I/O devices include a membrane-
style keyboard (see photo 2), but it doesn't have a full
alphanumeric or typewriter keyboard. It uses a fluores-
cent alphanumeric display that is readable at about 20
feet. It has a serial port and a modem. A speech synthe-
sizer, also included, has a limited vocabulary and is not a
true phonetic synthesizer. More memory can be added to
increase the unit's vocabulary. Figure 1 shows a block
diagram of the Abilityphone.

BTC does a thorough "burn-in" on every terminal to
check for faulty components. Testing takes from six to
eight hours.

Features

The following is a selective list of some of the Ability-
phone's features.

Emergency dialing. The Abilityphone will dial up to six
predetermined phone numbers in sequence when the user
pushes the Help key. Depending on the options selected
on the terminal, the Help message can be either spoken or
transmitted as data. The party called can respond with a
Help- Answer beeper.

Monitoring. At predetermined times, the Abilityphone
can ask, "Are you OK?" If the user doesn't respond with-

244 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 112 On inquiry Card.

*e

t*

APTURE

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^Orange Micro, Inc. 1982

ACTUAL APPLE II PRINTOUT USING GRAPPLER AND EPSON MX100

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and CPM.

The Grappler + interfaces with
the following printers:

• Anadex • Centronics • Datasouth

• Epson* * • IDS • NEC • C-ltoh • Okidata**

OT

Orange micro

* Inc.

Circle 354 on inquiry card.

3150 E La Palma, Suite G
Anaheim, California 92806
(714) 630-3620

CPM is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.
Apple is a regisleredtrademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Foreign Dealerlnquiries Welcome TX183511 CSMA

LED

KEYBOARD

INDICATORS

KEYBOARD
MATRIX

VACUUM

FLUORESCENT

DISPLAY

KEYBOARD
CONTROLLER

DISPLAY
CONTROLLER

SYSTEM
MASTER
MICRO-
PROCESSOR
(CMOS 1802)

SYSTEM
ROM

SYSTEM
RAM

i r

q

r

:>

SERIAL
PORT

RS-232C

SPEECH
MEMORY

PHONE HANDSET MIKE

AUDIO IN MIKE

REMOTE SWITCH IN

SPEECH
MICRO-
PROCESSOR

SYNTHETIC SPEECH OUTPUT

ANALOG FSK DATA SIGNAL

MODEM
CIRCUIT

TELEPHONE
INTERFACE
MICRO-
PROCESSOR
(8048)

DATA BUS

I I ADDRESS BUS

ADDRESS

DECODE

AND

DATA BUFFER

AUDIO CONTROL
INTERFACE

INCOMING AUDIO

TONE OSCILLATOR

PULSE DIAL
AND HOOKSWITCH CONTROL

POWER SUPPLY
AND ENVIRON-
MENTAL
CONTROL
INTERFACE

ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL CODE

AC-LINE ZERO-CROSSING
DETECTOR SIGNAL

m

ADDRESS

DECODE

AND

DATA BUFFER

ANNUNCIATOR

CONTROL

INTERFACE

ANALOG
CONTROL

PHONE LINE

HANDSET
SPEAKER

TAPE OUTPUT

REMOTE
SPEAKER

ANNUNCIATOR
SPEAKER

Figure 1: A block diagram of the Ability phone.

in five minutes, the Abilityphone dials an emergency
number. This assures the user that help will be sum-
moned even if he or she can't get to the phone.

Reminding. The Abilityphone can be set to remind the
user at predetermined times to perform routine tasks that
are necessary to prevent a crisis. This function is ideal for
providing prompts to take medicine, eat special meals, or
change position to avoid pressure sores.

Automatic answering. After three rings, the Ability-
phone will answer itself, allowing the user with limited
mobility additional time to get to the phone.

Repeat dialing. When a dialed number is busy or the
party called fails to answer, the Abilityphone will redial
the number until the party is reached.

Conclusion

You might wonder if all the time and effort that goes
into building such equipment is worth the benefits to its

users and to society. I can't answer the question for socie-
ty. I can only hope society sees that through the use of
such equipment, it will gain more productive members.

As a user, however, I can attest to the Abilityphone as
invaluable. Of all my electronic devices (electric wheel-
chair, door opener, and computerized voice synthesizer),
the Abilityphone makes me feel most secure. One of its
40-odd features, a monitoring function, is a good exam-
ple. I can set it so that, at predetermined times, the ter-
minal can ask me, "Are you OK?" Then if neither I nor an
aide presses one of its 22 keys within 5 minutes, the
phone will call for help on its own.

I used to panic when my morning personal-service aide
was 15 minutes late to get me out of bed. Now when that
happens, I wait serenely to hear the phone say, "Are
you OK?" And if nobody answers its musical ring within
five minutes, it announces, "I am calling for help
now. . . . "■

246 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Interested in the
IBM Personal

Computer?

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need PC magazine.
PC magazine is the
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issue brings you hundreds of
colorful pages of evaluations,
insights, and straight talk from
respected experts —
professionals in computer
science as well as writers,
businessmen, lawyers,
educators, and many others.

PC covers software,
hardware, applications and
most every topic of
importance to the thousands
of IBM Personal Computer
users who read it. To ensure
that we give you the
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includes a special "User-to-
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about IBM Personal

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For a limited time, you can
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refund.

This is the
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that tells you
all about it

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The Independent Guide
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Phone Credit Card Orders to:

(Toll Free Number)
California: 800/792-0990. ext. 1136
All Other States: 800/227-3800, ext. 1 136

BYTE 9

Circle 366 on inquiry card.

B YTE September 1982 247

Introducing the first affordable

Thesaurus software

Good writing is hard writing. And finding just the
right words is the hardest part. You could use a
thesaurus— but who wants to wrestle with a five
pound book? So you go with what comes to mind.
And your writing suffers.

No more! Thanks to the Random House
Electronic Thesaurus/. As these actual photos at
right show, you can now have instant, on-screen ac-
cess to more than 60,000 synonyms indexed to the
4,700 most used and overused words in English.
Without exiting your word processing program. With-
out waiting more than two seconds, on average.
Without giant hard disks. Without complex direc-
tions. And your selections are automatically inserted
into the text.

The Random House Electronic Thesaurus-
fits all systems: The 60,000 synonym version
requires 240K, Abridged versions are available in
80k and 150k sizes. You can update to a larger size
for just $25. The software is totally compatible
with WordStar* 1 2.6; 3.0 and later. Or use it directly
from CP/M k

It comes in all popular system formats, by mail
from Dictronics or from your local dealer. Peachtext*
(Magic Wand H ) users can buy it from Peachtree ven-
dors or directly from Peachtree Software. This fall,
look for Osborne*, Scripsit^ EasyWriter TM and
WordStar-IBM " versions.

The Random House Electronic Thesaurus is
based on the popular Random House Thesaurus,
edited and backed by one of the most respected
names in publishing, It will change the way you feel
about writing. The price is right, too — only $150.

And we'll even throw in the book.

Ifcf I** mil 'iy.

PiSily kiti 'iitadillsly

For information and orders, please call
Dictronics Customer Service at

505-281-5444.

Dictronics

PO Box 367, Tijeras, NM 87059.
S150.

Qiiy_

State

_Zie_

Computer

O peratin g S ystem

Dealer Inquiries Invited — please call:
Dictronics Business Office at 21 2-564-0746.

witi«|. Jtod i\ viil ch*r.gs i\it ny ytu feel itout vrtUt|

To find a synonym, simply position your cursor
on the desired word. Or just type the w

,

mMHBIHI nrMlws. renrtiOle, wssie, |jr*culous, prudisieus.

■■.|

JUfafjBj^swKJiiig, jiMNtMli mcmus, ilrup, odd, ntrurtiniry,

ii 138 »d 8tt S 53 i( i ™ tnn^t LuAu disjuj
igNRgij is « . - ms. If in slit stmkH I

iiitf' '■ { \

( \

Hi u» hw* is ti i>4J.» |M art* h the rtrsf y*u ml
Hftomi im prf;s i Uf: 1H syt^Mju wi II ifpur rijfcf an Ikt • 1 1
««*» ■ Thfi i« it mr «f«r 1» tht s$»6ftyi iwu hi* tnd prtjs
tki tl) ijjiin T<*uf dioict if iRSfrtei - usilij md i stedia . (

ft*, hatu* Rouse EUcb"«ic Ihtsww will ' i^rm year

m$L

"^^■^■^^.^.Ff.^^A^f^f^-^S^

?*

When you press ESCAPE twice — or a special key
in custom installations, the top of the screen clears
. ,.n*h . .« to ioo synonyms. When you find a suitable
jrsor to it and press ESCAPE again.

ici T J H»J iWitllf ] dill* VM9 1 i

MM

tfF%B — Ik* t«&» "

f ittMt,...

i u™ »j»r it, in

iti*»«»i .' hcm» F*en »ith lUnltfd fitppj

, h| ffc«f1 rf |ir,<yJjOto{

PI I ifCM f>w lo Jo II mlt i|L'ur| turgor lo ihf ««»rd ij_ .

— n, !fWw*t ¥<w cursor 'a (hi s^Mmji uw J ■!« «nd

' lie* i* i»w<td -- tis»t"j Md imdiiielg.

J Hrtlfffmt ffcmurus will iipri
,. .hiityt IK* wky you f»tt *bout uritu

I

Your old word is deleted and the synonym is
automatically inserted. Or you can press
RETURN and return to your text without making any
changes. You can even scroll through the listings.

(BYTE Magazine written in braille)

Braille Writing in Pascal

A Pascal program, a strip of cellophane tape, and a rubber
glove combine to make a line printer write in braille.

Alfred Fant Jr.

POB 26284

Austin, TX 78755-0284

Braille writing for the blind was de-
veloped by the Frenchman Louis
Braille, who was himself blinded at
the age of three. Since the invention
of his language in 1824, thousands of
books, magazines, musical scores,
and other literary works have been
translated into braille. One of the
most ambitious translation projects
to date has been the braille edition of
the World Book Encyclopedia by the
American Printing House for the
Blind in 1961. The largest project in
the history of braille, it will probably
be the last time such a large undertak-
ing is done by hand. The final edition
of the encyclopedia contained 136
volumes — truly, a magnificent ac-
complishment.

Today, numerous publications are
translated into this readable print for
the blind. Still, it is not unusual for a
book on the best-seller list to be re-

maindered before it is finally brailled.
This happens because there is much
more material to braille than there is
funding to do it. Blind people (and
libraries serving the blind) are queried

The software treats the

braille characters as

four lines of graphics

output per line of

braille type.

periodically as to what publications
they would like to see brailled next
and to rank them by priority. The
limited funds and computer time
available make it mandatory to trans-
late only those publications that
would have the greatest readership.

Hence, in a situation similar to
military triage, many worthwhile
books are never translated.

My interest in braille translation
began when a local Boy Scout troop
asked for help in acquiring scouting
materials for its new blind members.
A survey of the literature found much
in the way of audio-tape materials.
Unfortunately, precious little
material was in braille. The Scouts
had found it difficult to use the tape
library because they could not readily
locate specific topics. You just cannot
skim a tape as you can a printed
braille book.

I proceeded to learn braille from
the instructions given in the Scout
Handbook, soon progressed to a col-
lege textbook on the subject, and
finally purchased a braille machine to
use with the visually disabled boys.
After months of practice, study, and

250 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

For serious business microcomputing,

only one operating system

exactly fits.

Whether you're in business and do
microcomputing, or in computing
and sell to business, you'll like OASIS*
Not a hobby or scientific system warmed-
over for business use, ^^^^^m
OASIS is the only operating
system designed from the
ground up for business.

SERIOUS BUSINESS
COMES IN ALL SIZES.

Whatever your business
need, OASIS has the oper-
ating system to match:
8-bit or 16-, single-user or
the multi-user system that
professionals tell us makes
micros run like minis. And
that's even truer now with
new OASIS-16.** (OASIS
exact business fit #7;
choice.)

ANY SYSTEM IS ONLY
AS GOOD AS THE

BUSINESS

PROGRAMS IT RUNS.

available, type 'HELP' and the command
function title — OASIS displays the
syntax and options available.

And it's all in your language — not
computerese. (OASIS
exact business fit #5:
useMriendliness.)

OASIS

^> j^ m

HOBBY

SCIENCE

BUSINESS

AND, AND, AND.

Some of the best, most
extensive documentation
in the industry; a packed
Application Software
Directory; multi-level train-
ing; direct telephone support;
worldwide sales & service;
options like CONTROL
Relational Data Base
Management System and
MASTERPLAN Financial
Modeling Package; OASIS
has it all. (OASIS exact
business fits #6 through #12.)

The acid test for any business
operating system is the application
software available to run on it. There's
plenty for OASIS — for nearly any job.

And it's top quality, too, because our
integrated tools are top quality — and
there are more of them. Like a high-level
BASIC Interpreter/Compiler/Editor/
Debugger; ISAM/Keyed/Direct/
Sequential Files; a smart Print Spooler;
Automatic Record Locking ( OASIS
exclusives! ); plus COBOL & 'C
Languages. These tools are mandatory
for high-quality business application
program development — ask any
developer. (OASIS exact business fit #2:
high-quality application software.)

PORTABILITY PROTECTS BUSINESS
SOFTWARE INVESTMENTS.

OASIS is custom-fitted to manufac-
turers' hardware so application software
developed to run on one OASIS
equipped machine can also run on
others — and is upwardly compatible
from 8-bit OASIS Single-User to Multi-
User, on up to OASIS-16. This kind of
ap plication software portabilit y is
exclusive with OASIS.

Device independence allows various
printers and terminals to be used —
with no modification to application

software: OASIS system software com-
pensates for differences. (OASIS exact
business fit #3: portability.)

ACCURATE DATA & A SECURE
SYSTEM REDUCE BUSINESS RISKS.

Data integrity — a challenge for any
multi-user system — is insured by OASIS
File & Automatic Record Locking. With
it, normally all users can view a record
at the same time. BUT, if the record is
being updated by one user, other users
are automatically denied access until
the update is complete. That means
data is always accurate and up-to-date.
And it's still another OASIS exclusive.

For system security, there's OASIS
Logon, Password & Privilege Level.
User Accounting keeps track of who used
the system, when. (OASIS exact business
fit #4: data integrity/system security.)

A FRIENDLY SYSTEM IS

GOOD BUSINESS.

For user-friendliness, OASIS sets new
standards. Example: the EXEC Job
Control Language is so smart it walks
users through their applications —
and around the operating system.

With our 'HELP' feature, if you are
unsure of the functions and options

Now you know why there's
no reason to struggle trying
to put a square peg in a
round hole. For serious
business microcomputing,
there is one operating system that
exactly fits: OASIS. Call or write us
today for details.

* For Z80.
** For 8086, 68000, Z8000, LSI-11, & others.

■ STRICTLY BUSINESS^

PHASE ONE SYSTEMS, INC.

7700 Edgewater Drive. Suite 830

Oakland, CA 94621-3051

Telephone 415/562-8085 TWX 910-366-7139

I'm serious about my business —

please send me :

D OASIS-16 Manual, $75

□ OASIS Manual, $60

□ Free Application Software Directory
and put me on your mailing list.

(Add S3 for shipping; California residents add sales tax.)

Name.

St. (No Box#)_
City

State Zip__

□ UPS C.O.D.

□ Check enclosed

D VISA □ Mastercharge

Card No Exp. date

Signature ,

BYTE September 1982 251

NSS Offers

An Incredible

Advantage.

NSS software, written specifically for Northstar's

ADVANTAGE™, outperforms any software available for

Northstar computer systems. Our fully integrated accounting

package includes general ledger, accounts receivable,

accounts payable, inventory control and payroll —

the first Northstar payroll package.

Why NSS software? If you're a Northstar dealer, it means

greater ease in closing sales of Northstar's computer

systems within vertical markets. Or, if you own a Northstar

computer, it means greater flexibility and expanded capability

for your Northstar as a business tool.

Our vertical market applications, such as those we have

developed for tire dealers, are the best on the market.

Let the ADVANTAGE Tw talk to you with NSS' unique cassette

training tapes, demonstration disks and sales kits. NSS also

provides dealer seminars and a toll free support hotline.

That's The Incredible Advantage!

Order your Introductory

Dealer Kit NOW

or

CALL TOLL FREE FOR
MORE DETAILS

1-800-722-3446

ADVANTAGE and Northstar are registered
trademarks of Northstar Computers

NATIONAL SOFTWARE

SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 510911

Salt Lake City, Utah 84151

hand-brailling of various scouting
materials, I felt there had to be a
faster way to translate our literature.
Eventually, the idea of a computer
translation came to my mind.

While working on a program to
graph multifunctions on a line
printer, I devised a software method
to allow brailling on a standard line
printer with no permanent modifica-
tions. Basically, the software treats
the braille characters as four lines of
graphics output per line of braille
type. I hasten to add that you have to
add a strip of specially prepared cello-
phane tape to the printer, but it is not
necessary to remove the inked ribbon
or readjust the printer's impact force.
Indeed, regular printer output can be
handled concurrently with the braille
output.

The Latex Cushion

The devised modification for the
line printer had to be simple, quick,
and easily removable. The solution
was a 9-inch strip of half -inch-wide,
double-stick cellophane tape covering
a similarly sized strip of thin latex
rubber, which was cut from common
household gloves used for dishwash-
ing. The best results were obtained by
using so-called flock-lined gloves.
Place the latex side of the strip against
the cellophane tape, leaving the flock
lining exposed. Finally, press this as-
sembly into place on the metal platen
behind the computer paper. When the
printer head strikes the paper, it will
leave an indentation because of the
minute additional travel afforded by
the flock cushion.

Please note that the double-stick
tape must be completely covered by
the latex strip. This is very important
because if any part of the tape is ex-
posed, the computer paper will drag
on it and cause paper-feeding jams.
Of course, if you have a printer that
uses a rubber platen (for example, an
IBM Selectric), you would be able to
eliminate the latex-tape cushion alto-
gether.

The Software

The accompanying program (see
listing 1) is written in standard, trans-
portable (we can hope) Pascal.

252 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

"My Legend memory expansion cards enhance
my Apple and are a superb product for the Apple
Computer.*

I think the cards are mapped appropriately
for extra storage.

The software supplied makes the cards useful
even for those who can't modify DOS on their own.

I look forward to upcoming products from
Legend."

Steve Wozniak

Co-Founder,

Apple Computer, Inc.

If Steve Wozniak, Co-Founder of Apple Computer,
Inc., thinks this highly of Legend products, we're
doing something right.

Go to your nearest computer dealer today and find
out for yourself about Legend products.

The Original HI -Density RAM Products
for APPLE II

2220 Scott Lake Road

Pontiac, MI 48054

(313) 674-0953 Office

(313)674-1340 Modem

Europe: B.I.P.

25 Rue DuMont-Cenis

75018 Paris, France

(1) 264-02-32

'Apple II is a product of Apple Computer, Inc.

Circle 265 on inquiry card.

Chances are,

you've already purchased

two-thirds of our digital,

programmable

oscilloscope.

1

r

.

it n wwmimjm, m v ». m mm ._
'or oar a, aal <t «0 > .flriK.a^ ess mm mm mm wm mm

Apple II, Apple II Plus, Disk II and Silentypeare trademarks of Apple Computers, Inc. Epson MX-80 is a trademark of Epson America, Inc.

Now for $995 you can have the rest.

In a word, the Model 85
aScope™ is a dual channel, DC
to 50 MHz, fully programmable,
digital memory oscilloscope de-
signed to operate with any Apple
II™ or Apple II Plus™ equipped
with Disk II™ and display, 48K
memory and DOS 3.3.

But don't let aScope's re-
markably low price deceive you.
Because in about 80 percent of
all design a test applications
where this sort of instrument
would be used, aScope will per-
form onpar with systems in the
$15,000+ category. (Something
we feel comfortable saying, hav-
ing spent a number of years
working in research and devel-
opment for one of the world's
leadina suppliers of those
$15,CO0 instruments.)

Still we recognize it's a
somewhat extraordinary promise.

system. But frankly, we suspect
you are probably as intrigued
as you could be on the basis of
one advertisement.

So we'll proceed with a few
action recommendations de-
signed to accommodate anyone
from the casually curious to the
virtually convinced.

First, you should call 800-
547-4445. That will provide you
with an aScope data sheet and
an opportunity to determine
whether you'd like to invest $1
in our comprehensive aScope
demonstration disk.

Or simply yield to your initial
impulse and order the system,
safe in the knowledge that
(a) you may use the system for
fifteen days, and if not satisfied,
return it, and b) NWIS system
engineers stand ready to assist
you with any questions you may

Single keystroke calls aScope™
operations menu. All sub-menus
provide complete prompting.

A reference waveform loaded from
disk into Channel 2 for comparison
with active signal on Channel 1.

Cross-cursor indicates point
where aScope™ digital voltmeter
(DVM) is calculating waveform
voltage for display at bottom of
screen.

One example of a user-defined
co-resident BASIC program; in
this case designed to plot an
amplitude responsecurve for an
active filter.

So, perhaps before telling you what
aScope can do, we ought to tell you
how it does it so inexpensively.

Essentially what we've done is depart
radically from the existing instrumentation
architecture upon which all currently avail-
able digital programmable oscilloscope
systems are dependent. It simply doesn't
make sense to combine a stand-alone

Bandwidth : DC to > 50 MHz equivalent time
digitizing (-3dB) DC to > 10 KHz resolvable
with real-time digitizing (-3dB)
Resolution : 8 bits (1 part in 256)
Range ; 10ns/di vision io 20s/di vision
Sensitivity : 5mV/division to 5V/divtsion
Input Impedence : 1MQand20pF

programmable oscilloscope with a con-
troller when to a great extent the micro-
computer circuitry and capabilities of one
are already available in the other; So we
didn't combine, we integrated. Making the
aScope a peripheral part of the computer.
Supplying only what was necessary to
make the computer a high-performance
instrument. An instrument capable of
things until now assumed impossible for

Circle 347 on inquiry card.

anywhere near its price.

Things like what, you wonder?

Well naturally, since aScope is fully pro-
grammable you may configure a setup, de-
fine the analysis of the acauired data you
desire and produce an end result display in
whatever form is most productive. Many
frequently performed routines are already
part of aScope's software. However, be-
cause no two engineers' needs are exactly
the same, the system's architecture was
designed to accommodate considerable
user modification via co-resident BASIC or
assembly language programs.

In addition, aScope will average
waveforms. Store a waveform on disk in
binary or text form. Store instrument con-
trol settings for future automated setup,
Or load and display reference waveforms.

aScope is also equipped to deliver
waveform voltage readings utilizing a
cursor-controlled digital voltmeter. And
to generate hard copies via an Epson
MX-80™ or Sileniype™ printer.

Space permitting, we could go on about
the menu-driven commands and other
user-sensitive features we've built into this

have regarding aScope capabilities and
applications.

The $995 Model 85 aScope. We admit
the performance it delivers for the money
is so remarkable, it may initially strike you
as unbelievable. However, when you recall
all the breakthrough products this industry
has seen over the last decade, sounding
unbelievable atf irst is practically a tradition.

NORTHWEST
INSTRUMENT
SYSTEMS, INC.

P.O. Box 1309

Beaverton, Oregon

97075

800-547-4445

Listing 1: BRAILLE, a Pascal program that converts standard English text into standard Form I braille.

<*
U

<*

(41
<#

c*

PROGRAMMER : ALFRED F ANT , . A . E .
PROGRAM: BRAILLE

10/21/81 *)

*)
*)
*)

ABSTRACT: *>

THIS PROGRAM IS DESIGNED TO PRODUCE "REVERSE" BRAILLE FOR *>

USE WITH AN STANDARD LINE PRINTER. THE BRAILLE CHARACTER ARE *)

REVERSED TO ENABLE TACTILE READING ON THE BACKSIDE OF THE PAPER. *>

*>

PROGRAM BRAILLE;

CONST P-- '" O '" ; C Your printer mav sive better results with "0" or "@" 3-

VAR

CAP I TAL , NUMBER , CELL , FORM ■» I ■» J : I NTEGER '
CHARACTER: CHAR?

TA-*TB,TC: PACKED ARRAY CI.. SO 3 OF CHAR;
TEST27, TEST27C: PACKED ARRAY CI.. 30] OF CHAR;

PROCEDURE CONVERT (VAR CHARACTER: CHAR);

BEGIN (^CONVERT*)
CASE CHARACTER OF

CELLa=CELL+2 5

•-(
-' )

#■

*"

•' a 1
•- b ■

•• I-

BEG1N TCCCELL+2 3:«'Pi

BEGIN TBCCELL3:=P? TBC CELL+2 3 : =P?

TCC CELL 3 : =P ? TCC CELL+2 3 : =P 5
BEGIN TBCCELL]:»P5 TBC CELL+2 ]: =P 5

TC C CELL 3 : =P ; TCC CELL+2 "J : ~P ;
BEG I N TC C CELL+2 3 : =P 5
BEGIN TBLCELL3:=P; TRCCELL+23S-P?
BEGIN TBCCELL3:=P; TB C CELL+2 ]: =P 5

TCCCELL3:=P?
BEG IN TBC CELL 3 : =P 5 TBC CELL+2 ] : »P ?

TCLCELL3:«P3
BEGIN TBCCELL3:«P?

BEG I N TC [ CELL ] : =P ? TC L CELL+2 3 : =P ;
BEGIN TBCCELL3:=PS TCCCELL3 : =P;
BEGIN TBCCELL3s=P? TBC CELL+2 ]: =P;
BEGIN TBCCELL3:«P;

TCCCELL3 : -P5 TCC CELL+2 3 : -P?
BEGIN TBC CELL 3 2 =P; TBC CELL+2 3: = =F;

TCCCELL3:=F'5
BEGIN TACCELL+2 3:«P?

BEGIN TAC CELL+2 3 : =Pi TBC CELL+2 3 = = P;
BEG I N TA C CELL 3 : -~-P ? TAC CELL+2 3 : =P 5
BEG I N TAL CELL 3 : =P ? TA C CELL+2 3 : =P ;

TBCCELL3:«P?
BEGIN TACCELL+23:=P$ TBC CELL 3 : ==P;
BEGIN TACCELL+2 3:«P? TACCELL3:«P?

TBCCELL+2 3:=P?
BEGIN TACCELL3:-P? TAC CELL+2 3 : =P 5

TBC CELL 3 : =P; TBC CELL+2 3 a =p;
BEGIN TACCELL+-2 3:=P;

TBLCELL+23:-P; TBLCELL3:=P?
BEGIN TACCELL3:=P; TB C CELL+2 3 : =P;
BEGIN TAC CELL 3: «P;

TBCCELL3 : = P; TBCCELL+23 : «P;

CELL:=CELL+4; END;
CELL:«CELL+4? END;

ELL:=*CELL->4; END;
ELL:=CELL+4; END?
ELL:~CELL+4 5 END;

CELL:=CELL+4; END 5

CELL:=CELL+4; END;

CELL:~CELL+4; END;

CELL:=CELL+4; END;

CELL:^CELL+4; END;

CELL:=CELL+4; END;

CELL**=CELL+4 5 END;

CELL:=CELL+4; end;

CELL:=CELL+4? END;

CELLS «CELL+4? END;

CELL:--CELL+4; END;

CELLs«CELL+45 END;

CELL:=CELL+4; END;

CELL:=CELL+4; END;

CELL:«CELL+4 5 END;

CELL:=CELL+4; END;

CELL:=CELL+4; END;

CELLft=CELL+4? END;

Listing 1 continued on page 260

256 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Most Versatile Integrated System Available! — Without Compromise.

From the crystal clear monitor with a
true typist keyboard to the high
performance switching power supply— an
engineered solution— the 5000 IS system
is designed with IEEE standard S100 Bus
architecture, giving you the flexibility and
compatibility expected of an industrial
grade computer.

Now you can have 1 MByte Floppies,
25 MByte Winchesters with ECC,
extended RAM memory (beyond the
basic 64K), various peripheral controllers,
and best of all, the 5000 IS can serve as

the host processor of a multi-user, multi-
processing system. Up to four I/O
processors may be resident in the 5000
IS, each with its own Z80 Micro-
processor, 64K of memory and two Serial
I/O Channels.

With this flexibility you can configure
the highest performance, lowest cost
multi-processing system available.

Memory parity— of course! Two year
warranty— naturally!

For complete information and
specifications on the 5000 IS plus the

location of your nearby IMS International
dealer, call or write today!
(714) 978-6966 or (702) 883-7611

2800 Lockheed Way
Careon City, NV 89701
lelex: 910-395-6051

INTERNATIONAL

We Build Computers As If Your Business
Depended On Them.

See us at Fall COMDEX booth 1144 for more surprises!

IMS INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORS:

Argentina Canada France India Korea Netherlands So. Africa Sweden United Kingdom

Australia Chile Greece Israel Malaysia New Zealand Singapore Switzerland U.SA

Austria Ecuador Hong Kong Italy Mexico Phillipines Spain United Arab Imerates West Germany

Circle 230 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 257

■

■--*?.

On °Q

o n °o

'•'*-*i

THE COMMODORE 64. ONLY $595.

What nobody else can give you at twice the price.

'O,

oo.%;

"THE COMMODORE 64

COULD BE THE

MICROCOMPUTER INDUSTRY'S

OUTSTANDING NEW PRODUCT

MTRODUCTION SINCE
THE BOTH OFTHB INDUSTRY."

-SHEARSON/AMERICAN EXPRESS

They're speaking to a group as interested
as anyone else in the future of computers: the
people who buy stock in the companies that
make computers.

If, on the other hand, you're a person
whose livelihood depends on a personal com-
puter— or whose leisure time revolves around
one— what follows should impress you even
more than it impresses investors.

MIGHT MAKES RIGHT .

The value of a computer is determined by
what it can do. What it can do is largely deter-
mined by its memory.

The Commodore 64's basic RAM is 64K.
This amount of power is unusual enough in a
micro at any price.

At $595, it is astonishing.

Compared with the Apple II+" for in-
stance, the Commodore 64 IM offers 33% more
power at considerably less than 50% of the cost.

Compared with anything else, it's even
more impressive.

PILE ON THE PERIPHERALS .

Because the basic cost of the 64 is so low,
you can afford to buy more peripherals for it.
Like disk drives, printers, and a telephone modem
that's priced at around $100.

This means you can own the 64, disk
drive, printer and modem for a little more than
an Apple II+ computer alone.

HARD FACTS ABOUT SOFTWARE .

The Commodore 64 will have a broad
range of custom software packages including
an electronic spreadsheet; business graphics
(including printout); a user-definable diary/
calendar; word processing; mailing lists,
and more.

With BASIC as its primary language, it is
also PET BASIC compatible.

The Commodore 64 will also be program-
mable in USCD PASCAL, PILOT and LOGO.

And, with the added CP/M® option, you

will have access to hundreds of exciting soft-
ware packages.

THE FUN SIDE OF POWER .

The Commodore 64 can become very
playful at a moment's notice.

You can use Commodore's plug-in game
cartridges or invent your own diversions. All
will be enhanced by brilliant video quality
(320 x 200 pixels, 16 available colors, 3D
Sprite graphics), plus outstanding sound.

The 64's built-in music synthesizer has
a programmable ADSR (attack, decay, sustain,
release) envelope, 3 voices (each with a 9-octave
range) and 4 waveforms. All of which you can
hear through your audio system and see in full
color as you compose or play back.
NOW'S Y OUR CHANCE .

If you've been waiting for the "computer
revolution," consider it as having arrived.

Through its 25 years of existence,
Commodore has been committed to delivering
better products at lower prices.

Today, the company's vertical integration
has resulted in the Commodore 64's price per-
formance breakthrough heralded by Shearson/
American Express.

Visit a Commodore Computer dealer and
discover the 64 soon.

It will expand your mind without deflating
your wallet.

CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc

[Commodore Business Machines/Personal Systems Division
P.O. Box 500 Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428

Please send me more information on the Commodore 64.
Name

Address.

City

Phone_

„State_

_Zip_

C= commodore

* COMPUTER

BY-S

Circle 93 on Inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

•- k - i
■" 1 -

BEGIN

: BEGIN

T A I! CELL+2 ] : =P 3 TC C CELL 1-2 ] s =P 5
TAi:CELL4 23 = =P5 TBCCELL+2 3 : =P?

CELL:

=CELL+4?

END5

TC 1." CELL+2 ]:=P 3

CELL:

=CELL+4 3

END 3

•'" m ""

. BEGIN

TACCELL3 : =-p; TACCELL+2 3 : =P?

T CC CELL+2 ]:=P 3

CELL:

=CELL+4 3

END 3

■"' r i ■''

: BEGIN

T A C CELL ] : =F 3 T A C CELL+2 3 : =P '

TCC CELL f 2] : «P; TBCCELL 3 : =P3

CELL:

=CELL+4S

END 3

"■ o "*

: BEGIN

TACCELL-i23:=P3 TBCCELL] : «P5

TCC CELL+2 ]:=P 3

CELL:

=CELL+4 3

END 3

"' p '

s BEGIN

TACCELL] : =P? TACCELL+2] : -P3

TB C CELL+2 ] : =P; TC C CELL *-2 1 : =P ;

CELL:

=CELL+4 3

END 3

■" ^ •''

I BEGIN

T AC CELL ] : --P ; T AC CELL+2 ] : =P 3 TB C C

::ELL ] :

=P3

TBC CELL+2 3 : =P 3 TC C CELL t-2 ] : =P ;

CELL:

=CELL+43

END 3

■-- r , ■•■

! BEGIN

TACCELL+2] : =P3 TBCCELL] : »P;

TBC CELL+2] : =Ps TCC CELL+2] : =P3

CELL:

=CELL+4S

END 3

"' c. •'"

'. BEGIN

T A C CELL ] : =P 3 TBC CELL+2 ] : =P 3

T CC CELL+2 ]s=P 3

CELL :

=CELL+43

END 3

•'■ t ■■■

: BEGIN

T A C CELL 3 : =P 3 TBC CELL ] s ^P 3

TB C CELL+2 ] : =P 3 TC C CELL+2 ] : =P 3

CELL:

"CELL+4 3

END 3

'" u "' •

BEGIN

T A C CELL+2 ] = «P 3 TC C CELL ] : «P 3

T C C CELL+2 ]:=P 3

CELL:

=CELL+4 3

END 3

•" v " i

BEGIN

TACCELL+2] : =P3 TB C CELL+2 ] : =P5

TC C CELL+2 ] : =P ' 1 C C CELL ] : =P 3

CELL:

=CELL+4 3

END 3

•-ur" i

BEGIN

T A C CELL ] : =P 3 TB C CELL ] : =P 3

T B C CELL+2 ] : -P 3 TC C CELL ] : =P 3

CELL:

-CELL+4 3

END 3

"' '.:< ""' >

BEGIN

TACCELL]--=P- TACCELL+2] : =P 3

TC C CELL ] : =-P 5 TCC CELL+ 2 ] : =P 3

CELL.:

=CELL+4 3

END 3

BEGIN

T AC CELL ] s =P ? TA C CELL+2 ] : =P 3 TBC C

:ELL ] :

=PS

TC C CELL ] : =*P 3 TC C CELL+2 ] : =P 3

CELL:

=CELL+4 3

END?

■" z ■"

BEGIN

TA C CELL ] : «P 3 TB C CELL+2 ] : =P ;

TC t CELL ] s =P 3 TC C CELL-* 2 3 : --=P 5

CELL:

=CELL+4?

end;

OTHERWISE WRITELNC-'ERROR- UNPRINTABLE CHARACTER:

- , CHAR AC

:TER)3

END', <*CASl

■*>

END; (sCON VI

iRT*>

TEST27CCI]s=-

BEGIN <* BRAILLE*)
RESET ( INPUT) 3
REPEAT

FOR l:=?l TO 28 DO BEGIN TEST27 1 1 3 s = '
I : :=0 3
.J: -0;
REPEAT
IS =1+1 3

READ (CHARACTER);
TEST27CC I ] : --CHARACTERS

IF TEST27CC I ] = - ' AMD TEST27CC I- 1 3« "' ' THEN I: = 1-1 3
I F CHARACTER I N C " A • ' . . " Z -" ,, - ■' . . ' 9 "' 3 THEN J : = J+ 1 5
UNTIL I+.J >- 20 OR Cl+J >= 15 AND CHARACTER-- ■' > OR EOF (INPUT) 3

END;

FOR I : = 1 TO 20 DO TEST27 C I 3 : =TEST27C E 2 1 - 1 3

( -K--K--K--K--K--K--K--K--K--K-K--K--K--K--K--K--K--K- )

<# Reverse letter * )
(# order- to al 1 o»u *>
<•* tactile reading*)

FOR l:=l TO SO DO BEGIN

TACI]:--
TBC 13:='
TC C I ] : = -
END 3

C* Intial ize Brai lie *)
i * Print: buffer #)

260 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

I :=05
CELL = = 1 "
REPEAT

I: =1+1 5

CAPITAL: =05 C Flag to indicate capitals >

NUMBER :»05 •[ Flag to indicate numbers >

(* Present Braille Cell *)
CHARACTER: *TEST27CI 35 (# Position number *)

I F CHARACTER IN [ ' A "' . - - Z ' 1
THEN BEGIN

CAPITAL: «1 5

(# allows space for capital sign * )
CHARACTER s =CHR ( ORD < CHARACTER ) +32 ) 5 ( *G i ve s 1 owe r * )
END; (ttcase char. * )

I F CHARACTER IN C ' -' . - ' 9 "' 1
THEN BEGIN

NUMBER: =15

( * allows s p a c e -T o r n u m b e r sign * )
IF CHARACTERS '0-' THEN CHARACTER: =•' k *
ELSE

CHARACTER: *CHR < ORD ( CHARACTER ) +43 ) :
END 5

CONVERT ( CHARACTER ) 5

IF CAPITAL**! THEN BEGIN

TCCCELL3:«P5
CELLS =CELL+3?

END;

IF NUMBER^ i THEN BEGIN

taccell:i:=p;

TBCCELL'J:=P;

TCCCELL 3 : ~P? TCCCELL* i II \ =p?
CELLs-CELL+35
END;
UNTIL 1=213

<* DEBUGGING TOOL: Used to write the English forwards and backwards *)
<* WRITELN(TEST27Cv ' ',TEST27>3 *>

WRITELN? ( ****************************'M-*******^***********^« )

WRITELN<TA)3 <* Used to write the three line Braille cells *>

WRITELN < TB ) ; ( ^^^^^^^^^^^^s^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^-fr^^ )
WRITELN(TC) 5

UNT 1 L EOF ( I NF'UT )
END. <*BRAILLE*>

Special program functions have been This restriction of 20 characters is not always be exactly 20 braille cells

avoided in the interest of dissemi- used because only about that many on each output line. The program

nating this program as widely as braille cells will fit on the standard continues to loop back and forth be-

possible. 80-column page. BRAILLE then calls tween the reading and the translating

The listing consists of the main pro- CONVERT to translate each charac- until the end-of-file marker is reached

gram BRAILLE and the procedure ter into its corresponding braille cells. on the text file. The program then ter-

CONVERT. BRAILLE reads a text However, since capital letters and minates. A sample of the program

file character by character until it has numbers require two braille cells for output is shown in listing 2.

20 letters and/or blanks in its buffer, their proper interpretation, there will Although the reader obviously can-

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 261

90 Percent Perspiration

Almost every story has a "story
behind the story, " and this article is no
exception. Just as Thomas Edison tried
thousands of materials for his first light
bulb filament before finally discover-
ing his wife's cotton thread, 1 spent
many months trying to come up with
the right material for the braille printer
pad. It wasn't easy.

1 started with a pair of latex surgical
gloves and found them to be too thin.
Our blind Scouts, reading transcripts
prepared with this material, com-
plained that the braille faded after only
a few readings.

1 therefore tried strips cut from
thicker and softer gloves, but the
printer then began to jam. No matter
how many different materials I tried,
nothing seemed to work quite right.
The answer had to be there — some-
where.

Success finally came with my dis-
covery that flock-lined gloves were
available at the Safeway supermarket.
The cotton lining of these gloves pro-
vided just the right amount of padding
for the computer brailling idea to
work. Thomas Edison would have
been proud.

not "feel" the indentations on the
reverse side of listing 2, this output
has been used successfully with the
blind Boy Scouts. The monthly troop
newsletter is now produced in both
braille and regular print. As a result
of this newsletter, we have found that
the best indentations occur on thicker
paper. The indentations are good for
only about 15 readings by a blind per-

son, after which the braille becomes
too faded to allow correct letter iden-
tification. Even so, this method is
ideal for short-lived publications such
as newspapers and correspondence.

You may have noticed that
BRAILLE allows at most only four
words to be printed per output line.
Though Braille does have a hyphen to
mark divided words, it is better to

divide as few words as possible. From
personal studies of computer dic-
tionaries, I know that five-letter
words make up the vast bulk of the
English language. Therefore, the pro-
gram counts characters and looks for
a space from the fifteenth to twentieth
character (a word break). If a space is
found, the line is ended. Otherwise,
the line is broken after the twentieth
character. Four brailled words may
occasionally fit on the line of 20
braille characters, but it is wise to
keep a one-word safety margin.

This program produces what is
known as Form I or Grade I level
braille. In Form II braille, abbrevia-
tions are used to increase the number
of brailled words per page. These
standard braille abbreviations are for
often-used words and letter combina-
tions in the English language. This
program does not address this ques-
tion because of memory require-
ments. On a larger computer, how-
ever, it would be easy to program a
look-up table for these abbreviations
and their braille counterparts. Table 1

r

f

CAN'T MAKE ENDS MEET?

We couldn't either. At least, not until 1978 when we
began connecting RS-232 devices to IEEE-488
computers with our family of serial interfaces. Three
units available for use with Commodore's PET/CBM,
the HP-85, Osborne-1 and others, plus our auto-
answer/auto-dial 103 Modem, automatic calling unit
(Operator), and data communications software. All with
cabinet, one-year warranty, documentation. Priced
from $129-389. Details from Sam Edwards:

#THW

V

Dept. B., 3444 Hancock St., San Diego, CA 92110

(714) 296-2115 • TWX 910-335-1194

V ISA/MasterCard • Dealer Inquiries Welcome

MULTI-PROGRAMMER

atures SYSTEM-10

Features: SYS

Dedicated keys and large
display vocabulary for ease of use.
I/O - 6 baud rates, 13 formats including
Intel lee, Textron ix and Motorola.
EPROMs, E 2 PROMs and bipolars.
Gang option - programs eight at once.
Remote control option.

$1,295

PROGRAMS
OVER 250
DEVICE TYPES

262 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 464 on inquiry card.

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

^

11

M&mj JBHkk. ^^|^^^^^^ ' mmmmkm^^^ ^^^^^^^^r ^^^^^^0^^ .M^^m x^^^.

On Your Microcomputer
Investment

Up until now, you might have
thought that microcomputers
weren't powerful enough to
handle those returns you send
off to your computer service
bureau each tax season. Micro-
Tax™ and your microcomputer
with CP/M* changes all of that.

With Micro-Tax™ you can save
time and have the complete
security of total in-house, com-
puterized tax preparation.
Nothing ever leaves your office.
You won't give up versatility
and power either. Micro-Tax™
computes and prints over 30
schedules and forms for multi-
ple clients, even partnership
and corporate returns. Micro-
Tax™ can also compute depreci-
ation by individual items or
groups as well as handling the
accelerated cost recovery sys-
tem. Underpayment penalties,
self-employment taxes, mini-
mum and alternative minimum
and maximum taxes as well as
income averaging are all com-
puted automatically. Plus, each
tax season Micro-Tax™ can
provide you with an update
package quickly.

Micro-Tax™ is friendly. [Da : ta
entry is organized very much
liRe the sequence you use in
manual tax preparation. It's flex-
ible too, because you can jump
to a specific f.orm and compjete

1962 SCHEDULES AND FORMS INCLUDED

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

INDIVIDUAL PROFESSIONAL PARTNERSHIP/

PACKAGE
1040. 1040A x
1065. 1120.
1120S

A, B, C, E, ES,
G, SE x

D. F. x

K. K-1
R. RP
1116

2106 x

2119
2210
2220
2440

2441 x

3468
3903
4137
4562
4625
4626
4684
4726
4797
4835
4952
4972

5695 x

6251
6252
6765
ACRS
BATCH
Print

Substitute x

On IRS

Forms

Blank

Paper

Continuous

Preprinted

Forms

S195.00
Trans-
parencies S 50
22 state returns covered.
Yearly Updates Available for all 3 levels

CORPORATE

the instructions given by the
computer.

Micro-Tax ,M is your answer to
the already high and increasing
costs of computer service bu-
reaus. You will be able to enter
data at the time of the client
interview and produce returns
that look exactly like those re-
quired by the government, right
in your own office. In the batch
mode, you can enterdata all day
and print returns at night. That's
productivity, and it leaves you
time for more creative approach-
es to your client's tax problems.

For more information call
your local software dealer
or call direct.

$1,000

sioo

S 1.000

sioo

it rather than starting
with the 1040. Just
choose the func
tion you want
on the Micro-
Tax™ menu,
and follow

MICROCOMPUTER TAXSYSTEMS, INCORPORATED

22458 Ventura Boulevard, Suite E. Woodland Hills, California 91364 (213) 704-7800

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research
"Micro-Tax is a trademark of MicrocomputerTaxsystems. Inc.

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 263

Stop talking

ABOUT NETWORKING

AND START TAKING

ADVANTAGE OF IT.

EASY-TO-IMPLEMENT,

SINGLE CARD DESNET™ NETWORKING

FOR S-100 BASED SYSTEMS.

If you design multi-user computer systems, you face
a dilemma. You want the system to be powerful.
Yet cost-effective. You want each user to have an
individual CPU. Yet you can't afford to provide each
user with a high-performance printer, hard disk,
and modem.

Obviously, you need some way to share
system resources. But until now, the alternatives
haven't been all that attractive.

Desnet is the simple, elegant solution.

A Desnet Network Interface Board in the
backplane of each device in your multi-user S-100
system makes shared resources a practical reality. The
Desnet common bus topology can network up to 350
devices without sacrificing performance or economy.
And with generous maximum cable lengths. Devices
can be added, removed, or disabled without affecting
the rest of the system.

Not only does the system benefit from the
economies of shared resources, it gains capabilities.
Like electronic mail, central database access, and
on-line telecommunications.

Low cost, high performance.

In OEM quantities, Desnet S-1 00 cards cost less
than $650. Media taps cost under $50. A similar pair
of devices for an Ethernet™ hookup typically costs
more than three times as much. For less flexibility

Desnet network topology \s media-independent.
You can install a baseband network today, then upgrade
to broadband or fiberoptics at any time in the future.

Powerful on-board firmware makes it easy to
convert your applications to networked systems. The
comprehensive Reference Manual gives you easy,
step-by-step instructions.

Order a starter kit today.

A Desnet S-100 starter kit gives you everything
you need to get a sample network up and running for
only $1,295.

• 2 DESNET S-100 Network Interface Cards

• 2 Baseband Taps

• 20 Feet RG59U Coax Cable

• Applications Demo Disk

• Reference Manual

Pay by major credit card if you wish. To order,
call or write The Destek Group, 2111 Landings Drive,
Mountain View, CA 94043 (415)968-4610.

Today, S-100 -tomorrow the world.

Our S-1 00 card is just the beginning. Soon Destek
will be shipping Desnet cards for Multibus, 71 " OBus,™
Unibus,™ Versabus,™ Apple,® IBM-PC, and general
purpose buses.

So while everyone else is talking about network-
ing, you can be taking advantage of it.

Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corp. Multibus is a trademark of Intel Corp.
Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. Desnet is a trademark of
The DESTEK Group.

WE BUILD ACCESS TO PRODUCTIVITY

Circle 157 on Inquiry card.

Listing 2: Sample output from the BRAILLE program, shown in listing 1. This is the first few lines of the Boy Scout troop's newsletter
done in braille type. For the convenience of sighted readers, the English words are printed both backward and forward above the
braille text. The text is printed in reverse because the blind reader must turn the paper over in order to read the braille cells by touch.
The backward English enables the programmer to check for proper letter order. To keep from confusing braille readers, the program-
mer should "comment out" the English-written line of the final program.

September 1981 1891 refometpeS

Q

m

00 00 00 00

EVOKE Troop poorT EKOVE

O

o
23 Newsletter rette 1 swelM 32

o

13

00 00

W e ui a n t t o u« e 1 c o m e e m o clem o t t n a w e W

O o

back Crais Fowler reluioF giarC kcab

n

* Del 1 Garner, ,renraG 11 eD ,

Matthew Jackson, , noskcaJ ujehttatt

o o o

m o

Bobbv Wrisht:

, thsirW vbboB

and their- friends sdneirf rieht dna

o

O

fron TSB. Their riehT . BST morf

o

O

f - j

first fall visit tisiv 1 1 af tsrif-

o

o o

i n c 1 u d e d a t o li r ■ r . u ,-, tad e d u 1 c n i

266 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

-tf*

DATAFLEX

THE MULTIUSER DATA BASE

TM

Bring your CP/M* software applications to life with DataFlex.

From menus to multi-key ISAM, DataFlex has the features
and power you need to create complete turn-key software
applications in a RELATIONAL data base environment.

Compare. ..what else gives you: up to 125 data files with 4
indexes each, fast on-line multi-key ISAM file maintenance, a
multi-file report generator; on-line multi-file transaction process-
ing, an easy to use Query, even a "soft" menu to replace the
CP/M command mode. All of this using DataFlex's configuration
utilities, and NO PROGRAM CODE!

Is it easy to use? You can type in a screen format "image" of a
file with your text editor. Then, DataFlex's AUTODEF utility will
create the file definition from the screen image. ..in about five
seconds'

DataFlex will handle your multi-user requirements too! It runs
under Software 2000's TurboDos Network O/S with data protec-
tion to the field level. That means multiple users in the same
record at the same time!

If the 16 bit world is your domain, an 8086 version of DataFlex

"Dealer; Systems House and OEM inquiries invited."
Circle 142 on inquiry card.

will be available second quarter '82. And, you can develop now
on your 8080/Z-80 system, and transport completed applica-
tions to the 8086.

If you need applications now, Data Access has a Library of
existing DataFlex applications developed by other creators.
They're ready to go at prices that will get you going. The DataFlex
Library has Order Entry/ Inventory, Accounting, Pharmacy, and
Legal Billing, with more being added all the time. For highly
specialized requirements, DataFlex's PASCAL Library is avail-
able to application developers.

DataFlex can change the way you do business. And, at $750
it's ihe best software value in the business. A demo package,
which limits file sizes inter-
nally, is only $1 00 including
the manual.

Get the full system, or
get the demo, but get your
hands on DataFlex.

It's software for creators.

JATAAGCESS

CORPORATION
4221 Ponce De Leon Blvd.,
Coral Gables, FL 331 46
(305)446-0669

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Pacific Grove, CA.

The braille alphabet starts by using 1 combinations of the top 4 dots. The same 1 charac-
ters, when preceded by a special number sign, are used to express the numbers 1 to 0.

k I m n o p q r s i

Adding the lower left-hand dot makes the next 10 letters. Adding the lower right-hand dot
makes the last 5 letters of the alphabet (except w) and 5 word symbols, below.

and

for

of

the with

Omitting the lower left-hand dot forms 9 digraphs, or speech sounds, and the letter w. This
construction continues until all possible combinations have been used.

ch

gn

sh

th

wh

ed

ou ow

Table 1: The braille alphabet and some standard braille abbreviations. (Courtesy
World Book Encyclopedia,)

shows some of these abbreviations
and the complete braille alphabet.
(See reference 1 for all the standard
abbreviations. )

Conclusion

Braille writing for the blind has
been an important contribution of
Western civilization. It has brought
many blind people into the realm of
literature and music. As a program-
mer, you can now take part in help-
ing the blind to read. Volunteer your
computer and time in translating for
the blind people in your town. ■

Further Reading

1. Ashcroft, S. C. and F. Henderson. Pro-
grammed Instruction in Braiiie. Pitts-
burgh: Stanwix House Inc., 1963. (An ex-
cellent textbook for the adult who has had
no previous knowledge of braille. A "learn
to braille in 10 lessons" type of book.)

2. Day, Margaret R. "Tactual Mapping and
Nonvisual Perception." Master's thesis,
University of Texas at Austin, 1976. (A
major work in braille mapping, it covers
the history of such special maps and the
efforts to make them using computers.)

m

CROMEMCO

CS1

Z2H

CS3

CS1D2E

CIO
DYNABYTE

NORTH
STAR

TERAK

•LSI/11
graphic*

ALTOS
*B0B6"

Best Price • Good Quality • Swift Delivery • Export

COMPUTER

'The Best Graphic

Personal Computer* $

Z80A, 65K, 4B0 x 1 92 1,395

w/CPM compatible 1 ,670

125K.CPM compatible 2.100

RGB interface 125

"Multiuser Business/Engineer*

Best Price Anywhere

5%" floppy 2,956

hard disk system 7,396

64K, B" 5,177

256K RAM, 6B000 & ZBO

2 B" floppy 4,067

64K sp w/12" monitor 950

5200 64K, 1MB, Z80A 3,300

5605 64K, 6MB hard d 6,550

'Professional/Word Process*

Z90-B0, 64K 2,050

Z90-82, 64K, 1 disk 2,350

ZB9, 4BK, 1 disk 2,050

Z37 1.2MB Drives 1,450

HORIZON. 1

quad drive. HD5 3,999

ADVANTAGE, 2

quad drives, 64K 2,999

64K. 12" monitor, 390K

floppy, letter quality printer,

CP/M type O.S. + word processing

+ spreadsheet $2875

• 1 6-bit CPU*

S150 1FSl-user 7,520

256K RAM, CRT, 2 floppies

S150WS 1-user 8,999

256KRAM, 10MB hard disk,
960KB floppy CRT, OS + 1 language

SI 50-3 WS 3-users 10,800

same as SI 50 WS

S1 50-6 WS 6-users 1 2,800

5 1 2K RAM same as S 1 50 WS

Graphics 300x400 900

B510A w/CRT B.000

320x240, DD

8600 w/1 3" color 17,000

monitor, 640 x480

ACSB600-1 500KB 8,350

RAM, 10MB hard disk, 500KB floppy

multiusers ACS8000-2 2.850

64K, 1M, 8-bit

PDP/1 1 , MINC, Professional Call

PRINTER

Integral Data System

PRISM BO 1 50 cps. BO col. . . .

w/graphic 84 x 84 . .

W/color & graphic . . .

W/all options

PRISM 132 132 col

w/graphics 84 x 84. .

w/color & graphic . . .

w/all options . ,

EPSON MXBO w/Graftrax . . .

MX70

MXBO F/T Graftrax . .

MX100

NEC PC-B023A

ANADEX DP-9500

OKIDATA MICROLINE BO

84 sp

PRINTEK920 340cps, 144x144.

. . . 740
. . .820
. 1 , 1 20
.1,340
.1,050
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DIABLO

C.ITOH

QUME

BROTHER

NEC

"Letter Quality*

630

Starwriter F-10

9/35 R.O

HR-1 1 excellent. , , .
7710

. 1,995
.1,395
. 1.B00
. .950
, 2,299

ZENITH
AMDEK

BMC

TM-12

Electrohome

MONITOR

12" green

COLOR II RGB 13".

COLOR I 13"

300 G 12" green. .

13" color

13" RGB

1 2" green

12" color

A 12" green. . . . .
RGB, 8 colors, . . .
RGB

.114
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.350
.179
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.170
.330
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.550
.725

HAZELTINE

BEEHIVE

IBM

TELEVIDEO

TERMINAL

Z19

ZT-1 w/modem . . . .

ESPRIT

DM5 smart ter

3101-10

3101-12

3101-20

910

CROMEMCO Compatible .

. .635
. .560
. . 595
. .800
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. 1,225
. 1,400
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. 1,350

CORVUS, APPLE ACCESSORIES

SOFTWARE

database
dBASE II Ashton-Tate.
CONDOR I

financial IAR, AP, Inventory etc.)
Accounting Plus Software Dimension .

M8SI

other

VISICALC

MICROSOFT softcard

FORTRAN 80

BASIC BO

BASIC Compiler

SUPERCALC Sorcim

Micro Pro WORDSTAR

MAILMERG

SUPERSORT I

Digital Research CPM 2.2

CPMB6

PASCAL MT & 86

IBM Personal Computer Software . . . .

.499
.250
.450
. 850

.450
. . Call

. 199

.330
.345
.285
.310
.250
.295
. 105
. 165
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. Call

DIGITIZER/PLOTTER

HOUSTON INSTRUMENT
HI PAD DIGITIZER DT-1 1 11" x 11".

DT-1 1 A w/APPLE Interface

DT1 14 4 controls

HIPLOTDMP-2 8%" x 11"

.725
.750
.875
. 920

MODEM

PRENTICESTARRS232. .
D.C. Hayes Smartmodem .

.175
.220

CALL (212) 937-6363
free consultation, catalogue

Prices subject to change. American Express, Visa/
Mastercard add 3%. F.O.8. point of shipment. 20%
restocking fee for returned merchandise. Personal
checks take 3 weeks to clear. COD on certified check
only. N.Y. residents add sales tax. Manufacturers'
warranty only.

Computer Channel
21-55 44th Road
Long Island City, NY 11 101

268 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 104 on inquiry card.

Super Specials on SUPERB RAIN IIS

SUPERBRAIN® DD, $2099

QD, $2495

NEW D 80 % B i E J IDED SV. $2949

INTERTEC has introduced a new model,
the SD (super density) with dual doub-
le sided 80 track drives— TWICE THE
CAPACITY OF THE QD-. The SD
SUPERBRAIN is available from Mini
MicroMart for $2799

SUPERBRAINS come with CP/M;
with the addition of an appropri-
ate printer, and the necessary
software you can have a com-
plete data processing and
/or word processing sys-
tem.

You can take advantage of
our MicroPro word processing
/tfOW WE* software special. WordStar for only $269;

We will include MailMerge with WordStar for $358 or
for only $489 you get the full package— WordStar, MailMarge and SpellStar

vSoftBa*

MiniMicroMart stocks the full INTERTEC line.

Basic 80 is FREE, and a complete
accounting package— GL, A/R, A/P, and payroll
are available to run in MICROSOFT BASIC for
only $269

You can add capacity to your SUPERBRAIN
by adding their 1 megabyte DSS Hard Disk. We
offer it for only $2995-. We include the adapter
cable to the SUPERBRAIN (if requested) at no
extra charge.

If you need a distributed processing system,
INTERTEC has lowered prices on their full ser-
ies of COMPUSTARS- the VPU 10, the VPU 20
the VPU 30 and the VPU 40. Virtually any num-
ber of these can be daisy- chained to share one
of their hard disks, or they can be utilized as a

stand alone computer, just like a SUPERBRAIN.
-CALL US FOR PRICING-

SUPERBRAINS and COMPUSTARS come
with two built in serial ports, so you can support
two printers or a printer and a modem. Among
the printers suitable for the SUPERBRAIN are:
Centronics 730-3, the 739-3, the 704-9 the Tl 810s
or 820s, or Okidata 82s, 83s or 84s (serial version)
the IDS PRISM series is also suitable. If you
choose to use an Epson, you will also have to
buy one of their serial interface boards. If you
want a letter quality printer there is the NEC 3510
or 7710, the Diablo 630 or the Qume Sprint 9/45.

All prices, F.O.B. shipping point, subject to change. All of fers subject to withdrawal without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid
prior to shipment). C.O.D.'s and credits cards are 2% higher.

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

943 W. Genesee St. P.O. Box 2991 B Syracuse, N.Y. 13220 (315)422-4467 TWX 710-542-0431

SNTTCTEC COMPUSIAR'-
[>\TA D6KSORAS6
ESYSTBVtS. SV3HV1

Circle 325 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 269

Education Forum

Computers and the Special
Education Classroom

Thomas R. Sicoli

404 Darlington Dr.

West Chester, PA 19380

These students enter the classroom one or two at a
time. They are in wheelchairs, on crutches, or in bed,
because they are patients in a children's orthopedic
hospital. Dan, for example, was injured in a diving acci-
dent and is now a quadriplegic, paralyzed from the chest
down. Bob suffered brain damage in an automobile acci-
dent; he is now without speech and cannot walk. His
memory and concentration are very poor. Jim has been
paralyzed since birth. He was born with spina bifida (a
congenital defect of the spinal cord). He is normal in
some cognitive skills but lags far behind in others. He
gave up trying to learn his "times tables" years ago. These
are the students for whom the question was asked, "How
can computers be used in a special education resource
program serving kindergarten through twelfth grade?" In
order to answer this question, an extensive search of
available Apple software was made (see tables 1 and 2).

A major concern of special educators has always been
the difficulty in getting and holding the attention of
brain-damaged or socially and emotionally maladjusted
students. The student's attention span is greatly im-
proved when using computer-aided instruction. Large
color graphics are excellent attention-getters and are also
beneficial for those with impaired vision. Programs that
refer to the student by name personalize the lesson and
keep him or her stimulated. Finally, the instant feedback
on every item in the lesson also helps to sustain the stu-
dent's attention.

Another need in this classroom is for new and in-
novative instructional strategies. Many special education
students need much more repetition of lessons than "nor-
mal" students. This can quickly become tiring for both
teacher and student. The computer can relieve this
drudgery. A student and a computer can work together,
leaving the teacher free to work with others.

Records on each individual student can be kept by the
computer, with the scores from drills and quizzes
automatically recorded. Instructional lessons and cues
can be presented automatically. New programs for
microcomputers are even exhibiting branching instruc-
tional design. Instead of just a drill, programming can
contain extra help in the form of remedial lessons for
those having trouble with a particular lesson. For exam-
ple, a student consistently having problems with reducing
fractions would automatically receive a remedial lesson
or be returned to a previous lesson that covers finding the
greatest common factor of two numbers.

Language development is an important part of the
special education teacher's job. Computer speech synthe-
sizers show great promise in helping those with speech
defects to monitor and shape their own speech effective-
ly. Recording devices can be built into a program to help
in this task by playing a master pronunciation and the
student's effort back-to-back for comparison. Computers
can also be programmed to recognize regular but unintel-
ligible sounds made by those without effective speech and
then to output an intelligible word or phrase that enables
the student to communicate. For example, a particular
sound at a certain pitch could trigger the computer to
output the greeting "Hello!" Finally, programs are avail-
able to turn the computer into an electronic communica-
tor. The push of a single button can cause an entire pre-
programmed sentence or paragraph to be printed on a
monitor or piece of paper, or to be spoken by a voice syn-
thesizer.

Valuable skills can also be acquired or improved by
using microcomputers. Many disabled people have got-
ten started on a career in computer programming with
courses in computer literacy and BASIC programming.
Motor skills, such as typing and eye-hand coordination,

270 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Best Prices Anywhere I We Beat 'em All

COMPUTERS:

ALTOS List Less 20%

NorthStar

HORIZON 2Q-64K $2685

ADVANTAGE $2985

TeleVideo
Computer Systems Call

-/VewSUPERBRAINII-

64K Double Density Jr., $1995

64K Quad Density $2395

64K Super Density $2795

DSS-10 Meg. Hard Disk $2895

— Cromemco—

CS-1 List, $3995 Our Price. $3195

CS-1 H List, $6995 Our Price, $5595

CS-2 List. $4695 Our Price. $3549

CS-3 List, $6995 Our Price, $5595

Z2H List, $9995 Our Price $7995

Soft Ware &• Accessaries Call

Ymhizh I data

systems

Z-89 List, $2895
Our Price

$2099
Z-90,...$2299

MONITORS:

-AMDEK-

100 $129

300 $189

Color I $345

Color II $759

-BMC-

BM-12 $159

1401 RGB 400x150 Res $345

ZENITH ZYN-121 $120

TERMINALS:

—TeleVideo—

910C $569

912C $659

925C $719

950C $915

-SOROC-

IQ-130 $585

IQ-135 $719

IQ 135 w/Graphics $789

IQ-140 $995

-HAZELTINE-

1420 $589

1500 $845

1510 $1029

ZENITH Z-19 $689

DISK SYSTEMS:

-MORROW-

Discus2D $835

Dual Discus 2D $1385

Discus 2 + 2 $1069

Dual Discus 2 + 2 $1855

M5, 5Meg Hard Disk $1949

M10, 10 Meg. Hard Disk $2995

M26, 26 Meg. Hard Disk $3349

-CORVUS-

5 Meg. Hard Disk $2555

10 Meg. Hard Disk $3955

20 Meg. Hard Disk $4755

MODEMS:

D.C.Hayes Smart Modem $219

NOVATION DCat $149

PRINTERS:

-CENTRONICS-

730-1 Parallel. . .

$349

739-1 Parallel. . .

$499

739-3 RS232. . . .

$599

704-11 Parallel. .

$1569

704-9 RS232. . . .

$1519

—Texas Instruments—

TI-810 Basic $1289

TI-810 Full $1549

TI-820 RO Basic $1545

TI-820 KSR Basic $1739

-NEC-

3510 RS232 Call

7710 RS232. 7730 Parallel $2295

7720 RS232 $2795

8023 $495

Diablo 630RO $2049

Smith-Corona tp 1 $685 |

QU ME Call For Prices

— Paper Tiger-
Prism 80 vWo color Call

Prism 132w/ocolor Call

Color Option (for 132) Call

— Epson—

MX-80 $441

MX-80FT $548

MX-100 $745

-OKIDATA-

Microline80 $329

Microline 82A $469

Microline 83A $739

Microline 84 Call

C.ITOH Call For Prices

Prices apply to prepaid orders only, and reflect acashdiscount.
Charge card orders are slightly higher.

Most items are in stock for immediate deliverymfactorysealed
cartons, with full factory warrentees. N.Y. state residents must
add appropriate sales tax. Pricesdonotmcludeshipping.C.O.D.
orders require 25% deposits. All prices are subject to change
and all offers subiect to withdrawl without notice.

COMPUTERS WHOLESALE

P.O. Box 91 Brewerton, New York 13029

(315) 472-3055

Circle 119 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 271

Could you pass

this Red Cross

swimming test?

SWIM:

1. Breaststroke-100 Yds.

2. Sidestroke-lOOYds.

3. Crawl stroke -100 Yds.

4. Back crawl — 50 Yds.

5. On back (legs only) —50 Yds.

6. Turns (on front, back, side).

7. Surface dive— underwater swim— 20 Ft.

8. Disrobe— float with clothes —5 mins.

9. Long shallow dive.
10. Running front dive.
11. 10-minute swim.

Anybody who's taken a Red Cross swim course knows
how tough it can be. There's a good reason.

We believe drowning is a serious business.

Last year alone, we taught 2,589,203 Americans not
to drown— in the seven different swim courses we offer
all across the country. (Incidentally, most of the teaching —
as with almost everything American Red Cross does —
is done by dedicated volunteers.)

A good many of the youngsters not only arc learning
to keep themselves safe. Thousands upon thousands of
them are learning to become lif esavers.

And the life they save — may be your own.

Red Cross
is counting
on you.

A Public Service of This Magazine & The Advertising Council

Coukm

Hartley Software

3268 Coach Lane #2A

Kentwood, Ml 49508

Letter Recognition — Kindergarten and first grade —

Large characters $19.95

Word Families — Changing letters to form new words $29.95

Skilldrills— Arithmetic & Verbal— Large characters $14.95-$79.50
Clock-Telling Time — Clock and digital style times $39.95

(Scorekeeping automatic with most programs)

Educational Activities Inc.
POB 392

Freeport, NY 11520

Introduction to Mathematics on the Computer — Level 1-4

Basic Math Competency Skill Drills — Covers +, —, x r

•*- , fractions, decimals, areas
O'Brien Vocabulary Placement Test — Self-scoring
Our Weird and Wacky World — Literal and critical

reading using the Cloze technique
English Basics — Parts of speech, synonyms, antonyms,

homonyms
Flash Spelling — Teachers may add their own words
(Most are self-scoring)

$39.95

$203
$19.95

$79.90

$269.95
$33.50

George Earl

1302 South General McMullen

San Antonio, TX 78237

Spanish Hangman — 1600 words and 450 sentences

French Hangman — 500 words and 1 75 sentences

(Self-scoring)

$29.95
$29.95

Grover Associates
c/o Scholastic Inc.
904 Sylvan Ave.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632

The Microcommunicator Version C — For a child without speech$46
The Microcommunicator Version A — Adult vocabulary $46

Program Design Inc.

11 Idar Court

Greenwich, CT 06830

Pre-School I.Q. Builder — Readiness activities, colors

and shapes $19.95

Vocabulary Builder 1— Beginner— J. H.S. $19.95

Vocabulary Builder 2 — Advanced — S.A.T. preparation $1 9.95

Analogies — S.A.T. preparation with instruction $19.95

Number Series — Projecting Series — S.A.T. preparation $1 9.95
Spelling Builder— Rules and tests $23.95

Reading Comprehension — What's Different?

Categorization (2-4) $1 9.95

Story Builder — Word Master — 4th grade and up $19.95

Step-by-Step Course — Computer programming in

BASICwithtext $59.95

BLS Inc.

2503 Fairlee Rd.

Wilmington, DE 19810

Arithmetic Fundamentals — Tutor Course 2-5 — 29 disks $1479
Reading Comprehension — Tutor Course 3-6 — 15 disks $714

Fractions — A Review Course — Tutor Course 6-7 —

15 disks (color graphics) $765

(Programs incorporate branching instruction design for remedial
help.)

Edu-Ware Services Inc.
POB 22222
Agoura, CA 91301.

Algebra 1 — Definitions, Sets, Evaluation Expressions $39.95

Perception 3.0 Visual Discrimination, Shapes and Length $24.95

Table 1: Publishers of educational software packages and
their products. These packages have been effective in a
special education resource room.

TEAM PLAYERS

Master/Slaves

1C©Q Micro UIQITQI, WG D0MBV0 In

Hon between computers and
ieir operators. That' s why our new team
S-100 master and slave processors are

designed with your team in mind and
teature superlative reliability and ease of
operation.

Our team captain is SUPER QUAD, a
unique multi-function master processor
combining 64K of bank selectable RAM,
single- and double-density floppy disk
controller, system monitor EPROM, Z80A
CPU, two serial and two parallel
communication ports on a single board.

r ers consist of one or more SUPER-
he latest addition to Advanced
itai's line of superior multi-

S-1 00 boards.

Each SUPER-SLAVE is a powerful single-
board slave processor designed for use
with the SUPER QUAD in either network
or stand-alone configurations, The out-
standing features of the SUPER-SLAVE
include;

r more information write or call: Sales Dept.

• A DEDICATED Z80A CPU FOR EACH
USER

• IEEE-696 standard conformity

• 4 serial 2 parallel interface ports

• 2/4K EPROM (monitor)

• 64/128K bank switchable RAM

• One year warranty

• Turbo-DOS™, the state-of-the-art
operating system with an
advanced failure detection and
recovery facility that makes the
master-slave network virtually
crash-proof.

• Also, for the first time CP/NOS®
operating system from Digital
Research. Plug as many SUPER-
SLAVES into the BUS as you need
users.

Your team needs the strong support of
the SUPER QUAD/SUPER SLAVE team from
Advanced Micro Digital Corporation. The
Super System includes SUPER QUAD and
CP/M operating system. The shugart SA-
1000 or quantum Q2000 hard disks are
also supported.

12700-B Knott Street • Garden Grove, California 92641 * (714) 891-4004 TELEX 678401 tab irin

■ Registered Trademark of Digital Research Corp
" Registered "rademark of Software 2000 li

r Copyright 1981 Advanced Micro Digital Corp
Circle 12 on inquiry card.

Gamco Industries Inc.

Opportunities for Learning Inc.

POB310P

8950 Lurline Ave.

Big Spring, TX 79720-0120

Chatsworth, CA 91311

(915)267-6327

(213)341-2535

Scholastic Software

The Micro Center

Scholastic Inc.

POB6

904 Sylvan Ave.

Pleasantville, NY 10570

Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632

(914) 769-6002

(212) 867-7700

Table 2: Mail-order software

retailers specializing in educa-

tional software. These retailers can supply most of the soft-

ware listed in table 1.

can be taught and evaluated with existing software.
Mathematical problem solving, equation writing, and
plotting on a graph are just three of the many mathe-
matical skills being taught with the aid of computers.
Students can sharpen skills for the S.A.T. or G.E.D.
tests. Finally, visual perception, manual dexterity, and
eye-hand coordination can be taught through computer-
ized electronic games, accessed through the keyboard
paddles or joysticks. These games can be a motivational
reward to be earned by students for achievement in other
areas.

Computers are highly adaptable tools and endlessly
patient teachers. They can give the special education stu-
dent useful skills to cope with everyday life, a method to
communicate his or her needs, and perhaps a brighter
outlook on life. ■

For The Best In Price, Selection and Delivery,

%PCl|| 111 O WW I %#LL rlltt PRENTICE STAR: 300 Bd..$ 124

800-368-3404

(In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695)

AMPEX»INTERTEC«TEXAS INSTRUMENTS'GENERAL DATA

COMM. • ANDERSON JACOBSON*C.ITOH*QUME • BEEHIVE*

DATASOUTH'DIABLO'CENTRONICS -NEC 'PRENTICE

Sprint 9, 45RO, Lim. Pan . $1845

ONLY $1975
ONLY $2350
ONLY $2750

SUPERBRAIN MICROS

INTERTEC:

64K DD*

64K QD*

64K SD* (96TPI)

'(includes M/Soft BASIC)

DDS- 1 Meg

(H ard Disk ) BgBEIE B

rjiTTrnraw

NEC:

7710 $2196

771 5 Call for Special Price

7730 $2196

7720 Call for Special Price

7725 Call for Special Price

Std. Forms Tractor $ 200

3510 $1390

DATASOUTH: Call

DIABLO: 630-R102 $1995

630-R110 $1795

630-R153* $1745

•(for IBM P.O. Apple II, TRS-80)

630-K104(KSR) $2385

620-SPI $1195

QUME:

Sprint 9, 35 KSR $1840

Full Panel $1969

Sprint 9, 55 F.P.Ex.Mem. . $2186
Sprint9,55RO,Ltd.Ex.Mem.$2095
Bi-Dir. Forms Tractor $ 199

TERMINALS

AMPEX:

Dialogue30 $ 775

Dialogue 80 $ 939

BEEHIVE: (SMART DISPLAY)

DM5 Call

DM5A Call

DM31 0(3101 Emulator) Call

NOTE: IBM and Burroughs compatible ter-
minals available. Please inquire.

C. ITOH

CIT 101 $1350

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS:

745 Standard $1390

745 Std. (Reconditioned) . . . Call

810 Basic $1249

810 Package $1439

820 Package RO Package .$1610

820 KSR Package Call

840 RO Basic $ 795

840 RO Tractor Feed Pkg. . $1 059

DISC DRIVES

QUME:

Data Trak 5 .
Data Trak 8 .

.$300 or 2 for $549
.$525 or 2 for $999

SOFTWARE

BISYNC-3780 $ 769

Wordstar $ 289

Data Star $ 1 94

Mail Merge $ 99

Spell Guard $ 229

Plan 80 $ 249

Super Calc $ 249

Wordstar (IBM P.C.) $ 284

Mail Merge (IBM P.C.) . . . .$ 96

d Base II $ 529

CalcStar $ 1 89

SuperSort $ 186

Nevada Cobol $ 176

Special! While They Last!

SOROC TERMINALS

IQ 1 20

IQ 130

IQ 140

ONLY S625
ONLY $525
ONLY S989

In addition, we can make EIA RS232
or RS449 cables to your order, and
supply you with ribbons, printer
stands, print wheels, thimbles for
all printers listed. And many, many
more items. CALL NOW.

All items shipped freight collect either motor freight
or UPS unless otherwise specified. All prices already
include 3% cash discount. Purchase with credit card
does not include discount. Virginia residents, add 4%
Sales Tax. For fastest delivery, send certified check,
money order or bank-wire transfer. Sorry, no C.O.D.
orders. All equipment is in factory cartons with manu-
facturers' warranty (honored at ourdepot.) Prices sub-
ject to change without notice. Most items in stock.

m

TERniflBLS TERRIFIC

Terminals Terrific, Incorporated, P.O. Box 216, Merrifield, VA 22116, 800-368-3404 (In VA, Call Collect 703-237-8695).

274 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 459 on inquiry card.

"QUAD

THE
QUAD

The QUAD is a relational data base man-
agement system and applications devel-
oper allowing the non-programmer to
develop his or her own business and per-
sonal applications around a powerful rela-
tional data base. Some of the applications
you can build with the QUAD are:

BUSINESS

• Accounts Payable

• Agricultural Management

• Construction Management

• General Ledger

■ Human Resource Management

• Inventory Control

• Job Costing

• Mail List

• Order Entry

• Payroll

• Personal Scheduling

• Professional Time and Billing

• Property Management

• Sales Analysis

PERSONAL

• Appointment and Gift Register

• Budgeting

• Car Maintenance

• Family Medical Data

• Home Improvement Information

• Income Tax Information

• Insurance Information

• Inventory Information

• Investment Information

• Recipe Information

• Shopping Lists

• Time Management

• Vacation Planning »

The QUAD is designed for YOU, the
computer user who wants to take full
advantage of his computer.

EXTENSIVE REPORTING CAPABILITIES

The QUAD enables you to create an
unlimited number of reports in any spe-
cific size or form you desire using data
from the QUAD database or another data-
base. You may process and/or print data
during any report.

PROCESSING DATA

• access information in up to 10 or more
files during a report

• perform arithmetic calculations on any
data from any file

%tD

• updateand/or create files based on
report processing

• easily compare date information for
quick aging analysis

• perform up to 5 levels of subtotal ing
within each report

• retrieve records in sequential or indexed
order

• perform processing based on compari-
son of data such as nested IF THEN
logic

PRINTING DATA

• utilize your printer's capability by
printing on any size paper anywhere
on the page

• print checks using the English equivalent
for dollar and cent values

• specify content of page headings,
control headings and footings, detail
lines and total lines

• pause between printing of forms

SAMPLE REPORT

POWERFUL UPDATING CAPABILITIES
The QUAD gives you two methods to
update data within the data base. One
way is directly through the terminal using
a data entry process. The other is through
batch updating based on existing data
within the data base.

• update as many as 10 or more files
simultaneously, using the batch update
mode

• totally user defined screens

• full screen editing

• record sizes up to 900 characters

• perform calculations based on data
entered and data residing in other files

■ access three different help screens
during the data entry process

• utilize your terminal's video capabilities
when creating your terminal update
screens

• restrict alt or some c
future changes

• edit each data field for items such as
phone numbers, numeric data, alpha-
numeric data, date, time, social security
number, etc., or your own defined edits

• IF-THEN logic available during both
terminal and batch updating

SAMPLE SCREEN

06/08/82

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OTHER FEATURES
SORT, INDEX, and REORGANIZE data
files quickly and easily. Also link to user-
written programs directly from the QUAD.
Automatically generate menus to access
each of your applications.
The QUAD comes complete with an
Accounts Receivable application ready for
your use and a Checkbook Balancing
application for you to build.

The suggested retail price
for all this is only $495.00.

Available for most CP/M compatible
hardware.

To order your copy of the QUAD, contact
your computer dealer, or call QuanTeckna
Research today.

QuanTeckna.

Research Corporation

6902 220th St. S.W. MOUNTLAKE TERRACE, WA.
98043 206/364 6940 or 206/771-2488

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc

QUAD and QuanTeckna are trademarks of
QuanTeckna Research Corporation

Circle 524 on inquiry card.

Adaptive-Firmware Card
for the Apple II

Alternative input techniques give physically disabled
individuals immediate access to standard software.

At the present time, interest is
growing in the use of microcomputers
to help solve the needs of people with
disabling conditions. A number of
programs allow individuals to use a
computer even though they may be
too severely disabled physically to
use the keyboard directly.

Presented here is a low-cost
adaptive-firmware card that can be
inserted into an Apple II microcom-
puter to provide a variety of "trans-
parent" input routines including scan-
ning, Morse code, and direct selection
techniques. (The term "transparent"
here indicates that the routines work
in conjunction with other programs
without requiring that the programs
be altered in any way.) In addition to
providing "keyboard" input, the card
can also simulate the use of game
paddles and switches for people who
cannot use the game paddles them-
selves.

Paul Schwejda

Alternative Communications Project

Child Development

and Retardation Center

WJ-10 University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Gregg Vanderheiden, Director

Trace Research and Development Center

314 Waisman Center

1500 Highland Ave.

Madison, WI 53706

A large number of programs have
been written that allow disabled in-
dividuals to accomplish specific func-
tions with a microcomputer. A vari-
ety of special single-switch scanning
routines, expanded keyboards, and
encoding routines have been devel-
oped; some of these programs require
only a slight movement of one eye to
allow an individual to select words,
phrases, or commands from menus
presented on the video screen. Most
of these programs, however, cannot
be used in conjunction with other
standard microcomputer software
packages. It is not possible, for exam-
ple, to use many of them to control
Visicalc (a spreadsheet program) or to
enter characters and words into Easy-
writer (a text-editing program). As a
result, disabled persons are able
to tap only part of the potential of
microcomputers and the vast world
of software that is available.

In order to overcome this barrier
and allow physically disabled in-
dividuals access to standard software,
transparent techniques and modifica-
tions are being developed. These
allow the disabled user to access the
computer in such a way that both the
computer and any software written
for it function normally, just as if the
computer were not controlled
through a special input routine. Truly
transparent techniques allow total ac-
cess to any software written for the
computer.

One strategy for providing trans-
parent input is the use of a keyboard
emulator driven by a separate com-
munication aid or another computer.
Although very powerful and very
transparent, this approach is costly
because it involves the expense for
both the emulator module and the
communication aid or second com-
puter.

276 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The New Gazelle
8086 16-Bit Compute:

In the microcomputer jungle/
one beast stands alone. The new
Gazelle 8086 from Seattle Computer.

Like the animal for which it's
named/ the Gazelle is one of the
fastest micro computers you can buy.
And the Gazelle is more than just fast.
It's fully integrated and ready to run
with BASIC, FORTRAN, Pascal/
COBOL/ spread sheet simulator/ and
word processor available now from
Seattle Computer.

To show you how swift our sleek
new Gazelle is, it includes: an 8 Mhz.
8086 CPU set, 1 28K of RAM, three
RS-232 serial ports and a parallel port
two 8" double-sided double-density
floppy disk drives with controller
(which provide 2.5 megabytes of
storage), MS-DOS operating system

(fully compatible with IBM PC-DOS/
SB-86).

Also provided at no extra cost is
Microsoft's BASIC Interpreter and the
Perfect Writer word processor. There

is space and even a built-in power
supply for our future Winchester hard
disk option. All in one package. Just
add a terminal and printer and you're
in business.

Here is the best news. Gazelle is
not only built to move quickly, it's
priced the same way. You can buy the
fully tested Seattle Computer Gazelle
from your local dealer for $5995.

Call toll-free 1-800-426-8936
for more information. Dealers who
have been hunting for a swift and
sleek Gazelle are encouraged to call.

TER

11 14 Industry Drive, Seattle, Washington 981 88

Circle 418 on inquiry card.

Basic Description

The purpose of the adaptive-
firmware card is to provide complete-
ly transparent control of the Apple II
to people with severe physical
disabilities who are unable to use the
keyboard and game paddles in their
normal fashion. To accommodate the
largest number of individuals, 1 of 10
different input modes may be selected
by using a thumbwheel switch on the
box mounted to the side of the Apple
II (see photo 1). With each of the
techniques, the normal keyboard re-
mains active and can be used at any
time. Also, a number of options
available with the card facilitate its
use by offering adjustable timing
rates.

The complete interface consists of a
specially designed printed-circuit card
that is inserted in slot 7 of the Apple II
computer and a small plastic box that
snaps onto the side of the computer
(this contains the input jacks and the
mode-selection thumbwheel). The
card has a jumper cable ending in a
16-pin DIP (dual-inline pin) connec-

tor; it is very similar in appearance to
the Apple language card. The DIP
connector replaces a decoder IC (inte-
grated circuit) located directly in
front of slot 7 and gives the firmware
card control over the I/O (input/out-
put) decoding in the Apple.

To install the firmware card, sim-
ply remove the 74LS138 decoder im-
mediately in front of slot 7 and insert
the jumper plug. Then insert the
adaptive-firmware card into slot 7
and snap the interface box to the side
of the Apple II. Photo 2 shows the
adaptive-firmware card installed. In-
stallation (or removal) takes less than
a minute and, unlike that of other
keyboard emulators, does not require
the removal of the bottom of the
Apple, nor does it require that the
keyboard be disconnected from the
main circuit board; this is done elec-
tronically during operation.

Operation

To use the adaptive-firmware card,
select the desired output mode with
the thumb switch and turn on the

computer. The disk will not be loaded
immediately; instead, a message will
appear on the screen asking for the
sampling (timing) rate desired for the
input routine. Once the rate is
entered, the disk will boot as during
normal operation of the Apple II.
From this point on, whenever input is
required, you may use either the key-
board or the selected special input
method. (The selected input method
can be changed, as can the rate, sim-
ply by resetting the system twice.)
Now let's examine the available input
modes.

With the switch set in the normal-
keyboard position, the Apple II acts
as if the firmware card is not installed
in the Apple. Input is accepted from
the keyboard in the usual manner.

With one-switch scanning, all input
is handled through a single switch.
When you press the switch, an array
of letters and symbols will appear at
the bottom of the screen, and the cur-
sor will automatically begin scanning
at the rate previously set. The letters
are arranged in groups, and the

Now available from your computer store-
the whole line of AJ couplers and modems.

Starting now you can buy A J acoustic data couplers and
modems directly from your local computer store.

Not just selected models. Any models. Ranging from the
0-450 bps A 242A, the world's most widely used acoustic data
coupler, to the revolutionary AJ 1259 triple modem that
handles 300 bps Bell 103, 1200 bps Bell 212A, and 1200
bps VA 3400 protocols.

Whether you need full or half duplex or both in one;
originate or answer, auto answer; acoustic coupling, or
direct-connect— there's a model for you in the AJ line.

Starting now you don't have to settle for second best.

For the location of your local
computer store handling the AJ line, call toll-free:

800/538-9721

California residents call 408/263-8520, Ext. 307.

|T1 ANDERSON
UU JACOB5DN

278 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 27 on inquiry card.

YOU PICK
IE COMPUTER,
MICROPRO
MAKES ITPERFORM.

There are a lot of fine names in microcomputers. But there's
only one name in software to remember. MicroPro. Because
MicroPro has taken the best ideas in business software and
put them together to make the MicroPro Software System™—
a family of software products that work together on more
than 100 of the most popular brands of microcomputers,
probably including yours*

Software makes the difference.

The key to getting the most out of your computer is the
software you use. And the Software System is designed to get
the most out, faster. The Software System is our new name
for the MicroPro family of software products, each remarkably
powerful and versatile— and even more so when you com-
bine them.

The products: WordStar®(word processing), MailMerge™
(WordStar option— personalized form letters and other
file-merging uses); SpellStar™ (WordStar option— spelling
checker); DataStar™ (data entry and retrieval); CalcStar™
(electronic spread sheet and financial modeling); SuperSort™
(sorting, selecting, and merging); and WordMaster® (video
text editing).

More solutions, less work*

The Software System enables you to use your micro-
computer to its fullest with less time and effort. That's
because, for one thing, most MicroPro products have
similar methods of operation, so it's easier to move
from one product to another. And they readily adapt
to your way of doing business, instead of forcing you
to make changes to fit a rigid software package, like
you have to do with many other software products.
Most important, you can combine MicroPro products' infor-
mation and abilities. The result a lot more ways to make your

business more productive than you'd get from just using each
product by itself.

The System doesn't stop*

Count on MicroPro to keep expanding the Software
System with new products that make it even more useful and
powerful in your business. Coming this year, a series of
in-depth accounting packages; InfoStar™apowerfulreport
generator and partner to DataStar; and StarBurst™anewkind
of software that will link our products together into an even
friendlier and easier to use package.

If you're shopping for a computer, we recommend you
shop for software even more carefully. After all, there are a lot
of good hardware systems to choose from. But there's only
one Software System. From MicroPro.

To get our brochure on the MicroPro Software System,
visit any of our 1200 dealers around the world.

Or phone toll-free 800-227-2400, ext 933
an California 800-772-2666, ext. 933.)

(fflkfoPfCt

INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

*Ask your MicroPro dealer to let you know which microcomputers can use MicroPro software. For the IBM®Personal Computer, WordStar and MailMerge are now available-other products coming. MicroPro Apple
software requires a CP/M®-Z-80® adaptation device. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark

of Digital Research, Inc. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc. c 1982 MicroPro International Corp.

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

vpp

EIGHT USERS TO GO

Pick up an Altos 16-bit, UNIX-based

computer system today, and get minicomputer

networking power at a microcomputer price.

Looking for a powerful, yet
affordable, 8-user computer system
that has everything your business
needs, including communications?

Then getyour hands on an ALTOS®
field-proven, XENIX"/UNIX"-based
ACS8600 microcomputer.

Our powerful 16-bit 8086 is
packed with an 8089 for disk/memory
interface, an optional 8087 math
processor and an intelligent 780" I/O,
which share the workload for faster
execution and response.

A unique memory management
and protection system subdivides up

INTER-ALTOS
LOCAL NETWORK

ACS8600-12
20 MByte
Winchester
1-8 USERS
with
ALTOS-
NET/
UNET"'

ACS8600-14
40 MByte
Winchester
1-8 USERS
with
ALTOS -
NET/
UNET

REMOTE COMMUNICATIONS

ACS8600-12
20 MByte
Winchester
18 USERS
with
ALTOS-NET/
UNET
2780
3780
3270
SDLC
X.25

ACS8600-14
40 MByte
Winchester

1-8 USERS
\ with
2780
3780
3270
SDLC
X.25

to one megabyte of memory (500K of
RAM is standard), automatically giv-
ing each user the maximum available.
Built-in Error Detection/Correction
(ECC) maintains system integrity. And
it's all available today on our highly
reliable, fully socketed, proven single
board.

Altos has exactly what you need
for a smooth migration into the
office of the future. Communications
and local networking support, includ-
ing Ethemer and ALTOS-NET ,M for
inter-Altos networking. Large data
storage capacity- integrated Win-
chester, floppy and tape back-up in a
wide range of configurations and
capacities, from 20 to 80 megabytes,
starting with the ACS8600-12 with 20
MBytes and the ACS8600-14 with 40
MBytes. Plus support of popular
multi-user operating systems like
XENIX/UNIX. MP/M-86'" and OASIS-16.

Produced in the heart of Cali-
fornia's technologically fertile Silicon
Valley, Altos microcomputers are the
professional choice of Fortune 500
companies, computer service organ-
izations, major software developers,
and even mainframe computer
manufacturers.

Founded in 1977, Altos has
already delivered more than 25,000
multi-user systems to major OEM
customers. Plus Altos maintains a
worldwide sales and service network.

So when you want a multi-user,
multi-tasking computer system that
has the communications capabilities
your business demands, and you
want it today, pick up an Altos. For
further information, call our toll-free
number or write:

Altos Computer Systems,
2360 Bering Drive,
San Jose, CA 95131.
Tfelex 171562 ALTOS SNJ
or 470642 ALTO Ul.

Packed with
fresh ideas
for business

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

800-538-7872

(In Calif. 800-662-6265)

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

ALTOS is a registered trademark and ALTOS-NET is a trademark of Altos Computer Systems. Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corp. MP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc. OASIS-16 is a product
of Phase One Systems. Inc. XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft and is a microcomputer implementation of the UNIX operating system. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Z80 is a trademark of
Zilog, Inc. UNET is a trademark of 3Com Corp. 8086. 8087 and 8089 are products of Intel Corp.
?' 1982 Altos Computer Systems

Photo 1: The adaptive- firmware card. The device allows disabled users to run standard, unmodified software (such as games,
Visicalc, Easywriter, etc.) using any of 10 input routines, some of which require use of only a single switch. (Photo by Ed Crabtree.)

Photo 2: The adaptive-firmware card as installed on an Apple 11. The device plugs into slot 7 of the Apple; it remains hidden to the
Apples system yet allows the disabled user complete access to the Apple and its software. (Photo by Ed Crabtree.)

groups are scanned first. When you
select the desired group, the cursor
will then scan the individual letters or
symbols within that group; they are
arranged in such a fashion that the
most-used letters are easiest (that is,
fastest) to reach (see table 1). This
routine uses the screen without alter-
ing the contents of the screen, and can

be used in a transparent fashion with
any screen-display program, in-
cluding those programs that use the
graphics screens.

When step scanning is selected, all
input is controlled through a single
switch, as in one-switch scanning.
When you press the switch, an array
of letters appears at the bottom of the

screen, but the cursor does not auto-
matically begin scanning. In step
scanning, you hit the switch repeated-
ly to advance the cursor group by
group. When you reach the desired
group, wait a moment. After a brief
delay (the duration is user-selectable),
the group will begin flashing. Then
you hit the switch repeatedly to ad-

282 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

vance, letter by letter, within the
group. When you reach the desired
character, wait again. After another
brief delay, the computer will accept
the letter as if it had been typed on the
keyboard. (This method is useful for
individuals who are unable to handle
the precise timing required for the
one-switch scanning method.)

Inverse scanning operates in the
same manner as one-switch scanning
except that you hold the switch down
to scan and release it to select a group
or item.

In the Morse code 1 mode, you
press a single switch to send short or
long signals ("dits" and "dahs") to the
computer. International Morse code
or any other code can be used. In ad-
dition, all other signals available
from the keyboard are also sup-
ported, including Repeat and Reset
(see table 2).

With Morse code 2, two switches
are used to form an automatic keyer.
One switch sends dits, and the other
sends dahs. If either switch is held
down, it will send out a series of dits
(or dahs) until released. In addition,
the software for this mode has a
memory buffer and will allow you to
get ahead of the computer; thus, if
you send "dah dit dah" and hit the dit
switch before the first dah is finished,
the firmware card will still accept the
input.

In the assist ed-keyboard mode,
two auxiliary switches are used for
the Shift and Control functions. If
you hit the auxiliary Control switch
once, the next character will be a con-
trol character, but following key-
strokes will be unaffected. However,
if you hit the auxiliary Control switch
twice, the system will lock in the
Control mode, and all subsequent
key presses will be sent as Control
keys until the auxiliary Control
switch is activated a third time. The
auxiliary Shift switch operates in the
same fashion. These switches allow a
one-finger typist or someone using a
headstick to type all shift and control
codes.

A special mode is also provided
that allows the Repeat function. To
repeat a character, first type the
character on the keyboard. Then ac-

Array

Contents

Special Meanings

Alphabet

R<#.+ EOHWY TIRUP ANLBK

R

carriage return

SMFVQ DCX JZ G . ! ?

<

backspace

#

call numbers array
call punctuation array

+

repeats last character

Numbers

R<A. 1234 567 890+ *-/=

R

carriage return

<

backspace

A

call alphabet array
call punctuation array

■*

multiplication symbol

Punctuation

. ,?! #"$% '( )* /~:_

R

reset

+ ; @/ -= REC

E

escape

C

control

Table 1: Speed-oriented grouping. To maximize

the user's speed, the letters are

grouped so that the most-used letters take the least time to reach. Spaces can be

generated by stopping at any space in the array.

Numbers and special characters

are accessed through special scanning lines called

up from the main scan line using

the "#" and ". '

' characters.

tivate the auxiliary Shift switch, character typed will repeat. (Ac-
followed by the auxiliary Control tivating the Control switch first
switch. As long as you hold down the followed by the Shift switch will
auxiliary Control switch, the last result in a shifted control character,

DOUBLE YOUR
DISK SPACE
INSTANTLY! l

I M A G I N E
ELIMINATING
YOUR CRAMPED
DISK STORAGE
PROBLEMS
IN LESS THAN
FIVE MINUTES

THE G&M SYSTEMS'
UPGRADE KIT

WORKS ON VIRTUALLY
EVERY BRAND OF
SINGLE SIDED FLOPPY
DISK PRESENTLY
MANUFACTURED

5.25

Ube fore

G6.M SYSTEMS, P.O. BOX 111
FLOURTOWN, PA. 19031

Please send me:

5V Upgrade kit(s) £ $25.00

8" Upgrade kit (s) e $28.00

Order both and save $14.00

Combo kit(s) 5V&8" $39.00

Total Enclosed $

We pay all taxes and shipping
D Check □ Money Order

NAME

ADDRESS

CITY

STATE

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 283

• '•-::' ; ; '"'■.'■.-'. r'-;:-:

'

IBM-PC SUPPLY CEI

ITFR

_ _ ^ m _^_ •>__

ii cn

■Z Z^mZ b^^Zh

PERIPHERALS 1 SOFTWARE

FOR THE IBM PC

PERSONAL COMPUTER

HARDWARE:

CORVUS, Hard Disk Systems. See Corvus section this page

SAVE

Microsoft, 64K RAM Card

New!

$395

20%

128K RAM Card

New 1

$555

20%

256K RAM Card

New!

$875

20%

64K RAM Chips

New 1

$160

20%

Quadraoi, Quad Board 256K, 4 function brd. New!

$689

31%

$ 49

25%

SOFTWARE:

Automated Sim. Temple of Apshai

$ 29

25%

Cavalier, Championship Blackjack

$ 29

25%

$112

25%

Denver. Easy (Exec. Accounting Sys.

$545

25%

Infocom. Deadline

$ 39

25%

Zorkl

$ 23

25%

Zork II

5 23

25%

Innovative. T.I.M. Ill (a DBMS)

$369

25%

ISM, Mathmagic

$ 69

25%

W Insoft. Accountant

ForeachGL.A/R. A/P or Payroll. Absolutely the best IBM-PC accounting software

we have seen. We use it and recommend it highly. A best buy!

$ 99

Info. Unlimited.

Easywrrter II

New!

$259

25%

Phone Support on Easywriter II

Call

Call

Easyspeller (88K words)

New!

$129

25%

Easyfiler (a DBMS)

New!

$299

25%

Micro Pro, Wordstar

New!

$249

40%

MailMerge

New 1

$ 79

40%

SpellStar

$149

40%

Sorcim. Superwnfer

$295

25%

Super Calc

$219

25%

Visicorp, Visicalc

$159

20%

Visicalc/256K

$199

20^

^C commodore

VIC 20 Home Computer

DatasetteVIC 1530

Disk DriveVIC 1540

Super Expander VI0 1211A 3K with lots of extras

3K Memory Expander Cartridge

8K Memory Expander Cartridge

16K Memory Expander Cailridge

VIC Modem. Telephone Interface

VIC/IEEE-488 Interface

Joystick

Game Paddle Pair

Software full line in stock. Call

$229 24%

$ 59
$479
$ 56
$ 32
$ 48
$ 88
$ 96
$ 80
$ 8
$ 15

A

ATARI 1

800 Computer 16K
800 Computer 32K
800 Computer 48K
400Computerl6K
810 Disk Drive
850 Interface
410 Recorder

Special!

820 Printer 40 Col. Impact
822 Printer 40 Col. Thermal
830 Acoustic Modem
16K RAM
32K RAM

Le Stick by DatasoM
Game Paddles (pair)
Joystick (pair)
SOFTWARE:

Visicalc. Disk

Word Processing, Disk

Pacman, Cart

Centipede, Cart

Caverns of Mars, Disk

Touch Typing, tape

Personal Financial Mgt. Disk

Entertainer Kit, Carf

Educator Kit. Cart

Programmer Kit, Cart

Communicator Kit, Cart

Dow Jones Invest. Disk

Temple ol Apshai by Automated, Disk

Apple Panic by Broderbund. Disk

Raster Blaster by Budgeco. Disk

Bug Attack by Cavalier, Disk

Text Wizard by Datasoft, Disk

Compu-senes by Edu-Ware. Disk

Deadline by Infocom, Disk

Zork II by Infocom, Disk

Asteroid by On-Lme. Disk

New!
New!

$665
$747
$777
$225

$444
$159
$ 79
$269
$279
$159
$ 85
$109
$ 29
$ 18
$ 18

$189
$119
$ 35
$ 35
$ 31
$ 19
$ 55
$ 79
$125
$ 55
$335
$ 99
$ 29
$ 23
$ 23
$ 23
$ 75
Call
$ 37
$ 29
$ 20

20%
SAVE
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%
20%

SAVE
38%
37%
40%
25%
26%
25%
21%
14%
14%
28%
15%
20%
28%
20
20

25%
23%
22%
22%
23%
23%
22%
33%
29%
22%
26%
24%
25%
25%
25%
25%
25%
25%
25%
25%
25%

Portland, OR, Cash & Carry Outlet

11507-D SW Pacific Hwy., Pacific Terrace Shop. Ctr., Tigard. OR. Over-the-
counter sales only. On 99W between Rte. 217 and Interstate 5. Call 245-1020.

f\W% /llfl BUSINESS & DEVELOPMENT
V/r/ IVI SOFTWARE

SAVE

Adventure, Adventure's #1 to 812 inclusive, 8" $ 95 26%

* Ashion-Tate, dBase II, 8" $495 30%

Datasoft, Mychess, 8" $ 39 25%

Fox & Geller. Quickcode for dBase II $249 13%

Quickscreen for d8ase II $129 13%

dUtil for dBase II $ 75 25%

Infocom, Deadline, 8" $ 45 25%

Zork II, 8" $ 39 25%

Innovative. Spellguard, 8" $220 25%

"A" Insoft. Accountant, 8", each module

For each GL. A/R, A/P or Payroll Absolutely one of the best accounting software

system available. We use it and recommend it highly. A best buy! $ 99

MicroCraft. Legal Billing & Time Keeping $395 45%

Prof. Billing & Time Keeping $395 45%

MicroPro. Wordstar, 8" $249 40%

Datastar. 8" $199 40%

Mailmerge. 8" $ 79 40%

Super Sort, 8" $150 40%

Word Master. 8" $ 90 40%

Spell Star. 8" $150 40%

Calc Star. 8" $180 40%

Microsoft, fortran-80, 8" $325 25%

Basic Compiler, 8" $295 25%

Cobol-80, 8" $545 25%

Basic 80, 8" $275 25%

Peachtree. Magic Wand, 8", Word Processor $275 30%

GL, A/R. A/P, PR or I nventory, 8" $325 35%

m

HEWLETT
PACKARD

Special!

Special!

New!

Special!

New!

Special!

"A" H/P 85A Microcomputer/Monitor/Printer

H/P 87A CP/M Microcomputer
*H/P 125 CP/M Microcomputer

H/P 82901M 5" Dual Drives

H/P 72258 Professional Graphics Plotter

* H/P 7470A Graphics Plotter
*H/P 8290B Serial Printer

H/P 41C Calculator
H/P 41CV Calculator 2.2K
Card Reader for HP41
Printer/Plotter for HP41
Optical Wand for HP41
Software:

Visicalc + for HP87

Visicalc ♦ for HP125

* Accountant by Insoft for HP125
ForeachGL.A/R. A/P or Payroll. Absolutely the best HP125 accounting software we
have seen. We use it and recommend it highly. A best buy!

Full line of HP accessories and software Call Call

$1795
$1795
$1965
$1595
$1795
$1125
$ 850
$ 185
$ 245
$ 159
$ 289
$ 89

$ 189
$ 159
$ 99

SAVE
36%
29%
30%
28%
35%
28%
50%
25%
25%
27%
25%
25%

* ** CORVUS SYSTEMS

• *

SAVE

6 Meg Hard Disk $2495 20%

1 1 Meg Hard Disk $3995 20%

20 Meg Hard Disk $4795 20%

Mirror built-in for easy backup $ 649 20%

Apple Interface $ 239 20%

Apple III Interface (SOS) $ 239 20%

IBM PC Interlace (IBM DOS) $ 239 20%

Xerox Interface (CP/M) $ 239 20%

NEC Interface (CP/M) $ 239 20%

TRS-80 Interface (call) Call 20%

Other Interfaces. Omni-Net. Constellation. Mirror. All in Stock.

SEC

SAVE

8001 32K Computer $ 739 25%

286K Total. Dual Drive PC8031 $ 739 25%

32K addon and 1/0 Unit PC8012 $ 485 25%

Ren Tec "The Wedge" 32K $ 495 17%

8023 Impact Printer F/T $ 480 25%

Impact Printer Cable $ 49 25%

3510 Letter Quality Daisy Wheel Printer $1995 20%

Monitor, 12" Green $ 159 25%

Monitor, 12" Color $ 349 25%

Software:

NEC CP/M DOS for NEC 8001 $ 115 25%

NEC Report Manager $ 135 30%

NEC General Accounting $ 239 40%

NEC Accounts Receivable $ 239 40%

NEC Inventory System $ 239 40%

NEC Payroll System $ 239 40%

NEC Game Pack I $ 24 20%

NEC Game Pack II $ 24 20%

NEC Word Processor $ 395 20%

Infocom. Zork II $ 29 25%

Deadline $ 39 25%

Insoft, Accountant

For each GL A/R. A/P. or Payroll. Absolutely the best NEC accounting software we

have seen. We use it and recommend it highly. A best buy! $ 99

fJSCl

MICRO-SCI

FOR THE ftPPtf 1

DIRECT SUBSTITUTES lor
APPLE DRIVES

Micro-Sci A2 drives and/or controllers are direct plug compatiable substitutes foi

Apple drives and controllers. A2 will run all Apple software. Save over $350 on an A40

or A2 dual drive system. We use them and highly recommend the product.

*A2, 5'/«", 143K Disk Drive $369

Controller Card for A2 Drive $ 79

A40, 5U", 160K Disk Drive $359

A70, 5W", 286K Disk Drive, Double Density $479

Controller Card for A40 or A70 Drive $ 79

Filer, Disk Utility Software System for A2 Drives $ 15

23%
21%
20%
20%
21%
25%

OVERSTOCK SPECIAL

, ^32 : for the

'^Tcippkz N/N+

SAVE

ALS 16K AddRAM Card

$ 59

60%

ALS ZCard, 280 CP/M Card

$199

27%

ALS Smarterm 80 Col, Card

$229

34%

ALS Synergizer Pack

$450

40%

ALS Synergizer Pack with Supercalc

by Sorcim (while they last)

$495

53%

PRINTERS, Daisy Wheel

SAVE
* Quife. Sprint 9,45 Cps.RO SPECIAL! $1750 33%

Sprint 5, 45 Cps. R0 SPECIAL! $1795 40%

-frOlympia (Typewriter/Printer) ES 100 18CPS, with lull cable

and interface to Apple II $1295 24%

PRINTERS,

Impact

SAVE

Epson See Epson section below

See below

IDS. Prism 132, Color w/Graphics

$1595

20%

Prism 80. Color. w/Graohics

$1495

17%

Pager Tiger 445IJ, w/Graphics & 2K

Special!

$ 595

35%

Pager Tiger, 560, w/Graphics

$ 995

30%

Okidata, Microline 82A. 120 Cps. 80 Col. Para & Serial

$ 495

15%

Microlme 84S. 200 Cps. 136 Col. Serial, 200 Cps.

$1295

15%

tl OvJIM PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES

SAVE

MX80 w/Graffrax

$425

31%

Mx80 F/T w/Graftrax ♦

$525

25%

MX100 F/T w/Graftrax +

$695

27%

Apple Interface and Cable for MX80/MX100

$ 95

15%

Graftrax 80 for MX80

$ 79

20%

Epson/Atari Cable

$ 30

26%

Epson TRS 80 Cable

$ 30

26%

Grappler by Orange Micro, Specify Computer

$129

21%

MONITORS

SAVE

NEC. 12" Green

$159

25%

12" Color, Composite

$349

25%

Sanyo.

9" B&W

$149

25%

"A" 9" Green, Overstock Special

$139

36%

12" B&W

$199

20%

12" Green

$199

25%

13" Color, Composite

$349

25%

Zenith, 12" Green

$119

30%

Amdek. 12" Green #300

$159

38

13" Color 1, Composite

$359

20%

13" Color II. RGB

$799

20%

Color II to Apple II Interface

$159

20%

Comrex, 13" Color, Composite

$349

27%

13" Color. RGB for IBM-PC

$529

15%

DISKETTES

•CDC 12 for 10 Special. L

mited Time!

SAVE

CDC. 120 each, 5'4. with ring, SS, SD (Apple, IBM

, etc.)

$195

57%

12 each, 5U, wtth ring, SS. SD (Apple, IBM

etc.)

$ 22

45%

12 each, 5U, with ring, SS. DD (H/P. etc.)

$ 28

45%

12 each 8", SS, SD

$ 28

45%

Verbatim, 10 each 5'4, with ring, SS, SD

$ 28

45%

Maxell, 10 each 5 '/., SS. SD

$ 35

33%

Dysan, 10 each 5U, SS. SD

$ 39

30%

10 each 5, DS. DD

$ 49

25%

ORDERING INFORMATION AND TERMS: WeshipimmediatelyonCashierChecks,MoneyOrders,Fortunel000Checks,andGovernmentChecks.
PersonalChecks and Company Checks allow 20 days to clear. Add 3% for VISA or MC. Add 3% for shipping, insuranceand handling (minimum$5). UPS ground is standard. Add 10% more
for US Postal, APO or FPO. Include telephone no. No COD. Prices subject lo change and typographic errors, so call to verify. All goodsare new, include factory warranty, and are guaranteed
to work. Due to our low prices all sales are final. Call before returning goods for repair or replacement. ORDER DESK HOURS: 8 to 6 PST, M-F. 10 to4 Sat.& Sun. 1 p.m. here is4 p.m. in NY.

OUR REFER EN CEo! We have been a computer dealer since 1978 and in mail order since 1980. Banks: First Interstate Bank, (503)776-5620 and Jefferson State Bank,
(503) 773-5333. We belong to the Chamber of Commerce, (503) 772-6293, or call Dun & Bradstreet if you are a subscriber. Computer Exchange is a division of O'Tech Group. Inc.

fi!3 53Q

NO SALES
TAX

Oregon Order Desk
(503) 772-3803

Ad #937

NATIONAL TnTT rnrr
ORDER DESK 1ULL ri\tt

(800)547-1289

Circle 106 on inquiry card.

?^%^^tl

Exclusively for

ifll Belle- HovvgII by Kippkz computer

LIST
PRICE

OUR
PRICE

SAVE

B&H Apple 11 +

64K (48K+ALS16K)
DISK II w/3.3 Cont.

DISK II Only
OR:

M725 $ 1195 $ 530

$ 645 $ 520 M25

$ 525 $ 450 $ 75

SAVE OVER s 350 on a pair of drives.
Buy a pair of Micro-Sci A2 Drives.
See opposite page.

cippkzn/ii+

supply center

HARDWARE

for Apple ll/IM

$ 149
$ 59
$ 169
$ 319
$ 459
$ 75
$1145

$ 229
$ 249

SAVE

33%
60%
25%
25%
25%
25%
20%

34%
28%

15%

34%
27%
60%
40%

$ 495 53%

MICRO-SCI. Disk Drives, Plug/software compatiable
to Apple. See opposite page.
RAM CARDS:
Microsoft. 16K RAM Card
* ALS. 16K ADDRam
Saturn Systems, 32K
64K
128K
VC Expand 40 or 8
Axlon, 320K RAM Disk system
80 COLUMN VIDEO CARDS:
ALS, Smarterm
Videx. Videoterm

See more ALS and Videx under Miscellaneous
Vista, Vision 80 $279 30%

M&R. Sup R term $ 319

MISCELLANEOUS:

ALS, Smarterm 80 Col. Card Special $ 229
Z Card (2 80) W/CPM Special $ 199
16K ADDRam Special $ 59

Synergizer Pack Special $ 450

if Synergizer with free Sorcim
Supercalc. (While they last)
Apple Computer,
Srlentype II Printer
Graphics Tablet
Joystick II
Game Paddle
Numeric Keypad
Axlon. 320K RAM Disk System
CCS. Serial Interface 7710A

Other CCSCards in stock
Dan Paymar. Lower Case Chips
Hayes, Micromodem II

Smartmodem
ISC, Videostick Paddle
Kensington, System Saver Fan
it Keyboard Company,
Joystick II
Game Paddle
Numeric Keypad
M&R. RF Modulator
SupRFan
if Microsoft. Z80 Softcard
16K RAM Card

SoftcardPremiumPack $ 579
Mountain.
CPS Multifunction Card
if Clock/Calendar

Novation. Applecat Modem
Orange Micro, Grappler

$ 335
$ 675
$ 39
$ 19
$ 119
$1145
$ 139
Call
$ 34
$ 289
$ 229

$ 119
$ 25
$ 39
$ 269
$ 149

$ 209
$ 195
$ 329
$ 129

15%
15%
22%
27%
21%
20%
22%
Call
33%
25%
20%
23%
20%

22%
27%
21%
27%
25%
33%
33%
25%

13%
30%
16%
21%

if Practical Peripherals, w/cable & Conn.)

MBS 8K Serial (Epson) New! $ 129

MBP 16K Para (Epson) New! $ 129

if Microbuffer II 16K New! $ 209

Microbutler II 32K New' $ 229

RH Electronics. Super Fan I) $ 59

SSM, AlOSenal/Para Interface $159

TG Products: Game Paddles $ 29

Joystick $ 45

if Videx. Videoterm 80 col. $ 249

Soft Video Switch $ 25

Enchancer II $ 99

Function Strip $ 59

Enchancer (Rev 6 or 7 +) $ 99

Full Videx Line Call up to 35%

20%
20%
20%
24%
21%
20%
28%
25%
28%
29%
34%
26%
25%

TEN! r $1,795

B&H APPLE II

64K STARTER SYSTEM

SAVES 765

• 48K B&H Apple 11+

• ALS 16K RAM Card

• Disk II with 3.3 DOS & Controller

• Sanyo 9" Green Monitor
Add $60 for Apple Beige color.
Save $832 total. Substitute a A2 Micro-Sci drive

for the Disk II.
Add another A 2 drive and save a total of $888.

B&H APPLE 11 +

64K BUSINESS

STARTER SYSTEM

$2,240

SAVE $1,125

Starter System above plus:

• ALS ZCard, Z80 CP/M Card

• ALS Smarterm 80 Column Card

• Sorcim Supercalc (while they last

SOFTWARE

on disk for Apple 11/11 +

BUSINESS

Warranty: Factory warranty is by Bell and Howell (not
by Apple) and is one year parts plus 90 day fabor.
Warranty service available at Bell and Howell service
centers or return to Computer Exchange.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Apple Computer. Inc.

SAVE

Osborne/C.P. Soft.. (Disk and Book

50% Off on Apple III Software

Call

50%

if Some Common Basic Programs.

SAVE

The Controller (Accounting)

$499

20%

75 Business. Statistics and Math

Apple Writer 1.1

$ 59

20%

programs for the Apple II

$ 49

50%

Apple Pascal

$199

20%

if Practical Basic Programs.

Apple Fortran
DOS Tool Kit

$159
$ 59

20%
20%

40 more very valuable programs
beyond "Some Com. Basic Prog"

$ 49

50%

* Means a BEST buy.

DOS 3.3 Upgrade Kit

$ 59

20%

Peachtree, GL, AR, AP or Inv. each

$189

36%

Apple Plot

$ 59

20%

"W Magic Wand (Specify board)

$250

50%

DJ News & Quotes

$ 75

20%

Phoenix. Zoom Grafix

$ 29

28%

OJ Portfolio Evaluator

$ 45

20%

Sensible, Apple Speller

$ 55

27%

How to!

$ 39

20%

Silcon Valley. Word Handler

$150

40%

Microcourier

Micro Telegram

$199
$199

20%
20%

Solldus/Softech
if Stocklile

$250

60%

HOME & EDUCATION

Time Manager

$119

20%

Stockseller

$425

40%

Many Others

Call

Call

Software Publishing,

SAVE

Applied Soft Tech.. Versa Form

$289

26%

PFS II or III NEW version!

$ 89

30%

Autom. Sim.. Crush Crumb Chomp

$ 30

25%

Artsci. Magic Window

$ 75

25%

PFS Report II or III

$ 69

30%

Broderbund.

Ashion-tate. dBase II (CP/M)

$495

30%

Sorcim. Super Calc. (CP/M)

$219

25%

Apple Panic

$ 21

30%

Beagle Bros.. Utility City

$ 22

25%

Southeastern,

Arcade Machine

$ 32

30%

Broderbund. Payroll

$269

30%

Data Capture 4.0. specify brd.

$ 69

25%

Red Alert

$ 21

30%

General Ledger

$349

30%

Source. The Source

$ 75

25%

Space Warrior

$ 18

30%

Continental. CPA fll General Ledger

$189

25%

Stoneware. DB Master

$179

22%

Star Blazer

New!

$ 24

30%

CPA H2 Accounts Rec.

$189

25%

DB Utility lor II

$ 75

10%

Many others

Call

Call

CPA #3 Accounts Pay.

$189

25%

VisiCorp/Personal Software.

Budgeco. Raster Blaster

$ 22

27%

CPA U Payroll

$189

25%

Vis.calc 3.3

$189

25%

Calif. Pacific. Ultima

$ 30

25%

CPA #5 Property Mgt.

$189

25%

VisiDex Special!

$175

30%

Cavalier, Bug Attack

$ 23

23%

Denver. Financial Partner

$185

25%

VisiFile

$199

25%

Continental, Home Accountant

$ 56

25%

dBase II for Apple 11/11+ CP/M

$495

30%

Desktop Plan II or Ifl Special!

$175

30%

Home Money Minder

$ 26

25%

Fox & Geller. Quickscreen for dBase II

$129

13%

Visiplot

$159

20%

LA Land Monoply

$ 23

25%

Quickcode for dBase II

$259

13%

VisiSchedule New!

$239

20%

DataMost. Snack Attack

$ 22

25%

Hayden. Pie Writer (Specify brd.)

$125

25%

VisiTrend and VisiPlot Special!

$210

30%

Thief

$ 22

25%

H&H Trading. Stock Tracker

$129

32%

VisiTerm

$ 79

20%

Edu-Ware, Compumath

$ 29

25%

Market Tracker

$199

33%

Zork

$ 33

20%

Hayden, Sargon II (Chess)

$ 29

22%

High Tech.. Store Mgr.

$189

25%

Infocom. Deadline

New!

$ 38

25%

if Job Control Sys.

$469

40%

UTILITY & DEVELOPMENT

Zork

$ 29

25%

Info Master

$119

40%

Beagle. Utility City

$ 22

25%

Insoft, Electric Duet by Lutus

New!

$ 25

20%

Info. Unlim., Easywriter (PRO)

$139

25%

DOS Boss

$ 18

25%

GraFORTH by Lutus

New'

$ 59

25%

if Innovative. Spellguard (CP/M)

$150

50%

Central Point Software:

Lightning. Mastertype

$ 29

25%

Insoft, Accountant (CP/M)

$ 99

Filer, DOS Utility

$ 18

25%

Microsoft. Olympic Decathlon

$ 24

24%

For each GL A/R. A/P or Payroll. Absolutely the best

if Copy II Plus (bit copier)

$ 35

10%

Typing Tutor

$ 19

30%

accounting software available for the Apple 11/11*.

Will copy most copy protected software for your

Muse. Robot War

$ 29

25%

Better than Peachtree. We use it and recommend it

backup in 45 seconds or less! Highly recommended.

On-Line, Pegasus II

$ 22

25%

UK. Letter Perfect

$112

25%

Epson. Graphics Dump

$ 9

35%

Mouskattack

New!

$ 26

25%

+ Micro Craft.

(CP/M) Legal Bilfing & timekeeper

Insoft.

Time Zone

New!

$ 75

25%

$250

65%

+ GrafFORTH by Paul Lutus New'
ALD System II by Paul Lutus

$ 59

22%

Jawbreaker

New!

$ 23

25%

Prof. Billing & timekeeping

$250

65%

$ 59

22%

Ultima II

New!

$ 27

25%

Micro Lab, Data Factory ver 5.0

$249

20%

TransFORTH II by Paul Lutus

$ 99

20%

Marauder

New!

$ 26

25%

Visifactory New!

$ 56

25%

ElectricJ)uet by Paul Lutus New!

$ 25

20%

Threshold

$ 30

25%

Invoice Factory

$129

35%

Microsoft,

Cranston Manor

$ 26

25%

Tax Manager

$ 95

38%

A.L.D.S.

$110

10%

Mission Astroid

$ 15

25%

Micro Pro. (all CP/M}

SAVE

8ASIC Compiler

$299

25%

Mystery House

$ 19

25%

if Word Star NewVersion

$199

47%

Cobol 80

$559

25%

Softporn (X Rated)

$ 22

25%

MailMerger

$ 69

45%

Fortran 80

$149

25%

Ulysses and Golden Fleece

$ 22

25%

SpellStar

$119

40%

Olympic Decathlon

$ 24

24%

Piccadilly. Falcon

$ 23

25%

DataStar

$169

40%

TASC Compiler

$159

22%

Star Blaster

$ 23

25%

CalcStar

$169

40%

if Omega. Locksmith (bit copier)

$ 75

25%

Sentient. Oo-TOPOS

$ 25

25%

SuperSort 1 or II

$119

40%

On-Line. Expediter II

$ 75

25%

Sirius. Sneakers

$ 22

25%

Muse, Super Text II

$113

25%

Phoenix. Zoom Grafix

$ 29

28%

Gorgon

$ 29

25%

Super Text 40/80 New!

$129

25%

Source, the Source

$ 75

25%

Twerps

$ 22

25%

Form Letter New!

$ 75

25%

Southwestern. ASCII Express

$ 59

25%

Sir-Tec. Wizardry

New!

$ 39

22%

On-Line. Expediter II

$ 75

25%

Sub-Logic. Flight Simulator

$ 28

20%

Strategic. Southern Commanc

$ 30

25%

Screenwriter II

$ 95

27%

Tymac. Super Pix

$ 20

20%

OTHER BRANDS IN STOCK. CALL.

THE WORLD'S LARGEST COMPUTER MAIL ORDER FIRM

Computer Exchange

A Division of

OTECHtam

ALL MAIL: P.O. Box 1380, Jacksonville, OR 97530

WAREHOUSE AND OFFICES, BY APPOINTMENT AT 6791 UPPER APPLEGATE ROAD.

Ad #937

Circle 106 on inquiry card.

Internationa

1 Morse Code

Additional Codes

A .-

W .--

space bar

B --■■

X

backspace ----

C

Y

carriage return .-.-

D -..

Z

escape (OE) — .

E -

1

control (KS) -.-...

F ■•-.

2

right arrow (UU) ......

G «■

3

repeat (HM)

H ■ ■ i ■

4

! (exclamation point)

1 ..

5 .....

$ (dollar sign) .....

J ....

6

* (asterisk) .....

K ...

7 -

+ (plus sign) .....

L

8

= (equals sign)

M «

9

" (quotation marks) .....

N -.

( (open parenthesis) .. — .

---

■ (period) .-.-.-

) (close parenthesis)

P

; (semicolon) -.-.-.

( (ampersand) .....

Q

: (colon) — . . .

# (number or pounds) — ...

R ■-.

, (comma) --. .--

% (percent) -----

S ...

? (question mark) . .--.

I (exponent)

T -

' (apostrophe) .----.

@ (at)

U ■■-

. (hyphen) ......

< (less than) -.--.

V ...-

/ (fraction bar)

> (more than) -.- —

Table 2: Signals f

or the Morse-code input

routine. The Morse-code input routine

uses standard International Morse code ant

a number of additional codes to allow

full access to the Apple II. (Adapted from

"EMG Activated Spatial Morse Code

General Purpose

Communication Device"

by Carl B. Friedlander and Morteza

Rahimi. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Frontiers of Engineering in Health

Care, Denver, Colorado, October 6-7, 1979; page 298.)

where that is required.)

When the parallel mode is selected,
the adaptive-firmware card acts as a
straight keyboard emulator. Any
parallel ASCII (American Standard
Code for Information Interchange)
fed to the firmware card through a

parallel port will be entered into the
computer as if it had been typed on
the keyboard.

In the serial mode, the firmware
card again acts as straight keyboard
emulator, accepting serial ASCII
data. Any serial ASCII fed to the

firmware card will be entered into the
computer as if it had been typed on
the keyboard. The firmware card will
support data rates of 110, 150, 300,
600, and 1200 bps (bits per second).
Note that, because a DB25 connector
is used for several things, the stan-
dard RS-232C pin assignments are
not used.

In the expanded-key board mode,
the card will support any 8- by
15-switch matrix.

Special Options

The options available with the
firmware card include the slowdown
option, which allows any program
being executed on the computer to be
slowed down for use by individuals
having slower reaction times. This is
accomplished by interrupting the pro-
gram and inserting delay loops.
Because these interruptions are ac-
tually triggered by the structure of the
program itself, the effect of the
slowdown value (which can be from
to 255) varies from program to pro-
gram. Experimentation with in-
dividual progams will determine the
best value for the given individual
and program. (The default value is 0.)

The paddle option allows you to
use a single switch instead of a paddle
to play games that use game paddle 1.
When selecting a paddle mode, you
indicate a parameter that tells the
program which of seven paddle

Micro MidWest
10205 West 69th Terrace
Merriam, KS 66203
Call: (913) 362-3462

Micro Frame

110 V 60 Hz CVT S-100 bus (IEEE-696) Microframes and disk enclosures. Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) instantly regulates AC power ranging from as low as 50VAC to as
high as 140VAC (depending on the current load) to with ± 3%. TEI microframesgivesyou lotsof goodclean power.90day factory warantee. With TEI youdon't needan expen-
sive voltage regulator; TEI isolates your boards and drives from spikes, voltage variations, noise and even brownouts.

12 slot microframes ± 8V @ 17A, ± 16V @ 2A
22 slot microframes ±8V @ 30A, ±16V @ 4A

MCS-112
MCS-122
RM-12
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$800
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Our Price

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785
795
850

8" disk drive enclosure with CVT. Holds two 8" Shugart 801 R or 851 R, or Qume DT-8 size drive, +24V ty 1.5A, + 5V @ 1.0A, -5V @ 0.24A. Power cables included

DFD-0
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Table Top Disk Enclosure
Rack Mount Disk Enclosure

$565
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Combination of S-100 bus and disk enclosure. 12 slot bus plus 3 cutouts for 5 Va'
+ 8V @ 17A, ± 16V @ 2A, + 12V @ 1.2A, Power cable included.

floppy disk drives (or 5 'a" size hard disks)

TF-12
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TableTop Combination
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$745
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$500
625

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750

Inventory In Stock! Dealer inquiries invited: We are a TEI (Texas Electronic Instruments) Master Distributor.

Terms: COD accepted. 2% discount on Prepaid orders. Kansas Residents add 4% sales tax. All prices subject to change. We normally use UPS. Blue Label or other fast ship-
ment available at purchaser's choice.

286 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

Your guide to the

world of microprocessors.

The Micro-Professor™ -a low cost tool for

learning, teaching and prototyping.

Here in one attractive package
and at a price of only $149.00 is a
Z80* based microcomputer to
lead you step by step to a
thorough knowledge of the world
of microprocessors.

The Micro-Professor is a
complete hardware and software
system whose extensive teaching
manual gives you detailed
schematics and examples of pro-
gram code. A superb learning
tool for students, hobbyists and
microprocessor enthusiasts, as
well as an excellent teaching aid
for instructors of electrical engi-
neering and computer science
courses.

But the Micro-Professor is
much more than a teaching
device. With it you can do bread-
boarding and prototyping, de-
signing your own custom hard-
ware and software applications
with Z80, 8080 and 8085 compati-
ble code.

The standard 2K bytes of
RAM is expandable to 4K,
and the standard 2K bytes of
ROM can be increased to 8K.

All this plus a built-in
speaker, a cassette interface, and

sockets to accept optional
CTC/PIO. Bus is extendable.

As well as being an exciting
learning tool, the Micro-Professor
is a great low-cost board for
OEM's. Call for details

SSB-MPF

Speech

Synthesizer

Board $129

A

vocabulary

of up to 400

words based

on the

TMS 5200 chip.

EPB-MPF

EPROM

Programming

Board $169

For all +5V

1KB/2KB/

4KB EPROMs

Read /Copy /Li st/Ver if y

Capability.

BASIC-MPF
Tiny Basic $19

2KB BASIC

interpreter with

hardware control

capability.

Machine-code

subroutine accessible.

PRT-MPF
Printer

$99

A

thermal

printer

with built-in

alphanumeric

character patterns

and Z80 disassembler.

20 characters per line, 0.8 line per

second.

* Z80 is a trademark of Zilog Inc.
Q

Multitech Electronics Inc.

30 day trial period with full refund.
90 day warranty.

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

I'm ready to enter the
world of microprocessing

•* Check or money
order enclosed
□ Visa □ Mastercharge

Call toll free to order.

MPF-I Micro-Professor

SSB-MPF Speech Synthesizer Board

EPB-MPF EPROM Programming Board

PRT-MPF Printer

BASIC-MPF

Shipping and Handling

Card No.

Expires

Price

o>.

taiount

$149.00

$129.00

$169.00

$ 99.00

$ 19.00

$ 4.95

4.95

add sales tax.

TOTAL

Signature

Name (Please Print)

in U.S. and Canada mail to:

Multitech Electronics Inc.
195 West El Camino Real
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
California Tel. (408) 773-8400
Elsewhere (800) 538-1542

City

State

Zip

Outside of North America mail to:

Multitech Industrial Corporation
977 Min Shen E Road 105
Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
Tel. 02-769-1225
TWX 19162 MULTIIC.
23756 MULTIIC

Circle 374 on Inquiry card.

INTEGRATED
BUSSING

- IEEE-488

BUS

with the

o

P&T-488
INTERFACE

BUS ,

Inexpensive S-100 computers
can now communjcate with the
IEEE-488 instrumentation bus.
The P&T-488 meets the IEEE-
488 1 980 standard for control-
ler, listener, & talker.
Interface software allows sim-
ple communication with the 488
busfrom Basic, Pascalandother
high level languages. Interface
software is available for CP/M®,
North Star, or Cromemco.
Special features include an
interactive busmonitor program
and a functional self-test
program.

Price for (1) P&T-488 with software
and 18" cable, assembled and tested:
$450 (domestic price) FOB Goleta, CA.

PICKLES & TROUT

P.O. BOX 1206, GOLETA, CA 931 16
(805) 685-4641

*CP/M is a registered trademarkof Digital Research

Mode

1

User Switch 2

moves paddle 1
left and right

User Switch 1 User Switch 2 User Switch 3 User Switch 4

activates
button 1

activates
button 1,
moves paddle 1
left and right

activates moves paddle 1 moves paddle 1

button 1 right only left only

activates
button 1,
moves paddle 1
left only

activates moves paddle 1 moves paddle 2 moves paddle 2

button 1 , left only down only up only

moves paddle 1
right only

activates
button 1

moves paddle 1
right only

moves paddle 1
right only

moves paddles
1 and 2 right,
left, up, and
down

activates
button 1,
moves paddles
1 and 2 right,
left, up and
down

Table 3: Paddle modes. In addition to providing an "alternate keyboard" to the
Apple, the firmware card also lets you control game-paddle programs using input
switches instead of paddles (and the buttons associated with the paddles). Various
paddle modes are available that allow you to move the cursor back and forth on
the screen using only the input switches. The table shows how paddle movement is
controlled by different numbers of input switches in the different modes. You select
the mode that best matches the number of switches you wish to control and the
paddle requirements of the game or program you will be using.

modes should be used. (See table 3 for
a summary of the paddle modes.)

In modes where one switch con-
trols movement in two directions,
holding the switch down will cause
the cursor to move in one direction
until the switch is released. Ac-
tivating the switch again will cause
the cursor to move in the opposite
direction.

In modes where one switch con-
trols movement in four directions, the
routine scans through the instructions
for each of the different movement
directions until you hold down the
switch. The routine will then carry
out cursor movement according to
the instruction it was on when you

pressed the switch; movement con-
tinues in this direction until the
switch is released. The routine then
returns to scanning around the four
possible directions until you press the
switch again. Thus you have the op-
tion of moving the cursor up, down,
right, or left.

Seven other paddle modes are
available that are exactly the same as
modes 1 through 7, as far as the user
is concerned, but they use a different
software technique to simulate the
game paddles. This allows the firm-
ware card to be used with a greater
variety of games, which use different
game-paddle reading techniques.

Other game-paddle control options

288 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

,£sfcujator

f *W»l«Mll(vrprobJ t . niB .

HowtheTI'55'-IImakes
short workof long problems*

Whenever you can solve
complex problems quickly and
accurately, you're ahead of the
game. And that's exactly what the
TI-55-II does for you. By giving
you 112 pre-programmed functions
(like definite integrals), it allows
you to take short cuts without
losing accuracy. You'll accomplish
a lot more in less time which
means increased efficiency.

With our TI-55-II you can
tackle problems you thought could
only be solved with higher-priced
programmables. You're not only
getting the standard slide rule
functions but also statistical capa-
bilities. This way you can work
out linear regressions, permuta-
tions and combinations, just to
name a few.

Circle 538 on inquiry card.

The TI-55-II also gives you
enough programmability to elimi-
nate a lot of repetitive key punch-
ing. Our Constant Memory™
keeps programs and data on tap,
even when the calculator is turned
off. So once you've entered a
formula, you can simply put in the
variables to get your solution. The
Liquid Crystal Display shows your

answers in standard, scientific or
engineering notations — clearly
and precisely.

We also help you get the
most out of your calculator with
the Calculator Decision-Making
Sourcebook. It gives you step-
by-step examples of the best
techniques used for solving mathe-
matical, scientific and statistical
problems. And we've included a
special section on how to program
your TI-55-II.

So next time you're facing
another time-consuming
problem, cut it down to
size with theTI-55-II.

Texas
Instruments

© 1982, Texas Instruments Incorporated.

YOU DON'T HAVE TO PAY

AN ARM AND A LEG FOR

DEMONSTRATION SOFTWARE!

Get everything
you need

for *295°° /

Whether you are selling
your customer hardware
or software, the three
best ways to close the
sale are:

1) demonstration;

2) demonstration; and
3} demonstration. That's why

e offer you the best softwa
demonstration system in the
microcomputer industry.

The package includes al
the software listed here,
plus important
promotional materials
and our exclusive
video sales

presentation designed
to help you make the
sale. You get the
whole package for
just $295.00.

We offer you the
largest selection of
quality business
applications and the
best support available
anywhere. Everyone
claims to be the best
.4. but we're willing to
demonstrate it All you
have to do is give us a
call, or drop us a card.

FINANCIAL

General Ledger • Accounts

Payable • Accounts

Receivable • Payroll • Cash

Receipts/Disbursements

• Job Costing • Mailing

List Management

MEDICAL/DENTAL

Office Scheduler

• Patient Billing

• Accounts Receivable

• Insurance Forms

GOVERNMENTAL/

EDUCATIONAL

Student Record Keeping

• Student Scheduling

• Fund Accounting

WHOLESALE
DISTRIBUTION

Purchasing and Receiving

• Inventory Control

• Invoicing and Receivables

• Sales Commission

Reporting • Backorder

Management

MANUFACTURING

INVENTORY

CONTROL

Finished Goods Inventory

Management • Parts

Inventory Management

• Parts Purchasing and

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All (MS business applications require CP/M®.-
or MP/M® and CBASiC II© . . . registered
lademarks of Digital Research Corp.

INTERNATIONAL
MICRO SYSTEMS

6445 Metcalf • Shawnee Mission, KS 66202
(913) 677-1137

290 BYTE September 1982

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

may be developed. The ones above
are designed to give different types of
individuals using different numbers
of switches maximum control of
various programs.

The paddle speed option lets you
adjust the movement speed in the
game-paddle emulation routines. The
speed set is equal to the number that
the paddle count will be incremented
(or decremented) each time the pro-
gram checks for the paddle position
(while the user switch is closed). The
actual rate of cursor movement for
any given setting will vary depending
on the software being run. (Paddle
speed and mode should be set before
entering a game, as access to the
"keyboard" input routines is restrict-
ed during game play.)

The stop-time option prevents your
being trapped in a game-playing
mode, unable to get back to the key-
board or standard input mode. Under
this option, you set a stop-time delay
before entering the game-playing
mode. When you want to get out of

the game-playing mode, simply leave
the switches inactive for the ap-
propriate length of time, and you will
automatically be returned to your
special input mode.

Technical Description

The goal in designing the adaptive-
firmware card was to develop a
relatively inexpensive interface that
would transform the Apple II from
just a computer with a keyboard into
a computer with a keyboard, a scan-
ner, a Morse-code translator, and
more. Such a peripheral would either
require its own microprocessor or.
would somehow have to steal time
from the Apple for the translation
tasks; thus the two approaches that
suggest themselves involve either a
card containing a separate micropro-
cessor or an interrupt-driven system.

The former would have the advan-
tage of absolute transparency. It
would not, however, provide im-
mediate access to the Apple II's
memory. A separate processor could

gain access to the Apple's RAM
(random-access, read/write memory)
by means of DMA (direct memory
access). This, however, would mean
losing the simplicity of transparency,
which was the original attraction of
the separate-microprocessor ap-
proach. Either way, a number of prob-
lems would need to be overcome in
order to provide access to all the
necessary portions of the Apple
without interfering with any program
the computer might be running. Also,
the separate microprocessor would
solve each of a set of problems (which
will be discussed in the following
paragraphs) in essentially the same
way as the interrupt-driven version
but would incur the additional ex-
pense of the second microprocessor.
Therefore, the interrupt approach
was used. (The final design is shown
in figure 1.)

Apple II Interrupts

The Apple II has two different
types of interrupts: the IRQ (mask-

Text continued on page 299

In Texas Orders

Questions & Answers

1-713-392-0747

INDUSTRIES, INC.

225 11 Katy Freeway
Katy (Houston) Texas 77450

To Order
1-800-231-3680
800-231-3681

SAVE BIG DOLLARS ON ALL TRS-80 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

TRS-80 BY RADIO SHACK. Brand new in cartons delivered. Save state sales tax. Texas residents add only
5% sales tax. Open Mon.-Fri. 9-6, Sat. 9-5. We pay freight and insurance. Come by and see us. Call us for a
reference in or near your city. Ref: Farmers State Bank, Brookshire, Texas.

WE OFFER ON
REQUEST

Federal Express (Overnight Delivery)

Houston Intercontinental
Airport Delivery (Same Day)

U.P.S. BLUE (Every Day)

References from people who have
bought computers from us probably
in your city

■■'- TRS-80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corp

ED McMANUS

In stock TRS-80 Model
II and III

No Tax on Out of Texas Shipments!

10% 15%

OR MORE

Reserve Your Model 16 Today

Telex 77-4132 (Fleks Hou)

WE ALWAYS
OFFER

NO extra charge for Master Card
or Visa.

We use Direct Freight Lines. No
long waits.

We always pay the freight and
insurance

Toll free order number

Our capability to go to the giant
TRS-80 Computer warehouse 5
hours away, in Ft. Worth, Texas,
to keep you in stock.

JOE McMANUS

Circle 283 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 291

Number

Type

+ 5V

GND

IC6

74LS30

14

7

IC7

MWS5114

18

9

IC1

74LS244

20

10

IC8

MWS5114

18

9

IC2

74LS374

20

10

IC9

TBP28L22N

20

10

IC3

74LS244

20

10

IC10

74LS74

14

7

IC4

74LS374

20

10

IC11

7407

14

7

IC5

2732

24

12

IC12

74LS21

14

7

8

ROW

OUTPUT

S<

COLUMN (
INPUT

(INPUTS
HAVE 10KJ1
PULLUPS
NOT SHOWN)

STROBE 1 | y
STROBE 2 | ^ >

SWITCH

INPUTS

SWITCHED

TO GROUND

O

DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
CLOCK<

IN914

THUMBWHEEL
SWITCH
ENCODED
OUTPUT

NOTE; LETTERS INSIDE CONNECTORS
INDICATE CONNECTION TO THE
SAME LETTER CONNECTOR
WITHIN THE SCHEMATIC.

Q

Figure 1: Schematic of the adaptive- firmware card.

c<t>'

1

15

JUMPER

PLUG

TO

VACATED

SOCKET

1

SEL A

SEL B YO

SEL C

G2A

G2B

Gl

Y7

GND

Y6

Y5

Y4

Y3

Y2

Yl

2

2

15 C<£

3

3

4

A

5

5

6

6

7

7

8

8

9

9

IC17

10

10

74LS138

11

11

12

12

13

13

14

14

292 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

IC13

74LS05

14

7

IC14

74LS05

14

7

IC15

74LS138

16

8

IC16

74LS74

14

7

IC17

74LS138

16

8

IC18

CD4093

14

7

IC19

74LS08

14

7

Y4
Y2

Gl

Y5

Y3

SEL B

Yl

SEL C

YO
Y7

SEL A
G2A

Y6

G2B

I C 15

74LS138

+ 5V

IC12
74LS21

TTTV —

IC12
74LS21 12

^i2b r

^ 13

IC 19

74LS08

17

A5
Q3
Q4

IC9

TBP28L-

22N

Ql

Q2 _

Gl G2

B

T

&

*©-<I<t««I<< <<<£<

®

E

00

AO

01

Al

02

AX

03

A3

IC4

04

A4

74LS374

05

Ab

Q6

Ab

Q7

A7

CLOCK
A

AO

Al

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6

A7

A8

A9

A10

All

Gl G?

IC5.
2732
4K BY8
EPROM

DO
Dl
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7

AO
Al
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
R/W

1C7

MWS5114
IK BY 4
RAM

AO
Al
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
R/W

IC8

MWS5114
IK BY 4
RAM

B

DO
Dl
D2
D3

D4
D5
D6
D7

B

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 293

QD-

-O

s <S>-

s <n>-

S <46>

2 <£8>

> O

Figure 1: Schematic of the adaptive- firmware card, continued.

294 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

sklk

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Ik i F 1

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JTE

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iLiiJ

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Memory — you never seem to have quite
enough of it.

But if you're one of the thousands of Apple
owners using the SoftCard, there's an economical
new way to expand your memory dramatically,

16K ON A PLUG-IN CARD.

Microsoft's new RAMCard simply «
plugs into your Apple I lf° and adds 16k
bytes of dependable, buffered
read/write storage.

Together with the SoftCard,
the RAMCard gives you a 56k
CP/M (|f> system that's big enough
to take on all kinds of chores that
would never fit before (until now,
the only way to get this much
memory was to have an Apple
Language Card installed).

GREAT SOFTWARE:
YOURS, OURS, OR THEIRS.

With the RAMCard and
SoftCard, you can tackle large-
scale business and scientific
computing with our COBOL and
FORTRAN languages. Or greatly
increase the capability of CP/M

H

I

1

applications like the Peachtree Software account-
ing systems. VisiCalc™ and other Apple software
packages can take advantage of RAMCard too.

And RAMCard gives you the extra capacity to
develop advanced programs of your own, using the
SoftCard and CP/M. Even with the RAMCard in
place, you can still access your ROM BASIC
and monitor routines.

JOIN THE SOFTCARD
FAMILY.

The RAMCard is just the
latest addition to the SoftCard
family — a comprehensive sys-
tem of hardware and software
that can make your Apple more
versatile and powerful than you
ever imagined.

Your Microsoft dealer has all
the exciting details. Visit him
soon, and discover a great idea
that keeps getting better.

Microsoft Consumer
Products, 10700 Northup Way,
Bellevue, WA 98004.
(206-828-8080)

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The only machine that runs

The software machine. The Decision I™ is an IEEE
696 S-100 bus computer. But that's where its
similarity to other machines ends. No other pro-
duction machine offers the software flexibility of
the Decision I. The Decision I runs Micronix,™ which
is functionally identical to the UNIX™ Operating
System. It also runs multiple CP/M® 2.2 programs,
Oasis,™ MP/Mf C, FORTRAN, MBASIC,™ CBASIC,
RATFOR, PL-1, Northstar compatible BAZIC,™ Pascal
and virtually thousands of existing applications pro-
grams. No other microcomputer offers you that
kind of flexibility.

Developing programs? The Decision I's broad
operating system base makes it a perfect software
development system. And there's more.

Multi-user, multi-tasking. The Decision I can be
configured for up to 15 users running 20
individual tasks. Memory management
is similar to an IBM® 370's. And, a 7.2
MHz processor on the hard disk con-
troller supercharges the system.

The Micronix OS. Micronix supports
all system calls source-compatibly
with the UNIX Operating System.
Thus, UNIX programs will compile
directly and UNIX documentation
is almost totally applicable.
Morrow's CP/M emulator has
been configured to run under

Micronix, communicating directly with both UNIX
and CP/M media.

Performance. In informal single-user benchmark
tests against 68000-based machines running UNIX
or UNIX-like operating systems, the Decision I won in
every case. No 68000-based machine ran in multi-
user mode, thus multi-user comparisons were
impossible. But, these informal benchmarks
would seem to prove that the combination
of memory management and DMA I/O is
as important as width of data path.

Now, the price: A single-
user Decision I includes
two 4MHz Z80A

UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories

CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks

of Digital Research, Inc.

Oasis is a trademark of Oasis Systems

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp.

MBASIC is a trademark, and Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation

WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro, Inc.

BAZIC is a trademark of Micro Mike, Inc.

ION I

almost everything.

Systems your way: Morrow Designs also manufac-
tures a full line of hard and floppy disk systems,
add-in memory boards, I/O boards and disk
controllers. That means you can configure your
computer your way... through a single supplier.

The Decision is yours. Compare the Decision I,
feature-for-feature with mini and microcomputers
on the market today. Compare capabilities.
Compare flexibility. Compare utility. Then, compare
price. The Decision I is the only machine that runs
almost everything. If you're developing software, or
simply running it, that's a good thing to remember.

LOOK TO MORROW
FOR ANSWERS.

processors,
65K of static RAM,
sophisticated memory
management hardware,
three serial and two parallel
ports, a 14 slot S-100 mother-
board, supervisor control in both
hardware and software, cabinet and
power supply. And of course, two 5W
48TPI floppy disk drives (800K), with Morrow
DMA controller. Plus CP/M 2.2, industry standard
Microsoft® BASIC 5.2 and WordStar? Price: $3,495.

The same system with a 5 Megabyte Winchester,
an additional 7.2 MHz processor, and a single
48TPI floppy costs $5,295.

Multiple user: A three-user upgrade kit with three
65K static RAM boards and the Micronix Operating
System is available for $1,995, bringing the cost
of a three-user hard disk based system to $7,290.
The Decision I is not simply an improved computer
system. It's a breakthrough in computing power,
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Circle 328 on inquiry card.

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Circle 499 on Inquiry card.

Text continued from page 291:

able interrupt request), and the NMI
(nonmaskable interrupt). When one
of these occurs, the 6502 micropro-
cessor vectors to the address at the
top of ROM (read-only memory)— for
IRQ, the two bytes starting at hexa-
decimal FFFE; for NMI, the two bytes
starting at hexadecimal FFFA — to ob-
tain the addresses in memory that, in
turn, hold the address of the user
routine that handles the interrupt.
Programs using interrupts ordinarily
use IRQ because this eliminates the
danger of interrupting a disk opera-
tion. Because we have no control
over the software that might be run-
ning, we can't trust that any vectors
we set in memory will stay, or even
that the interrupt-enable status will
not be changed. This means that the
NMI must be used rather than the
IRQ and that we must gain control
over the interrupt-service routine
before control is transferred to the
soft vectors.

To accomplish the latter, we must
have a way of substituting our own
ROM for both the Apple's mother-
board ROM and any language-card
(or firmware-card) ROM that may be
in use at the time. This is accom-
plished by using the INH (inhibit) line
(available on the peripheral-card bus)
to disable the motherboard ROM and
by placing address hexadecimal C081
on the address bus momentarily,
which (by convention) turns off the
language card in slot 0.

Swapping ROMs

After the NMI line goes low, the
Apple's 6502 will execute one more
instruction before servicing the inter-
rupt. Since this instruction may be in
ROM, we can't substitute our ROM
for the Apple's until the interrupt is
actually beng serviced.

The adaptive-firmware board waits
until the address hexadecimal FFFA
appears on the address bus, indicat-
ing that the first byte of the NMI vec-
tor is being fetched. Only at that time
is the adaptive-firmware board ac-
tivated and the competing ROM dis-
abled. The RDY (ready) and DMA
lines are used to halt the microproces-
sor while this is happening so that the
first byte of the NMI vector is actual-

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Featuring up to five functions on one board, the OMNI-board provides the capabilities of an expansion
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two Apple compatible joysticks andtheclock/calendaroption with rechargeable battery backup. No needto
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300/1 200 baud Bell 1 03/202 compatible modem with auto dial and auto answer. A voice synthesis unit and
touch tone decoder provide interfaces for automatic telephone answering and remote data input. Audio and
control outputs enable the IBM PC to function as a telephone answering machine.

• BSR-XIO™ CONTROL MODULE $95
This integrated module plugs into the DIN cassette connector of the IBM Personal Computer and provides
full remote control of 256 BSR appliance or switch modules and comes with sample software listing.

• COLOR TO MONOCHROME INTERFACE CABLE MODULE $95
Plugging conveniently between the IBM monochrome display and the RGB connector of the IBM color
graphics adapter, this integrated module gives you the capability to use all the graphics and character line
features of the IBM color graphics adapter with IBM monochrome display. * (Actual photo above)

• APPLE™ JOYSTICK INTERFACE MODULE For 2 APPLE joysticks $29

• PROTOTYPING BOARD With bracket and DB25 connector provision $49

• PLUG-IN 5MB WINCHESTER DISK, ADAPTER & SOFTWARE $2195

PERSONALITY™ SERIES SOFTWARE

• DISKSAVER™ PROGRAM $49

This elegant utility program allows you to create backup copies of any software protected diskette. It offers
the ultimate protection against accidental damage to your valuable software and comes with full
documentation. The Disksaver™ itself is not software protected.

• PASCAL GRAPHICS LIBRARY $95
This IBM PASCAL compatible library provides full access to the graphics of the IBM color graphics
adapter. All graphics functions supported by the IBM BASIC are implemented as PASCAL procedure
calls. Full documentation and software examples are included.

• PASCAL SUPPORT LIBRARY Provides full peripheral control forthe IBM PC from PASCAL $49

• DAT A VIEW 1 " $195
This user friendly database generator allows you to custom design your database structure and define
formats for data entry and display in an easy to follow interactive session.

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Circle 44 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 299

!jpiii_

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SHOP FROM THE CONVENIENCE OF YOUR HOME OR OFFICE
WITH THE BIGGEST SELECTION YOU CAN GET YOUR HANDS ON
call or write for a FREE CATALOG AND SAVE!

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VIC HARDWARE

Vic Data Set 58

Vic Disk Drive 469

Vic Graphic Printer 328

Vic 8K Memory Expander 39

Vic 16K Memory Expander 78

24K Memory Expander 139

3 Slot Expansion (Mini-Mother) 59

6 Slot Expansion (Card Board) 117

RS 232 Card (Avail. Now) 59

IEEE-488 Card (Avail. Now) 69

Vic Super Expander 48

Vicmon 43

Joystick 8

Paddles 15

Light Pen by Symtek 119

Vic Modem (Incl. Victerm) 95

40/80 Colum Card (Incl. Prom) 179

VIC SOFTWARE (ON CARTRIDGE)

Spiders of Mars 36

Robot Blasters 30

Meteor Run 36

Sattelites & Meteors 36

Amok 29

Alien Blitz 29

Renaissance 36

Alien 19

Radar Rat Race 23

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Trashman 35

Blackhole 35

Gorf 23

Outworld 29

Cloudburst 29

Vic Avengers 21

Super Slot 21

Super Alien 19

Super Lander 21

Draw Poker 20

Midnight Drive 21

Adventure Land 29

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Mission Impossible 29

The Count 29

Voodoo Castle 29

VIC SOFTWARE (ON TAPE)

Household Finance Pack 26

Home Inventory 12

Recreation/Education Pack I or II 12

Personal Journal 24

Ghostman 19

Vi Calc 11

Vi Check 18

Vi Cat 18

Bill Payer 12

6 Packs by Vic 44

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Sky Math 11

Space Division 11

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Alien Blitz 18

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Prom Blaster 129

Clock Calendar 109

Combo Card 239

AST

MC-064 SP (64K Combo Card) 469

MC-128 SP (128K Combo Card) 639

MC-192 SP (192K Combo Card) 799

MC-256 SP (256K Combo Card) 979

(All Above Include Asynch & Parallel Ports)

64K Mem 335 192K Mem 669

1 28K Mem 499 256K Mem 799

CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES

192K Mem Board 629

256K Mem Board 689

512K (with Serial RS232) 995

DAVONG

DSI-501 SMB Winchester Drive 1595

DSI 64K Mem Card CALL

DSI 1 92K Mem Card CALL

DSI 256K Mem Card CALL

MACROLINK

64K Memory Card 369

1 28K Memory Card 519

1 92K Memory Card 659

256K Memory Card 729

QUADRAM

Quadboard 64K 499

Quadboard 256K 839

(Quadboard includes memory, clock/calendar.
Parallel Printer I/O. Asynch RS232)

Parallel Interface Card (8' Cable) 1 29

Time Clock (Clock/Calendar W/Soft'ware) 129

SEATTLE COMPUTER

64K Ram + Board 389

1 28K Ram ♦ Board 539

192K Ram + Board 689

256K Ram ♦ Board 799

(All Ram ♦ Boards Include RS-232 Serial Port)
BYAD

DSI Z-80 Board 539

XEDEX

Baby Blue 599

Run CP/M-80'

MONITORS & MISC.

Amdek Color II 769

Electro Home RGB CALL

Joystick 47

Modems CALL

SOFTWARE

Everest Explorer by Acorn 17

The Apple — IBM Connection by Alpha 120

CP/M-86 by CompuView 299

Vedit by CompuView 123

The Programmer by Advanced 419

Fastscreen by CompuView 73

JANUS-86 by CompuView CALL

The Programmer 369

Super Calc by Sorcim 219

CP/M 86 by Digital Research 279

The Organuer by Conceptual Instr 209

C Basic by Digital Research 259

Software from Digital Marketing CALL

Zork I. Zork ll by Infocom 23

Deadline by Infocom 39

Easy Writer II by I US 258

Easy Speller by IUS 128

Easy Filer by IUS 298

Volks Writer by Lifetree 149

Basic-80 by Microsoft 297

Basic Compiler by Microsoft 335

Fortran-80 by Microsoft 419

M/Sorl by Microsoft 159

Easy by Denver Software 543

Home Accounting by Continental 109

Visicalc (Stnd) by Visicorp 157

Visicalc (256K) by Visicorp 194

Mathemagic by ISM 69

Total Info Management by Innovative 389

Logon by Ferox 129

FRANKLIN

ACE 1000

• Apple II software & hardware compatable

• 64K of RAM memory

• Upper and lower case

• Typewriter-style keyboard

• Twelve key numeric pad

• Alpha lock shift key

• VisiCalc friendly

• 50 watt power supply

• Built-in fan

DISK DRIVES

Elite One by Rana 369

Elite Two by Rana 539

Elite Three by Rana 689

A-2 by Micro-Sci 379

A-40 by Micro-Sci 359

A-70 by Micro-Sci 499

A-3 by Micro-Sci CALL

A-73 by Micro-Sci CALL

3" Drives by Amdek 749

Super Drive by Fourth 299

FREE* SHIPPING

(with prepaid cash orders)

Jll ATARI"

400 16K 268

800 16^^.. 664

4 1 Recorder 78

810 Dssk Drive 444

830 Modem 158

850 Interface ... ... 159

Full-View 80 (80 Col. Screen) 279

825 Printer 595

Joysticks (Pair)v 18

Epson Cable 34

Intek 48K ....... . , 199

32K by Microtek...... ..,. 109

Ram Cram ., ... i ........ 109

Ram Disk .......... ./.. ....v.... 429

THE ENTERTAINER 69

THE EDUCATOR 124

THE PROGRAMMER 56

THE COMMUNICATOR '.'.' 334

THE BOOKKEEPER 194

PAC MAN S29
w/any purchase over S100 00

Atari Word Processor 109

Microsoft Basic 69

Atari Basic Cartridge 49

Visicalc 189

Pilot (Home Pack) 59

We carry the complete line

of Atari hardware and software -

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fcipplG

PLUS 48K
FOURTH DISK DRIVE
WITH CONTROLLER

(Note: The hardware and software listed
here is compatible with Apple, Basis 108,
and the Franklin ACE-1000)

Videterm by Videx 259

Z-80 Card by Microsoft 249

16K (2 year warranty) 59

32K by Saturn (incl. Software) 189

AIO II by SSM 189

CCS Multifunction 159

32K by MPC 139

Numeric Keypad (23 Key) 119

Signalman Modem 79

Micro Modem \\® by Hayes 278

Sooper Spooler CALL

RGB Card 159

Enhancer II 124

Metacard by Metamorphic 895

Joystick by T.G 46

App-L-Cache 256K 995

Versacard by Promethius 169

Vision 80 by Vista 239

Infone by Novation CALL

Microbuffer II (16K) by Practicle 199

The Mill by Stellation 319

Expansion Chassis by Mountain 559

Synergy Card by Spies 169

Chronograph® by Hayes 189

Enhancer II by Videx 124

Lowercase for Appl e 29

Sup R Mod (TV Interface) 35

Music System w/Software by Mtn 299

D-Cat Modem by Novation 169

A/D + D/A by Mtn. Hardware 269

Supertalker SD200 by Mtn 154

The Grappler by Orange Micro 124

Versa Writer Digitizer 209

CCS 7710 A 129

Dtsk Emulator (294K) 799

Parallel Interface Card 69

Z-Card by ALS 189

ALF 9 voice 149

Pkasso by IS CALL

Wizard-BPO 149

Synergizer Pack by ALS .579

NEW

Smart Modem® 1200 by Hayes CALL

Apph-Card by Personal Cmtr CALL

Super Saver Fan 74

Ambler Monitor by USI 179

Videx Function Strip 59

8088 Card by ALF 295

BASIS 108

The Alternative

• 6502 and Z80 Microprocessors

• 64K RAM, expandable to 128K

• RGB and Composite Video Output .

• Selectable .80 or 40 column text display

• High Resolution Graphics: 6 colors, 280x193or
280x160 with four tines of text .

• 8 bit Parallel I/O •RS-232C Serial I/O /

• Detached Keyboard: Alt standard keyboard
functions, Upper/Lower case characters,
Numeric keypad. Cursor block, and 15 Pro-
grammable special function keys . ,.,<

• Built-in mounting for two 5-% Inch-Floppy disk
drives

• Six Apple compatible slots for plug-in
peripherals • Game paddle I/O

APPLE SOFTWARE
BUSINESS

Business Packages by Continental 189 ea

Desktop Plan by Visicorp 184

Visi File 184

Visi Calc 184

Visidex 184

Visi Schedual 236

Visi Trend/Visi Plot

Word Star by Micro Pro 199

Mail Merge by Micro Pro 84

Spell Star 148

Data Star 176

Calc Star 117

d Base 1 1 by Fox & Geller 494

Ouick Screen for d Base II 127

Screen Writer 1 1 by On Line 95

Magic Window 69

Target Planner Calc by Comshare 36

Mathe Magic by ISM 63

Graph Magic by ISM 62

Wall Streeter by Micro Lab 219

PFS: Report (New Improved) by S.P. Corp 69

PFS: Graph by Software Pub. Corp 89

ENTERTAINMENT

U-Boat Command by Synergistic 24

Robot War by Muse 27

Firebug by Muse 18

Castle Wolfenstein by Muse 23

Conglomerates Collide by Rock Roy 27

Choplifter 26

Pig Pen 23

Hungry Boy 23

Eliminator by Adven. Int'l 23

Gorgon 35

Time Zone 79

CALL FOR COMPLETE CATALOG

ORDER TOLL FREE! 1-800-854-2833 I
PRINTERS in stock MAJOR BRANDS 1

CALL FOR BEST PRICE & FAST SERVICE' ^ ; =

C ITOH PROWRITER
120 CPSF/T .......

NEC8023A ..........

TRANSTAR 140

DAISY WHEEL ......

40 CPS 132 COL

IDS PRISM
80 OR 132

. 459

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TO ORDER: Phone orders invited using Visa, Master-
card or bank wire transfers. Visa and MC service charge of
2%. Mail orders may send charge card number (include
expiration date), cashiers check, money order, or persona!
check faifow 10 business days for personal or company
checks to clear). Please add 3% {$5.00 minimum) for UPS
shipping, handling, and insurance. APOand FPO include
5% ($7.00 minimum) for postage. Calif, residents add 6%
sales tax. Please include phone number on alt orders.

FOREIGN ORDERS include 1% handling '— shipped air
FREIGHT COLLECT only. Credit cards not accepted on
foreign orders. Ail equipment is in factory cartons with
manufacturer warranty. Opened products not returnable.
Restocking fee for returned merchandise. Equipment
subject to -price change and availability. Retail prices
differ from mail order prices. WE SHIP THE SAME DAY ON
MOST ORDERS! Min. purchase $40. Deposit required on
all COD's.
'Excludes certain printers & monitors & foreign orders

Circle 116 on inquiry card.

MAIL TO: 1251 BROADWAY EL CAJON, CA. 92021 (714) 579-0330 =

ly obtained from our ROM on the
firmware card. (Although it sounds
complex, the process is implemented
quite simply in hardware with a few
integrated circuits.) A similar ap-
proch gives us control over the Reset
vector.

Note that this use of the interrupt
makes the card potentially trans-
parent to all other programs using in-
terrupts. As presently implemented,
however, the card pulls the NMI line
low and keeps it low until after the
interrupt-service routine is finished.
Another peripheral using the NMI in
the same way would be incompatible.
This problem could be solved by trig-
gering the NMI with a pulse instead
of a constant level.

Reversing the Swap

When returning control to the main
program after NMI service is com-
pleted, a program must reside in
ROM that will remain accessible after
the card is turned off so that the ROM
swap can be reversed. This is easily
done by making one page of the

ROM accessible at the addresses
alloted to slot 7 (beginning at hexa-
decimal C700) by the Apple II's ar-
chitecture.

Soft Switches

Depending on the program running
on the computer at the time, it may
be necessary for the adaptive-firm-
ware card to turn off the language
card or to make use of the video
display, which may involve switching
from full-screen graphics to mixed
text and graphics. Both of these
operations involve the toggling of
"soft switches" (programmable swit-
ches) in the Apple.

For the firmware card to remain
transparent, it is important that
everything be put back exactly as it
was before the interrupt occurred. To
do this, however, it is necessary to
know the status of everything prior to
interrupting the program. Unfor-
tunately, many of the soft switches in
the Apple cannot be read. They are
actually hardware flip-flops set one
way or the other by software's access-

ing particular addresses. For example,
if the address hexadecimal C050 is ac-
cessed with a read or a write, the
Apple goes into graphics mode. Con-
versely, accessing hexadecimal ad-
dress C051 causes the Apple to go in-
to text mode.

Similarly, the status of the expan-
sion RAM card is determined by soft
switches. In fact, pairs of address
references may be used to establish
the status of such a card. Thus, some
method must be found for reading
these unreadable switches.

Rather than try to read the hard-
ware outputs of the flip-flops, the
firmware card monitors the address
bus continually and makes a note of
the appearance of any address that
falls into the category of soft switch.
One way to do this would be to
duplicate on the board the hardware
representing those switches, but to do
so in such a way that the duplicates
could be read by the firmware card.

A better approach is to use the in-
terrupt. Enough of each address on
the bus is decoded to determine

-♦♦♦ ANNOUNCING ♦♦♦

What's Where in the APPLE...PLUS...the All New Guide to What's Where

William F. Luebbert's Revised

The original What's Where in the
APPLE? provided more information
on the apple's memory than was
available anywhere else. Now the
Revised Edition:

• Guides you — with a numerical Atlas and an
alphabetical Gazetteer — to over 2,000 memory
locations of PEEKs, POKEs and CALLs.

• Gives names and locations of various Monitor,
DOS, Integer BASIC and Applesoft routines and
tells you what they're used for.

• Enables you to move easily between BASIC and
Machine Language.

• Guides you through the inner workings and hidden
mechanisms of the Apple.

Edition of the famous Apple Atlas

The Atlas and The All New Guide are

available in one 256-page Wire-O-
Bound book for only $24.95

If you own the original What's Where in the
Apple? you will want THE GUIDE to comple-
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Bound version contains all new material to be
used with the memory map and atlas for$9.95
Ask for it at your computer store

Use the Coupon to Order Direct from MICRO

or

Call Toll Free Today 1-800-345-81 12

(In PA 1-800-662-2444)

AN ATLAS TO
THE APPLE COMPUTER

With Full Eipttn

By Willi

All Apple users will find this book helpful in understanding their machine, and essential for mastering it

Please send me:

What's Where in the APPLE... PLUS...
the All New Guide to What's Where

.THEGUIDE <j

Add $2.00 surface shipping for each copy,
Massachusetts residents add 5% sales tax.

Total Enclosed $_

@ $24.95
@ $ 9.95

n Check n VISA H Master Card Acct #

Expires

Name

Address

City State Zip

MICRO INK, 34 Chelmsford St., P.O. Box 6502, Chelmsford, MA 01824

B-9-82
83-347

302 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 303 on inquiry card.

PRODUCTS FOR THE

APPLE II COMPUTER G'lVe A

/lore Drive To Yc (j>

MACRO-88 8088 PROCESSOR BOARD

VC-EXPAND and VC-EXPAND 80 VISICALC

With MS-DOS $799 CDN

EXPANSION software by Saturn Systems available for

$699 US

32k, 64k, and 128k memory boards - expansion of array

* Apple can now run high-speed 16 bit software.

size and use with 80 column boards.

True multiprocessing capability

* Interface to expansion memory allows up to 1 Mbyte

of memory to be DIRECTLY addressable using 1 or

MACROPRINT Parallel Interface

more DISKULATORS. Contiguous memory is thus

$175 CDN

available for MS-DOS, UCSD PASCAL IV OR CP/M86.

$139 US

* Supplied with MS-DOS.

Socket on board for 8087.

* Parallel INPUT AND OUTPUT inter face for Apple.

* Macro assembler for use with MS-DOS available.

* Compatible with Apple software and hardware.

* Inverted acknowledge and strobe for printers requiring
them.

* Low Res and Hi Res Graphics Dumps.

DISKULATOR

128k -$795 CDN

* An all-round best parallel board at best prices.

$599 US

* Many many extra Commands - margin, width etc.

* Also the most attractive looking!

* . 64K/128K MEMORY BOARD FOR THE

APPLE -theMACRO-MACROMEM.

* Disk emulation software for DOS 3.3, PASCAL AND

MACROPEATER - AUTOREPEAT BOARD

CP/M -completedisk can be downloaded in 20 seconds!

$35 CDN
$29 US

* EXPANDABLE TO 384K (PIGGY-BACK board).

* Special circuitry for low current.

* Inter-faces to the MACRO-88 for contiguous memory

* Enables autorepeat on the Apple II.

for the 8088.

* Press a key, hold down for a second and it will be

* Information on DISKULATOR can be accessed by the

repeated until released.

6502 or 8088 in 4k banks.

Invaluable for VISICALC and word processing appli-

* The most flexible and expandable Ram board for the

cations.

Apple.

* Versions for old and new keyboards.

* VC-EXPAND and VC-EXPAND 80 for 64k and 128k

Simple to install - no wiring!

boards for Visicalc expansion.

Compatible with other hardware or software including

keyboard enhancer.

MACROMEM-1

$195 CDN

DOSTILITIES

$139 US

$59 CDN

* 16k memory board fortheApple II.

S49US

* DOS 3.3 MACRODISK SOFTWARE included.

* Password protection for DOS 3.3 disks.

* PASCAL and CP/M MACRODISK options.

* CATALOG MODS of all sorts - double catalogs, file-

type I.D. mods etc.

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whether the current address is a soft-
switch reference. If it is, the lower
byte of the address is latched and
used to generate an interrupt. The
interrupt-service routine then ex-
amines the latch to determine the
identity of the soft switch and saves
the information in memory on the
firmware board. This approach
allows a much greater number of soft
switches to be monitored and at the
same time suggests a unique way of
generating the interrupts that relate to
the main business of the card, as
discussed below in Noticing Input.

Split Addresses

Because the 6502 always executes
one more instruction before respond-
ing to an interrupt, when two critical
address references occur together it is
possible that one of them would be
missed. This could be solved in hard-
ware by using a pipeline, but that
complicates the hardware somewhat.

In order to keep the hardware
simple and streamline the software
service of the interrupts, the firmware
card checks in software for double-
address references when this seems
possible. Admittedly, this is not a
foolproof approach— routines could
be written to fool the card— however,
the probability of such exceptions
seems quite small.

Noticing Input

Given that the firmware card can
respond reliably and transparently to
requests for input, what is the best
way to generate those requests? One
method would be to have the card
generate the interrupts whenever you
activate a switch. Unfortunately, if
the computer happens to be writing
to disk when you activate the switch,
data will be lost.

By including the address hexa-
decimal C000 (the keyboard data-
input address) among the soft-switch
addresses that produce interrupts, the
computer itself will generate the inter-
rupts whenever it checks for input
from the keyboard. Then any check
of the keyboard by the main program
will turn on the adaptive-firmware
board and let it check the special
source of input, such as the user

304 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Sinclair ZX81 personal computer kit

Imagine building your own computer
for only $79.95!

That's exactly what you can do with
the ZX81 kit. It comes with all the parts
you need and complete diagrams and in-
structions for putting it together. All you
have to supply is soldering iron, solder,
and a screwdriver. Plus, of course, a little
bit of work.

But you get a lot more than several
hours of kit-buildiri g fun. You also get a
surprisingly powerful personal computer.
The ZX81 hooks up to any TV for a 32-
character by 24-line display (we provide
the connecting cables). You can also use a
standard cassette recorder to store your
programs (again, we provide the cables).

Most important, you get a BASIC pro-
gramming language that's powerful
enough to challenge and interest the
most experienced programmers. The
ZX81 can handle multidimensional string
and numerical arrays. It has full mathe-
matical functions accurate to eight deci-
mal places. Single-key entry for every
command. Syntax error detection, de-
bugging codes, and easy editing. Plus
features that are ideal for creating games,
such as 20 graphic symbols, continuous

display, and random number generator.

The ZX81 can be expanded too. You
can increase the memory from IK to 16K
with our Memory Module for $49.95.
And you get a comprehensive manual
that completely documents the capabili-
ties of the ZX81, and teaches program-
ming from the ground up.

In short, you get all the features that
have made the Sinclair ZX81 the fastest
selling personal computer in the world.
And you get the satisfaction and fun of
building it yourself.

A few years ago, this kind of computer
power was simply unavailable to the
individual. Even today, most personal
computers are too expensive to buy for
personal use.

But the ZX81 kit can be yours for only
$79.95. Take advantage of this unique
offer today. To order, send the coupon
along with a check or money order. Or for
faster delivery, call our toll-free number
and use your MasterCard or VISA.
To order call toll free: 800-543-3000.

Ask for operator #509. In Ohio call: 800-
582-1364; in Canada call: 513729-4300.
Ask for operator #509. Phones open
24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Have your

MasterCard or VISA ready.

These numbers are for orders only. If
you just want information, please write:
Sinclair Research Ltd., 2 Sinclair Plaza,
Nashua, NH 03061.

l OS

AD CODE
09BYOK

MAIL TO: Sinclair Research Ltd.,
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PRICE* QTY. AMOUNT

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Name

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Sinclair technology is also available in Timex/Sinclair
computers under a license from Sinclair Research Ltd.

ridar

switch. This has the net effect of in-
serting a few lines of a special transla-
tion program (from the firmware
card) into the input loop used by the
main program.

With this arrangement, the switch
input may be monitored in an effec-
tively continuous fashion, or at least
as continuously as the keyboard is
monitored by the main program. For
an input-loop cycle less than a milli-
second, the difference between this
approach and the switch-generated
approach is not likely to be perceived
by most users. Most important, this
approach eliminates the need to
worry about interrupting the pro-
gram during disk accesses.

Separating Work from Play

You will sometimes want to use the
input switches to simulate keyboard
input (which causes the input
algorithms to be triggered), while at
other times you will need the switches
for game playing. How can the firm-
ware card know whether to treat the

switch activation as a keystroke
(which would activate an input
routine) or as a game-switch activa-
tion (which is just passed through to
the game I/O address)?

The solution is to add the switch-
read addresses, such as hexadecimal
C061, to the set of addresses which
generate interrupts and enable the
card. The firmware card then checks
to see what address reference it was
that enabled it. If it was enabled by a
call to the game switches, the user
switch is treated as a game input. If
the firmware card finds it is being
polled for input from the keyboard, it
will activate the appropriate input
routine for the user. Thus the card
automatically switches back and
forth between keyboard and game-
playing modes as required by the pro-
grams.

Even programs that do not call for
any use of the keyboard, however,
may address the keyboard location.
For example, the BASIC interpreter
checks the keyboard with nearly

every command to see if a control C
has been pressed.

Because the BASIC interpreter can
access the keyboard many times bet-
ween accesses to the game paddles
(once for most of the instructions it
executes) the firmware card requires
256 consecutive accesses to the
keyboard without an access to the
game switch or paddle before it will
leave the game-playing mode. If the
computer program is checking for in-
put from the keyboard, this occurs
rapidly; if it is checking only for con-
trol C, the game-mode dropout will
rarely happen.

If the above technique is used to
defeat calls for control C, how would
you ever be able to get out of a
paddle-based program that was
designed to use control C as its exit?
The firmware card has an automatic
game-mode dropout timer built in. If
you don't hit the switch for a certain
interval (determined by the stop-time
option), the card automatically drops
out of the game mode.

DATAFACE DIM: APPLE H IN ONE

TURNS YOUR OLYMPIA ES101 OR REMINGTON 210 TYPEWRITER
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FOR OTHER COMPUTERS USE THE GRQ-11

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Ofli FACE inc.

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TELEPHONE (408) 727-6704

306 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

Of course Percom diskette drives for the IBM Personal
Computer fit right in. They fit right outside your Personal
Computer, too. And they're fully compatible, providing the
same full double-density storage capacity.

But just as important, Percom diskette drives also fit the
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At Percom we've been making disk storage systems
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Percom disk drives for the IBM Personal Computer are
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For the names of dealers carrying Percom products for your
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PRICES AND SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

PERCOM DATA COMPANY, IIMC.

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IBM and IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER are trademarks of International Business

Machines. Inc.

PERCOM is a trademark of Percom Data Company, Inc.

Minimum system requirements are an IBM System
Unit with 16 Kbytes of RAM and 5Va" Diskette Drive
Adapter. Drive models supported depend on DOS
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308 BYTE September 1982

We sell The Finest Software

COMPUTERS

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CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

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COMPUTERS

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®CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

919-883-1105

B YTE September 1982 309

Emulating the Keyboard

For the entire firmware card to
work effectively, it is necessary that it
be able to make the computer think
that its output is actually coming
from the keyboard itself. The most
straightforward approach, which is
characteristic of most other emulator
cards, is to disconnect the keyboard
from the main computer and plug the
emulator card directly into the key-
board plug on the Apple II mother-
board. In order to allow the keyboard
to work under this scheme, the
keyboard would be plugged into the
firmware card. However, this ap-
proach requires that the bottom of
the computer be removed to provide
access to the connectors. Installing
the card in this manner is a rather dif-
ficult and time-consuming procedure.

An alternate approach is to tap into
the I/O decoding by removing one of
the decoder ICs and substituting a
jumper to the firmware card. The
function of the missing device can
then be performed selectively by the
firmware card. When appropriate, a

signal that would ordinarily enable
some element of the I/O section of
the Apple may be diverted to active
memory on the firmware card. In
particular, we can arrange to have
location hexadecimal C000 decode an
address in memory on the firmware
card; that is, when the computer tries
to read the keyboard, it in fact reads
whatever is placed into that location
on the firmware card.

This offers a few advantages. First,
this arrangement makes installation
of the firmware card much easier
because the bottom of the computer
need not be removed. Second, if it is
designed so that the rearrangement of
the decoding occurs only when the
card is turned off, the keyboard latch
and strobe arrangement will be left
intact and will function in the normal
fashion when the card is turned on.
(This allows the card to directly read
the keyboard and pass any keyboard
input through as well.) Third, this
technique allows the firmware card to
intercept references to the game-
paddle ports, thus allowing the card

PUT YOUR APPLE TO SLEEP

Plug HIBERNATOR into your APPLE power socket -

Plug RealClock into APPLE slot - Set ALARMCLDCK Interrupt Mode

Power OFF - your APPLE will WAKE UP (after sleeping for

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to do game-paddle emulation.

Paddle Emulation

If we want to allow the user control
over the paddle input, some mechan-
ism must be provided to simulate the
game paddle. The most straightfor-
ward method would be to install a
variable resistor in the game slot that
could be controlled by the firmware
card, but this approach is fairly
hardware-intensive. By carrying the
substitution of memory for I/O one
step further, however, it is possible to
gain software control of the values
obtained when the game paddles are
read.

The Apple's 100-kfi potentiometer
inputs are read by means of timers. In
normal operation, the position of the
game paddle is read in the following
fashion: the X register is loaded with
the paddle number; the Y register is
used as a counter. The process begins
by setting register Y to 0. The NE555
timer is then triggered by a reference
to address hexadecimal C070. The
processor then goes into a loop, in-
crementing Y and checking address
hexadecimal C063 — X (where X is the
paddle number). When the timer runs
out, it clears the most significant bit
of hexadecimal address C063+X.
When this is detected by the loop, the
program exits the loop and uses the
value of the Y register as the paddle
value.

With the firmware card, there are
two ways to program the game-
paddle value that is read by a pro-
gram running on the computer. The
first method (used by paddle modes 8
through 15) begins by disabling the
decoding so that each time the com-
puter addresses hexadecimal C063+X
it gets an address in the memory on
the firmware card instead of checking
the actual hardware switch. The firm-
ware card simply increments one of
its own counters and then passes con-
trol back to the paddle timing loop.

After the firmware card has been
accessed the desired number of times
(i.e., the value in the Y register is
equal to the desired value), the most
significant bit in memory location
hexadecimal C063 + X (in the
firmware-card memory) is set to 0,

310 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

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software package

BYTE September 1982 311

and control is again returned to the
paddle timing loop. The loop detects
the most significant bit (thinking that
it is seeing the timer flag) and exits
from its loop, carrying with it the
value for Y that the firmware card
wants it to have. This approach has
the advantage that it will work no
matter who writes the timing loop
and what registers are used for
counters. It has the disadvantage,
however, that it can actually slow the
program down by interjecting addi-
tional instructions into the otherwise
very tight timing loop.

The second method (used by pad-
dle modes 1 through 7) takes advan-
tage of the fact that most of the pad-
dle timing loops examined (both in
software written by Apple Computer
Inc. and in other packages) seem to
use either the X or Y register as a
counter. Because this is the most
convenient method for doing paddle
timing and allows the highest resolu-
tion, it is reasonable to assume that
one of the two registers will be used in
most or all software paddle timing

loops.

Based on this assumption, the firm-
ware card immediately checks the
values of the X and Y registers when
address hexadecimal C070 is first ac-
cessed. It then returns control to the
loop and allows it to complete one
cycle. When the loop accesses address
hexadecimal C063+X, the firmware
card is again activated. It then checks
registers X and Y to see which of the
two registers has changed. The pro-
gram assumes that this is a counter
and then loads the desired paddle
value into that register, sets the most
significant bit in address hexadecimal
C063 +X (in the memory on the firm-
ware card), and returns control the
Apple paddle timing loop.

The loop immediately discovers
that the most significant bit is set and
breaks with the value in the register
as the "paddle timer value." In this
manner, the software routine can
very quickly inject any paddle value
into any program. If software is
discovered that uses other registers, a
more complicated search routine can

be used to find the proper register to
"stuff" (store) with the desired paddle
timer value. The end result is that in-
dividuals using only a single switch or
other alternative input techniques can
control paddle movement, through
the firmware card, for games, draw-
ing routines, and other software ap-
plications.

Where Is the Top of Memory?

A drawback of the I/O RAM ap-
proach is that the address hexa-
decimal C000 becomes an element of
RAM, which could fool an operating
system trying to find the top of
memory. This does not happen with
DOS, but it does happen with Integer
BASIC in ROM, if that language is
started with control B. The solution
in this case is to specify HIMEM. The
problem doesn't arise, however, if the
disk system is used.

Cassettes and Interrupts

The cassette-input address hexa-

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312 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

Welcome to the third dimension

48K, Applesoft, DOS 3.3
64K,Game paddle adapter,
color/graphics adapter

Apple and Apple 1 1 are Trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

in computer-aided graphic design.

Introducing The Space Tablet™
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Applications for The Space
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Circle 420 on inquiry card.

Let us help you enter the third
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Micro Control Systems,
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06066,(203)872-0602.

MCS

decimal C060 is one of the addresses
that would generate an interrupt.
Because the cassette-input routine is a
critical timing loop, interrupts make
the adaptive-firmware card incom-
patible with the use of cassettes;
therefore, don't use the card in a
cassette-based system. The problem
doesn't exist with a disk system.

Serial Processing and the Disk

The current version of the card per-
forms serial processing using the 6502
and a software routine. This general-
ly requires a direct-interrupt capabili-
ty in order to implement the timing
necessary to handle the serial input
data. A direct-interrupt capability,
however, can interfere with disk ac-
tivity and could be catastrophic if it
occurred during a disk-write routine.

A flag is provided, with the serial-
input routine, that is set to READY
each time the card is enabled and is
set to BUSY whenever the program
exits from the card. As a result, input
is only allowed to the card when the

card is active and the disk, therefore,
is not. This still leaves a slight
possibility that serial-input data
could come in immediately after the
flag is set to READY and the card is
shutting itself down. A direct inter-
rupt that would reenable the card at
this point would cause no problem
because the card would barely have
been deactivated, and there wouldn't
be sufficient time to get into a disk-
read cycle.

Some Aids Don't Have BUSY

Some serial-output aids do not
have BUSY lines and thus would not
heed the BUSY signal. This would
lead to the aids' interrupting the com-
puter at random, possibly during
disk-read cycles. To avoid this situa-
tion, the card generates a second
signal that totally closes down the in-
terrupt capability of the serial line y l0
second after the card is disabled. This
is long enough to allow any close-
following serial input to be picked up
and processed (by enabling reading of

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the firmware card) but not long
enough to allow the computer to get
itself to the point of writing to disk.

Conclusions

With a little finagling, an adaptive-
firmware card can be developed at
low cost that can provide essentially
transparent control of a microcom-
puter while offering a wide range of
input algorithms to accommodate
disabled individuals with varying
physical abilities. In order to achieve
this result, however, it is necessary to
take advantage of traits unique to the
microcomputer. As a result very few,
if any, of the specifics of the board for
the Apple II would be transportable
to other systems. The system, by its
very nature, is also not fully trans-
parent.

However, for those individuals
who have Apple II microcomputers
and who want access to standard
software progams, using one of the
input techniques supported by the
adaptive-firmware card, the card can
provide an effective, flexible, and
relatively low-cost solution. ■

For additional information on the
adaptive-firmware card, please send a
self-addressed, stamped envelope to:

The Reprint Service
Trace Research and

Development Center
314 Waisman Center
University of Wisconsin
Madison, W I 53706.

The original firmware card was
developed in conjunction with the
Maplewood School Computer Project,
Edmonds, Washington. Assistance in
the final development and dissemina-
tion of the adaptive-firmware card has
been provided by the Trace Center's
Commercial Facilitation Program,
University of Wisconsin, under funds
provided by Cerebral Palsy Inc., of
Green Bay, Wisconsin, and Grant
G008200049 of the National Institute
of Handicapped Research, U.S.
Department of Education.

314 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 127 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERAL
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COMPUTER PRODUCTS

Circle 408 on inquiry card
1100 N. TUSTIN #207, ANAHEIM, CA 92807

) Red Baron Computer Products, 1982

User's Column

Letters, Pascal, CB/80,
and Cardfile

Jerry gives one mans opinions on a variety of subjects
that interest computer users.

"You're going to regret that silly
column," my mad friend used to say.
"People won't really read it. They'll
sort of read it and then send you nas-
ty letters refuting things you didn't
say, and they'll be indignant about it,
too."

"Come on, you encouraged me to
write this column!"

"So I did."

"So what do I do?"

"Give me the letters. I'll help you
answer them."

My mad friend was right in his pre-
diction but alas cannot help me with
the mail. Fortunately, things aren't as
gloomy as he predicted. Some of my
mail is reasonable and informative,
and a lot more is at least
informative. . . .

What, though, do I do with the let-
ter that begins "I thoroughly enjoyed
your column of xxx, but have you
tried a Frammistan 9 running at 6.7
MHz with the model 3853.4? I've had
one for five months and never had a
glitch. . . ."?

While I'm grateful for descriptions
of systems I haven't access to, I can
hardly write about them; by its very
nature this column has to concentrate
on equipment I have and programs I

Jerry Pournelle

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449

either use or tried and didn't like.
Now I know in a sense this is unfair.
In an ideal world I'd have nothing to
do but play about with computers
and programs and write absolutely
unbiased accounts complete with
benchmark times and bug reports;
but this isn't an ideal world.

There's a limit to the time I can
spend bopping about with computer

If you're wondering
why I didn't answer
your letter— read on.

systems, the number of computer sys-
tems I can own, and, indeed, the
number I can use no matter how I get
them. There's a limit to the number of
programs I can review and the lan-
guages I can learn. These aren't limits
I like very much — left to my druthers,
I'd spend several hours a day playing
with computer systems — but they're
pretty absolute. I am primarily a
book writer, and every now and then
I have to deliver a book. There's no
help for it. After that, my copious
free time is divided among a number

of important— well / think they're im-
portant — activities. I am, for my sins,
an official of the Science Fiction
Writers of America; the secretary of
the L-5 Society (an outfit you ought
to join; send $25 to L-5, 1620 E. Elm,
Tucson, AZ 85719, and tell 'em I sent
you); chairman of the Citizen's Ad-
visory Council on National Space
Policy; member of the Board of the
Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society;
and hikemaster of my local Boy Scout
troop, and if you're wondering how
any human being can do all that, so
am I after listing it.

Now I'm not looking for pats on
the back (in truth I ought to give up
one or another of those activities
since I can't give all of them the time
they deserve), nor can I really excuse
my inability to answer all my mail.
But as they taught us way back when,
there's never an excuse, but there may
be an explanation, and if you're won-
dering why I didn't answer your let-
ter, now you have an explanation.

The upshot is, of course, there are
good hardware systems I have never
described in this column. Some I
never heard of, and even if I had, it's
certain I can't buy every system that
comes out. Some I have heard of,

318 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

I

with sufficient negative comments so
that I've little interest in further inves-
tigation — yet in fairness I can hardly
pan something I have no personal ex-
perience with. The bottom line is I
don't at all mind your telling me
about your favorite system or pro-
gram, but do understand that I may
never be able to write about it. That's
not optimum, but I don't see what I
can do. I really am dancing as fast as I
can.

Now for specifics.

Drive Along Little Doggie

Have I been too hard on 5V4-inch
disk drives? A number of corres-
pondents tell me I have. Some I can
ignore, such as the reader who sent
the letter accompanied by a catalog of
software sold only on 5V4-inch
disks — I don't ignore him because of
the obvious self-interest, but because
both the cover letter and the catalog
are illiterate, making me wonder
what the program documentation is
like. But there are also sane letters.

The most rational says, "You do need
two disk drives with at least 250K
bytes of memory to do much of any-
thing, and three drives are required to
run many programs rationally . . .
[but] a 5V4-inch [disk] is more conve-
nient than and just as reliable as an
8-inch [disk]. Speed is slightly slower
when transferring large files, but the
difference is hardly noticeable during
normal operator interaction. One
8-inch drive is nice to read the
original CP/M disks, but the only
real requirement is to pick something
that Lifeboat supports. A hard disk is
where we are all going anyway, and
the basic requirement is to get pro-
grams in and data back out."

Let's look at this a chunk at a time.
First, one 8-inch drive is silly; there
are few power-supply cabinets built
for a single 8-inch drive, and if you're
going to get one, you might as well
get two and be done with it. Inciden-
tally, I still strongly recommend the
Qume DT-8s; double-sided and
double-density, they store over a

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from a single building project to a complex time- phased
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THE FOCUS TECHNIQUE

FOCUS is CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE'S new
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IBM PC 64 $179.00 $189.00
Apple (plus) 11 48 149.00 159.00
TRS-80 1 48 149.00 159.00
TRS-80 II 64 179.00 189.00
TRS-80 III 48 149.00 159.00

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IBM is a trademark of IBM. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Corp., TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation.

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megabyte per disk, and with a Com-
pupro controller, they're very fast.
My friend Bill Grieb of System Inter-
face Consultants has had good experi-
ence with Qume disks in the Inte-
grand S-100 box, a package contain-
ing a seven-slot bus and two drives in
a box smaller than the one my
Cromemco Z-2 occupies without
drives. The point is, if you're getting
one 8-inch drive, you might as well
get two. You just don't save that
much money or space.

Second, my correspondent rightly
states that you can't get along with-
out top-of-the-line 5V4-inch disks:
that is, disks that hold 250K bytes of
memory and more, which is to say
hold 40 tracks and are double den-
sity. Unfortunately, those aren't
cheap. They are smaller than 8
inches, which is the only "conve-
nience" I know of; but three of them
take up only slightly less room than
two DT-8s.

Third, my experience with 5V4-inch
reliability is not his. True, I was
working with experimental stuff in
the Dark Ages (two years ago); thus,
I might be wrong. The fact remains
that a 5V4-inch disk is nothing more
than the inner 40 tracks of an 8-inch
system, and the inner tracks are the
least reliable.

But to me the fatal flaw is the lack
of any standard format in 5V4-inch
disks. With 8-inch disks, CP/M is
CP/M, and everyone can read each
other's data files. Alas, that's not so
with small disks.

Now it's true my Godbout system
cannot read double-sided double-
density disks created by my son's
CCS (California Computer Systems),
even though both use Qume DT-8
disk drives and, in general, each disk-
controller manufacturer has his own
double-density format that's unread-
able by any other controller. How-
ever, nearly all 8-inch systems I know
of can read IBM 128 bytes/sector,
single-sided single-density disks,
meaning that I have access to most of
my friends' machines and they to
mine. There's no comparable stan-
dard with 5V4-inch disks and thus
communications are considerably
hampered.

320 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

ICOmPUTER UflREHOUSg

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Series 15D $2250

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in factory cartons with manufacturers warranty.

Personal checks will delay shipping two weeks.

Prices & availability subject to change without
notice.

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

Altos Call for Model & Price

Amdek Video-300 1 49.00

Amdek Color-I Monitor 329.00

Amdek Color-ll Hi-Resolution 13" Monitor 729.00

Amdek Color-Ill Monitor 439.00

Atari 400 1 6K 319.00

Atari 810 Disk Drive 449.00

Atari 850 Interface 1 69.00

Atari 800 16K 669.00

Daisywriter 2000 1 049.00

Diablo 630 2095.00

Epson MX-70 289.00

Epson MX-80 w/Graftrax Plus 439.00

Epson MX-80 FT w/Graftrax Plus 549.00

Epson MX-100 FT Printer w/Graftrax Plus 695.00

Hayes Micromodem II (Apple II) 289.00

Hayes Smartmodem 225.00

IDS 560 Paper Tiger 1099.00

IDS Prism 80 (Color) 1379.00

IDS Prism 132 (Color) 1559.00

Mannesmann Tally MT 1 705 1 289.00

Mannesmann Tally MT 1 802 1 499.00

Microtek 1 6K Ramboard for Atari 800 79.00

Microtek 32K Ramboard for Atari 400 & 800 . . 1 19.00

Microsoft Soft Card (Z-80) 279.00

Microsoft Soft Card Premium System for Apple 579.00

Microsoft Ramcard 64K for IBM-P.C 369.00

Microsoft Ramcard 1 6K for Apple 1 39.00

NEC 3510 or 3530 Spinwriter 1675.00

NEC 3515 Spinwriter 1695.00

NEC 7710 or 7730 Spinwriter 2295.00

NEC PC-8023 Printer 489.00

NEC JC1201 M(A) - Color 12" Monitor 329.00

NEC GREEN JB1 201 M - 1 2" Monitor 1 69.00

120 CPS, Bi-directional logic seeking 9x9 dot matrix, full 96
ASCII char. Set with true descenders Centronics parallel port
and RS232 serial port (up to 1200 Baud) standard, 136 col,
includes Okigraph dot addressable graphics, friction feed and
removable tractor. 31 lbs., 11 volt standard, 220 volt optional.

$$^ 3

Okidata Microline - 80 Matrix Printer 329.00

Okidata Microline - 82A 449.00

Okidata Microline - 83A 729.00

Okidata Microline - 84 Parallel 1095.00

Sharp PC-1500 Pocket Computer 239.95

Sharp CE-1 50 Color Printer/Cassette l/F .... 199.95

Sharp PC-1211 Pocket Computer 135.95

Sharp CE-1 22 Printer/Cassette Interface for

PC-1211 99.95

Smith-Corona TP-1 649.00

Televideo 910 559.00

Televideo 925 735.00

Televideo 950 929.00

Transtar Model 1 40 1 295.00

Videx Videoterm 80 Column Card for Apple II . 259.00

OMEGA SALES COMPANY

430 PEARL STREET, STOUGHTON, MA 02072

(617)344-6645 TOLL FREE (800) 343-0873

322 BYTE September 1982

Circle 351 on inquiry card.

OMEGA DELIVERS
FOR LESS

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A

EPSON MX-100 FT

YOUR CHOICE
$695.00

80 CPS, Bi-directional logic seeking 9x9 dot matrix, full 96
ASCII char. Set with true descenders, centronics-style parallel
port(RS232 optional), 136 col., includes graftrax plus dot
addressable graphics, friction feed and removable tractor
feed. 21 lbs., 110 volt only.

SOFTWARE

Omega carries software by the following companies:

• American Business Systems • Ashton Tate • Dakin 5

• Innovative Software • Micropro • Microsoft

• Sorcim • Stoneware • Visicorp (Personal Software)

MAGNETIC MEDIA

Omega carries diskettes (5W' or 8") by the listed companies:
• Dysan • Maxell • Scotch • Verbatim

ACCESSORIES

Omega carries accessories for the Apple II by the
following manufacturers:

• D.C. Hayes • Microsoft • Tymac

• M & R Enterprises • Videx

4?

Stock Shipments Same Day or Next

No Surcharge for Credit Cards

All Equipment Factory Fresh w/MFT Warranty

Prices do not Reflect Shipping Charges

Mass. Residents Please Add 5% Sales Tax

PRICES ARE SUBJECT TO
CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

We carry the complete lineof Atari Hardware, Software & Peripherals.
We will try to match or beat any price with similar purchase conditions.

OMEGA SALES COMPANY

430 PEARL STREET, STOUGHTON, MA 02072

(617)344-6645 TOLLFREE (800) 343-0873

Circle 351 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 323

Scotch Diskettes

Rely on Scotch* diskettes to keep your valu-
able data safe. Dependable Scotch diskettes
are tested and guaranteed error-free. The low
abrasivity saves your read/write heads.
The/re compatible with most diskette drives,

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TEL (617) 244-8190 TLX: 951107

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

I agree that we're all headed for
hard disks. The clutter here at Chaos
Manor (I now face three sets of dual
8-inch disk drives plus two 5V4-inch
disk drives plus a hard-disk drive)
tempts me sometimes to reduce the
size of everything; but I want more
software than Lifeboat can supply,
and I don't know what format of
5V4-inch disk to buy, so I'll stick with
at least one pair of DT-8s, hard disk
or not.

Finally, there's the safety factor.
You may trust your hard disk, but as
far as I'm concerned, my text isn't
really safe until it's written onto a
disk and the disk is put in a nonmag-
netic metal box on the other side of
the room. Little disks just don't hold
enough text, nor do I have that much
confidence in them.

All told, then, I'll stay with the big
floppy disks.

M & N s and Are You a Compiler?

I've previously mentioned my
Compupro M-Drive, which we've
designated as drive "M" and
Semidisk, which became drive "N."
For the few who don't know, these
are two different schemes for fooling
your computer into thinking that a
big block of memory is a disk drive. I
doubt that I've sufficiently praised
them. Both Compupro's M-Drive and
the Semidisk system work so well
that you don't notice them.

The Compupro system is marginal-
ly faster than Semidisk's, and the
Compupro memory can be used as
RAM (random-access read/write
memory) for your 8088 when you use
your 8085/88 that way; but the sys-
tem requires a Compupro disk con-
troller and an 8085/88 processor.
Meanwhile, Semidisk is plenty fast
and can be used with any CP/M 2.2
S-100 bus system, no matter what
controller and processor are being
used. And having them can change
the way you do things.

There are times when I am willing
to take Pascal and stuff the language
into a culvert. There truly are times
when I completely agree with my late
mad friend, who thought Pascal use-
ful for classroom exercises, par-
ticularly in places that didn't have

computers for the students to work
with, but not much use for practical
programming. Lately I've been help-
ing my son Alex and his classmates
work on the Workman and Associ-
ates' Pascal Introduction Package:
they're taking standard programs out
of standard textbooks, such as Peter
Grogono's Programming in Pascal
and the Kernighan and Plauger classic
Software Tools in Pascal, and getting
them to run with Digital Research's
Pascal/MT+ and Sorcim's Pascal/M
compilers. And the job is driving me
nuts. Alex and his friends will earn
every nickel they make.

Pascal really and truly expects the
programmer to be a sort of precom-
piler. Consider error messages like
"Error number 6: Illegal symbol
(possibly missing ';' on line above)"
and "Error number 51: ': = '
expected." Pascal/MT+ even shows
you precisely where these errors are
expected, and usually the compiler is
right about the guesses, too.

So why don't the compilers simply
supply the needed symbol! Especially
when they found " = " where they ex-
pected ": = "? Now it's true that you
don't want to depend on compilers to
do your thinking for you. You really
ought to go correct the program. But
I don't see why they can't give you
the specific error message, plus say
"following assumption imple-
mented," and show you what they
did, then continue with the compila-
tion. That way they would catch
nearly all the trivial errors in one
pass, and then you could go back and
correct them all at once rather than
having to load the editor, add a
semicolon, exit the editor, compile
until the next trivial error, etc., ad
nauseam.

We have both M and N drives (on
the same machine; if you type in "PIP
M:=N:*.*", the result is blindingly
fast), and thus the cycle isn't so long
for us. After all, the disk-access times
are pretty short, so we're not waiting
for the editor or the compiler to load
or the editor to write to disk. I think I
would probably have given up on
Pascal without them.

It isn't just the trivial errors that
make Pascal hard to use. Although
the compiler's intolerance for trivial

Peripherals
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Atari Interface Module

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Circle 369 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 325

mistakes seems to me a mistake, one
assumes that study and practice will
overcome that. Nor am I certain pre-
cisely what is wrong; but here I'm
watching students who've been work-
ing with Pascal for four years take
hours and hours to debug programs
copied from a standard textbook
recommended by the compiler writer.
That's portability?

I suppose I shouldn't complain.
Alex expects to make a lot of money
off his Pascal lessons. When he first
started working on the concept, I
wasn't sure it would be worth what
Workman said he'd have to charge;
but that was before I got involved in
helping out: that is, Alex had some
exams coming up, so I volunteered to
type in a couple of Grogono pro-
grams and get them running. They
were, after all, simple programs, and
all that was needed was to copy them
out of a book, to spend an hour or
two typing, and perhaps to put in an
hour debugging. . . .

Hah! Didn't work that way at all.

First, even with Semidisk it took
longer than I'd have thought to get rid
of all the trivial errors. Then the fun
really began. There are more obscure
errors and faults in Pascal than you
can dream of, even if you spend
weeks studying a good introductory
text like Grogono's.

For example: "Error number 253:
Procedure (or program body) too
long. Reduce the size of the procedure
and try again."

I searched the index in Program-
ming in Pascal, Digital Research's
Pascal/MT + documentation, and
Sorcim's Pascal/M document. Nary a
word about this, or at least none I can
find. Programs that will compile in
Pascal/MT + give you error 253 in
Pascal/M. You fix that by shortening
the program, which you can do by
taking a number of messages that are
delivered only once and putting them
into a procedure (although it's a bit
silly to call a subroutine just to read
the instruction messages). Of course,
the procedure was (trivially) wrong

the first couple of times. Then the
random-number generator Grogono
uses wouldn't work because he uses
the integer 65536. Mike Lehman, who
wrote Pascal/MT + , told me on the
phone simply to change that to
65536.0, thus changing it into a float-
ing-point number; but that doesn't
work either, because Pascal will not
do implicit type conversion, and we
needed the MOD (get the remainder,
or modulo) function, and Pascal
won't let you do the MOD function
unless you're dividing by an
integer. . . .

So, we wrote a "get remainder"
procedure, only that ran into con-
flicts of variable types.

Then we tried a different random-
number generator and went through
the Grogono program to document
where and why we changed variables
from integers to real numbers, and
after about three times as much time
and work as I'd expected, that pro-
gram is done. There are a lot more
like that in the package Alex did; and

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ALL BRAND NAMES ARE REGISTERED TRADE MARKS

326 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 407 on inquiry card.

BISON

PRODUCTS, INC.

A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION

We're Bullish on Low Prices

Bison Products, Inc. carries most every product you could want for your business o r personal computer - AND - w e give them t o you at
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California residents add Sales Tax. Shipping charges added to all orders.

For Further Information Please Circle Reader Serviced 55

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

NEC PC-8001A $725

Commodore VIC 20 Personal Computer System . . . $239

Products For Apple Computers

Here are some of the products BISON carries for Apple
Computers. If you don't see what you want here, give us a
call.

16K RAM Card for Apple II S 68

Videx Videoterm w/Softswitch $ 258

Microsoft Z-80 Softcard w/CP/M $ 253

BISON Disk Drive w/3.3 Controller $ 459

BISON Add-on Disk Drive S 349

Parallel Printer Card with Cable S 72

D. C. Hayes Micromodem II . . . .' $ 270

Novation Apple Cat Modem $ 325

For more Apple information, circle reader service card # 52

Products For IBM Personal Computers

Tandon Single-Sided Disk Drive $ 255

Tandon Double-Sided Disk Drive w/DOS Patch . . $ 485
Tandon Double-Sided Drive

w/80 Tracks & DOS Patch S 595

AST 64K RAM Card S 365

9-piece set of 64K RAMs $ 75

For more IBM information circle reader service card #53

PRINTERS

BISON carries all of the major brands of printers. If you
need help choosing the proper printerfor your needs, call
and talk to one of our support technicians.

EPSON MX-80 Type III with Graftrax Plus $ 412

EPSON MX-80 F/T Type III with Graftrax Plus $ 522

EPSON MX-100 with Graftrax Plus S 675

NEC PC-8023A Friction & Tractor w/Graphics $ 485

Okidata Microline 82A with Tractor - 80 Col $ 460

Okidata Microline 83A with Tractor - 1 00 Col $ 685

Okidata Microline 84PS - 200 cps Par/Ser $1125

C. Itoh Prowriter - Parallel S 485

C. Itoh Prowriter - Parallel/Serial S 610

C. Itoh F-10 Starwriter - Parallel - 40 cps $1395

C. Itoh F-10 Starwriter - Serial - 40 cps $1495

Brother Daisy Wheel Printer - Parallel S 855

Brother Daisy Wheel Printer - Serial $ 895

For more printer information circle readerservice card #54

MONITORS

BMC International

* 12" Green monitor with P-31 phospher

* 15 Mhz* Excellent for 80 column display

BMC 12" Green Monitor $ 88

* 13" Color Monitor* Audio and Video

* 270 Line resolution

BMC 13" Color Monitor S 273

AMDEK Monitors

* 12" Green Phospher

* Non-Glare

AMDEK Video 300 Call for Price

* 13" Color Monitor* RGB Input

* For IBM/NEC/Apple

AMDEK Color II Call for Price

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AMDEK Color III Call for Price

NEC

NEC 12" Green Monitor $ 159

NEC 13" Color Monitor $ 325

NEC 13" RGB Color Monitor S 815

ZENITH

Zenith 12" Green Monitor $115

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TeleVideo computer terminals and desktop computer sys-
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TeleVideo TS-802 $2665

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with one floppy and 5-MegaByte Hard Disk $4990

TeleVideo TVI-910 Terminal S 575

TeleVideo TVI-925 Terminal $ 725

TeleVideo TVI-950 Terminal - TOP-OF-LINE $ 915

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BISON carries software for all business and personal
computer systems. Just select the software you want and
call us for our current price. Here are some examples of
BISON'S Low Prices:

MicroPro Software

WordStar - 8"CP/M S 250

WordStar - Apple CP/M S 192

MailMerge - 8" CP/M $ 77

MailMerge - Aple CP/M $ 63

SpellStar - 8" CP/M $ 127

SpellStar - Apple CP/M S 105

DataStar - 8" CP/M S 175

Super Sort - 8" CP/M $ 127

Super Sort - Apple CP/M $ 100

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CalcStar - 8" CP/M S 149

S-1 00 PRODUCTS

Whatever you need for your S-100 system, from CPU's to
Memory, BISON has it. Just look at our list. If you don't see
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Sierra Data Sciences

S-100 Master/Slave Single Board Computers

Master - 4 Mhz. Z 80A $ 690

Slave - 4 Mhz. Z 80A S 625

Sierra Data CP/M S 160

Sierra Data BIOS S 100

Sierra Manual $ 25

Sierra Data - Winchester Adaptor $ 145

Sierra Data Turbo DOS S 750

QT-Systems Mainframes

S-100 Mainfame and 8" Drive Enclosures

* S-100 Power +8V/25A +16V/5A -16V/5A

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QT 6-Slot, Dual 8" Drives $ 705

QT 8-Slot, Dual 8" Drives $ 730

QT 12-Slot, Dual 8" Drives S 755

S-100 Mainframe and 5 1 /," Drive Enclosures

* Similar to 8" Mainframe

* 7" x17" x20" (H xWxD)

QT6-Slot. Dual 5 1 /," Drives S 530

QT 8-Slot. Dual 5%" Drives S 555

QT 12-Slot. Dual 5y 4 " Drives S 580

STATIC MEMORY SYSTEMS 64K RAM

* 24 Line Addressing

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* Intermix RAM and EPROM

* List PriceS594 Static Memory Systems

64K RAM $ 440

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AB DIGITAL DESIGN LABS 265K RAM $ 825

DISK DRIVES

Qume#842 (Replaces Data-Trak 8) S 480

Tandon Thin 8" Single-Side Double-Density S 382

Tandon Double-Density $ 465

SUPER BISON SPECIAL

Mitsubishi 8" Double-Density Double-Sided

Floppy Disk Drive S 399

QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE - CALL BISON
TRAK Dual 8" Floppy Disk Drive Cabinet

* Verticle Mount

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Trak Dual 8" Floppy Disk Cabinet $ 325

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* List Price $4185

Seattle Computer 8086 Computer System $3450

Seattle Computer 8086 Board Set with DOS $ 595

DYSAN Floppy Disks

Dysan 104/15%" Soft Sector

Box of 10 $ 35

Dysan 104/1 D5V 4 " Soft Sector Double Density

Box of 10 $ 42

Dysan 3740/1 8" Soft Sector

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yu 1

BYTE September 1982 329

Expand Your IBM P.C.

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PLUG COMPATIBLES FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS

if you don't know Pascal and intend
to learn it, I strongly advise you to
buy the Workman package (com-
piler, Programming in Pascal, Soft-
ware Tools in Pascal, and Alex's
lesson disk). That way you won't
waste so much time with trivial error
hunting, and you can get down to the
business of playing with those pro-
grams, modifying them, and using
the more useful ones.

And if your time is at all valuable,
get either M-Drive or Semidisk. The
slower your floppy disks, the more
dramatic the result, but even with fast
disks like Qume DT-8s run by a Com-
pupro controller, the time saved adds
up fast.

CB/80 Revisited

There is an alternative: Digital
Research's CB/80, which is compiled
CBASIC. Our tests so far show that
CB/80 is pretty comparable to Pas-
cal/MTH- in speed and compactness
of code. It's reasonably easy to patch
in assembly-language subroutines in
CB/80, so that you can optimize
loops and other things that you use
all the time. There's a new version of
CB/80 with an improved linker that's
supposed to make patching in sub-
routines even simpler; I'll have it in a
couple of weeks, and I can report on
it then.

Despite my mad friend's misgivings
about all forms of BASIC, CB/80, in
my judgment, remains a real com-
petitor to Pascal and PL/ 1. It won't
write code as fast or as compact as C,
but then few higher-level languages
will, and it's a lot easier to learn than
C. I suspect, in fact, that my mad
friend would salve his anti-BASIC
prejudice by pronouncing that CB/80
isn't "real" BASIC at all but a sepa-
rate new language.

He'd have a point, too, since CB/80
has few of the inherent defects of
BASIC. With CB/80 you can have
truly local variables within functions
and procedures and call them either
by label or by value — that is, you can
hand the procedure the actual value
of the variable it is to work with, let-
ting it create a variable that's local to
the procedure so that whatever it
does cannot change the "real" vari-
able out in the main program; or you

330 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 365 on inquiry card.

\

MULTI-USER HARD DISK
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CompuPro is a trademark of Godbout Electronics; MP/M 86, CP/M, CP/M 2.2, CBASIC, CBASIC 86, CB-80, PL/l-80, and CIS
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trademark of MicroPro International Corporation. dBASE II is a trademark of AshtonTate. SuperCalc 86 is a trademark of Sorcim.

Circle 202 on inquiry card.

The facts.
And nothing but the facts.

Epson.

332 BYTE September 1982

Our MX Series printers are the best-selling
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Fact One: We've got your type.

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Fact Two: Ultra-high resolution graphics.

There simply is no higher resolution graphics
than GRAFTRAX-PLUS. And it comes stan-
dard on every MX.

You get bit image graphics free of wander,
walk and jitter; graphics with blacker blacks
and better definition because you can pre-
cisely place a dot at any of 25,920 positions
inside a square inch (that's 120 DPI h x 216
DPI v); graphics that make our printers rival
plotters.

If graphics is what you want, your next
printer is an Epson.

Fact Three: Feature shock.

The Epson MX Series is packed with the fea-
tures printer fanatics want most. A bidirec-
tional print head with logical seeking of the
shortest line. Programmable tab, form length
and right margin. Top of forms recognition.
Skip over perf. Software printer reset. True

"In my judgment,
this is the
best printer
you can buy."

backspace. Self test. The world's only dispos-
able print head. And more. Lots more. On
our MX -100 and MX-80 F/T, you even get
both friction and tractor paper feed.

If you want performance, your next printer
is an Epson.

Fact Four: Incredible reliability.

Epson MX Series printers are the most reli-
able printers ever made. And the reason is
precision.

Take a look inside one and you'll under-
stand. Notice the simplicity, the fit, the
finish. That's why Epson has an out-of-box
reliability rate others can only envy: 98%.
And why our mean cycles between failures
(MCBF) is over five million lines.

The whole package is neatly wrapped in a
rugged plastic injection-molded case de-
signed to look good —and stay looking good.

If you want a printer that works, and keeps
on working, your next printer is an Epson.

Fact Five: World's best seller. Period.

Within months after we introduced the Epson
MX-80, it was the best selling dot matrix
printer in the world. It still is. Not because of
anything we said, but because tens of thou-
sands of computer enthusiasts went out and
did some serious comparison shopping. They
decided it was the best printer for the money
they could buy. And who are we to argue?

If you want the world's best seller, your
next printer is an Epson.

Fact Six: Quality doesn't cost more.

Don't take our word for it. Check it out. Look
at what they give you. Then look at what we
give you. Then look at the price.

There is only one logical choice. Epson.

And that's the truth.

Your next printer.

EPSON

EPSON AMERICA, INC.

COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION

3415 Kashiwa Street
Torrance, California 90505
(213) 539-9140

Circle 192 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 333

Only RAM+ from Seattle Computer gives your IBM-PC

up to 256K of memory, the versatility of a built-in RS-232 serial port

plus the Speed of Flash Disk software.

Seattle Computer announces a
major programming innovation for
the IBM Personal Computer.

Our new RAM + Flash Disk
software lets you use memory like a
disk. Flash Disk finds information in a
flash by electronically simulating a
disk drive 10 to 50 times faster than a
mechanical disk. By copying your
most-used programs and data to Flash
Disk, you make them instantly acces-
sible— ending those long disk access
delays. Flash Disk is also ideal for
temporary intermediate files.

And best of all, Flash Disk
comes free with the RAM+ memory
cards. Or, if you already own RAM + ,
Flash Disk software is available from
your dealer.

334 BYTE September 1982

As always, the beauty of RAM +
is the combination of memory and
serial port on a single card. Not only
does it save the $150 an IBM serial
card would cost, but it also leaves an
open slot for further additions— like
another RAM+ card.

Available in 64K, 128K, 192K or
256K, RAM+ is expandable, fast and
reliable. Each card comes fully tested
and with a one-year guarantee. (Ex-
pansion kits are also available.)

Of course it's made by Seattle
Computer. We're the people who wrote
the operating system of the IBM-PC,
and we're still first in innovation.

Howtoorder: New RAM+ with
Flash Disk is available through your
local computer store. Call us toll-free
at 1-800-426-8936 for the location of
your nearest RAM+ dealer.

TER

MM Industry Drive, Seattle. Washington 9818H

Circle 419 on inquiry card.

can write the procedure so that it
manipulates global variables and af-
fects everything. True, CB/80 doesn't
name its multiline functions pro-
cedures; but they have all the at-
tributes of a Pascal procedure, can be
called by name, and in some ways are
easier to use.

The bottom line is I'm still thinking
about the language problem. I don't
think anyone knows which will be —
or should be— the microcomputer
language of the future. But now that
CB/80 is available without unduly
restrictive licensing agreements, I
wouldn't count it out.

Cardfile

Longtime readers of this column
will know that I have no high opinion
of the prevailing state of program
documentation. There's a reason for
that. For example, about a year ago, I
received, unsolicited, a program for
review. It came with a handsome
document and had an intriguing
name that made it sound as if it might
be very useful. My mad friend Mac
Lean claimed it as his next project,
and that seemed reasonable, so I let
him take it away.

Once I got

Cardfile running,

I liked it fine.

He returned it the next week.

"Does it work?" I asked.

"I think so."

'You think so?"

"Yeah. It seems to work all right.
Nifty images come up on the screen,
the cursor moves around. ..."

"Then what's wrong?" I asked.

"I have read the document five
times, and I cannot understand what
the program does."

He was right, too. That program
now lies under a moldering pile of un-
reviewed software languishing in a
far corner. It may stay there forever.

Which brings us to Cardfile, a
rather nifty program distributed by
Digital Marketing Corporation,
whose rather distinctive logo has ap-
peared in a number of computer

magazines lately. Digital Marketing
seems to have sent me Cardfile and
Synopsis, or perhaps I picked them
up at the West Coast Computer Faire;
if there was a cover letter, I've lost it,
so I've no way of knowing where I
got it, and yes, this is relevant to the
review.

However I acquired them, Cardfile
and Synopsis reached the top of the
queue; and all my students and asso-
ciates were working on other proj-
ects. From the titles they sounded in-
triguing. Cardfile, for example, is
subtitled File Card Index Program,

which sounded useful, and when I got
inside, the "Overview" section of the
program document informed me that
"Cardfile automatically stores,
retrieves, and displays information
that is typically kept in index card
files — summaries of articles and
books, notes, recipes, menus, cata-
logs of books, phonograph records,
tapes, etc."

Now that sounds pretty good.
Down below it tells me that "Cardfile
requires an 8080/8085 or Z80 com-
puter with at least 52K RAM; CP/M
2 or MP/M; and Wordstar, Spell-

Question: When can I use Ada?

j

ADA

N

U
S

Answer: NOW —

with JANUS.

The language
that is based
on the past
but looks to
the uses of
the future.

Ada is available now for your micro-computer.

JANUS is a subset of Ada which includes those features sorely missed by
programmers on micros. Here is a list to help you decide for yourself.

+ Modular Separate Compilation

+ Single and Double Precision Floating Point numbers

+ Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Fixed Point numbers

+ Integer and Long Integer numbers

+ CompleteString Handling

+ Sequential and Random Access I/O

+ Full Dynamic Allocation and Deallocation

+ Friendly Error Handling

+ An Assembler for Interfacing assembly routines

+ A Linker for combining modules

+ True native code Is produced

+ ROMable, reenterant code

+ Run-time library source code

+ Low Cost. JANUS Is more cost effective than any other comparable

Ada package

+ Inexpensive Updates

+ no royalties for programs written In JANUS

+ no hassle customer service

In short all pluses. JANUS contains everything you need to do fast, struc-
tured program development in a micro environment.

JANUS is available for the CP/M, CP/M-86, and MS-DOS operating systems.

Now you too can take a step forward Into the future on these computers:

8080/Z80 based systems: (All CP/M) Apple Softcard, north Star, Cromemco,
Superbraln, TRS-80 Model 11, and all CP/M 8" disk systems.

8086 based systems: IBM Personal Computer, Victor 9000, Seattle Computer
System II, Tecmar, Lomas Data Products, and all CP/M 8" disk systems.

8080 or Z80, CP/M (requires 56K memory) — $300.00
8086/8088, CP/M-86 or MS-DOS (requires 96K memory) - $400.00

ffcs

CP/M. CP/M-86. MP/M-86 are trademarks of Digital Research, Inc.
■ ADA is e trademark of the U.S. Department of Defense
MS-DOS is e trademark of Microsoft

OFTWARE

86-OOS is a trademark of Seattle Computer Products
SB-B6 is a trademark of Lifeboat Associates
Apple Softcard it a trademark of Microsoft, Inc.

©Copyright 1982 RR Software

specialists h side of I fie art programming

P.O. BOX 1512 MADISON, WISCONSIN 53701

0503) 244-6436

Circle 401 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 335

All that personal

werea

Until now, manufacturers have made
personal computers that were a hopeful com-
promise between home use and business.

But now Digital Equipment Corporation
offers the first personal computers designed—
and built— strictly for professional use. And
since different professionals have different
needs, Digital is introducing not one, but three
personal computers made to professional
standards.

From keyboards to CRTs to software, all
three computers are designed to be easy to
learn, use, and maintain. They all have the com-
munications capability to get you into larger

systems and networks. And they're all backed
by the service, support, and quality that have
made Digital the second largest computer com-
pany in the world.

Digital's Professional 300 Series is a full-
blown PDP-11 minicomputer for your desk. It
includes P/OS, a multi-tasking operating system;
an optional 5 mb Winchester disk; and bit-map
graphics, including color. With comprehensive
communication facilities, the Professionals can
handle text, data, pictures, even voices on the
telephone, linking them with other personal
computers or larger systems, such as Digital's
VAX. And a standard user interface lets you run

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Professional, DECmate and Rainbow are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.

computers needed
gonal standards .

all applications with the same basic menus,
prompts, and help commands.

Digital's DECmate II is the first personal
computer that can manage an office. It runs a
complete array of business and accounting
applications, fully supported by Digital. Plus
professional-quality word processing, list proc-
essing and office management software. It can
even run conventional CP/M® programs.

Digital's Rainbow 100 is for the profes-
siona who wants to use the wide range of
available 8- and 16-bit CP/M personal computer
software. For the price of an ordinary personal
computer, you get a CRT that's a full 132 charac-

ters wide; optional bit-map graphics, including
color; and professional-level communications.

For more of the story, ca 1 1-800-DIGITAL.

For personal computers that are as profes-
sional as you.

More personal.
More computer.

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

CALL "THE-COMPUTER-LINE""

FOR ALL YOUR IBM®

PERSONAL COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS

QUADRAM CORPORATION
QUADBOARD

The ultimate memory board for the IBM, featuring:

• fully expandable from 64 to 256K

• parallel port

• asynchronous (RS232) serial port

• clock/calendar
$CALL
MICROFAZER

• buffering from 8 to 64K (4 to 32 pages of text)

• printer and computer independent

• parallel/parallel; serial/serial and parallel/serial available

• compute white you print!
$CALL

INTERFAZER
Used as: i

• Peripheral buffer

• Multi-User Printer Controller

• Computer I/O Expander

• Incompatible Device Interface

• Peripheral Multiplexer

• Data Transfer Rate Converter
$CALL

PRINTERS

NEC

NEC8023A $ 489

NEC 7710 $2339

EPSON

EPSON MX80III $ 429

EPSON MX80FT III $ 529

EPSON MX100 III $ 699

ALL EPSON AND NEC

DOT MATRIX PRINTER

PRICES INCLUDE SHIPPING

AND INSURANCE FOR

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY.

OLIVETTI

LETTER QUALITY PRINTING $1445

INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS

PRISM 132 COLOR PRINTER
INCLUDING ALL OPTIONS

• 4-COLORPRINTING $1595

• FRICTION FEED

• 200 OPS SPRINT MODE

C-ITOH
F10 Word Quality Printer

• 40 CPS Printing

• Letter quality excellence

Now Only $1395

Prowriter 120cps $469.00

— 64K RAM $225

-192K RAM $499

Davong

Systems, Inc.

Description:

The Davong Systems Memory Card is a convenient RAM memory expansion card for use ii
the IBM Personal Computer.

The Memory Card may be placed in any free system slot. It is completely compatible witl
all IBM Personal Computer software and hardware, and runs at the same speed as IBN
memory products.

Features:

• 64K IC's provide low power consumption and maximum reliability.

• Extended burn-in at elevated temperature.

• Switch-selectable address range.

• Filtered voltage provides low noise.

• Power consumption:

DSI-64K

+ 5 v. @ 650 ma— max.
+ 5 v. @ 410 ma— typ.

DSI-192K

DSI-256K

+ 5 v. @ 850 ma— max
+ 5 v. @ 560 ma— typ.
+ 5 v. @ 900 ma— max
+ 5 v. @ 590 ma— typ.

TANDON ADD-ON DRIVES FOR IBM

TMS-100-1 $225 TMS-100-2

Single sided Double sided

Hard Disk System for the IBM Features:

Personal Computer.

ONLY$1595. 00

Description:

The Davong System's Hard Disk Drive fits
conveniently Inside the second floppy drive
location of the IBM Personal Computer
chassis, providing more than 30 times the
capacity of a floppy diskette, plus greater
speed and reliability.

The DSI-501 System is compatible with
IBM software, and supports IBM DOS . The
system includes all necessary components
and software for installation.

12 MEGABYTES

$285

DISKETTES

SCOTCH WITH PLASTIC LIBRARY CASES (Boxes of 10)

(48 Track single-sided double density)
VERBATI M DATALI FE SS/D D (Boxes of 1 0)

$26-50
$24-95

BUSINESS

WORDSTAR

MAILMERGE

TAX MANAGER

256KVISICALC

VISITREND/VISIPLOT

VISIDEX

IBM SOFTWARE

$289
$ 79
$199
$189
$239
$189

EASY EFFECTIVE ACCOUNTING

SYSTEM $389

SUPERCALC $219

SUPERWRITER $289

ENTERTAINMENT

GALACTIC ATTACK

ZORKI

ZORKII

DEADLINE

**CALLFOR NEW

GAMES AT
UNBEATABLE PRICES**

$26
$29
$29
$39

T and G JOYSTICKS
ADAM AND EVE
PADDLES

$44.95

$29.95

CALL FOR SOFTWARE NOT LISTED

• 6.4 Mbytes unformatted; 5 Mbytes
formatted.

• Winchester technology 5 1 A" disk drive.

• Compatible with IBM software.

• Full software support includes:
Installation/configuration program
Complete diagnostics
Hard disk formatter

• Complete with all components required
for installation, including:

Disk controller board
Power supply
Cabling

Software to install under IBM DOS dlst
operating software
STORAGE $2195. 00

TECMAR PRODUCTS

EXPANSION CHASSIS
TIME MASTER
DEVICE MASTER
SPEECH MASTER
SCRIBE TENDER (Two Serial Ports

and One Parallel Port)
SCRIBE MASTER (Three Serial and
Three Parallel Ports)

LAB TENDER

LAB MASTER

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

VIDEO DIGITIZER

79<

8<

18?

32*

$ 151

$ 225

$ 32<

$ 82<

$ 325

$ 28<

FOR A COMPLETE EXPLANATION OF ALL TECMAR PRODUCTS
CALL FOR OUR COMPREHENSIVE CATALOG.

TECO GREEN
TECO COLOR

MONITORS

$179

$588 AMDEK COLOR

$749

r i * j 1 1 1 1 ■ i * i »'»:»■?»:» '

CALL OR WRITE FOR OUR IBM CATALOG

IN COLORADO (303) 279-2727

W:

........................ . .

TM

Circle 121 on inquiry card.

RETAIL: 1019 8TH STREET

GOLDEN, CO 80401

CALL "THE COMPUTER-LINE"

1-(800)-525-7877

COmPUTERWORLD INTERNATIONAL, INC.

SUITE 133, P.O. BOX 81, WHEAT RIDGE, COLORADO, U.S.A. 80034-0081

TERMS: RETAIL/MAIL ORDER: ADD 1 % SHIPPING (MINIMUM $2.50) - UPS GROUND.

WE HONOR ALL MANUFACTURERS WARRANTIES AND EXCHANGE FAULTY GOODS IMMEDIATELY.
SPECIALISTS IN APO AND INTERNATIONAL DELIVERIES.

Items Reviewed

Cardfile (by Protem Software)

$89

Synopsis (by Protem Software)

$125

Digital Marketing Corporation

2670 Cherry Lane

Walnut Creek, C A 94596

(415) 938-2880

CB/80 (compiler version of CBASIC)

$500

Digital Research

Box 579

Pacific Grove, CA 93950

(408) 649-3896

M-Drive

128K

$1590

Compupro Systems

256K

$3100

Oakland Airport, CA 94614-0355

(415) 562-0636

Pascal Introduction Package

$50

Workman and Associates

112 Marion Avenue

Pasadena, CA 91106

(213) 796-4401

Pascal/M

$395

Pascal/M-86

$495

Sorcim Corporation

405 Aldo Ave.

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(408) 727-7634

Pascal/MTH-

8080, 8085, Z80

$350

Digital Research

8086/8088

$600

Box 579

Pacific Grove, CA 93950

(408) 649-3896

Semidisk

512K bytes

$1995

Semidisk Systems

1 megabyte

$2995

POBGG

manual only

$10

Beaverton, OR 97075
(503) 642-3100

•

Books Reviewed

Programming in Pascal

$15.95

by Peter Grogono

Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1980

(rev. ed.)

Software Tools in Pascal

$15.95

by Brian W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger

Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1981

(617) 944-3700

TRANSITION...
...SOFTWARE

Mainframe. . .to Mini. . .to Micro

COST goes down, while
utility goes UP

Innovative memory management software
allows programs once reserved for large
machines to run on your CP/M 56K to 64K
system. All offer GRAPHIC displays with
extensive pictorial representation of your
data on a variety of graphic devices including
CRTs, dot matrix printers, word processing
printers, and pen plotters.

(PARTIAL LIST)

SCIENTIFIC and ENGINEERING

PROJECT EVALUATION $90*

(similar to DELPHI)

LINEAR REGRESSION $90*

3-D GRAPHICS $90**

(user functions, enhancement,
hidden line)

ENGINEERING FIGURE GENERATION $90**

BASIC STATISTICS $90*

CURVE FITTING (2 variables) $90*

(with smoothing, enhancement)

NETWORKING $109*

(C.P.M., out-of-kilter, etc.)

OTHER CATEGORIES

STOCKS— INVESTMENT MODELING $135*

WIRE LIST, PCB LAYOUT, with $155*

schematic generation, error list

DIGITIZING SUPPORT PACKAGE $1 55**

(includes GRAPHIC EDITING)

BUSINESS and DATA ENTRY FORMS $75**
DESIGN

DRAFTING SUBROUTINE SUPPORT $50**
("rel files," MICROSOFT format)

CONTOURING PACKAGE $190**

(with gridding, Krigging, enhancement)

'GRAPHICS OUTPUT DEVICE WILL ENHANCE PACKAGE
"GRAPHICS OUTPUT DEVICE REQUIRED

ORDER BY TITLE, INCLUDE $6 SHIPPING PER
PACKAGE. WE ACCEPT CASH, CHECK, MC,
VISA, C.O.D., APPROVED P.O., U.S. FUNDS
ONLY. 5 DAY RETURN PRIVILEGE— subject to
conditions included in each package. Include
diskette type in each order:

8in.SSSD CP/M
5% in. NORTHSTAR
5 1 /4 in. OTHER (Inquire)

FULL BROCHURE AVAILABLE ON EACH
PACKAGE— CALL US

THE ENERCOMP COMPANY

P.O. BOX 28014

LAKEWOOD, COLORADO 80228

(303)988-1648

CP/M-TM OF DIGITAL RESEARCH CORP.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 339

binder, Magic Wand, or a similar text
editor." Well, I've got an 8085, CP/M
2, and plenty of RAM. I don't have
Spellbinder (I've asked, but Lexisoft
has never sent a review copy).

I don't have Magic Wand, and
therein hangs a tale: when Magic
Wand was first developed, the then
owners sent me a copy, which I spent
far too much time working over.
There were about 20 exchanges of let-
ters and a lot of phone calls as I
pointed out problems with the editor,
especially the disk operations. In
general, I ended up putting a lot more
time into it than I should have. I did
that because I liked the product a lot
and thought it ought to have the bugs
ironed out.

SBA (Small Business Associates)
lost control of Magic Wand. The new
owners inherited a pile of corres-
pondence from me. When I called one
day to ask what was happening, they
acknowledged my help in pointing
out design flaws and promised me the
new and revised copy of Magic Wand
"real soon now." Before I got it,
Magic Wand was sold to Peachtree.
I've written Peachtree four letters and
spoken to its representatives at three
different computer shows; the com-
pany has yet to acknowledge my ex-
istence. Now I have a perfectly good
editor, and I don't need Magic Wand,
but I do confess some curiosity as to
how many of my suggestions the
company adopted.

Anyway, I don't have Magic
Wand. I do have Wordstar, but I
don't use it all that much, and in fact,
it isn't on the system master for the

Compupro 8085/8088. But what the
heck, WRITE, the editor I use, has
some similarities to Magic Wand in
that it marks the ends of lines with
nothing and the ends of paragraphs
with a carriage return but no linefeed;
and the document did say "similar"
text editor. Maybe it would work.

But then I began reading the rest of
the Cardfile document, and holy cat-
fish! It doesn't tell what it does!
There's a set of instructions on how to
use it, but they weren't helpful — at
least not to me — on what the darned
program was going to do.

What it said was that after I did
some installation, I should use my
text editor in a special way to "create
a separate document file for each
record you wish to enter in the Card-
file index." I could, it said, name the
document file anything I want, except
that I couldn't use an extension of .Y
because the program was going to
create another file with .Y extension
for each one of the files I was about to
make.

This sounded like a great way to fill
up a disk but about as useful as a
chocolate-covered wristwatch.

Furthermore, the instructions told
me that "the disk directory for a stan-
dard floppy disk holds 64 entries."
That's not strictly true for CP/M 2.2,
but it did seem to impose some new
limits. What good is a card file that,
with its index and command pro-
grams, can't have more than 25 or so
cards in it? Especially since Digital
Marketing Corporation's licensing
agreement says I'm permitted only
two backup copies of the program.

Well, maybe I was reading it all
wrong. I certainly seemed to be hav-
ing trouble understanding the pro-
gram instructions (and it wasn't that
late, either). So to be fair, I ran the
program itself.

I began with the installation
routine. It comes up with a menu of
Wordstar, Spellbinder, or Magic
Wand and will not accept any other
editor whatever. So much for
"similar," but the heck with it. I told
it my editor is Magic Wand, then
answered the other questions. What
you do is give it the name you invoke
your editor with (WS, MW, Foo,
whatever; in my case, WRITE) and
the name you propose to use to make
Filecards (WRITEC in my case). Then
you go WRITEC, and up comes their
prompt first, then WRITE's.

WRITE seemed to be working all
right, barring the fact that I couldn't
get the disk directory; apparently,
Cardfile's shell program, which the
company calls an "environment," in-
terferes with WRITE's rather sophis-
ticated directory calls (which show
file size as well as name). Ah, well.
Everything else looked all right. So I
proceeded to create some typical card-
file "gubbage," saving each file under
a different name but with file exten-
sion .GUB, and exited the editor.
Sure enough, for each of the .GUB
files I'd created, there was a corres-
ponding .Y file.

Then I invoked the Cardfile pro-
gram itself; lo, it worked fine. First it
updated its index, then displayed self-
explanatory prompts inviting me to
search the card-file index. Simply give

GRAPHIC

SOFTWARE

GRAPHIC SOFTWARE FOR
M ICROCOMPUTERS — This self-teaching guide will
show you how to write your own graphics software. 61
programs for 2D and 3D graphics: interactive input,
translations, rotation, isometric views, perspective, scaling,
stretching, clipping, surface intersections, shading, hidden
line removal, tablet software, animation and more.
Applications to science, engineering and business. "One of
the most outstanding books on computer software"—
A. Grund, U. Illinois; "The best book available on
microcomputer graphics"— Creative Computing
Feb, 1982. Book-$21.95;Disk-$18.95.

ENGINEERING
SOFTWARE

ENGINEERING SOFTWARE FOR MICROS -A self-
teaching guide to developing software for engineering
applications of microcomputers. Emphasis is on combining
graphics with engineering problem solving. Programs
included to interactively create engineering drawings, store
on disk file, recall, modify and merge. Other programs for
simulation, mechanisms design, heat transfer, circuit
analysis, optimizations and including Monte Carlo
techniques. Programs for Fourier analysis display frequency
spectra graphically. This is a valuable collection of modern
engineering analysis software for students and professionals.
Book-$28.50;Disk-$19.95.

Books contain fully documented program listings in BASIC with theory and equations. Disks contain the same programs as the books but
without documentation, When ordering disks, please specify APPLE II Plus 48K DOS 3.3 or IBM.

340 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 257 on Inquiry card.

it a key, and it looks until it finds
what you need, which it does pretty
fast. And when I exited Cardfile, I
found all the .Y files had vanished.

Did I need the original .GUB files?
One way to find out was to erase
them. And, indeed, the information
in them was still available. I'd been
fooled by the program document's
constant references to "updating the
index," which implied to me that it
only made indexes rather than copy-
ing the entire card-file information.
Finally, a careful reading of the docu-
ment told me what I'd missed: Card-
file creates a random-access file
whose default name is CF.DAT. All
your information is stored in there.
CF.DAT need not be on the same disk
as the Cardfile program and, indeed,
can be renamed anything you like.

Moreover, all of that is stated in
the document, and on reading it over
now it's all pretty clear; how could I
have missed it?

Well, first, prominently up at the
top of page 2, the document describes
CF.DAT simply as "a sample data file
to permit experimenting with CF."
This was apparently sufficient to
cause me to ignore any further
references to CF.DAT; there were
only a couple in the opening sections.

Second, after reading the "Over-
view," I turned to the "Theory of
Operation" section. The section is not
a description of the program at all;
it's a description of how the program
does a rather small part of what it
does. There is no mention of CF.DAT
or even of random-access files. By us-
ing the rather pretentious "Theory of

Operation" as a section title while
describing only a small part of the
program, the documentation writers
made it pretty tough to infer what the
program really does.

But once I got Cardfile running, I
liked it fine. You can use it about as
you'd expect, to make notes and the
like. You can print the notes on
paper, pull them out into separate
disk files (so that they can be read
into a document), or simply erase
them. It's a bit of a pain to exit your
editor and then reenter it when you
want to make a note for another time,
but the document tells you how to
avoid doing that (as a matter of fact,
in the infamous "Theory of Opera-
tion" section).

I presume that Synopsis works
much the same way; a cursory look at
the system documentation drove me
away, but that was before I mastered
Cardfile. Now that I understand what
the program does and sort of how it
does it, the Synopsis document no
longer looks so forbidding. What
Synopsis does is let you put four lines
at the top of any document you like,
then read those four lines into a ran-
dom-access file called SYN.DAT. It
keeps keys to those lines in SYN.KEY
and has various search modes. Of
course you ought to make the four
lines as descriptive as possible.

Synopsis will automatically make
the first four lines of a file comment
lines for your editor (so long as that
editor is Wordstar, Spellbinder, or
Magic Wand). A comment line is one
that will show on the screen but will
not be printed. Wordstar uses ".." to

introduce a comment line. Spell-
binder uses ".r", while Magic Wand
uses "\*". As an aside, I've often
wondered why text editors can't use
something sensible, like

c

{. '*

or preferably all of them, as comment
line markers. As you may have no-
ticed, the characters;, (*, — , /*, and {
are the "open comment" characters
for the 8080 assembler, Pascal, Ada,
Pascal again, and C compilers,
respectively, and thus will be ignored
during assembly or compilation. By
allowing the "open comment" char-
acter followed immediately by a "."
to be the editors comment line
marker, you could embed formatting
and comment commands into your
programs and still compile directly
rather than recopy. I've mentioned
this to Tony Pietsch, and he's modify-
ing WRITE to work that way.

In addition to the four-line
synopses, Synopsis also catalogs the
filename and disk name. (You name
the disk with a title beginning with a
hyphen so that it will be sorted to the
top of the file.)

Anyway, I haven't run Synopsis,
but I can see how it could be useful,
and since it works pretty much the
way Cardfile does, I don't foresee any
difficulties with it. It seems to have
some similarities to the Ward Chris-
tenson Catalog program (public do-
main) available from Barry Work-
man or the CP/M User's Group, but
it has added features as well. I expect
we'll be using Cardfile here. ■

TRUCTURAL
/ ANALYSIS
SOFTWARE

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ON MICROS— This self-
teaching guide contains a series of programs which
calculate stresses and deflections in beams, plates, trusses
and frames using conventional and matrix techniques.
Theory, equations and program listings fully documented.
Written for the non-specialist who wants to use his micro
for structural analysis with minimum investment in time.
Use the programs as is or modify for your own applications.
Book-$39.95;Disk-$19.95.

DATA

PLOTTING
SOFTWARE

DATA PLOTTING ON MICROS -A collection of
programs to process and display all types of data: bar
charts, stock market charts, engineering and scientific
data, 3D views of surfaces, pie charts, sorting, filtering,
running averages, curve fitting, and more. Application to
business, engineering and science. All programs fully
documented and keyed to theory. Use as is or modify for
your own applications.
Book-$24.95;Disk-$19.95.

— i

■—

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H

...1 F M A H

To order, send check drawn on U.S. bank, money order in US funds, Visa or Mastercard number with expiration date to KERN
PUBLICATIONS 190 Duck Hill Road, P. O.1029A. Duxbury, MA 02332. Add $2 per book 4th cl postage in US and Canada; $3 1st dor UPS in
US; $4.50 1st cl Canada; $12 air Europe and Central America; $18 elsewhere. Call (617) 934-0445 lor faster delivery.

KERN

190 Duck Hill Rd
Duxbury.MA 02332

Circle 258 on Inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 341

Logo: An Approach

to Educating
Disabled Children

Action-oriented learning has dramatic benefits.

While a computer is a learning and
teaching tool appropriate to many
educational settings, it can be much
more than that for an educationally
disabled child. It makes equal oppor-
tunities possible in cases for which
conventional educational methods
are not feasible or effective. A com-
puter can provide a vehicle for gen-
uine intellectual achievement. For a
physically disabled child who has
limited access to the world of motion
and spatial relationships, for a
learning-disabled child who shows a
flair for geometric problem solving,
and for a nonverbal child who is
blocked in establishing communica-

Acknowledgment

The work described in this article was car-
ried out with support from the Department of
Education (§G007802095 and #G008101272)
and the National Science Foundation (§SP1
8104890), the Mattel Foundation, and the
Hyams Trust.

Sylvia Weir, Susan Jo Russell

and Jose A. Valente

MIT Logo Group

545 Technology Square

Cambridge, MA 02139

tion, developing a facility in using a
computer can be regarded as an
essential educational experience.

A major potential of the computer
in an educational context is its flex-
ibility, which allows a teacher to
tailor a learning situation to the

Logo activity
emphasizes methods of

doing things rather

than answers— process

not product.

specific requirements of a particular
child. Nowhere is this more impor-
tant than with disabled children,
where the range of individual varia-
tion is very great. Such students pre-
sent the same challenges to teachers
as do nondisabled children and, in
addition, have many special prob-
lems of their own.

The Logo system, pioneered by
Seymour Papert at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and described
in his book Mindstorms (reference 5),
is a computer-based learning environ-
ment that is particularly well suited to
the kinds of individual tailoring
needed by students with special
difficulties. From the start, it was
Papert's intention that Logo activity
would involve more than learning to
program. The Logo language con-
tains a set of powerful graphics
primitives, a text editor, and full list-
processing capabilities. It is a good
way to become familiar with pro-
gramming quickly and relatively
painlessly — an important issue for
both teachers and children. But more
than that, Logo can be extended with
user-defined procedures. This extend-
ability allows a teacher to use pro-
gramming as a way into other subject
areas. By a judicious selection of
system-provided and user-defined
primitives, the teacher and student

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 342

Carru Waite

fl Neuj Primer Series

Apple Backpack

Humanized Programming in BASIC
. Bg Scot Kamins and Mitchell UJaite

8086/808^

. 16-Sit Microprocessor Primer
By Christopher L Morgan and Mitchell UJaite

flOBfl as used in the IBM Personal Compuler

UUorcliProiessing
Pnffier

By Mitchell; It id Julie flrco

S086/8.086 16-blt
Prim<

By Scot Komins
and Mitchell UJaite

If you're a computer user tired of
software that assumes an understand-
ing of programming and hardware
design, or a programmer interested in
writing more effective and easier-to-
use programs, then you'll appreciate
this presentation of concrete methods
for developing "user-friendly" soft-
ware. Scot Kamins and Mitchell Waite
show you how to humanize those once-
intimidating screens and keyboards.

In a readable and engaging style, the
authors give you complete details on
such topics as screen formatting,
crashproofing programs, developing
built-in verifications and validations,
presenting directions on the video
display screen, and writing helpful,
clear documentation. Full listings of
programs in the popular Applesoft
BASIC language complement the
authors' witty and sensitive solution to
one of the major problems preventing
microcomputers from reaching their
full potential in home or office.

Every computer user and program-
mer owes a debt to Kamins and Waite
for this thorough course in humanized
programming.

ISBN 0-07-033356-4 $14.95

By Christopher L Morgan
and Mitchell UJaite

The new, vastly more powerful 16-bit
microprocessors, representing the
latest magic in solid-state integrated
circuits, are destined to replace
today's 8-bit processors in the micro-
computers of the 1980s.

You don't have to be a hardware
engineer to follow the authors' clear,
down-to-earth descriptions of the
design, capabilities, and potential of
the Intel 8086/8088 16-bit micropro-
cessors. The authors also introduce
you to two major 16-bit "coproces-
sors," the 8087 Numeric Data Proces-
sor and the 8089 I/O Processor, and
present 11 sample CP/M programs dis-
playing the power of 16-bit microcom-
puting.

Finally, the authors survey the cur-
rent scene in terms of available soft-
ware (like cross-assemblers, 8080
emulators, and operating systems for
the 8086/8088) and new products such
as the IBM Personal Computer, which
is based on the 8088. With its thought-
ful presentation aided by numerous il-
lustrations, 8086/8088 16-bit Micropro-
cessor Primer will put you on the cut-
ting edge of current microcomputer
technology.

ISBN 0-07-043109-4 $16.95

By Mitchell Waite and Julie Rrca

The first book to focus primarily on
the inexpensive microcomputer-based
text-editing products, Word Processing
Primer gives you a thorough rundown
on this new and powerful way to elec-
tronically generate, correct, and
manage all kinds of typewritten docu-
ments.

The authors begin with an overview
of the word-processing field, detailing
potential applications, suggesting
ways to get started, and describing
word-processing equipment and pro-
grams. A later section on text format-
ting shows you how to control the ap-
pearance of your final printed copy,
while another describes programs that
will check for spelling errors, create in-
dexes, and generate personalized form
letters.

Selecting a word-processing system
is made easy as the authors describe
the seven most important features to
look for. Also, a mini-catalog of avail-
able products compares capabilities,
features, limitations, and prices.

All of these features, enhanced by
many illustrations, make this the most
valuable, informative, and up-to-date
word-processing guide available today.

prepayment required Ca " Toil-Free 800/258-5420

plus $1.00 postage and handling fee per book BYTE/MCGRAW-HILL

ISBN 0-07-067761-1 $14.95

Circle 67 on inquiry card. B9

Available Summer 1982
at your local book or computer store

fcruLC-fr 4 *

r 9*V*

*s

\o

^*%

&

yp

Now, Microsoft MULTIPLAN.

toughest questions

Better tools. If you're answering "What
if. . ." questions with a pencil, eraser,
calculator and endless manhours,
Multiplan gives you a better set of tools.

Fast answers. Multiplan is a software
program that turns a microcomputer
into an answer machine. Multiplan
starts as an open "worksheet" of rows
and columns. Each intersection of row and
^column, or "cell!' in the worksheet will accept titles,
names, numbers or formulas. As you assign names or
values to cells, you build a worksheet for a particular
problem or set of problems. You establish the logic. Multiplan
assigns the time-consuming calculations to the computer.
Which means you get answers. Fast.

Simpler, faster, more powerful.

Multiplan is a com-
pletely interactive
electronic work-
sheet. Change one
number or formula,
and you change
every number that

344 BYTE September 1982

depends on it. Instantly. Furthermore, Multiplan is several
worksheets deep. You can pass information from sheet to
sheet automatically. A change on your cash and receiv-
ables sheet is reflected on your balance sheet for instance.

Computing for non-computer people.

You can use Multiplan on a reasonably

priced personal computer. ..even if

you've never used a computer before.

Plain English "prompts" direct you

through each step. If you need

additional help, just press the "?"

key. Information that addresses your specific question will

appear on the screen. Get your answer and return to the

problem. Without leafing through a manual.

Logical problem solving. Multiplan allows you to assign
English names to represent one or more cells on the
worksheet. That way you can refer to items the way you
think of them. Profit equals "Sales minus Expenses" for
instance. Instead of "LI 4 minus M17."

Watch what's happening. The computer screen displays
a portion of a giant worksheet that's 63 columns wide by
255 rows deep. In addition, you can open multiple "windows"
to other areas of the worksheet. That capability allows you

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

Fast answers to some of the
in business.

to watch what the effect of changing a number or formula
in one area will be on other areas of the worksheet. How
a change in sales will effect the bottom
line, for instance. It's a particularly
valuable feature when you're
solving "What if . . ." problems,

When time is money. For man-
agers and professionals, time
is the most valuable asset. Thinking
time. That's the concept behind
Multiplan. By assigning the time-
consuming aspects of planning,
forecasting, interpreting, recording
and reworking data to the
computer, Multiplan gives you time
to think. Result: Not only faster
answers . . . better answers.

Ill Optra tin? tneoM
13 Flits: Intenst Incowl
14 Less: Interest Exp*nsl

1 j | 3 4 fi ■ - "

: PEJBIuV Cow MtlrHit fonwt Goto Hilp Insert
»«>». Option. Pwnt tail Tnuffv Window Sternal =FowwU

Apple II® or CP/M-80® Multiplan is available for the
Apple II Personal Computer (in 40 and 80 column versions),
and microcomputers utilizing the CP/M-80 operating system.

Leading edge software. Claiming quality is one thing.
Delivering quality is another Microsoft has been at the

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

leading edge of microcomputer software since we put BASIC
on the first microcomputer. Today, Microsoft offers an
^^^^^^^^^^ extensive range of fully-supported

microcomputer languages, operating
systems and applications software.
Software like Multiplan . . . easy-to-
use, yet powerful software that
makes computers become tools
for people.

Ask for a demonstration. Ask

your computer dealer to demon-
strate Multiplan's powerful, user-
oriented Multi-Tool™ features. They'll
show you how Multiplan's unique
capabilities provide you time-saving
tools that help you answer the
toughest question in business, "What
if. . ."And still get back to J. B., tonight.

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Tax Rite: 50

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MICROSOFT

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10700 NORTHUP WAY

BELLEVUE, WASHINGTON 98004

Apple Ihs a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
CP/M-80 is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.
Microsoft, Multiplan and Multi-Tool are trademarks of Microsoft Corp.

BYTE September 1982 345

SANYO PLUS

@SAI\JYOPLUS W:

Only from Scottsdale Systems, the Sonyo Plus, only $2295.

You get o Sonyo MBC-1 000. on all-in-one 64K Z-80A (4 MHZ) computer with a built-in,
1 2", high res. Sonyo green-phospher 25x60 display.

Tf)e detachfed keyboard features 5 special function keys and a 10-key pa/d. The
MBC-1 000 comes complete with a serial port", a parallel port, and room for three
additional cards.

Plus we've added a disk drive to give you dual 5 1 /4" drives and a total formatted disk
capacity of 624K.

Plus Free Software:

CP/ M R : the most popular operating system.

Sanyo Basic: A superset of Microsoft Bosic, the most popular version of basic.

Diagnostics and Utilities: Usually thrown-in only with more expensive systems.

Word star R 3.0: The most popular word processing software.

PlannerCalc ™: The first spreadsheet in English.

Games: Biorythms.Trek, Parachute and 1 7 others - just for the fun of it.

Special Offer: Order a Sonyo Plus and we'll throw-in a complete integrated
business package with General Ledger. Accounts Receivable. Accounts Payable,
Payroll, inventory for $99.
No dealers please. F.O.D. Scortsdole. 90 day watranty.

$2295

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Introducing the Zenith l-\ 00, its the new
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Two built-in 320K 5 1 /4" drives, 126K
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Z-100 $3249

Z-90-62 w/64K $2395

Z-69 $2149

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TERMINALS

ON SALE

Viewpoint 3A Plus: New Viewpoint
emulates Leor Slegler. Televldeo. or
Soroc. We're selling them at o lower
price than others chorgef or older models.

$489

Zenith ZT-1 1 $559

Televideo910 $579

Televideo 925 2 $739

Televideo 950 2 $927

Zenith Z-19 $669

Diqlog 60 Amber Coll

Dialog 30 Call

'with built-in modem

*extra pg. memory #30-lnsrolled

\ /

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Scottsdale Systems^

6730 E. McDowell Road, Suite 1 1 0, Scottsdale, Arizona 85257 |

S (602)941-5856 —

Call 8-5 Mon.-Fri.
(We Export) TWX 91 0-950-0082 (IMEC SCOT)

SERVICE/ORDERING

INTEGRATION: Prices listed are for new equipment in factory sealed boxes with manufacturer's
wajronty. We will pretest your equipment, integrate your sysrem, configure your software, provide
special cobles, etc.. for on odditionpi charge. Call for prices.

ORDERING: MAIL ORDER ONLY. Prices listed ore for cosh. No C.O.D.'s. We sell on o net 20 bosisto
Fortune 500 companies and Universities Charge cards odd 2%. Prices subject to change, product
subject to availability. AZ. residents odd 5%. Personal checks take 3 weeks to clear. 0-20% restocking
fee for returned merchandise. Shipping extra - products ore F.O.D. point of shipment. CP/M and MP/M
ore registered trademarks of Digital Research.

LOW COST

NEC6023A $474

Okidata&2A $419

Qkldota 63A $669

Okldata84 $1059

Epson MX-60* $435

Epson MX-100* $719

^includes groftrax

HIGH SPEED

Prism 60 $779

Prism 60 "loaded" $1395

Prism 132 "loaded" .... $1549

Zenith Z-25 $1225

Anadex9501A $1369

MT1605 $1645

LETTER QUALITY

SCMTP-1 $649

Daisy writer 1 000 $1111

NEC 3510 w/trac $1975

NEC 7710 w/trac $2499

CP/M B SOFTWARE

I/O DEVICES

Wordstar $238

ColcStar $179

Mailmerge $78

Spetlstar $149

DaraStar $189

Supersort 1 $139

DBASE II $489

Crosstalk $129

Software sold only w/systems. nor warranted for suitability.

Houston Instrument:

Hi-Plot DMP-2 $849

Hi-Plot DMP-7/8 $2057

HiPodDT-11 $669

Hayes Smortmodem $219

NEC 12"-G Monitor $169

can build bridges from an informal
intuitive understanding of a piece of
the world to a formal understanding
of that area.

The learner benefits from the struc-
tured nature of the activities, the im-
mediate feedback, the possibility of a
concrete approach to abstract ideas,
and the emphasis on the methods of
doing things rather than on the
answers — the emphasis on process
rather than product.

During the past 10 years, Logo has
been used with children of all ages
and all ranges of ability. It was no-
ticed at Edinburgh (references 4 and
13), in the Brookline project (refer-
ences 7 and 14), and with a Boston
Children's Hospital subject (reference
11) that children who had learning
disabilities responded particularly
well to the use of Logo. The MIT
Logo Group has been working with
physically disabled children at the
Cotting School in Boston (since
1978); with autistic and other emo-
tionally disturbed children at the
League School for Autistic Children,
Newton, Massachusetts (for the past
year); and dyslexic children at the
Carroll School in Lincoln, Massachu-
setts (just beginning).

For physically or learning-disabled
children, the computer allows entry
into worlds in which their weakest
areas are not the primary means of
access. For autistic children function-
ing at a low cognitive level we can
simplify the computer-based learning
environment until they are able to
engage in self-initiated and self-driven
activity. This can lead, for example,
to the beginnings of an understanding
of cause and effect that comes from
the one-to-one correspondence be-
tween an action taken and the
response it produces. Logo provides a
tool for diagnosis and remediation
(references 10 and 11), as well as serv-
ing as a learning environment.

In this article we describe several
ways in which we have been using
computers with educationally dis-
abled children, helping them build
their basic intellectual skills, while
developing a stronger sense of con-
fidence, self worth, and control over
their environments. Each of the ap-

proaches is illustrated by a brief anec-
dote, showing how it helped a par-
ticular child make progress in learn-
ing. More detailed descriptions of
these approaches and their results are
available from the MIT Logo Group
(see references footnote for the
group's address).

A Tool for Learning and
Communication

A severe physical handicap im-
poses a dependent, passive role on its
victim. The uncompromising way in
which Logo places initiative and con-
trol in the hands of the users allows
them to have a direct effect on their
environment. The Logo experience is
often the first in which disabled
students tackle problems which re-
quire them to initiate solutions, try
them out, respond to feedback, and
decide whether to change track or to
persist — all those things that tend not
to happen in the dependent situations
that typify their lives and most of
their schooling.

A major problem for severely dis-
abled individuals with little motor
control is that of being totally depen-
dent on other people to produce a
written record of their and other peo-
ple's thoughts. Computer files pro-
vide a way of keeping notes, func-
tioning as a scratch pad — try solving
a complex algebraic expression or
editing a manuscript without writing
anything down. The effect of this
unleashing of trapped intelligence can
be quite dramatic.

Mike was 17 years old when he
first met a computer. He has
cerebral palsy, involving all four
limbs, more marked on the leftside.
His speech is severely affected and
can be understood only with dif-
ficulty. He has sufficient motor
power to control his wheelchair,
but has never used a pencil. For
three years Mike spent 6 to 9 hours
a week at the computer and was
brought to the Logo laboratory
weekly during vacations when the

*J See a (Brilliant future

for the APPLE II with the
Al yi Ren Tec RGB Color Monitor Interface

~~X Now your Apple can have RGB
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• Interfaces to NEC and other RGB
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• Ren Tec ES Interface $295. ^ FuM supports semi-graphic and

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• IBM/Spinwriter Interface 160. Additional Peripheral and Memory

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Authorized Distributor for: * RS -232 Interface Card 159.

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Circle 409 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 347

WE'RE MAKING A

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NAME FOR OURSELVES

Building a reputation "
for quality printers

from components on up.

Wa

Making a name for
ourselves in printers is
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Quality manufactur-
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computer at the school was not
available to him. Here is an exam-
ple of Mike's writing when he first
entered the Logo program.

"I ment Dr. Sileva Where, Jose
Valente and Gary Drescher on Oc-
tober 5, 1978 at 9:32:47 AM. which
the compuer I was so excized it like
being it a waitting & maternace
room at a hospiltal whiting to fine it
oot's a boy or a grail. "

Two years later he produced a
letter of which the following is an
extract:

"My name is Michael Murphy. I
am the person whom your mother
saw on "PM Magazine." I attend
the Cotting School in Boston mass.
I have been work with the com-
puers for about two and a half
years. The name of the system is
"LOGO. " It has open many new
doors for me. "

Mike has become a competent
computer programmer and is now a
computer science student at the
University of Massachusetts, Boston
campus. He is now writing papers at
an acceptable level for a college
freshman. Three other seniors on the
project have also started computer
science courses at the college level.

A Simpler Version of the System

For those who cannot manage as
many keystrokes as Logo requires,
e.g., FD 100, because of their youth
or physical or cognitive disability,
simpler Logo systems are easy to set
up. An example is the Instant Pro-
gram, on the utilities disk of Terrapin
Logo (reference 1). With the Instant
Program, a single keystroke will
generate a turtle movement, e.g., F
for forward, B for back, R for right
turn. Larger primitives can be defined
in the same way, e.g., a ready-made
square, a quarter circle, or a triangle,
each available by pressing a single
key. It is also possible to record each
keystroke. This allows the user to
name the picture and then to use the
named picture, alone or as part of a
larger design, making subproce-
durization possible in this simplified
world (see reference 3, for a discus-
sion of procedures and subproce-
dures). For some children, we have
used a hardware button box. This is a
plastic box with large, well-spaced

350 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 43 on inquiry card.

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Circle 448 on inquiry card.

(la)

(lb)

(Id)

Figure la-d: Ben, a 6-year-old with
cerebral palsy, made progress when he was
provided with a button-box interface in-
stead of a keyboard. Figure la represents
one of his first efforts to draw a car. By the
time of his next session he had gained much
more control and was able to move the tur-
tle easily and draw a second wheel for his
car (lb and 1c). The drawing shown in
figure Id was made when he went back to
using the keyboard at a later session. His
"ballgame," while obviously simplified,
was carefully planned and executed,
without the randomness associated with
his initial keyboard efforts.

buttons, each representing a primi-
tive, e.g., FD 20 (references 8 and 13).
This helps to prevent inadvertent,
unintentional keystrokes, trouble-
some when involuntary movements
are present.

Ben is a 6-year-old with cerebral
palsy affecting all four limbs and
speech. He makes sounds which,
with patience and time, can some-
times be deciphered as recognizable
words. He uses a communication
board and a Handivoice. Ben was

introduced to Logo using the simpli-
fied system previously described.
He appeared to understand F and R
but persisted in randomly hitting
many other keys, often crashing the
program. On these occasions he
laughed uproariously at the strings
of letters which would then appear
on the screen. While Ben was clear-
ly having a good time, his keyboard
activity seemed unplanned and un-
related to what was happening on
the graphics screen.

We substituted the seven-button
hardware button box, giving him F
(forward without drawing a line), T
(right turn), Q (quit), a rectangle, a
square, a circle, and a line equiva-
lent to FD 10. A session or two after
the introduction of the button box,
he began drawing several cars. The
first one looked like Figure la. Dur-
ing the next session he made a
similar car and was asked, "Doesn 't
it need another wheel?" He paused,
smiled, then moved the turtle on
the path indicated in Figure lb,
carefully adjusted it, and made a
second circle, as shown in figure 1c.

In a recent session, as he entered
the computer room he was asked,
"Do you want to use the button box
today?" He indicated no. "Do you
want to use the keyboard like Eva
and Nicky (two of his classmates)?"
Ben said, almost distinctly, "Eva
and Nicky. "

Back at the regular keyboard,
Ben's random hitting of keys had all
but disappeared. He created the
drawing in Figure Id, which he
named "ballgame, " typing the word
into the computer himself. To us,
this picture appears flat and unde-

veloped. For Ben, it provided a
significant reference point which he
used to initiate "conversations"
about the ballgame he imagined.

Ben's behavior is reminiscent of the
response obtained by Weir and
Emanuel (reference 13), who found
that an autistic child began to use
language spontaneously for the first
time ever during his Logo sessions.
Ben's Logo work provides his
teachers with a window into his
thinking and a medium through
which he and they can communicate.
This clear person-to-person com-
munication is not routine for Ben; it
emerges out of interaction around
something of his own creation, of in-
terest to him, under his control. For
nonverbal children, carefree conver-
sation is impossible. The danger for
such children is that they will limit
their communication because the
results are so often misinterpreted or
fall so short of the complexity or
length of what they would like to ex-
press. The amount of energy Ben puts
into his Logo work, the effort with
which he manipulates the buttons
(not a trivial activity for him), and
the length of time he spends before
becoming tired, all indicate that this
activity motivates exploration, com-
munication, and probably language
development.

Motivation to participate in the
Logo project is so high that children
without special adaptive devices in-
vent their own ways of handling a

352 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE September 1982 353

More than a
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THE COMPLETE TOOL

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354 BYTE September 1982

Circle 350 on inquiry card.

keyboard, for example, by using a
pencil between their lips. In some
cases, we have seen dramatic im-
provements in control of direction
and accuracy of arm, hand, and
finger movement.

Mobilizing Existing
Understanding

Experts differ from naive students
in the degree of meta-level knowledge
they possess. The facts of a subject
are relatively easy to transmit. Learn-
ing only these, without an apprecia-
tion of their use, constitutes rote
learning. Real understanding includes
appropriate knowledge about when
to use particular facts and operations
and about how to order operations so
as to achieve a particular goal. This is
knowledge about knowledge, or meta-
knowledge. Just how to facilitate the
acquisition of meta-level knowledge
is the great challenge. One possibility
is to try to hook into already existing
meta-knowledge.

A growing child spontaneously
learns how to do certain things, in-
cluding the procedural-control
knowledge we are talking about.
Connecting with that existing
knowledge is the purpose behind the
learn-by-doing school. For example,
the child's intuitive knowledge of his
own body movements as he navigates
in space includes such sophisticated
understanding. Mobilizing this to
provide a way into mathematics is
just what Papert has done with his
turtle geometry (references 2 and 5).

Now consider the unusual
childhood of an individual physically
disabled from birth. If the disability is
severe enough, the child will not have
handled objects as part of growing
up, will not have played with blocks
as an infant. The development of an
understanding of spatial concepts
depends on a coordination of several
kinds of information — tactile, visual,
motor, and kinesthetic (sensation in
muscles and joints of the moving
part) — generated by handling objects,
moving around in space, and so on.
Hence the child with lack of this ex-
perience is at the risk of developing a
deficit in spatial competence.

The degree of deficit is difficult to
assess in individuals with severe

motor disabilities. For example, when
children with cerebral palsy are tested
for some particular component of
visual perception, they will obtain
progressively lower scores as the
motor component of the test increases
(reference 15). It has, until now, been
necessary to convert tasks such as the
Piagetian Seriation task into a
multiple-choice form in order to use
them with people with severe motor
restrictions. This precluded an ex-
amination of the processes involved
in carrying out the relevant
maneuvers.

We have exploited the possibilities
of an interactive graphics situation by
creating graphics screen versions of
these assessment tasks. Using these
screen tasks, we have found deficits
in spatial reasoning in some people
with cerebral palsy when they are
asked to perform tasks involving
ordering by length, shape recogni-
tion, spatial localization, and mental
rotation. We have probed the nature
of the underlying defect in several of
these children (references 9 and 12).
(See figure 2.)

Filling the Gap with Logo

The Logo theme of the learner as
model builder takes on a poignant
significance for the physically dis-
abled because lines on the graphics
screen can become models of objects.
Such graphics objects can supply
manipulatory experience of a sort, in-
volving a minimum of motor effort,
by simply pressing a key. We have
called these manipulations AS-IF ac-
tions (reference 6) and suggest that
the Logo system provides a rich
source of such activities. For the
severely disabled child, the chance to
find out about spatial relationships in
the environment has been restricted
by the dependence on others for
mobility and by the lack of ability to
draw, build, pour, pile, sift, put
together, and take apart. The child
can use the screen turtle to explore a
defined and manageable spatial world
in which to learn about shape, length,
angle, size, position, and number;
teachers can easily follow the process
of exploration, structuring ap-
propriate tasks as skills and con-
fidence increase.

(2b)

JL

(2c)

fl

B

Figure 2a-c: For Kate, a 13-year-old with
cerebral palsy, the lack of meta-
knowledge is quite remarkable. When
asked to get the turtle into the house she
moved forward unconcernedly until the
observer asked, "Are you going towards
the house?" (at A in 2b). She then turned
and moved forward until the observer
again asked the same question (at B in 2c).
Kate was gradually introduced to elemen-
tary Logo. She is now defining shapes and
using them as subprocedures of more
complex pictures.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 355

Anniiincing

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d 64 Kbytes of onboard Dynamic RAM
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Dealer inquiries are welcome.

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(714) 978-9758 -Telex: 678401-TAB-

TM— Z80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc. Turbo-Disk is a registered trademark of Intercontinental Micro, Inc. CP/M, MP/M andCP/NET are registered trademarks of Digital Research, Inc.
TurboDOS is a registered trademark of Software 2000, Inc. Cromix is a registered trademark of CROMEMCO.

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IICROH SYSTEMS CORPORATION

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' Cromix is a trademark of Cromemco Inc. ™ CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research. Inc.

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

B VTE S€ptember 1982 357

(3a)

(3b)

(3c)

\

Figure 3a-c: The progress made by Nicky, a 7-year-old with cerebral palsy, is obvious. Figure 3a shows his initial attempts at drawing,
using a simplified version of Logo. His shapes were irregular and poorly defined. By his seventh session he was able to consistently
make right angles, as shown in 3b, and plan and execute a large design, as shown in 3c.

\ /■:■

'hi 1

:;i'' 1 ''if:

\

y \

Figure 4: This drawing shows the work of
Franky, a 10-year-old learning-disabled
student. His mastery of turtle geometry is
shown by the skill with which he arranged
the three stars into a coherent design,
despite severe difficulties with "paper-
and-pencil" mathematics.

Assessment of Nicky, a 7-year-
old with cerebral palsy, indicated
deficits in many spatial and lan-
guage skills, including the ability to
count accurately more than four
objects, to match a small group of
objects one-to-one, and to conserve
number (know that the number of
objects has not changed when their
arrangement is changed).

In his early work with Logo,
Nicky made small, closed shapes
which appeared to be unplanned.
He used a small portion of the
screen, had difficulty turning the
turtle in the direction he wished,
was unable to make square corners
(requiring three presses of T) or

match sides of objects. Examples of
his first named pictures appear in
figure 3a. His use of shapes is
typical of a much younger child: he
demonstrates closure but does not
have firm categories for square or
circle.

By his seventh session Nicky had
made remarkable progress. He pro-
duced, without hesitation and with-
out mistakes, the pictures he called
respectively "STEPS," figure 3b,
and "HOUSE," figure 3c, which
showed the following character-
istics: consistent use of three turns
to make a 90-degree angle, match-
ing of the lengths of opposite sides,
use of a large area of the screen
(both left and right halves), and a
deliberate planned sequence to
complete the picture symmetrically.

Revealing Hidden Strengths

A central issue addressed by the use
of Logo with educationally disabled
children is the discovery of hidden
strengths. Often the needs of physi-
cally or learning disabled children
become the focus of their educational
experience with most attention given
to learning how to cope with what
they cannot do and little attention
given to developing special gifts and
talents. But a physical disability is not
the only type that may hide spatial
strengths. Growing evidence suggests
that there is a category of learning-
disabled children who have special
ability in the spatial mode, an ability
which is often ignored in school
(reference 11).

Franky is a 10-year-old learning-
disabled child. His reading and
spelling are several years below ex-
pectations for his age and grade; he
knows some mechanical processes
for computation, but these often
break down. He was described in
school records as having behavior
problems, a short attention span,
and a low tolerance for frustration.
In his Logo work, Franky showed
unexpected abilities to use numbers
appropriately to create relation-
ships in space, to use units larger
than one as benchmarks for esti-
mating length, and to remember in-
dividual as well as sequences of
commands after a single exposure
to them. Figure 4 shows an intricate
star design which he created from
smaller pieces. While creating his
design, he needed to move a certain
distance on the screen in order to
place his next star where he wanted
it. The distance was half of 75 — a
problem he is unable to compute.
He looked at the distance on the
screen and said, "Oh — it's about
37." An observer might think this
was a lucky guess if he did not make
such "guesses" with regularity.

Franky seems to have some of the
skills he needs to manipulate numbers
when he uses a spatial model but does
not have the meta-level knowledge
necessary to translate this under-
standing to a purely numerical situa-
tion. If given a spatial model which
he can use to figure out a problem, he
can use it successfully, but the idea of
using the spatial model does not oc-

358 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Software prices for
hardnosed

t • •

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CALL US FOR THE LATEST
APPLE, ATARI, IBM, AND
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it right. And we'll pay the shipping charges.

We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders;
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Add $2.00 for standard UPS shipping and
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shipping. Calif ornians add 6% sales tax.

Prices quoted are for stock on hand and are
subject to change without notice.

To order or for information call

PROnurrQ (213)706-0333

rriVL/Uw I W Modem order line: (213)883-8976
31245 LA BAYA DRIVE, WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIA 91362

Circle 18 on inquiry card.

CP/M is a reg. trademark of Digital Research. 'Requires Z-80 Soflcard tReg. trademark of Micro Pro International Corp.

BYTE September 1982 359

cur to him independently if he is pre-
sented only with the numbers.

Many children like Franky have
learning problems that are exacer-
bated because schoolwork in their
weak areas is presented to them in
their weakest mode. For these
children, who are used to failing in
school, the impact of Logo is three-
fold: (1) it provides the possibility of
experiencing success and demonstrat-
ing expertise; (2) it allows further
development of the preferred spatial
mode; (3) it is a diagnostic tool which
suggests to teachers ways of creating
more appropriate curriculum by
harnessing spatial skills.

Equal Access in a
Technological World

It is important to attempt to lay to
rest a serious misconception about
computers in education. The connec-
tion of children and computers does
not diminish the teacher's critical role
in the learning process. On the con-
trary, because interaction with a
computer opens a window into a
child's thinking processes, a teacher is
challenged to observe carefully, to
develop hypotheses about the child's
strengths and needs, and to help
structure next steps for the learner.
The questions for a teacher are the
same here as in any educational situa-
tion: When should the teacher pose a
new problem? When should the child
be left alone to explore the possibili-
ties? When should help be given and
how much? How much frustration is
appropriate in a new problem-solving
situation? The computer can also
become a powerful tool for the
teacher in devising specific cur-
riculum tailored to children's needs
and harnessing the power of both
graphics and text capabilities.
Teachers have used or are developing
Logo programs for teaching mathe-
matics, physics, electronics, music,
writing, and spelling.

We are only beginning to under-
stand the extent to which the educa-
tionally disabled have been denied
rights and opportunities. A user-
controlled, flexible, extendable com-
puter language is a powerful tool that
can help bridge some of the gaps by

360 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

increasing educational access, ex-
panding choices, improving commu-
nication, and enabling development
of skills for vocational success and
personal enrichment. ■

References

1. Abelson, H. Logo for the Apple II and
Apple Logo, Peterborough, NH: BYTE
Books, 1982.

2. Abelson, H. and diSessa, A, Turtle
Geometry, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1981.

3. BYTE, August 1982. Language issue
devoted to Logo.

4. Howe, J.A.M. and O'Shea, M., "Com-
putational Metaphors for Children,"
Artificial and Natural Intelligence, ed. F.
Klix, Deutsche Verlag, 1978.

5. Papert, S., Mind storms: Children, Com-
puters, and Powerful Ideas. New York:
Basic Books, 1980.

6. Papert S. and Weir, S., "Information
Prosthetics for the Handicapped,"
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Memo
#496. MIT, 1978*.

7. Papert, S., Watt, D., diSessa, A. and
Weir, S., Final Report of the Brookline
LOGO Project. Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory Memo #545. MIT, 1979*.

8. Perlman, Ft., "TORTIS, Toddler's Own
Recursive Turtle Interpreter System,"
Logo Memo #9. MIT, 1972*.

9. Valente, J., "A Versatile Computer Tool
for the Evaluation of Spatial Reasoning
in the Physically Handicapped," PhD
thesis in progress, 1982.

10. Weir, S., "Logo as an Information Pros-
thetic for the Handicapped," D.S.R.E.
Working Paper #9, Division for Study
and Research in Education, MIT 1981*.

11. Weir, S., "Logo and the Exceptional
Child," Kilobaud Microcomputing, Vol.
5, No. 9: pp. 76-84, 1981.

12. Weir, S., "Logo: an Information Pros-
thetic for Communication and Control,"
Proceedings of the International Joint
Conference on Artificial Intelligence,
Vancouver, B.C., 1981.

13. Weir, S. and Emanuel, S., "Using Logo
to Catalyse Communication in an
Autistic Child," D.A.I. Research Report
#5, Department of Artificial Intelligence,
Edinburgh University, 1976.

14. Weir, S. and Watt, D., "Logo: A Com-
puter Environment for Learning Dis-
abled Students," The Computer
Teacher. Vol.8, No. 5: pp. 11-17, 1981.

15. Zeitschel, K., Kalish, R. A., Colarrusso,
R., "Visual Perception Tests Used with
Physically Handicapped Children,"
Academic Therapy Vol. 14: pp. 565-576,
1979.

* References marked with an asterisk are
available from the MIT Logo Group, 545
Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139.

CALL

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For the location of the Dysan sales

outlet nearest you, contact Dysan at:

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fraction of the total cost of ownership. So why not pay a
few cents more for the best diskette available? ^

That's where Dysan's quality comes in. Dysan disk-
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Every diskette is tested between the tracks
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Swashbuckler

Scott Spangenberg

RFD 1, Box 376

Peterborough, NH 03458

Does the soul of Cap-
tain Blood reside within
your Walter Mitty ex-
terior? If so, you should
know about Datamost's
Swashbuckler, a game
for the armchair swords-
man yearning for the
thrust and parry of
flashing blades without
the risk of annoying
lacerations. The game
takes place aboard a
pirate galleon manned
by the scurviest crew of
villains ever to sail (or
soil) the seven seas. Your
swordsman, hereafter
referred to as you, duels
a series of pirates to the
death. In this game,
death is not a permanent
condition — the pirates are revived to fight again. You
are revived twice, for a total of three lives per game.

To start your battles, insert the game disk and boot
up your Apple II. After you see the title page, press the
space bar to begin. As Swashbuckler opens, you are
faced by an enormous, club-wielding giant. Your only
hope is to parry off his blows until an opening ap-
pears.

Photo 1: As slain pirates lie in heaps on the deck, the
swordsman prepares for another attack.

Fencing Lesson

You use your left hand
to move your swords-
man, and your right to
move his silver saber.
The S key switches the
direction you face. The
A and D keys move you
left and right, respective-
ly, regardless of the
direction you face.

Your right hand rests
on a diamond pattern of
keys composed of the
I, J, K, L, and M keys.
An I puts you in the
high-parry position,
which can help protect
you from overhead
blows. The M key places
you in the low-parry
position, which you use
to protect yourself from cuts to the leg and other low
blows. The K returns you to the en garde position.

Moving left or right also returns you to the en garde
position. J selects the thrust position, which I think of
as a jab. Pressing L makes you lunge forward, some-
times right into your attacker's weapon. When you are
hit and go down, your attackers move back a good bit
and you are left in a heap in the center of the screen.

362 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

lilCHE POWEI

uO voir appl

buffered communication cato

Zynar's Buffered Communication Card (BCC) brings pre-
viously unavailable power and flexibility to the Apple II and III.
Wherever the rate of data input is faster than the Apple can
process, or where the Apple is restricted by a slow output
medium, the BCC enables the Apple to operate effectively by
leaving the major part of the I/O management to the BCC. To
achieve this the BCC has its own 6502 microprocessor (the
same as in the Apple) and memory (RAM) for buffering.

For example, data from an input device (graphics tablet;
telephone line etc) can be accepted while the Apple is writing
previous input to disk. Or the BCC can handle bulk trans-
mission of data, freeing the Apple from operating at line
speed. By usingthe BCCto buffer input, multiple devices can
be controlled. One Apple, for example, could accept readings
from several measuring devices.

EC020 is the standard card for Apple II and III. EC021, for
the Apple 1 1 only, has an extra ROM. The code on this provides
plug-compatibility with most other RS-232 peripheral cards,
and can be used for automatic initialisation and control of
communications. By customising it, the user can ensure an
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FEATURES

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• 14 Baud rates. From 50-19200 Baud. Selectable by software

or built-in switch
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•Auto Shutdown. Closes transmitting modem when buffer is

empty
•Real-Time Clock. Available to Apple. Intervals of 0.1 second

upto 436 seconds.

OEM inquires welcome. Call or write for details now

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Circle 498 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 363

Pressing any key will revive you. It takes a little practice
to avoid standing up in the middle of someone's weapon
and impaling yourself.

Before too long, when the giant would bring up his
club for a blow, I was able to capitalize on the opening.
When struck, the giant drops his jaw in surprise, lets go
of his club, and slumps to the floor. In fact, each pirate
reacts in a fairly realistic fashion to being stabbed or
slashed.

You will meet up with several adversaries during the
course of a game and, the farther along you get, the more
you meet. (I encountered seven characters during my
struggles.)

The Game

You meet new adversaries in pairs, or actually waves
of pairs. The first adversary in the pair will appear on the
right-hand side of the screen. If you defeat him, his part-

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At a Glance

Name

Swashbuckler

Type

Arcade-style game

Manufacturer

Datamost

9748 Cozycroft Ave.
Chatsworth, CA 9 1 3 1 I
{2)3} 709- 1 202

Price

$34.95

Author

Paul Stephenson

Format

5/4 -inch floppy disk

Language

6502 machine language

Computer

Apple \\ with 48K bytes of memory and one disk drive (DOS 3.2

or3.3)

Documentation

Two pages

Audience

Game players

ner will immediately appear on the other side. That's
your pair.

If you defeat the second character, you will have to
contend with both of these adversaries at once — four,
five, or nine times! That's a wave, and there are two
waves for each scene after the first. In the first scene,
there is only one wave, but you must defeat both
members of the pair nine more times. The pair in the first
wave of scene two will attack you six times, and the pairs
in every wave afterward will attack five times.

You get one point for each pirate you defeat. The scene
changes at 21, 43, 63, 83, and 103 points. I don't know
how many scenes there are beyond that, because my high
score is 112 points.

The pirates have trained pets that join in the attack
against you at both regular and random intervals. You
don't get any points for killing an attack pet, but doing so
can help you get to the next scene. Sometimes you may

364 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

find yourself simultaneously fighting off two pirates and
two attack pets, which are rats, cobras, spiders, and scor-
pions. As mentioned above, you are provided with a low
parry to fend off their attacks. However, you can't move
and keep the low-parry position at the same time because
moving always returns you to en garde, so a certain
amount of forethought must go into your movements.

In addition, the pirates you face change in some signifi-
cant manner at each new scene and at 33, 53, 73, 93, and,
probably, 113 points. The first two times, the change is to
a new pair of adversaries. After you meet the first six
pirates, the adversaries change in the way they are paired
against you. The next change involves an even greater in-
crease in speed, which forces you to treat supposedly
familiar assailants with an entirely different set of tactics.
At 83 points, some new characters begin to appear. The
further along you go in the game, the faster and more ag-
gressive the pirates are. After each wave, the pirates
revive closer to the spot where you dropped them. When
this starts happening, you should kick the body toward
the edge of the screen before you meet the other attacker.

Cast and Crew

After playing the game several times, I began to nick-
name each of the pirates (with apologies to Datamost). I
call the first pirate Baldy Spikeclub. As long as Baldy
keeps his club in front of him, he completely guards
himself from your attacks, but he can't break through
your guard as long as he stays in that position. When he
raises the club, he is both dangerous and vulnerable. He's
vulnerable because as soon as he moves his arms up or
down you have an opening. Dangerous, because he can
now kill you, especially if you thrust or lunge from too
close in. He moves that club very, very fast even on the
lowest level. When he appears again later in the game, he
wields the club so fast that he's in a true rage and one of
the toughest characters to defeat.

His partner, Ratface Daggeraxe, is relatively easy to
dispatch once you learn not to let him and his ax get too
close. He's usually so busy waving his weapon and look-
ing ugly that he forgets to defend himself. Datamost
should consider making this character fight more effec-
tively, as he rapidly becomes a boring opponent.

The first character you meet in the second scene is Buc-
caneer. He's one of the two or three toughest characters I
encountered, particularly on the higher levels where all
the pirates move quickly. The first time you meet him, he
swings his cutlass with alarming speed and can often
reach much farther than you thought. Because he moves
so fast, it can be very difficult finding an opening.

Circle 5 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 365

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ADVANCED FEATURES. All DOS functions and commands may be used
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hanging indent. Parallel, Serial, and Video drivers. DOAMATIC cas-
sette control tor translating dictated messages! 1 And much more!!!
Most features ot word processors costing five limes as much 1 !! Runs
on 32K or 64K system!!!

• NEW • ELECTRIC SPREADSHEET* • • $75

A BASIC Spreadsheet program for the PC-8001. Anything you work
with columns and rows and a calculator belongs on the Electric Spread-
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answered. P/L forecast. Personal budget. Real estate investment. Net'
worth forecast. Cash flow estimates. Business forms. Works on 32K or
64K system! 1 ! 70 operators plus histogram plot, revise spreadsheet
layout, and more. Select preprogrammed operators for tine, column, or
cell calculations. Set column widths and number on" decimals. Manual
and diskette include 72 examples.

• NEW • ADVANCED PROGRAMMING BASIC

• •

$60

THE functions anci commands in this package give you extended
control over data an* your PC-8001 system. These extensions to
NBASIC provide complete conversion of time and date functions

Sj including days between dates and Julian dates. Extended string
functions include justify, truncate, center, rotate, translate, shift.

nj pack, and search. Array functions include masked search of both
sorted and unsorted arrays, and inserl in sorted arrays.

MULTI-KEY SORT MKS' $60

SUPER FAST Machine Language In-Memory Sorts. Three key sort on
500 elements in 4 seconds'!! Simple one-line BASIC functions - SORTV
and SORTC verbs. Mixed ascending and descending keys.

BASIC PROGRAMMING UTILITIES 'BASUTIL' $60

COMPRESS, EXPAND. PRETTY. XREF Cross Reference Utility. Great for
modeling, debugging and structuring BASIC programs

KFS-80 KEYED FILE SYSTEM 'KFS-aO' $150

MACHINE language BASIC ISAM utility provides keyed and sequential
access to multiple fites. Simple interlace to BASIC. Binary tree keyed-
file index system provides rapid access to records.

CONVERTTRS-80* PROGRAMSTO RACET NECDOS
WITH PROTRAN' $99.95

COMPLETE utilities for file transfer <md BASIC program conversion.
Mod III diskettes may be read directly: Mod I and II via RS-23?.
Transfer BASIC programs, data tiles, or machine language fites. NO
SUPPORT is provided for conversion of machine language fites or
PEEK'S. POKEs or USR's to function on PC-8001 . Substantial knowl-
edge ot IRS BASIC and NBASIC required. Package designed for
software authors.

AVAILABLE FROM YOUR LOCAL NEC DEALER or from RACET computes

CHECK. VISA. M/C. CO. D..
PURCHASEORDER
Telephone Orders Accepted
(714)997-4950

c- RACET COMPUTES Lio-q

l_ Integrity in Software ^J

1330 N. Glassell, Suite M. Orange. CA 92667 (714) 997-4950

*TRS-80 IS A TRADEMARK OF TANDY CORPORA HON
ELfCTRIC PENCIL IS A I RADEMARK OF MICHAEl SCHRAYl H
'ELECTRIC SPREADSHECr IS A TRADEMARK OF DAN G HAWV & ASSOCIA 1 1 \\

However, there are two times when you can get past his
guard. First, from time to time, Buccaneer will raise his
cutlass high above his head. It's not only a dramatic pose,
but an ideal opportunity for you to skewer him. The
other occasion when you are likely to connect is when he
follows through after one of those dramatic cuts and his
sword is still down. If your timing is right, your blade can
find an opening.

Buccaneer's partner on this level is obviously a veteran
of many such battles because he wears a patch over one
eye and has a wooden leg. His favorite piece of mayhem
is slashing your leg to maim you. Like all of the pirates
who come from the left side of the screen, though, he is
not nearly as challenging to deal with. This is not to say
that he's always a pushover like Ratface. He is much
more apt to get through your guard, particularly if you
advance when you should be falling back or if you care-
lessly lunge at him from too close.

Shufflefoot Spearpoker doesn't throw his weapon
(none of your foes in this game do), but he certainly does
move his spear around in a menacing fashion. You have
your best chance to defeat this character when he is wav-
ing his spear and it's not pointed directly at you. Some-
times you can reach him even when the spear is aimed
straight at your heart, but I don't recommend it. Al-
though he looks as if he's about to fall over backward,
Shufflefoot moves a good bit faster than some of the
other characters. He can slip his spear under your sword
arm even when you're sure that you are well protected.

The Harpoon Hustler is best handled with a kind of
determined patience. He is the most aggressive pirate up
to this point; if you leave an opening, he'll find it. When
he has his harpoon pointed at your belly you are com-
pletely blocked from hitting him. You can goad him into
trying to take a swing at you by alternating between at-
tacking and retreating. Usually, I end up thrusting time
after time until I find an opening by chance.

The Samurai handles his sword with the style you
might expect; very impressive animation. He is also un-
believably fast. Surprisingly though, he is not as hard to
defeat as either Buccaneer or Baldy Spikeclub. In spite of
his speed, if you hold a thrust or lunge position, the
Samurai will eventually impale himself on your saber.
Although harder to defeat, he's comparable to the Har-
pooner or the Buccaneer.

The pet rat always appears from the left side of the
screen. If he bites, you're not dead, but you won't be able
to lunge until you are struck down and then revived.
Slice down with a low parry and the rat will disappear
before your eyes.

366 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 402 on inquiry card.

The cobra can really move fast! This lovely pet is just
as easy to dispatch as the rat, if you are quick, but it's apt
to surprise you. The cobra first appears in scene one,
but he can appear at odd moments throughout the game.
Its bite is deadly.

The other two creatures are the spider and scorpion.
Their graphics are especially well done. Both first appear
in scene two and randomly throughout the game there-
after. Your defense here is also the low parry.

Game Strategy

A player can do fairly well in the lower levels of this
game by attacking whenever possible. Proceeding further
requires a certain amount of strategy. Never lunge when
a simple thrust will do: you are likely to lunge right into
your opponent's weapon. Try to give yourself as much
fighting room as possible. Remember to meet each pirate
on his side of the screen, because this keeps you from get-

ting caught between two enemies with nowhere to re-
treat. Also remember to kick the bodies out of the way to
create fighting room or you will find pirates stabbing you
in the back the moment they are revived. When you cut
down the second pirate of a pair, you should stay close to
the place where he will be revived so that you can hold
out your sword and impale him again when he stands up.
Finally, watch out for those nasty creatures on the floor.
If an attack pet comes toward your back while you are
busy with a fight, you should deal with it first and then
return to the fight.

I think that most arcade-game fans will find Swash-
buckler an enjoyable experience. The title page and some
of the scenes are a little sloppier than you might expect in
a $35 game, but the animation is a real winner. The need
to plan your moves and to use strategy elevates Swash-
buckler well above the run-of-the-mill arcade game. I'm
not finished playing yet.B

pi lit i

OFF!!
OR MORE !

Brand New, Top Quality, Exact Replacement Ribbons & Cartridges. These Ribbons Produce

Super Jet Black Impressions and Ultra Reliable Print Life. They Are Delivered to Your Door

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iCL

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SIZE

COMMENTS

CAT. 0RDER#

ANAOEX 9000 Series

1/pk.

14.00 ea

14.00

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.500"

Nylon Jet Btk

C-777

CENTRONICS 700-703,737. 779

3/pk

1B.95/3pk

11.95/3 pk

(3.98 ea)

.563" x45'

Nylon Jet Blk

C-700

CENTRONICS 100. 101A. 102/

3/pk

26.33/3 pk

17 55/3 pk

(5.85 ea)

l"x 108'

Nylon Jet Blk

C-100

103,300,301.306.308,330,

5 mil High Speed

358.398,500.501,503,508,

588, 620, 820.

CENTRONICS 704-705

1/pk

16.95 ea

13.95/Giant Cart

(13.95 ea)

5/16" x210'

Giant Can

C-7045

0EC Vz x 40YO.

3/pk

17.77/3 pk

12.95/3 pk

(4.32 ea)

1/2" x 120'

Double Spools

R-600

0EC '/2 x 60YO.

3/pk

20.12/3 pk

14.25/3 pk

(4. 75 ea)

1/2" x 180'

Double Spools

R-644

DIABLO HYTYPE II (M/S 8LK) HI

1/pk

9.31 ea

6.87 ea

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5/16" x

300.000 plus imp.

C-511

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EPSON MX70/80

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500"x60'

Nylon Jet Blk

C-522

IBM -"SILVER DOLLAR" Sys.

5/pk

5.80 ea

14.90/5 pk

(2.98 ea)

9/16" x 30'

Nylon Jet Blk

R-300

34, Sys. 32 M0LA. Series

IM0L4974. 5256, 3287. 3770.

3771-3774.4974,5100,5103.

5110, 5228, 5256, 5320MDLA

IBM - HARMONICA W. SERIES

3/pk

9.42 ea

20.85/3 pk

(6. 95 ea)

1-2" x 108'

Nylon Jet Blk

C-350

1. MOO 4973/11, 3200, 3289,

MOD 2.

NEC SPINWRIJER

4/pk

23.40/3 cart

23.60/4 pk rb. reload

(5.90 ea}

1/2" x51'

Nylon/Ex Lng Lite

R-400

QUME (FITS 80 PRINTER MODS)

3/pk

1B.0D/3 pk

13.95/3 pk

(4.65 ea)

1/4" x 310'

Multistrike Film

C-525

RAOiO SHACK DAISY WHEEL II

1/pk

24 95/3pk.

8.25

(8.25 ea)

250"

Mylar Multistrike

C-789

RADIO SHACK LPIII, LPV

one/pk

13.95/cait

8.95/Reload rih.' only

(8.35 ea)

.500" x 45'

Nylon Incl Instr

R-T3

RADIO SHACK LPII. LPIV

3/pk

1B.95/3 pk

11.95/3 pk

(3.98 ea)

.563" x45'

Nylon Jet Blk

C-700

TELETYPE MOD 33. 28. 35. 37.

38. 88.
WANG M/S. 5541W.WC. 5581.

10/pk

2.40 ea

13.90/10 pk

(1.39 ea)

1/2" x 36'

Nylon Jet Blk

R-450

1/pk

6.85 ea

5.95 ea

(5.95 ea)

5/16"x393'

Multistrike Film

C-550

W0. 6581W, 22B1W

TERMS:

MINIMUM PURCHASE -$20
PAYMENT BY: C.O.D.(UPS),CHECK,

MASTER CARD, OR VISA CHARGE

CARD.
VOLUME DISCOUNTS:

20-50 PACKS 10%

51-100 PACKS 15%

•UNDER $20, ADD $5 HANDLING.
"APPROX. RETAIL. PRICE VARIES.

ANCIE LABORATORIES

5200-J Philadelphia Way 301 -345-6000 (Wash. DC. Local)
Lanham, Maryland 20706 301 -792-2060 (Balto. MD Local)

800-638-0987 (National)

NAME-

ADDRESS-
CITY

ANCIE Laboratories
5200-J Philadelphia Way
Lanham, Maryland 20706

301-345-6000 (Wash. DC. Local)
301 -792-2060 (Balto. MD Local)
800-638-0987 (National)

D Check Enclosed
D C.O.D.

□ VISA

□ MASTER CHARGE

ACCT. #

EXP. DATE

MIN. ORDER $20

PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE

Circle 26 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 367

jHIGH

I'm Nicholas van Horn the Third, but you
can call me Old Nick.

IVe just made a pact with the Discount
Software folks and we've come up with a
plan that is positively diabolical:

To get your business, we're going to sell
you any of the software you need at the
lowest prices in the industry.

I'm not just blowin' smoke— I'll back up
that claim with the exclusive Old Nick's
Price Protection Guarantee:

"I'll match any advertised price on any
item you want to buy from us. And if —
Heaven forbid— you find a lower price
on what you bought within 30 days, just
show me the ad and HI refund the
difference!'

We won't leave you in limbo, either— if
you've got any questions about the soft-
ware after you get it, just call our Hot Line
and get the answers you need from our
fiendishly clever support staff.

All in all, unless you've got money to burn,
you'll be a lot better off buying all your
software from me.

Because while I may be small and horny
I'll work my tail off to make sure that you
get your software for less than ever before.

Now doesn't that light your fire?

GOT A QUESTION?
CALL OUR HOT LINE: 213-837-5141.

Tell em Old Nick made you do it.

DISK WITH /MANUAL
MANUAL/ ONLY

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE*

Medical(PAS-3) $849/$40

Dental ( PAS-3) $849/$40

ASYST DESIGNS/FRONTIER
Prof Time Accounting . ,$549/$40
General Subroutine. , .$269/$40
Application Utilities. . . .$439/$40
DIGITAL RESEARCH'
CP/M 2.2

NorthStar $149/$25

TRS-80 Model II

(P+T) $159/$35

Micropolis $175/$25

• CP/M-lntel MDS $135

PL/1-80 $459/$35

BT-80 $179/$30

MAC... $ 85/$15

RMAC....... $179/$25

Sid $ 65/S15

Z-Sid $ 90/$ 15

Tex $ 90/$ 1 5

DeSpool $ 49/$10

CB-80 $459/$35

CBasic-2 $119/$20

Link-80 $ 90/$10

FOX & GELLER

\* Quickscreen $1 35/$na

• Quickcode $265/$na

• dutil $ 65/$na

MICRO-AP*

S-Basic $269/$25

Selector IV .$295/$35

Selector V $495/$50

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS*

HDBS , $269/$35

MDBS $795/$40

DRSorQRSorRTL.. $269/$10

MDBSPKG $1999/$60

MICROPRO*

WordStar $289/$60

Customization Notes. . . $449/$na

Mail-Merge $ 99/$25

WordStar/ Mail-Merge . $369/$85

DataStar $249/$60

WordMaster $119/$40

SuperSort I $199/$40

Spell Star $175/$40

CalcStar $259/$na

MICROSOFT*

Basic-80 $298

Basic Compiler $329

Fortran-80 $349

Cobol-80 $589

M-Sort $175

Macro-80 $144

Edit-80 $ 84

MuSimp/MuMath $224

MuLisp-80 $174

MultiPlan Call

Manager Series Call

ORGANIC SOFTWARE-

TextWriterlll $111/$25

DateBookll $269/$25

Milestone $269/$30

OSBORNE*

General Ledger $ 59/$20

Acct Rec/Acct Pay $ 59/$20

Payroll w/Cost $ 59/$20

All 3 $129/$60

All 3 + CBASIC-2. ...$199/$75

• Enhanced Osborne

(Includes CBasic). . . . $269/$60
PEACHTREE*

General Ledger $399/$40

Acct Receivable $399/$40

Acct Payable $399/$40

Payroll $399/$40

Inventory $399/$40

Surveyor $399/$40

Property Mgt $799/$40

CPA Client Write-up. . .$799/$40

P8 Version Add $129

MagiCalc $269/$25

• "Peach Pak ,, Series4.$1195/$na
Other less 10%

STAR COMPUTER SYSTEMS

G/L,A/R,A/RPay $ 359

All 4 $1129

Legal Time Billing. . .$ 849

Property Mngmt $ 849

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS*
Business Packages,
Call for Price
SORCIM*

SuperCalc $269/$na

Trans 86 $115

Act $157

SUPERSOFT*

Ada $270/$na

Diagnostic I $ 49/$20

Diagnostic II $ 84/$20

Disk Doctor $ 89/$20

Forth (8080 or Z80) . . . .$149/$25

Fortran $219/$30

Fortran w/Ratfor $289/$35

C Compiler $225/$20

Star Edit ....$189/$30

Scratchpad $174/$15

StatsGraph $174/$15

Analiza II $ 45/$na

Dataview $174/$15

Disk Edit $ 89/$15

Encode/Decode II. .. $ 84/$ 15

Optimizer $174/$15

Super M List $ 68/$ 15

Term II $179/$15

ZapZ-8000 $450/$15

Utilities I $ 54/$na

Utilities II $ 54/$na

ACCOUNTING PLUS

1 Module $385/$na

4 Modules $1255/$na

All 8. $4500/$na

TCS*

GLorARorAPorPay. $ 79/$25

All 4 $269/$99

Inventory $ 79/$25

Compiled each $ 99/$25

UNICORN*

Mince $149/$25

Scribble $149/$25

Both $249/$50

The Final Word $270/$25

WHITESMITHS*

"C" Compiler $600/$30

Pascal (inclX") $850/$45

"PASCAL

Pascal/MT + Pkg $449/$30

Compiler $315

SpProg $175

Pascal/Z $349/$30

Pascal/UCSD 4.0 $670/$50

Pascal/M $355/$20

Tiny Pascal $ 76/$15

"DATA BASE"

FMS-80 $894/$45

dBASE II $595/$50

Condor II $899/$50

FMS-81 $445/$na

"WORD PROCESSING"

WordSearch $179/$50

SpellGuard $229/$25

VTS/80 $259/$65

Peachtext $289/$45

Magic Spell $269/$25

Spell Binder $349/$45

Select $495/$na

The Word $ 65/$na

• The Word Plus $145/$na

• Palantier-I (WP) $385/$na

"COMMUNICATIONS"

• Ascom $149/$15

• BSTAM $149/$na

v^BSTMS $149/$na

• Crosstalk $139/$na

• Move-it .....$ 89/$na

"OTHER GOODIES"

Micro Plan $419/$na

Plan 80 $269/$30

Target (Interchange). . .$125/$30

Target (Planner) $ 1 89/$30

Target (Task) $299/$30

Plannercalc $ 50

Tiny"C". '. $ 89/$50

Tiny "C" Compiler $229/$50

Nevada Cobol $ 1 79/$25

MicroStat $224/$25

Vedit $130/$15

MiniModel $449/$50

StatPak $449/$40

Micro B + $229/$20

Raid $224/$35

String/80 $ 84/$20

String/80 (source) $279/$na

ISIS CP/M Utility $199/$50

Lynx $199/$20

Supervyz $ 95/$na

CP/M Power $ 75/$na

Mathe Magic $ 95/$na

• CIS COBOL $765/$na

• ZIP $129/$12

Real Estate Analysis . .$11 6/$na

BRODERBUND

G/L(withA/P) $444

Payroll $355

INFO UNLIMITED*

EasyWriter(Prof) $155

Datadex $129

EasyMailer (Prof) $134/$75

Other less 15%

MICROSOFT*

Softcard (Z-80 CP/M). .$298

Fortran $ 1 79

Cobol $499

Tasc $ 1 39

Premium Package $699

MICROPRO*

Wordstar $269/$60

MailMerge $ 99/$25

Wordstar/MailMerge . .$349/$85

SuperSort I $159/$40

Spellstar $129/$40

CalcStar $175/$40

DataStar $265/$60

PERSONAL SOFTWARE/
VISICORP*

Visicalc3.3 $219

Desktop/Plan II $219

Visiterm $ 90

Visidex $219

Visiplot.. $180

Visitrend/Visiplot $259

Visifile $219

• Visischedule $259

PEACHTREE*

G/L.A/R.A/RPayor

Inventory (each) $224/$40

• Peach Pack $795

• SYSTEMS PLUS
Accounting Plus II,
G/L, AR, AR or

Inventory (each) $385/$na

(Needs G/L to run)
"OTHER GOODIES"

Micro Courier $219

Super-Text II $127

Data Factory $ 1 34

DB Master $184

VersaformVSl $350

VH1 $445

IIMHHii"MI —

WORD PROCESSING

IBM PC

Wordstar $289

Mailmerge $109

Easywriter $314

Easyspeller $159

Select/Superspell. . .$535

Write On $116

Spellguard

(also available for

8" 8086 systems). . . ,$229

SPLaw

(for Spellguard) $115

Textwriter III $189

Spellbinder $349

Final Word $270

LANGUAGE UTILITIES

IBM PC

Crosstalk $174

BSTAM $149

BSTMS $149

8" 16-BIT SYSTEMS
Pascal MT+/86.SSP. $429

CBasic 86 $294

Pascal M/86 $445

Act86 $157

Trans 86 $115

XLT86 $135

16-BIT 8" AND DISPLAYWRITER

CP/M 86 $294

MP/M86 $585

OTHERS

IBM PC

SuperCalc $269

VisiCalc $219

Easyfiler $359

Mathemagic $ 89

CP/M Power $ 65

Condor 21 $265/$35

Condor 22. $535/$35

Condor 23 $895/$35

Condor 20Q $1 75/$na

Condor 20R $265/$na

Statpak $449/$40

Optimizer $174/$na

Desktop Plan II. ..... .$219

Desktop Plan II I $259

Visidex $219

Visitrend $259

TCS G/L, A/R, A/P,

Pay, Inventory

(requires 128K

RAM) each $129

Entire Package $450

Many others available for use
with the "Baby Blue Board""
8" 16-BIT SOFTWARE

SuperCalc $269

CP/M Power $ 65

ORDERS ONLY-CALL TOLL FREE-VISA-MASTERCHARGE
1-800-854-2003 ext. 823 • Calif. 1-800-522-1500 ext. 823

Outside Continental U.S.— add $10 plus Air Parcel Post • Add $3.50
postage and handling per each item • California residents add 6%
sales tax • Allow 2 weeks on checks, C.O.D. $3.00 extra • Prices
subject to change without notice • All items subject to availability
• ®— Mfr. trademark— Blue Label $3.00 additional per item.

MSSSM
SOFTWARE

THE ULTIMATE SOFTWARE PLAN

THE DISCOUNT SOFTWARE GROUP

6520 Selma Ave., Suite 309 • Los Angeles, CA 90028

• (213) 837-5141 • In't TELEX 499-0446 DISCSOFT LSA

• USA TELEX 194-634 (Attn: 499-0446)

• TWX 910-321-3597 (Attn: 499-0446)

Circle 166 on inquiry card.

Zero Gravity Pinball

Mark Friedman

23 Forge Dr.

Nashua, NH 03069

Thoughts of pinball
bring back fond memo-
ries of pizza parlors and
pool halls, but no pizza
parlor or pool hall yet
built has a game any-
thing like Zero Gravity
Pinball. In fact, you
won't be able to find a
pizza-parlor version of
Zero Gravity Pinball un-
til orbiting space stations
become commonplace.
The game was written
for the Apple II by Don
Fudge and is marketed
by Avant-Garde Crea-
tions.

True to the traditions
of its earthbound prede-
cessors, Zero Gravity
Pinball challenges you to
score as many points as you can using flippers to keep
the ball in play. Without gravity's influence, the ball
moves in a straight line until it hits an object or moves off
the playing area. Furthermore, instead of the traditional
two flippers, you have 10, five on each side of the playing
area.

Getting Started

The instructions for playing the game are printed on
the back of the package wrapper. Although the instruc-

Photo 1: The pinball playing area with central bumpers and side
flippers.

tions are otherwise quite
detailed, I found one ser-
ious omission: how to
start the game. Fortu-
nately, start-up is a sim-
ple process: insert the
disk into drive 1 and
boot up normally.

After the program
boots up, you'll see the
title page. Press any key
to continue and the
credits' screen will ap-
pear. Next, you are
asked if you would like
instructions. The on-
screen instructions re-
peat the information
from the printed docu-
mentation. It now takes
about 40 seconds for the
game to load.
Next comes your most important decision of the next

couple of hours: which level of difficulty do you want?

The levels range from 1 (slow) to 5 (masochists only).

Another brief delay follows, during which you should

grab game paddle 0, because the first ball is automatically

released.

The Layout

As you view the playing area (see photo 1), you'll
notice some of the unique features of Zero Gravity Pin-

370 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

New books from
DIGITAL PRESS

Learning with Computers

Bork

A comprehensive overview
for using the computer as a
teaching device to build a more
responsive learning environ-
ment. 1981, hardbound, 286
pages, $28.00

Engineering a Compiler:
VAX-11 Code Generation
and Optimization

Anklam, Cutler, Heinen, and
MacLaren

Step-by-step descriptions and
practical experiences of the pro-
gramming team developing the
PL/I General Purpose subset
compiler for the VAX machine.
1982, hardbound, est. 270 pages,
$24.00

Office Automation: A
Survey of Tools and
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Barcomb
The first practical introduc-

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hardbound: $24.00,
paperbound: $15.00

Technical Aspects of Data
Communication, Second
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McNamara

A practical up-to-the-minute
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The Theory and Practice of
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Siewiorek and Swarz

Shows how to combine eco-
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Also available from Digital Press

Computer Programming
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VAX-11

Levy and Eckhouse. 1980, hard-
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Engineering Intelligent
Systems: Concepts,
Theory, and Applications

Glorioso and Colon Osorio. 1980,
hardbound, 472 pages, $29.00

Computer Engineering: A
DEC View of Hardware
Systems Design

Bell, Mudge, and McNamara.
1978, hardbound, 585 pages,
$28.00

TEX and METAFONT,
New Directions in
Typesetting

Kmith (co-published with

American Mathematical Soci-
ety). 1979, paperbound, 355
pages, $12.00

From ENIAC to UNIVAC:
An Appraisal of the
Eckert-Mauchly
Computers

Stern. 1981, hardbound, 286
pages, $25.00

Project Whirlwind: The
History of a Pioneer
Computer

Redmond and Smith. 1980, hard-
bound, 280 pages, $25.00

Early British Computers

Lavington (co-published with
Manchester University Press).
1980, paperbound, 146 pages,
$9.00

Introduction to
DECSYSTEM-20:
Assembly Language
Programming

Gorin. 1981, paperbound, 576
pages, $39.00

Data Processing
Technology and
Economics, Second Edition

Phister (co-published with
Santa Monica Publishing Com-
pany). 1979, 736 pages, hard-
bound: $45.00, paperbound:
$30.00

VAX Software Handbook

1982, paperbound, 529 pages,
$15.00

Distributed Systems
Handbook

1978, paperbound, 276 pages,
$15.00

Introduction to BASIC

1978, paperbound, 227 pages,
$10.00

101 BASIC Computer
Games

1975, paperbound, 249 pages,
$10.00

Coming soon from Digital Press

Nine Steps for Effective
EDP Loss Control

Computerizing Your Small
Business

Strategic Planning for
Campus Computing: Ten
Creative Approaches

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BYTE September 1982 371

At a Glance

Name

Zero Gravity Pinball

Type

Arcade-style game

Manufacturer

Avant-Garde Creations
POB 30160
Eugene, OR 97403
(503) 345-3043

Price

$29.95

Author

Don Fudge

Format

5 '/4 -inch floppy disk

Language

6502 assembly language

Computer

Apple \\ with 48K bytes of memory, Applesoft in ROM or
Language Card, one disk drive (DOS 3.2 or 3.3), game paddle

Documentation

One-page card

Audience

Arcade enthusiasts of all ages

ball. The playing area is square, with gaps (indicated by
dotted lines) on all four sides. The game begins when the
ball appears from the central bumper and starts its
journey. The ball can also disappear there, as this
bumper occasionally turns into a hole, but there's not
much you can do about that.

Before turning to the flippers on each side of the screen,
a word about those openings at top and bottom is in
order. To keep from losing the ball in the lower opening,
you must press the space bar before the ball enters the
void; if you're too slow, the ball explodes. To guard the
upper opening, press any key except the space bar. These
protective "force fields" have a limited range and have no
effect unless the ball is about to exit from the top or bot-
tom of the screen.

The Flippers

The primary challenge of Zero Gravity Pinball is that
you need three hands to play, because, while worrying
about which key to hit next, you're busy twisting away at

the game paddle to control the flippers. Although there
are 10 flippers on the screen, only one is in play at any
given time. To select a flipper, turn the game paddle until
the desired flipper changes color from green to red. Then
press the paddle button to flip the ball back into play.
The flippers, like the upper and lower shields, are active
only when the ball is nearby.

The flippers are not solid, but rather are "force fields."
As a result, the ball will go through a nonselected flipper,
causing it to vanish until you select it, or until the next
ball is released.

At this point, you're busy paddle twisting, button
pushing, and key pressing, so a word of warning may be
appropriate. Every once in a while a flipper may be red,
but in fact be a useless "bogey," or even worse, a white
"super bogey": there, but not there. In either case, just
turn the paddle knob back and forth to restore normal
functioning. Occasionally, the top two flippers will act as
if they were solid even though they've not been selected.

Scoring

Once you've accumulated 50,000 or more points with
the five balls you are allotted, it's time to move up to the
next level of difficulty, because a score of more than
64,000 points ends the game. While I'm reluctant to
reveal my top score, let me assure you that it was no-
where near that level. If you have a joystick and a
steadier hand than mine, flipper selection should be easier
and faster, and your scores higher.

While the screen layout is relatively simple, particular-
ly compared to some of its earth-based predecessors, the
quality of the graphics and animation is excellent, and its
color and sound are good. Even at level 5, the ball's
movement was quite smooth — though moving too fast to
provide much opportunity to keep it within the playing
area. In fact, the press release accompanying the review
copy indicated that anyone able to hit the ball more than
twice at level 5 was worthy of a plaque.

Conclusions

While it has some similarities with other pinball games,
Zero Gravity Pinball takes much longer to master than
the more familiar two- or four-flipper games.

The five levels of difficulty allow almost anyone to en-
joy the game, while providing lots of challenge for the
most accomplished player.

Zero Gravity Pinball is an original and unique game
that makes excellent use of the Apple's graphics capabili-
ties. It may be one of the best tests of eye-hand coordina-
tion around, as well as being a lot of fun. ■

372 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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FULL SIX-MONTH WARRANTY!
Delaer inquiries are more than welcome

CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks of Digital Research; OASIS is a
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terns on sale for limited time only, and are subject to limited availability. Not responsible for typographical errors. This ad supersedes all other ads prior to Sept. 1982
Prices effective as of August 28, 1982. and are subject to change without notice. All orders subject to verification and acceptance. Minimum shipping and handling $4.95

374 BYTE September 1982

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

Beer Run

Arthur Little
Technical Editor

Beer Run — a game
with a straightforward
purpose. No longer shall
I dwell in a maze of
twisty tunnels, watch my
cities get nuked, or send
another Federation Star-
ship into ignominious
defeat. No indeed, be-
cause from now, I'm a
Beer Runner with only
one goal in mind: collect-
ing lagers.

In the interest of ac-
curacy (and decorum), I
should point out that this
Beer Run is of the nonal-
coholic variety provided
by the folks at Sirius
Software. In fact, Beer
Run is a high-speed,
color-graphics game de-
signed for the sober and studious Apple II user. Studious,
anyway.

Your Goals

According to the documentation, the object of the
game is to catch the elusive Artesians as you move
through the levels of the building. It goes on to say:

Usually they (Artesians) will be on the platforms just
above you. Ladders and elevators are used to climb up-
ward through the Sirius Building. If you reach the roof,

the Sirius blimp will
transport you to the roof
of the Olympia Brewery
building next door.

Basically, the idea is to
climb to the top of the
first building, cross over
to the second building,
and then descend. This is
a cross-section, multi-
level game that is faintly
similar to the arcade
game Donkey Kong or to
the well-known Apple
Panic (see Gregg Wil-
liams's "Apple Panic,"
March 1982 BYTE, page
68). It's also reminiscent
of the children's board
game Chutes and Lad-
ders in that the runner

strives to go up and (too often) ends up back at the

bottom.

You also want to increase your score, based on the

total number of beers that you collect during your hunt.

You collect beers in one of four ways:

1. The unseen Artesians will drop individual beers from
above. If your runner's hand touches one as it falls, it's
added to your cumulative score.

2. As you move up and down through the building, you
may run across beer kegs. If you press the space bar as

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 375

TEST SCORING

AND DAILY ATTENDANCE

PROGRAMS

R

ut low-cost and efficient testing and atten-
dance software to work on your school's Apple II
computer. With HEI's mark sense card reader,
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"Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.

M HEI ino.

Victoria, MN 55386 • 612-443-2500
376 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 211 On inquiry card.

At a Glance

Name

Beer Run

Type

Arcade-style game

Manufacturer

Sirius Software
] 0364 Rockingham Dr.
Sacramento, CA 95827
[916] 366-1195

Price

S29.95

Author

Mark Turmell

Format

5/4 -inch floppy disk

Language

6502 assembly language

Computer

Apple II or II Plus with 48K bytes of memory and one disk drive
(DOS 3.2 or 3.3)

Documentation

Two-page folder

Audience

Apple owners and game lovers

you pass the keg, its numeric value is added to your
score.

3. Riding either up or down in an elevator gives you a
minimum of 25 beers — and often more.

4. Finally, you get beers for successfully negotiating the
interbuilding blimp ride.

Play Commences

After booting the disk, the title pages come on screen
and you are introduced to the two creatures you'll want
to avoid during your search: the Guzzlers and the
Bouncers. If your runner comes into contact with either,
the runner plummets to his death — you are given three
runners per game.

When the game begins, you see the first five levels or
platforms. As you move up and down throughout the
building, you will see a tier of five levels (e.g., Levels 6 to
10), each with a unique pattern of connecting ladders.
(See photo 1 for a view of Levels 6 to 10.)

The Controls

Your runner edges along the platforms and climbs the
ladders. You control his movements using the keyboard

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Circle 87 on inquiry card.

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Exec-Jr with 35 MBYTE Fixed Disk Subsystem and 192K RAM

378 BYTE September 1982

Circle 139 on inquiry card.

or game paddle. Using the keyboard, you press the left or
right arrows to move left or right. To climb a ladder, you
station the runner at the bottom and press the space bar.
For a multilevel ladder, each time you press the space bar
another level is scaled until the top is reached. Descend-
ing a ladder is trickier. The runner can go down only one
level at a time, beginning at the top of each new ladder.
Again, you must press the space bar. (That is, you must
find a ladder that ends on the platform you are walking
on.)

To move between tiers, your runner must ride an
elevator, which will appear anywhere on the five plat-
forms in view. Furthermore, it may be headed up or
down. Because it is on the screen for short periods of
time, it's often a good idea to get to the elevator as fast as
possible. Once the runner disappears behind the elevator
door, press the space bar and the ride will begin accom-
panied by appropriate sound effects.

The only other controls of note are the ESC key, which
feeezes all action until pressed again; CTRL-S, which tog-
gles the sound on or off; and CTRL-R, which resets the
game.

Tactics, Strategy, and Stayin' Alive

Because the runner always begins a tier at the lowest
row, one of the first things you'll notice is differences in
the Bouncer's and Guzzlers' motions. The Bouncer can
start at any of the four upper platforms; moving back
and forth like a sentry, his speed ranges from very slow
to very fast (depending on the level). The Guzzlers— and
they are always in multiples — begin on the third and
fourth levels above the runner and attempt to track and
kill him. The Guzzlers' major weakness is that they usual-
ly change direction when they reach a wall, ladder, or
platform. For example, they will descend only one ladder
level at a time; therefore, the runner can move toward
them with some confidence that they will move away.
This pattern is more than compensated for by the fact
that the longer the runner stays within a given five-level
tier, the more Guzzlers will arrive!

In p re-desperate situations, I have been known to press
the ESC key to get a more leisurely overview of the ac-
tivities. It doesn't help much, but I still do it.

Scoring Beers

The problem with trying for the individual beers falling
down is that, for me, it's just not cost-effective. Stopping
for the kegs also slows one down, but I do collect them in
two circumstances: when the runner is very near the ele-
vator and I'm feeling confident or if I'm trapped and fac-
ing certain doom anyway. For consistently high scores,
look to the elevators and the blimp.

Catching the Blimp

The documentation tells you to catch the blimp, but
not how to do it. Here's the trick: the blimp moves across
the screen from left to right, so position your runner on
the left side of the roof. The blimp will be trailing a rope
from its stern. Move your runner across the roof beneath
the rope and wait for it to descend. Then press the space
bar. Try to catch the rope on the first flyby for extra
points.

Conclusions

Beer Run is witty, well thought out, and well executed.
The musical sound effects are coordinated to your on-
screen fortunes and add a comic relief to the proceedings.
However, I appreciated the inclusion of an audio off/on
switch within the program.

I enjoy the increasing difficulties encountered (more
Guzzlers, tougher layout) the further I progress, so the
game remains a challenge.

Though I have yet to sight, much less catch, an Arte-
sian, I'm not about to quit. Beer Run is a hearty brew of a
game. I'm sure you'll be amused by its impertinence. ■

NEW! M-68000
SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

i

m

w
fill]

FEATURES:

16 bit Motorola 68000 CPU operating & 10MHz, 20K bytes of on board fast static RAM, 16K
bytes of on board EPROM space, 7 levels of prioritied autovectored interrupts, 2 memory
expansion buses (up to 256K), 2 serial communication ports (RS-232C), 16-bit bidirectional
parallel port, 6800 peripheral accomodation bus, 5xl6-bit counter/ timers with vectored
interrupts, on board real time clock, software compatible with Motorola MEX68KDM
board.

PRICE:

Bare board with documentation $99.95

MEX68KDM compatible monitor in 2764 EPROM's S120.00

M68000 CPU & memory map PROM $115.00

Shipping and handling (Domestic) S3.00

W^|m^^% (Foreign) $15.00

^^ MM ^W, Educational CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ADD 6% TAX

■T. IVB ^^^R Microcomputer
&VA"A%# Systems
P.O. BOX 16115 IRVINE, CA 92713 6115 (714) 553-0133

Circle 180 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 379

BYTE'S Best

Gellap List

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,

Volumes I, II, & III
by Steve Ciarcia

Collections of Steve Ciarcia's perennially
popular columns from BYTE Magazine, these
three volumes are sure to please home computer
users and electronics hobbyists. Volume I
includes power conversions, programming
EPROMs, remote terminal interfacing, touch-
input video display, and more. Volume II,
focusing on projects which interface the personal
computer with the home, features useful applica-
tions such as a computer-controlled home securi-
ty system, computerized appliances, input-output
expansion for the TRS-80, and even a computer-
controlled wood stove. Volume III offers low-cost construc-
tion projects such as an ultrasonic rangefinder, handheld
remote computer control, two speech synthesizers, and a
remote-control motorized platform, to name just a few.

Build Your Own Z80 Computer

This complete guide to building a working computer offers

engineers, students, and hobbyists an exciting alternative to buying a computer. With clear

instructions, Steve Ciarcia fully explains how to build a basic single-board micro-computer

based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor. The finished product features a 1 K-byte operating

system, serial and parallel ports, hexadecimal display, audio cassette mass storage, and easy

expansion to include a video terminal.

m

Please send

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Vol. I $8.00

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Vol. II $ 1 2.95

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Vol. Ill $12.95

Build Your Own Z80 Computer $1 5.95

Call Toll-Free 800/258-5420

Name

Check Enclosed

Address

Bill Visa/
MasterCard #

City

State

Zip

Expiration Date

EVU

BfMl^S 70 Main Street Peterborough, N.H. 03458

Please add .7 5 per book to cover shipping cost.

B9

380 BYTE September 1982

Your TRS-80 video screen will

come to life.

I)f ■—

k=jh d

|Hr

^ Hmm

Bring your TRS-80 computer's video screen to life with the many striking graphics
displays and functional programming techniques presented in this exciting and
easy-to-follow new book!

Beginning with the basics, the authors introduce you to the tools of computer
graphics, including the capabilities of the video seized, keyboard and character
control, and graphics programming techniques such as concatenation, looping, and
using subroutines and strings. The real fun
begins as you learn how to create vivid displays
ranging from business charts and mathematical
function plots to dragons and lions, laser can-
nons, beautiful artistic designs, and a unique
animated figure called Critter. Complete pro-
gram listings and suggestions for modifications
accompany each of the more than 100 graphic
displays.

Besides providing guidance to those inter-
ested in specific applications, this book also
serves the novice as an excellent introduction to
programming in BASIC and machine language.

Written in a witty, readable style and com-
plemented by over 100 detailed illustrations,
TRS-80 Graphics for the Model I and Model III is
both a thorough guide and an invaluable refer-
ence for anyone interested in the exciting field
of computer graphics.

TRS-SO

US

BHIOS

TRS-SO

■■■HtflMil

HI nth* ■

TRS-SO

;•:

GRAPHICS

TRS-aO

ijjj

ISBN 0-07-033303-3
288 pages
Softcover
Illustrated
Price $12.95

Prepayment is required.

Please add SI. 00 to cover shipping cost

Order Toll-Free 800/258-5420

BYTE/McGraw-Hill 70 Main Street Peterboroi

Circle 70 on inquiry card.

assip

COMPUTER
IHRRKET PLRCE

Modems

Manufacturer

Novation

Novation

Novation

DC Hayes

DC Hayes

DC Hayes

Lexicon

Livermore

Signalman

UDS

UDS

UDS

UDS

Monitors

Manufacturer

Amdek
Amdek
Amdek
Sanyo
Sanyo
Sanyo
Sanyo
Zenith

Terminals

Manufacturer

Ampex

Ampex

Televideo

Televideo

Televideo

Televideo

Model #

CAT

d-CAT

Auto-Cat

Smart Modem

Micro Modem II (Apple)

Micro Modem 100

Lex-11

LIV-Star20M

Mark I

UDS 103 LP (300 Bd)

UDS 202 LP (1200 Bd)

UDS 212 LP (1200 Bd)

UDS 212 ALP (1200 Bd)

Modal #
100/12" B&W
300G/Green
Color-1/13"
DM5109CX/9 M Grn.
DM 5012/12" B&W
DM 5112ex/12" Grn.
DM C6013/13" Color
ZVM-121/12" Grn.

Modal #
Dialogue 80
Dialogue 81
TVI 910
TVI 912C
TVI 925
TVI 950C

* ' + W* r * w nM^fO^nfl

Price

$159.00
$170.00
$229.00
$235.00
$320.00
$320.00
$139.00
$149.00
$89.00
$185.00
$245.00
$455.00
$650.00

Price

$110.00
$165.00
$350.00
$175.00
$215.00
$225.00
$425.00
$115.00

Price

$780.00
$885.00
$625.00
$725.00
$825.00
$990.00

SYSTEMS WITH SPICE from
CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS
FOR APPLE II™ USERS
Synchronous Serial Interface

Part Number 7712A Price: $149.00

Programmable Timer

Part Number 7440A Price: $110.00

Asynchronous Serial Interface

Part Number 7710A Price: $139.00

Calendar/Cfock Module

Part Number 7424 Price: $110.00

3V* Digit BCD A-to-0 Converter

Part Number 7470A Price: $110.00

12K R0M/PR0M Module

Part Number 7114A Price: $105.00

Parallel Interface

Part Number 7720A Price: $115.00

Arithmetic Processor

Part Number 7811A Price: $349.00

Centronics Printer Interface

Part Number 7728A Price: $105.00

FOR S 100 USERS
32K Static RAM Board

Part Number 2032C . . . . Price: $475.00

16K Static RAM Board

Part Number 2116C Price: $290.00

64K Dynamic RAM Board

Part Number 2065C Price: $375.00

ZBOA CPU Board

Part Number 2810A Price: $295.00

Floppy Disk Controller

Part Number 2422A Price: $365.00

CP/M'" Version 2.2 Free With Purchase
SI 00 Mainframe

Part Number 2200A Price: $475.00

SI 00 Motherboard

Part Number 2501A Price: $150.00

4-Port Serial 1/0 Interface

Part Number 2710A Price: $295.00

2-Serlal. 2-Parallel I/O Board

Part Number 2719A Price: $325.00

4-Port Parallel l/D Board

Part Number 2720A Price: $255.00

Connectors

DB25P
DB25S
DB25C

1-9

$2.00
$2.95
$0.95

10-24

$1.90
$2.75
$0.85

25 up

$1.75
$2.50
$0.75

Part #

744-0
744-10
744-16
745-0
745-10
745-16

Part #

MD1
MD2D
MH1
MH2D

FD1-128
FH1-32
FD2-XD

Part #

EMS1
EMS 2
EMS 3
EMS 4
EMS 5
EMS 6
EMS 7

Part #

SRW-5
SRW-8

DISKETTES from ASAP

Verbatim

5'/<" Diskettes

Part*

Sector

MD525-01

Soft

MD525-10

Hard 10

MD525-16

Hard 16

8" Diskettes

FD32-1000

Hard

FD34-1000

Soft

Memorex

5W Diskettes

Partfl

Side/Dans Sector

MEM 3481

1/0bl Soft

MEM 3483

1/Dbl Hard 10

MEM 3485

1/Dbl Hard 16

8" Diskettes

MEM 3060

1/Sgl Soft

MEM 3090

1/Dbl Soft

MEM 3102

2/Dbl Soft

Scotch 3M
5'/r Diskettes
Slde/Oans Sector
1/Sgl Soft

1/Sgl Hard 10

1/Sgl Hard 16

2/Dbl Soft

2/Dbl Hard 10

2/Dbl Hard 16

Maxell
5%' Diskettes
Slde/Oent Sector
1/Sgl
2/Dbl
1/Sgl
2/Dbl

Soft
Soft
Hard 16
Hard 16

8" Diskettes

1/Sgl Soft

1/Sgl Soft 32

2/Dbl Soft

Elephant Memory Systems
Slde/Oans Sector

1/Sgl
1/Dbl
1/Dbl
1/Dbl
2/Dbl
2/Dbl
2/Dbl

Soft
Soft
Hard 10
Hard 16
Soft
Hard 10
Hard 16

SRW
Media Storage Cases

Size

5V«"

p . ^m-9 p .

*»^v>-»r^

Price
10/S27.50
10/S27 50
10/S27.50

10/S35.00

10/$35.00

Price

10/S27.50
10/S27.50
10/S27.50

10/S35.00

10/$45.00
10/S55.00

Price
10/S33.00
10/S33.00
10/S33.00

10/$45.00
10/$45.00
10/$45.00

Price
10/S32.00
10/S44.00
10/S39.00

10/$50.00

10/541.00
10/S41.00
10/S50.00

Price
10/$25.00
10/$27.50
10/S27.50
10/$27.50
10/S33.00
10/533.00
10/S33.00

Price

$2.50 ea.
$3.25 ea.

ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. CALL
FOR BEST PRICE.

ASAP offers a 15-day buyer protection policy: full money-
back guarantee if not totally satisfied.
Ordering Information: name, address, phone; ship by: UPS
or Mail. Shipping charge: add $2.90 up to 1 lb. (UPS blue).
U.S. Mail add $1.50 (U.S. only) ($25.00 minimum order).
Terms: We accept cash, check, money orders. Visa and
Master Charge (U.S. f undsoniy). Tax: 6% Calif . res.. 6V 2 %
L.A. County, CDD's and terms available on approval
(School PO's Accepted).

1198 E. Willow St. Signal Hill, CA 90806 (800) 421-7701 • (213) 595-6431 •
ASAP COMPUTER PRODUCTS LTD. 116 Viceroy Road,D-12 Concord, Toronto, Ontario L4K1A9 Canada

382 BYTE September 1982

Price

ATARI® COMPUTER GAMES

ATARI® BOO™

(lSKj Personal Business Computer Features:

• Computer console

• Atari® 8K basic

• 57 full stroke alpha-numeric keyboard
with four function keys

• Operators manual

• RF modulator

• Power supply

• also available 32K & 48K system
Call lor price

Software
Description
Atari®

Basketball $ 27.00

Super Breakout S 33.00

Chess S 32.00

Video Easel S 26.00

Star Raiders $ 37.00

Asteroids $ 32.00

Music Composer $ 44.00

Assembler/Editor $ 45.00

Telelinkl S 24.00

Space Invaders $ 33.00

Missle Command $ 33.00

Graph It 3-17.95

Mailing List ,..;,"$ 19.95

Touch Typing $ 19.95

Stock Charting S 22.95

Stock Analysis $ 19.95

Bond Analysts S 22.95

Word Processor $1*19.00

Personal Finance . . $ 64.95

Microsoft BASIC . $ 75.00

Pac-Man : . . $ 35.00

Centipede $ 35.00

Caverns of Mars $ 32.00

Atari® Optional Accessories

Modal H

Oescrlptlor

Price

410

Program

Recorder

. . S 80.00

810

Disk Drive System

. . $470.00

822

40-Column Thermal Printer

..$299.00

825

80-Column Dot Matrix Printer . . .

. . $645.00

830

Acoustic Modem

..$159.00

850

Interface Module

. . $175.00

CX30-04

Paddle Cc
Joysticks

ntrols

. . S 17.95

CX40-04

tna'ir)

. ; $ 17.95

A16KA

16K RAM Board , ......

..$45.00

Components

4116s (200 nS)/5290-3

Apple, TRS-80. Heath

1-15 ....

$1.50 each 50-99...

$1.30 each

16-49 . . .

$1.40 each 100 up

$1.20 each

Printers

Anadex

9501A

$1,425.00

Citoh

8510AP Prowriter (Parallel)

$485.00

Citoh

8510ADC Prowriter

(Parallel & Serial)

$665.00

Citoh

F1040PU Printmaster

(Parallel)

CALL

Citoh

F1040PU Printmaster

(Serial)

CALL

Citoh

1550 Prowriter II (Parallel)

$740.00

Citoh

1550 Prowriter II

(Parallel & Serial)

$825.00

Diablo

630 RD

$2,095.00

Epson

MX80 w/Graftrak Plus*

$480.00

Epson

MX80FT w/Graftrak Plus*

$575.00

Epson

MX100

$725.00

*Graftrak Plus Standard on all Models

Printer Interfaces

AEI-1

Parallel Interfaces

$40.00

SEI-1

Serial Interfaces for Epson

$35.00

EPI-1

2K Serial Buffer for Epson

$65.00

DKI-1

2K Serial Buffer for Dkidata

$109.00

Printer Cables

AEC-1

Parallel Cable to Apple

$17.95

AEC-2

Parallel Cable to Atari®

$19.95

RSC-1

RS232C Cable

$19.95

RSC-2

Dkidata/RS232C Cable

$25.00

TRSE-1

Parallel Cable to TRS-80

$18.95

(714) 891-2663 HlwHl
comDutfc

IP

(4161738-0500 (800) 268-1996 products, inc

Circle 36 on inquiry card.

Advanced Star Raider
Tactics and Strategies

C. Donald Harris Jr.

508 Misty Lane

Friendswood, TX 77546

I assume that by now
most people who own
both an Atari 400 or 800
computer and the Star
Raider game cartridge
have either reached some
level of proficiency or
given up the challenge
entirely and gone on to
other interests. This arti-
cle is directed toward
those of you who have
mastered the easier levels
of the game, who
thoroughly understand
Atari's Star Raider Users
Manual, and are ready
to attempt more hazard-
ous adventures.

From my viewpoint,
the four levels of difficul-
ty should be considered in

•

•

•

1
i .

-

K5H

y s en k

OS — Ol

: are cs

<*>S +31

?as a • : .

Photo 1: The view from the bridge of this "sit-in-' em" game of
galactic strategy.

two groups:

• The beginner group (Novice and Pilot levels) will be
entirely satisfying for those of you who enjoy the game
but wish to avoid addiction. At the beginner levels, your
ship is small, almost indestructible, and will only be at-
tacked from the front.

• The expert group (Warrior and Commander levels) re-
quires considerably greater skills. Your ship is larger,

more vulnerable, and
will be subjected to aft
attacks or even simultan-
eous front and aft at-
tacks.

I look at the Warrior
level as basic training for
the Commander level
and suggest that your ad-
vanced training begin
with that approach.
Don't expect much in the
way of rank at the War-
rior level— the game-
completion bonus is too
low. A week or so of
practice at the Warrior
level will sharpen your
skills considerably and,
with the tips provided in
this, article, you should
be prepared for mastery of the Commander level.

Overall Strategy

You should first reach a fair amount of proficiency at
the Pilot level. For example, you should be able to fly "on
instruments." Without stopping to think, you should
know at once where the Enemy, the Zylon, is from the
azimuth, elevation, and range instruments on the display
and which way to move the joystick to maneuver your

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 383

CALL "THE COMPUTER-LINE"

TM

nitimii imniuniiti

When you call us, you talk to fully qualified computer specialists trained to
answer all your questions pertaining to our line of microcomputers. We are
renowned for our excellent after sales support and our promptness for
delivery. Peace of mind and excellence in service is our pledge to all our
customers.

NEC PERSONAL COMPUTER

PC-8001A Keyboard and processor unit, including 32K Ram, 24KB
N-Basic Rom, cassette tape recorder interface, parallel
printer interface, display interface.
$749
PC-8012A Modular expansion unit, including I/O bus extension,
diskette adaptor, 32KB Ram, real-time clock, 8 priority inter-
rupt levels, 6 slots for additional boards.
$479
PC-8023A Dot matrix printer - 100 cps, bidirectional printing, propor-
tional printer.

$499

PC-8031A Dual diskette unit, including two 163K byte diskette drives,
interface cable, enclosure and operating system.
$749

We carry the entire line of NEC/BPI software for the personal computer.
Please call or write for information.

CALIFORNIA
COMPUTER SYSTEMS

7710 Async. Serial Int. $135
7490 GPIB (IEEE-488) Int. $239
7470 Ana. to Dig. Converter $99

771 1 Async. Serial (Term) $135

7712 Sync. Serial Int. $149
7721 Apple Parallel Int. $109
Calendar/Clock Module $ 99
Programable Timer $ 99

MOUNTAIN
HARDWARE

CPS Multi-Function Card $169

The Clock $229

Supertalker $159

Music System $319

Expansion Chassis $599

Romwriter $139

Ram Plus (32K Board) $149

PRINTERS

NEC

Spinwriter 7710/7730 $2339

8023A $ 489

EPSON (Graftrax Plus)
MX-80 $ 429

MX-80FT $ 529

MX-100 $ 699

All Epson and NEC dot matrix
printer prices quoted are for
immediate delivery inclusive of
shipping, insurance and handling
charges.

JNECi

lEPSONfl

INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS

PRISM 132 Color printer with all
options

• 200 cps Sprint Mode

• 4-color printing

• Friction/Tractor feed $1595

C-ITOH
F10 Word Quality Printer

• 40 CPS Printing

• Letter quality excellence

Now Only $1395

Prowriter 120cps $469.00

BUSINESS SOFTWARE
VISICORP, INC. STONEWARE

Desktop Plan III $229 DB Master

Desktop Plan II $189 DB Utility Pack

Visifiles $189 MICRO PRO

Visiplot $159 Apple CP/M

Visitrend/Visiplot $229 WordStar

Visidex $189 Super Sort

Visiterm $ 79 Mail Merger

Visicalc3-3 $189 DataStar

Visipak $539 Spell Star

Calc Star
APPLE WORD PROCESSING On line's Sensational
Screenwriter II

Call For Continental. Dakin 5, Broderbund, Automated Simulations, Avant'
Edu-Ware, Denver. Howard. Sirius. Sensible, Synergistic Software, Etc.

$169
$ 69

$219
$119
$ 79
$179
$119
$119

$89

Garde.

CALL FOR PRICES ON
•APPLE II

• FRANKLIN ACE

• BASIS 108

• RANA DRIVES

• TAN DON DRIVES

• HARD D:ISK SYSTEMS

I I I I I 1 M I

COMPUTE-RCADE™

WE CARRY THE

REVOLUTIONARY GAME

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AND APPLE COMPUTERS!

CALL FOR INFORMATION AND

PRICING

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 tni'.v.

MICROCOMPUTER BUSINESS INDUSTRIES

Appletime™ Clock Card $89

VIP™I Card. (The Ultimate

graphics interface + cable) $99

All other VIP™ Cards $CALL

(See advertisement this Byte)

COMPARE!

/ WITH

DRIVES FOR / CONTROLLER
APPLE / $429

/ ADDON $359

Hard Disks + 8" Disks for Apple, TRS-80 $CALL
Apple Computer Products $CALL

PRODUCTS • PLEASE CALL
OR WRITE FOR CATALOG.

MODEMS

Hayes Micromodem II $289

Hayes Smartmodem $229

Hayes Chronograph $199

Novation Cat $145

Novation D-Cat Modem $165

Novation Apple Cat II $339

Novation Auto Cat $209

CERMETEK $CALL

1200 baud modem

DISKETTES (Boxes of 10)

Verbatim Datalife $24-95

Verbatim 8"

Double-Side/DD $ 39-95
RAM CARDS

Davong 16K Card $ 89

Microsoft 16K Card $129
T and G PRODUCTS

Game paddles $ 29

Joy Stick $ 44

Selecta-port Expander $ 49

MONITORS

Zenith ZVM-121 Phosphor

15 MHZ $119

NEC 1201 Phosphor

20 MHZ $179

NEC 0112 Composite

Color $335

NEC2112RGBColor $899

Amdek 300 Phosphor $185

Amdek Composite Color $355
Amdek IBM Compatible

Color $749

80 COLUMN CARDS
FOR APPLE

Wesper80Card
Vision 80 Card (Vista)
Videx80Card

MISCELLANEOUS

APPLE PRODUCTS

Enhancer II $

Dana Apple Fan $

$259
$289
$259

Sup R Mod

119
39
$27-95

IN COLORADO (303) 279-2727

t i • i i • 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i M i i i 1 1 1 1 1 r » » i ■

* * ■ * -«..■■» ■ . . ■ ■■...!

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Circle 122 on inquiry car

COMPUTER

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ENERGY DRAIN VS. SECTORS TRAVELED

ENERGY
IN MERGS

1200
1000
800
600
400
200

-\- -\- 4

t

>f /

S**

/*

7

~y_

y

MN-- *- f

2 3 4 5 6 7

SECTORS TRAVELED

Figure 1: Energy drain for hyperwarp engine use. The drastic in-
crease in energy use over distances greater than four sectors em-
phasizes the need to plan movement within the galaxy so that
only short jumps are required.

craft. You should also know how to conserve energy dur-
ing hyperwarp and when using the twin ion engines.

To properly prepare to wipe out your enemy, your
battle plan should be designed around three priorities:
survival, defense of starbases, and energy conservation.
The main objective of course is survival (no easy task at
the Commander level).

To begin the attack, switch to the Galactic Chart and
press "P" (the Pause command). Now, it's study time:
note the locations of your starbases in relation to the
enemy's ships. This should help you plan your hyper-
warp jumps from sector to sector more efficiently. The
early-game strategy for defending starbases will include
determining the starbase under attack and eliminating the
fastest-moving enemy squadrons first. (Never go after a
four-ship enemy squadron first, because you will find a
starbase surrounded before you know it.)

You won't be able to figure out which starbase is first
on the Zylons' hit list right away. It may take 150 to 200
centons (time units) of tracking enemy squadron
movements to decide. In this interval, you should have
blitzed your second or third two-ship squadron. Pick a
nearby two- or three-ship fleet (they are faster!) and at-
tack it. A caution: don't stray too far from the galactic
center until you're certain which starbase to defend. You
don't want to waste energy crossing the entire galaxy to
begin your starbase defense. Don't forget about passing
centons. Check the galactic chart during lulls in the
fighting and note enemy-squadron movement. Don't
forget to make your hyperwarps short jumps to save
energy. Figure 1 shows the energy units used compared to
hyperwarp distances out to nine sectors. Notice the large

energy increase for five sectors or more, and again over
eight sectors. Once you've identified the starbase under
attack, mop up the sector you are in, if you feel there is
time, and move to defend your starbase.

As your attack continues, you should stay near the
starbase under attack and let the Zylons come to you;
but watch the tricky Devils — when you least suspect it
they will switch starbases and begin moving to a new
target. Continue to wipe out the two- and three-ship
fleets first. Once you've done that, the pressure is off
your starbases. Now that I've laid out the overall
strategy, let's proceed with the fun part: wiping out the
evil vermin.

Behind Enemy Lines

While in an enemy sector and attempting to destroy
Zylons, your objectives are survival and energy conser-
vation. The main energy drains inside the sector result

Text continued on page 392

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September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 385

Videosyncrasies

Anyone who has not been a Star Raider might not
understand the fascination that envelops one when
playing the game — the many hours that go into learn-
ing how to swerve away from incoming photon
torpedoes, the frustration of losing control of the ship
while in hyperspace and then emerging in some empty
nether region of the galaxy while the dastardly Zylons
surround and destroy your last starbase. Atari's Star
Raider is the first, and so far the best, of a genre that I
call "sit-in- em" games.

Let me explain that, as a Star Raider, you are actual-
ly sitting in your ship, seeing stars, Zylons, starbases,
and the rest of a vast galaxy whiz by as if you were
looking out a window. Don't confuse Star Raider with
the more common "map" games like Space Invaders or
Pac-Man, where you look down at a map of yourself
and your opponents. In Star Raider, you are pilot of a
one-man ship with all the expected properties of a
military vessel capable of roving the galaxy: it has
weapons, defenses, and communications equipment; it

has inertia; it can be damaged and, when it is, you are
in trouble.

Although map games have their place (as evidenced
by the continuing popularity of chess), this is the type
of game that best employs the power of the computer,
because it uses the computer to give you capabilities
that would otherwise be impossible. It puts you
somewhere you could not normally go. I must admit
that "sit-in- em" games are now the only type I will
stoop to conquer. My jaded imagination can no longer
be excited by watching my "blip" shoot at the com-
puter's "blip" on a screen — too impersonal.

Star Raider is probably the single greatest con-
tributor to the sales of Atari's 400 and 800 series com-
puters. People seem to buy the computer just to get the
game, and then they find out that it can be useful in
other ways too (but Star Raider still gets top priority).
If you're thinking about writing a game for personal
computers, Star Raider is the one to beat.

Here's a collection of notes and observations I have

Text box continued on page 388

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The Transformation People.

»337

SSM Microcomputer Products Inc.
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386 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 434 on inquiry card.

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Text box continued:

made after, literally, several hundred hours of playing
the game. These tricks and considerations, as well as
those Mr. Harris mentions, are the ones that I now
employ whenever I play Star Raider. If you are a
beginner to the game, perhaps you might want to con-
sider waiting to read this— a large part of the enjoy-
ment of the game is learning how to win.

Understanding the Zylons

• Never lose sight of the fact that the name of the game
for the Zylons is destruction of your starbases. To do
this, they surround a starbase, cut off its supplies, and
kill it, then build two ships out of the wreckage.

• Once a starbase is surrounded, you have only a cer-
tain amount of time to save it.

Planning

• Remember that while you are docked at a starbase,
you can view the galactic chart and set up for your
next hyper space jump. That way, when "transfer com-
plete" appears on your screen, you can immediately
enter F (Forward view) and then H (hyper space). Not
only does this save time, but you get to watch the
repair ship flash by (and probably scare the dickens
out of its crew).

• Zylon task forces vary in size, but the smallest ones
always move toward starbases the fastest; wipe them
out first.

• Zylons jump into hyperspace on time units ending
with .00 and .50, so check the time when you re plan-
ning your next hyperjump — if the clock is between .40
and .49 or between .90 and .99, it's worth your while
to wait and watch time — they will very likely move
out from under you if you don't.

•As long as your subspace radio is working, you will
get a message whenever a starbase is surrounded.
Early in the game, when there are a lot of fast Zylon
squadrons around, it's best to go to the starbases aid
immediately.

• If you know you can't save a surrounded starbase,
admit defeat and go in and blow it up yourself as soon
as you can (see the next section on how to hyperwarp
directly to starbases). You'll be penalized, but not as
much as if the Zylons had done it; and this way, they
don't get to use the wreckage to build more ships.

Saving Energy

• If you want to, you can turn off shields, etc., to save
energy during hyperwarps.

• You can usually hyperwarp directly to a starbase by
centering the indicator on the attack-computer display
as you enter the starbases sector. This lets you "coast"

right up to the base. Text box continued on page 390

388 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 185 on Inquiry card.

IBM PC

192K

RS232 SERIAL

s 499

. . . what's the catch?

1YEAR
WARRANTY

Take a good look. This is the face of
things to come. On one board in one slot,
you get 192k of additional memory and a
serial printer port. If you look close you
will see the board has room to expand to
256k. You can even add a parallel port on
thesame board. And if that isnotenough,
by the time you read this we will have
added another useful option — a real
time clock.

IBM DIDN'T MAKE IT SIMPLE

Well that's good, because simple
usually means limitations, and so far we
have not found a lot of limitations. It is
hard to pick IBM cards when you have
only five slots. Now lets see. If -you want
graphics and color you buy one board.
And if you want a printer port you buy
another. Or you buy a monitor adapter
and you get a printer port on the same
board. When you want to add serial com-
munication it's another board. Add some
memory at 64k per board. Wait a minute.
Thats two plus one, plus one, plus one
more, minus one if you don't want
graphics — HELP!! Your PC is now a
mass of boards and you still want to do
more. Not only that, but you now have
spent so much money on boards you
may have to compromise somewhere
else in your system.

A QUICK SURVEY

We decided the answer was a board
that could do several jobs and use a
single slot. First we called IBM to find
out what kinds of boards and accessor-
ies are sold in what percentages. Wrong
question. You would have thought we
had asked what was on the missing 18
minutes of the Watergate tapes, because
that's what we got — a long silent pause.
The official answer was "that informa-
tion is not available to non-IBM people."
So we started calling dealers and asking
them. Turns out that about 85% of the
systems they sell have the monitor board
with the printer port. The next most pop-
ular item is the asynchronous serial
board, and then memory. Almost all of
the salesmen we talked to tried to tell us
we didn't want IBM 64k memory boards,
and they would be happy to sell any num-

ber of aftermarket boards for prices rang-
ing from $795 to $1195. A.C. Nielsen
would be proud.

HOW IT'S DONE

Land. Printed circuit area is called
land. If you have enough land, and you
are real clever in how you use it, you can
"grow" everything you want on one
board. In this case we have enough land
to do all the popular things. First 192k.
This combined with the 64k in the PC
gives you 256k. Just the right number.
Count 'em. Nine per row of 64k bit chips
so you get parity checking. Our board
comes standard with an RS232-C serial
port. All of the good things like solder
masking, silk screening of parts loca-
tions, and of course gold plated con-
nectors are standard. Each board is test-
ed and burned in.

For an additional $50 you can get a
parallel printer port. On the little land we
have left we are adding a real time clock
which you can have for $50. You can put
in your own row of chips to increase the
memory to 256k, but we won't warranty
your row of chips. For $100 we will add
them to the board, test, burn in, and war-
ranty them.

AN OFFER YOU SHOULDN'T REFUSE

One of the best things you can use
the PC for is a spreadsheet program like
Visicalc. That's how we figured out ex-
actly how much this board cost us to
build and how much to sell it for. Then
we discovered Supercalc. All the things
we liked about Visicalc are in it, and all
the things we did not like are corrected.
\\ addresses all the memory (256k), and
in fact will address 512k if you have it.
Now the offer. If you buy the package
from us, the board and Supercalc, it will
only cost you $675. Look around. You
don't have to take our word for it. But
you should. The offer is only good if you
buy them both at the same time.

FALLS LIKE A ROCK

Clever design, mass production,
and the fact that we do it all on one
board is how you get so much for so little.

We sell direct to you. No dealer or dis-
tributor profits are added on. And guess
what else. If the prices of the most ex-
pensive components, the memory chips
comes down, we will reduce our prices
even more. Be sure to give us a call be-
fore you buy, you might be in for a pleas-
ant surprise.

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED

Our warranty is 1 year parts and
labor. We include the schematics with
each board. We also sell diagnostics on
diskette for $10. We will repair any board
returned for warranty repairs within 48
hours of receipt or we will give you a new
board. And to top it off, if for any reason
you are not satisfied, you may return the
board to us within 30 days for a full re-
fund. Period.

192k and Serial Port $499

64k more, add $100

Parallel printer port $50

Real time clock $50

California residents add 6V2 % Sales Tax.

SHIPMENT

By UPS. We pay the freight.

PAYMENT

Cash, cashiers check, or money
order. Visa and Mastercard accepted.
Personal checks will require two weeks
to clear.

TO ORDER

Outside California (800) 421-7103
California(213) 870-3718

QUBIE'
DISTRIBUTING

1 703 Stewart Street
Santa Monica, CA 90404

Circle 494 on inquiry card.

Text box continued:

•If you can't swerve in time, it's best to blast incoming
enemy rounds: photons cost you 10 mergs, but taking
a hit costs 100 mergs (plus damage).

Battle Techniques

• Note that your fired photons never go above the
horizontal crosshair on your screen, so it seems ad-
visable to keep Zylon ships below the crosshair too.

• Any hits that you receive toward the center of your
screen seem to do much more damage than those on
the periphery.

Damaged Equipment

• Use the sector scanner only as a backup device for
the times that your computer is out of commission. It
takes too long to adjust your course by using the sector
scanner; rather, learn to rely on the instruments and
the attack-computer display.

• When your ion engines are damaged, note that the
velocity indicator flickers between and 12; if you
then try to select a speed, the speed indicator flickers
between and 6. If you're going after a Zylon who
damages your engines, don't touch the speed controls.

• Your hyperwarp engines can be used within a sector
if your ion engines are damaged. Simply abort hyper-
warp by selecting speed when you get to where you
want to go (you'll lose the speed advantage described
above, and it'll cost 100 mergs to abort the
hyperwarp) .

Videosyncrasies or Things
That Happen but Shouldn't

• The animation slows for several seconds after an ex-
plosion; it may speed up at an inopportune moment.
The effect is that your ship responds slowly as you try
to line up on a Zylon, then, all of a sudden, his ship
zips in and fires very quickly.

• When looking through an aft view, always turn
toward incoming enemy rounds to avoid being hit.
•At the higher difficulty levels, some enemy rounds
may seem to go by but still score damage.

• The tracking computer is a handy tool; learn to use
it, but watch out: if you destory a Zylon in front of
you after he has fired, the tracking computer will
switch to aft view and the enemy round will score —
learn to swerve if this happens.

Further Fun

• It seems to help your cause if you call the Zylons by
name. Suggestions are:

Vermin
Villains
Nasties
Dastard

Zyloons
Zyklowns
Zylarks
Hey You!

• If you think you're getting good at it, try playing
Sudden Death (Warrior level with no shields).

Damn the photons! Full speed ahead!

CPF

DtI K.iback issues

for sa

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ie

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$2.75

$3.25

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Nov.

$2.75

$3.25

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$3.25

June

S2.00

$2.75

$2.75

$3.25

$3.25

$3.70

Dec.

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$3.25

$3.25

Circle and send requests with payment to:
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Attn: Back Issues

* Payments from foreign countries must be made in US funds payable at a US

bank.

*Please allow 4 weeks for domestic delivery and 8 weeks for foreign

delivery.

namp

The above
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prices inc
id Mexico,

lude pos
and S2.C

tage in tl-
)0 per cof

e US. Pie
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ries.

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390 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES

THE LAST MEMORY™ is a high performance 64K memory module for 8 bit S100 systems. This board uses 16K
byte-wide static RAM's which eliminate the timing and reliability problems associated with dynamic RAM boards.
The 2K by 8 architecture of these RAM's allow high density and low power consumption, a characteristic not found in
most static memories. This architecture also allows the use of 2716 type EPRPOM's in place of RAM IC's with no
modification. As a result, this one board provides total system memory. THE LAST MEMORY™ is available
starting at less than $100.00

LASTING MEMORY™ is a combination EEPROM (Electrically Eraseable PROM)/EPROM/R AM memory module
for 8 bit S100 systems. This board includes an onboard EEPROM programmer which programs and erases 2816/2815
type EEPROM's with normal memory write instructions - no special software is required. Erasing and writing maybe
performed one byte at a time - no need to start over to make simple changes. Programming may be performed in any
socket - EEPROM's can be tested and used without moving them. EEPROM's, 2716 type EPROM's, or 16K byte-
wide static RAM's may be located in any of the 16 memory sockets for a total of 32K bytes of memory. LASTING
MEMORY™ is available at $299.

The VIB1™ is an intelligent I/O mapped CRT controller for use within S100 BUS (IEEE 696) systems. It incorporates
all the video display capabilities of a stand-alone smart terminal. Some of its outstanding features include: 80
characters x 24 lines with an independant 25th line; full ASCII character set including control characters; graphics
characters set; six visual attributes which can be used in combination; extensive screen editing and screen read
capabilities. The VIB1™ will be available in the 4th quarter 1982 at less than $300.

ideaLink™ is a high speed FSK modem which plugs into the S100 BUS (IEEE 696) and connects to a standard
telephone in place of the handset. It is Bell 103/202 compatible offering both 300 Bps full duplex and 1200 Bps half
duplex. All signal processing is performed digitally for long term reliability. ideaLink™ will be available in the 4th
quarter 1982 at less than $300.

static memory systems inc.

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All prices net, FOB Freeport, IL
OEM discounts available
Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 438 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 391

McGraw-Hill
Bookstore

a Your Headquarters for Computer
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Text, continued from page 385:

from hits from enemy photons and using the twin ion
engines. By far the most important of these is avoiding
being hit by enemy photons. Each photon hit costs 100
mergs (energy units) and causes damage. Damage not
only reduces your chances of survival, but certain kinds
of damage will mean an unplanned trip to the nearest
starbase for repairs. This extra trip could cost 300 to 800
mergs or more. Eight hundred mergs is equivalent to
about eight final-score points, or the difference between
ranks of Star Commander 1 and Star Commander 2.

The ion engines should seldom be needed in the enemy
sector. As your ship comes out of hyperwarp and coasts
to a stop, three different types of enemy movements will
be found: ships with no movement, fast-moving ships
that will seem to approach you but then retreat, and ships
coming on at full-speed attack. Notice that ships within
120 metrons (distance units) will always attack, become
visible, and be within photon range.

Don't trust your tracking computer to lock on to the
nearest enemy vessel. If you are not immediately under
attack when entering a sector, press M (the manual-track-
ing key) to avoid nasty surprises. If a ship is coming on at
full speed, just wait for it. When a ship seems to be com-
ing in for an attack, but then takes off in some other
direction, don't chase it because that's the sucker move.
Scan the sector for another ship to attack. If you have the
time and patience and are willing to wait, the enemy will
eventually come to you. (But don't forget that your star-
base is under attack while you are waiting.) Early in the
game at the Commander Level, you cannot afford to
wait.

Contrary to what the user's manual tells you, speed 6 is
not the most efficient way to use your ion engines.
Energy requirements for shields, computers, and life-
support systems must be accounted for during the jour-
ney. According to the manual, the energy drain for these
systems is 2.75 mergs /centron (energy units per time
unit). Although my tests show a lower energy consump-
tion, the most efficient speed is actually 8 not 6. Figure 2
shows calculated and measured energy consumed for
distances of 500 and 900 metrons. The calculated values
are based on information taken from the user's manual.
In either case, there is little difference in energy used for
speeds above 7.

Engaging the Enemy

As you come out of hyperwarp and coast to a stop,
you will often find yourself overunning an enemy ship
and being fired on before you are ready to defend
yourself. Try this! As the ship comes within about 150 to
200 metrons, throw your ship into a hard turn in either
direction. Hold the turn until the enemy has passed all the

392 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 289 on inquiry card.

H

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' CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research - 'XEROX is a trademark of Xerox Corp. " IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp. • ' OSBORNE is a trademark of Osborne Corp.

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1 RCILE78 Interest Apportionment by Rule of the 78's

2 AMMCI1 Annuity computation program

3 DATE Time between dates

4 DAYYE^R Day of year a particular date falls on

5 LEASEJNT Interest rate on lease

6 BREAKEVN Breakeven analysis

7 DEPRSL Straightline depreciation

8 DEPRSY Sum of the digits depreciation

9 DEPRDB Declining balance depreciation

1 DEPRDDB Double declining balance depreciation

1 1 TAXDEP Cash flow vs. depreciation tables

12 CHECK2 Prints MEBS checks along with daily register

13 CHECKBK1 Checkbook maintenance program

1 4 MORTGAGE/A Mortgage amortization table

1 5 MCLTMOM Computes time needed for money to double, triple.

1 6 SALVAGE Determines salvage value of an investment

1 7 RRVAR1M Rate of return on investment with variable inflows

1 8 RRCOMST Rate of return on investment with constant inflows

1 9 EFFECT Effective interest rate of a loan

20 FVAL Future value of an investment (compound interest)

21 PVAL Present value of a future amount

22 LOAMPAY Amount of payment on a loan

23 REGWITH Equal withdrawals from investment to leave over

24 SIMPDISK Simple discount analysis

25 DATEVAL Equivalent & nonequivalent dated values for oblig.

26 ANNC1DEF Present value of deferred annuities

27 MARKUP % Markup analysis for items

28 SIMKFCIMD Sinking fund amortization program

29 BOMDVAL Value of a bond

30 DEPLETE Depletion analysis

31 BLACKSH Black Scholes options analysis

32 STOCVAL1 Expected return on stock via discounts dividends

33 WARVAL Value of a warrant

34 BOMDVAL2 Value of a bond

35 EPSEST Estimate of future earnings per share for company

36 BETAALPH Computes alpha and beta variables for stock

37 SHARPE1 Portfolio selection model-i.e. what stocks to hold

38 OPTWRITE Option writing computations

39 RTVAL Value of a right

40 EXPVAL Expected value analysis

41 BAYES Bayesian decisions

42 VALPRIMF Value of perfect information

43 VALADIMF Value of additional information

44 UTILITY Derives utility function

45 SIMPLEX Linear programming solution by simplex method
4b TRAMS Transportation method for linear programming

47 EOQ Economic order quantity inventory model

48 QCIECIE1 Single server queueing (waiting line) model

49 CVP Cost-volume-profit analysis

50 COMDPROF Conditional profit tables

51 OPFLOSS Opportunity loss tables

52 FQCIOQ Fixed quantity economic order quantity model

53 FQEOWSH As above but with shortages permitted

54 FQEOQPB As above but with quantity price breaks

55 QCJECIECB Cost-benefit waiting line analysis

56 NCFANAL Met cash-flow analysis for simple investment

57 PROFIMD Profitability index of a project

58 CAP1 Cap. Asset Pr. Model analysis of project

59 WACC Weighted average cost of capital

60 COMPBAL True rate on loan with compensating bal. required

61 DISCBAL True rate on discounted loan

62 MERGAMAL Merger analysis computations

63 FIMRAT Financial ratios for a firm

64 MPV Met present value of project

65 PRIMDLAS Laspeyres price index

66 PRIMDPA Paasche price index

67 SEASIND Constructs seasonal quantity indices for company

68 TIMETR Time series analysis linear trend

69 TIMEMOV Time series analysis moving average trend

70 FC1PRIMF Future price estimaion with inflation

71 MAILPAC Mailing list system

72 LETWRT Letter writing system-links with MAILPAC

73 SORT3 Sorts list of names

74 LABEL1 Shipping label maker

75 LABEL2 Mame label maker

76 BCISBC1D DOME business bookkeeping system

77 TIMECLCK Computes weeks total hours from timeclock info.

78 ACCTPAY In memory accounts payable system-storage permitted

79 IMVOICE Generate invoice on screen and print on printer

80 IMVEMT2 In memory inventory control system

81 TELDIR Computerized telephone directory

82 TIMC1SAM Time use analysis

83 ASSIGM Use of assignment algorithm for optima! job assign.

84 ACCTREC In memory accounts receivable system-storage ok

85 TERMSPAY Compares 3 methods of repayment of loans

86 PAYMET Computes gross pay required for given net

87 SELLPR Computes selling price for given after tax amount

88 ARBCOMP Arbitrage computations

89 DEPRSF Sinking fund depreciation

90 (JPSZOME Finds UPS zones from zip code

91 EMVELOPE Types envelope including return address

92 AUTOEXP Automobile expense analysis

93 IMSFILE Insurance policy file

94 PAYROLL2 In memory payroll system

95 DILAMAL Dilution analysis

96 LOAMAFFD Loan amount a borrower can afford

97 REMTPRCH Purchase price for rental property

98 SALELEAS Sale-leaseback analysis

99 RRCOMVBD Investor's rate of return on convertable bond
100 PORTVAL9 Stock market portfolio storage-valuation program

□ TRS-80 Cassette Version $99.95

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and CP/M Versions $149.95

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DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

ALL PRICES 4 SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE
DELIVERY SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY

Circle 210 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 393

Circle 530 on inquiry card.

CHIPS & DALE E3

THE INFLATION FIGHTERSI
♦ ♦♦SPECIAL***

4116 250ns8/S9.50 100+ S1.05ea. '1791 Disk Controller $ 16.50

4116 200ns 8/S 1 1 .00 100+ S 1 . 1 8 ea. *Z80A CPU S3. 00

4116 150ns 8/S14.50 100+ S1.50ea. 8251A S4.00ea.

4116 120ns 8/S16.50 100+ $1.80 ea. 2716-1 (5V)350ns 8/85.50 ea. S6.25 ea.

21 14L 300ns 8/813.00 2716 (5V)450ns 8/83.75 ea. 84.00 ea.

21 14L 200ns 8/814.75 »2732 (5V)450ns 8/87.25 ea.89.00ea.
•4164 200ns 86.95 100+ 86.25 2532 (5V)450ns 8/87.25 ea. 89.00 ea.

•4164 150ns 87.95 ea. 100+ CALL 27645V 300ns 28 pin 120.00 ea.

•61 16 150ns 86.75 100+ CALL
•61 16 200ns 85.25

COMPUTERS

NECP.C.8000 suflfl. lists C&D

8001 Comp 32K 8995.00 8715.00

8012 I/O unit S649.00 S475.00

8031 Dual Minidisk unit 8995.00 S715.00

OtherMEC Products . CALL —

Altos Computers CALL —

Eagle II 82995.00 CALL

Eagle III $3995.00 CALL

Sage II (16 bit) CALL CALL

IBM P.C. completesysfwlth or w/out hard disk) CALL CALL

PRINTERS

Epson MX80 Graphtrax Plus — CALL

Epson MX80 F/TGraphtrax Plus — CALL

Epson MX100 Graphtrax Plus — . S645.00

MEC Printer P.C. 8023 S695.00 $465.00

Other NEC Printers — CALL

Okidata Printers

82A S748.00 $397.00

83A $995.00 $645.00

84A $1395.00 CALL

PACEMARK 2350 $2800.00 $2200.00

Smith-Corona Printers TP-I $895.00 CALL

Diablo Printers 630 (R102) $2710.00 $1989.00

ProWriiters Starwriter Printmaster — CALL

C. Itoh Printers — CALL

SOFTWARE CP/M, IBM, Apple, TRS-60, Atari

Package 1 includes Wordstar. Mail Merge. Spellstar(CP/M) $350.00

Package 2 includes Data Star. Calcstar. Supersoit (CP/M) $350.00

dBase II (CP/M) $465.00

FMS 80 (CP/M) $597.00

CALL for other mfg., comp., prnts, modems, terminals, chips, 6 software

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please include phone number. Prices subject to change without
notice. Shipping & Handling for Chips S3. 50. FOB Bellevue. WA. for all else. Wash, residents add 6.5% Sales Tax.

CHIPS G DALE 1-206-451-9770

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2a

ENERGY CONSUMED VS. SPEED
OVER A DISTANCE OF500 METRONS

ENERGY
IN MERGS

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

i

i

i

\

i

C^LCULAT 1

ED

ACTUA

3 4 5 6

SPEED SELECTED

** S-100 **
USED COMPUTERS AND PERIPHERALS

Digital Systems Dual 8" floppy interface $35

IMSA! PIO two-port parallel board 60

MITS 88-4 PIO (four ports) 75

Spacebyte 8085 CPU Board 75

Wamco 8080 Processor Board 60

1 7 Slot Processor Tech Motherboard (empty w/cardguides) 40

Altair 8800b 18 slot 220

Rainbow 2000 Color graphics board 125

Morrow triple cassette controller 70

Black and White graphics board 55

Two 8" Single/Single Calcomp Drives w/docs 350

Two Black and White 22MHz video monitors 90

22 Slot motherboard 1 1 connectors active term 50

Linear Power supply 8V/15A + - 14V/2A 35

MERLIN Graphics Board with software and docs 120

IMSAI VIO/C Video Board 80 by 24 100

Cromemco 4FDC disk controller with CDOS 250

Two 32K IMSAI Memory boards 1 with 32K, 1 with 24K . . 250

MEK6800 evaluation system w/8K, and docs 125

Autocontrol single board CP/M system, 10 MHz with power
supply and two 8" Double sided/Double density MPI

drives negot. 2400

Western Digital Pascal Microengine w/UCSD Pascal and two

8" drives 2000

Shaffstall EDI7700 phototypesetter floppy disk interface for
use with Compugraphic Editwriter series typesetting equip-
ment, with standard ASCII translation software. Excellent con-
dition 8500

Three SCION word processing subsystems complete with
keyboard, monitor, S-100 display board, and Wordsmith

editing software 1200 ea. or 3/3000

Documentation is available for equipment.

Prices are FOB Peterborough, NH

Call or write Jon Swanson, c/o BYTE, 70 Main Street, Peter-

borough, NH 03458 (603) 924-9281.

2b

ENERGY
IN MERGS

2400

2200

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

ENERGY CONSUMED VS
OVER A DISTANCE OF

SPEED
900 METRONS

\

\

\

^

\

\

\

►

\

\

\

c;

1 c

AT

FH

\

^

v

\

\

t

\

\

\

i

Ar

Tl

Al

, 4

'

j

3 4 5 6 7 8 9
SPEED SELECTED

Figure 2: Energy expended for ion engine use. Contrary to the
figures in the user's manual, selected-speed 8 is most efficient
when other systems are also drawing energy. Figure 2a shows
the energy expended at a variety of speeds over 500 metrons.
Figure 2b shows the corresponding values for a distance of 900
metrons.

394 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The

DSI-A506

provides 5 MB

formatted (6 MB
unformatted) storage
for only $1995. The
DS/-A514 provides 12 MB

formatted (14 MB unfor-
matted) storage for just $2695

$1995. HARD DISK

EXPANSION
FOR THE APPLE ir

Supports Apple DOS 3.3®, Apple Pascal®, and
CP/M®. Intermixed. You can even allocate storage
for all three systems on one hard disk, and transfer files
easily from one system area to another. The Davong
system reformats the transferred file automatically.

Boots from hard disk, to save time when bringing up
a different system.

Expand your Apple II for a lot less money. Take this
ad to your local computer retailer and ask for products
by Davong.

"Manufacturer's suggested retail price. Includes all required components.

Apple II. Apple DOS 3.3 and Apple PASCAL are registered trademarks

of Apple Computer Corporation.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corporation.

16K RAM for just
$99*. Davong
Systems also offers
the DSI-A16-a
16K RAM expansion card
for the Apple II. Fully compatible
with all Apple II software and hardware.

I>

DAVONG

Systems, Inc.

1061 Terra Bella Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043

Expand your personal
computer for a lot
less money.

(415)965-7130

Circle 141 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 395

Priority Name

shields

photons

computer and
sector scan
subspace radio
computer
engines
sector scan

If Damaged

hyperwarp at

once
finish sector

if even odds
finish sector if

even odds

continue
continue
continue

If Destroyed

hyperwarp
at once

hyperwarp
at once

hyperwarp
at once

finish sector

finish sector

continue

continue

Table 1: Damage priorities determine when to leave for
repairs immediately. In the chart, "finish sector" means wait
until you have disposed of all the Zylons in the sector before
hyperwarping to a starbase; "finish sector if even odds"
means go for repairs immediately unless there is only one
Zylon in the sector. If more than one piece of equipment is
damaged, follow instructions for the highest -priority item.

way behind you and is coming around the front again.
Watch your instruments. By this time the screen will have
stopped flashing, and you will be ready to fight with no
distractions.

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As the enemy approaches from the front, maneuver
your joystick to keep him off to the side and low. The
idea is, of course, to avoid photon hits and damage as he
approaches. When the enemy is about 20 metrons away,
swing him into your sights and blow him away. Conserve
your photons — they cost energy too. Don't let the Zylon
get much closer than 20 metrons before using this
maneuver, because he just might zip around behind you.
If two ships are attacking from the front at once, concen-
trate on the one closer to the center of the screen.

A word about attacks from the rear: for several weeks I
tried to handle aft attacks without much success. If you
can handle a frontal attack one second and an aft barrage
the next (with all your joystick movements reversed),
that's great; but I've found that you can still reach Star
Commander 1 without mastering the aft attack. To bring
an aft-attacking enemy to the front, just throw your ship
into a hard spin and he will wind up in front of you. You
will notice that you are almost never hit while in a spin.

The toughest situation is simultaneous front and aft at-
tacks. You can quickly turn off autotracking (press T) to
concentrate only on the front. I've already suggested how
to handle frontal attacks, but in this situation throw in a
small amount of back and forth joystick movement. This
hurts the aim of the aft attacker.

Necessary Capabilities

How do you know when to cut and run? For some
kinds of damage, there is no doubt. Some systems, how-
ever, are more important than others, so the decision is
not clear cut. Table 1 is presented for your use as a guide
only. Many other damage combinations are possible and
are left to your judgment, skill level, and the game situa-
tion. To help explain the chart, here are some examples:

• In a case where your photons are damaged, finish the
sector if only one enemy ship remains and then go to the
nearest starbase for repairs. If you are outnumbered,
leave the sector immediately.

• In a case where your computer and the sector-scan
systems are damaged and your ion engines are destroyed,
finish the sector if you are faced with only one Zylon,
then go for repairs.

A final hint: your subspace radio is much more impor-
tant early in the game than it is later when enemy ship
movements are not as threatening.

What I've described here is just about all I know about
Star Raider. I hope these suggestions will be helpful to
your pursuit of new and better ranking and many more
hours of enjoyment. ■

396 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 114 on inquiry card.

AMERICAN

/_/S 1 1 8 SO. MILL ST

PRYOR, OK 74*61
(918) 825-4844

SmaII
Business
COMPUTERS

ALL PRICES ARE CASH DISCOUNTED 3%. C.O.D. AND CHARGE ORDERS ARE 3% MORE.
RETAIL LOCATION. 447 S. WOOD, PRYOR, OKLAHOMA 74361

TRS-80
MODEL

16K

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$849

THERE'S NO
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There's no secret as to why we can sell
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expenses. We are able to buy the bare-
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these computers, we add our own memory
chips, disk drives, cables, etc. The result is
a computer system which is equal to, or in
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get from Radio Shack in both price and per-
formance capabilities. There is one thing
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48k 1 DRIVE......$1499

48K2 DRIVE $1749

RS-2 J 2 . i'. N . s . T . / \ L . L . E . D . ) . . $ 9 2 .00

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you have a problem with your
computer, return it to us for
about 48 hours. If we can't fix it,
we' II replace it!

CASSETTE $99.00 918-825-4844

Circle 23 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 397

Model III A to D Revisited

Build this simple and inexpensive analog-to-digital converter.

William Barden Jr.

28122 Orsola

Mission Viejo, CA 92692

In an earlier article in this series
(January 1982 BYTE, page 160) I
described a joystick controller for the
Model III that was also an analog-to-
digital converter (ADC). In this arti-
cle, I'll show you a much neater im-
plementation of an ADC — one that
uses only three chips and can be
hooked directly to the cassette port of
the Model III, eliminating a great deal
of wire-wrapping and connector
preparation. In fact, you can use this
ADC with the existing cassette cable
that plugs into the 5-pin DIN jack on
the back of the Model III.

This ADC is also a little bit better
than the earlier version. It's exactly 1
bit better: it will convert an analog
voltage to 7-bit resolution, instead of
6 bits. In addition, this ADC is ex-
tremely accurate, down to about 20
millivolts (mV) for a 2.5 volt (V)
range. In fact, if you buy this circuit
tonight, I can make you a special
deal. . . .

One disadvantage, however, is that
this ADC will allow only a half dozen
or so samples per second. This is no
detriment, though, if you are moni-

About the Author

William Barden Jr. has written many books
on microcomputer programming and design,
including Microcomputer Math.

/ CL0CK PULSE
(250 MICROSECO

TOTAL)

DATA PULSE IF 1
OTHERWISE 00 LEVEL

01

K0.8V

— +0.4V

BIT TIME

(500 BITS/SECOND)

Figure 1: The 500-bps tape format of the Model HI (and Model I) uses a clock pulse and
data pulse for each data bit. The data pulse is absent for a bit.

toring slowly changing real-world
events such as temperature, pressure,
or ambient light.

Model III Cassette Port

I've described the Model III cassette
port in other articles, but it probably
won't hurt to review the circuits
rapidly.

The Model III is capable of writing
data on cassette tape in either 500- or
1500-bit-per-second (bps) format.
The same circuitry is used for 500-
and 1500-bps output, but the re-
sultant tape formats are different.

The 500-bps tape format is shown
in figure 1. Each bit time is made up
of a leading clock pulse followed by a
second pulse for a 1 or no pulse for a
0. The duration of each pulse is about
250 microseconds (/as), top and bot-
tom.

The 1500-bps tape format is shown
in figure 2. Here, the format is that of
"frequency-shift keying," one fre-
quency for a and a second frequen-
cy for a 1 bit.

Both formats use software that
drives a simple circuit to produce
three voltage levels (only the two ex-

398 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Marcey Inc. Introduces . . .

IQ vbIp m aiool

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The SYSTEM 21 00 is a complete microcomputer system utilizing the latest in S-1 00
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Dealer Inquiries Invited Quantity Pricing Available

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For Further Information Circle Reader Card # 282

BYTE September 1982 399

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

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Payment: Check, Money Order, VISA, Mastercharge, Eurocheck.
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ATARI is a registered trademark of ATARI Inc. APPLE is a registered
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ELCOMP Publishing,

839.00
849,00

400 September 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

380 MICR0SECS

0.8V

ov

0.8V

1320 Hi

186 MICR0SECS

ov -

2680 Hz

Figure 2: The 1500-bps tape format for the Model III uses a frequency-shift-keying tech-
nique. Two frequencies are used to represent Os or Is.

<^]CASS0UT

TO

"MOTOR ON"

LOGIC

-o

^>

TO REMOTE
PLUG

X

CASS0UT <^J-

<[] CASSIN

Figure 3: The Model III cassette output logic uses a simple two-bit latch to generate three
analog levels that are used to write to cassette tape.

tremes are used for 1500 bps):0V,
.46 V, and .85 V. (See figure 3.) The
levels are produced by outputs to a
2-bit latch with input/output port ad-
dress hexadecimal FF. The latch simp-
ly records the two least significant
bits sent to I/O address FF. If a binary
xxxxxxOO is output, a .46-V level is
produced. Binary xxxxxxOl produces
a .85-V level, and xxxxxxlO produces

a 0-V level (x indicates that the value
of a particular digit is insignificant).
Toggling the latch bits in an
assembly-language program can pro-
duce any square wave output of any
frequency, up to the limits of the elec-
tronics in the cassette circuitry. Un-
fortunately, this action must be in
assembly language, by the Z80 in-
struction OUT (OFFH), because

TCS MODEL III 48k 2 DISK

Fully assembled and tested systems that are software compatible
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• POWffi SUPPLY is the finest switching type available.

• MOUNTING HARDWARE includes power and data cables.

• DISK DRIVES are Tandon, the same ones used by Radio Shack - 40
track, double density, 5 millisecond stepping rate.

The System comes with 180 day TCS limited warranty. $1795

Modtl ill 4Sk 2 ibrtw System $2095

720,000 bytes of storage. TCS uses 2 dual sided 40 track Tandon drives. You can
convert your existing 40 track standard diskettes. Includes full DOSPLUS 3.4 & manual.

MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS

1 Controller, Power Supply, Mounting Hardware & Instructions , $379

2 Controller, Power Supply, Hardware 4 one 40 track Tandon drive $577

3 Controller. Power Supply, Hardware, two 40 track Tandon drives, 32k memory

(everything you need for 2 drive 48k upgrade) $799

3a Kit 3 but with two 80 track drives (dual sided 40a) $999

4 Tandon 40 track disk drive (bare drive only, no instructions) $199

4a Kit 4 but with Configuration Instructions 4 Power Cable $219

5 16k of high quality TCS memory $39

5a 16k of RS memory special $79

6 32k of high quality TCS memory $69

6a 32k of RS memory special $158

7 Disk Controller Board (supports 40/80 single/double sided drives) $249

8 Switching Power Supply for Controller 4 two drives $119

9 Hardware 4 Cabling kit for above components $89

PRINTERS & ACCESSORIES

MATRIX PRINTERS

$325
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608I standard $6399

6080 quietized cabinet $7676

EPSON $CALL

EPSON MX80
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EPSON MX100FT

Get QRAPHTRAX free!!!

EPSON ACCESSORIES

GRAPWTRAX PLUS (bit-image/italics) _ $79

CABLE Model I interface & Model III $35

$25 if purchased with EPSON printer
CABLE & INTERFACE to Model I keyboard. $85

APPLE interface & cable $89

GRAPPLER Apple hi resolution graphics .SCatl

IEEE interface & cable (CBM/Pet) .....$79

ATARI cable (must have 850 interface) $35

SERIAL RS232 2k buffered int. card $149

RS COLOR computer to Epson card/cable. .$59

EPSON PACK II

Screen oriented bit image
graphics generator for Model ni.
Create your own characters, sym-
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$24.95 purchased with printer
$34.95 when purchased separately
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$CALL FOR PRICES

MODEL II 64K
MODEL 16 1 DRIVE
MODEL 16 2 DRIVE
DT1 Data Terminal
Mod 16 Memory Exp.

COLOR COMPUTER

MODtL "' SYSTEMS original 90 day manufacturer's warranty

Original 90 day manufacturer's warranty 16k Level 1 $308

Model 11116k $818 J6k Extended Basic. , . . $398

Model III 32k $868 32k Exten ded Basic ... $CALL

Model III 48k $918 Color Disk.. ..$479 Disk 1.. $349

Model III 48k 2Dr RS232 $1944 Modem/full screen editor. . .$39

TCS version Color Computers use original

TCS Model III Systems have quality TCS RS hardware and TCS memory You gel 180

memory and 180 day limited warranty No day limited warranty on TCS Color Computer

warranty when you open computer or add -| 6k Extended Basic $439

internal components after you receive it 32k Extended Basjc . . . [ $499

TCS Model 11116k $799 32k Memory Upgrade ...... $79

TCS Model HI 32k $818 Color/Epson int. & cable . . $59

TCS Model Ml 48k $848 2k Buffer ColorGraph ... $155

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INDIVIDUAL CABINETS BARE DRIVES ONLY

40 track single sided $249 40 track single sided $199

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' '

Circle 460 on inquiry card.

THIS POINT
~ +1 VOLT FOR NO
INPUT, > + l VOLT
FOR POSITIVE INPUTS
< VOLT FOR
NEGATIVE INPUTS

CASSDIN
i — ^(1 IF NEGATIVE INPUT,
1 IF POSITIVE INPUT)

MODEL m

BIT

I/O PORT
OFFH

CASSETTE
CONNECTOR
(5-PIN DIN)

Figure 4: The Model III cassette input logic for 1500 bps uses a zero-crossing detector to
detect when the input waveform goes negative. The output of the comparator goes to
bit of input port hexadecimal FF.

+ 1 VOLTS —
VOLTS —
-1 VOLTS — —

CASSETTE
DATA IN

LOGIC 1 — —
LOGIC —

339 COMPARATOR
OUTPUT
(OFFH PORT,
BITO)

Figure 5: The cassette input waveform is a nominal 2 V peak to peak. The resulting out-
put from the comparator is an inverted duplicate.

BASIC is much too slow to achieve
the relatively short pulses required. A
BASIC OUT (255) performs the same
function at much slower speeds.

The Model III has two separate cir-
cuits for reading cassette data, one for
500 bps and one for 1500 bps. The
500-bps circuit works by essentially
rectifying the incoming pulse and
then looking for the DC level from
the rectification. (It's very similar to
the Model I circuitry.) The 1500-bps
circuit uses a much different ap-
proach, as shown in figure 4.

The circuit in figure 4 is a zero-
crossing detector that looks for
negative pulses. The output of the
LM339 comparator is a with no in-
put or a positive pulse, but it switches
to a 1 with the negative-going edge of
the pulse. It remains a 1 until the
pulse switches back to a positive
level, as shown in figure 5.

The CASSDIN (Cassette Data In)
bit is read by performing the Z80 in-
struction IN (OFFH) and checking bit
0, the 1500-bps cassette bit (bit 7 is
the 500-bps bit). Again, assembly

language allows you to sample the
CASSDIN bit thousands of times per
second. A BASIC INP(255) will also
perform the same function but at
much slower speeds.

It appears, then, that you can easi-
ly output square waves and read in a
voltage level. How is this going to
help you implement an analog-to-
digital converter?

New for '82!

Whilst paging through the ubi-
quitous Radio Shack catalog, I hap-
pened to see an ADC chip called the
TL507C. At first glance it didn't ap-
pear very imposing (it's an 8-pin
device and rather ugly, as semicon-
ductors go), but it turned out to be a
diamond in the Shack.

The internal workings of the
TL507C are shown in figure 6. It uses
a ramp method of A-to-D conversion
and is made up of a 7-bit counter, a
few gates, and two comparators.

The counter is the heart of the chip.
It simply counts from 127 through
and repeats this cycle continuously.
The counter may be reset at any time
by bringing up the RESET input to a
high (V cc ) level. If the RESET is held
at ground, the counter is powered up
to some indeterminate state but set-
tles into the 128-bit count cycle
within 128 counts.

The 7 counter bits are connected to
"binary-weighted" resistors. The
resistors are actually a digital-to-
analog converter (DAC) resistor "lad-
der" network. Each output of the
counter produces a voltage that is
twice as great as the preceding stage.
The analog voltages are added
together in the operational amplifier
to produce the analog voltage cor-
responding to the value in the 7 bits
of the counter. As the counter counts
from 127 through 0, a ramp of
voltage is generated, with each step of
the ramp changing the output voltage
by 1/128 of full scale. (See figure
7.)

The TL507C is designed so that one
of two voltages may be used for
power. The V CC1 input is the
"normal" power supply input and
may range from +5 to +6 V DC. The
V CC2 input may be used instead; in
that case, the power supply may be

402 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

NEECO

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VIC" 20 Personal Computer
VIC1 51 5 Graphic Printer
CUM 401 h
CHM4032
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CHMSuper!Vt c H)00
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CHM 4022 Tractor Printer
CHM HMO I FEE Modem
CHMDdtasette
CUM-llEh Interface Cable
IFH -I LI Y Interface Cable

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Amdek Monitors

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Video300G $185.00

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Color 2 $899.00

y A Atari

Atari 400 1 6K - . $299.00
Atari MOO 16K (incl. BASIC

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Atnri 410

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Atari 810 Disk

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Atari 822 Thermal

Printer $ 299.95

Qume

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Tractor Option $ 210.00

Epson Printers

MX-70 $

MX-80w/Craphtrax $

MX-80FT $

MX-100FT $

INTERFACE CARDS

8141 RS-232 Interface Board

8145 RS-232 Interface Board

w/2K Buffer

8151 RS-232 Interface Board

w/X/ON-X/OFF.
8161 IEEE Interface Board
81 31 Apple Interface Card
8232 Apple Interface Cable

M220TRS-80 Cable.

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CMD Mupet

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Printer Module $ 350.00

Diablo 630 Printer

Diablo630 $2710.00

TractorOption $ 350.00

NEC Spinwriter Printer

NEC 7730 ...

NEC7710

NEC 7720

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Needham, MA 02194

(617) 449-1760

TELEX: 951021

MON-FRI 9:00- 5:30 E.S.T.
MASTERCARD *UISA

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 403

Circle 221 on inquiry card

*$§

*v

V COPYRIGHT 1982,

HOURGLASS SYSTEMS

Dealer inquiries invited.

404 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

COMPARATOR 2

OUTPUT

Figure 6: TTie TL507C chip is an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that compares an
analog input to an internally generated ramp voltage that steps through the allowable
range of input voltages. The comparator output goes true when the ramp voltage falls
beneath the analog input voltage.

COUNTER
CONTENTS

0.02 VOLTS

VOLTAGE
VALUE

-3.75 VOLTS
3.73
3.71
3.69

0000000

12.25

NOTE: ABOVE IS FOR V cc l * 5.0 VOLTS

Figure 7: The TL507C generates a ramp of voltages from a 7 -bit counter and a
"weighted" resistor network. The smallest increment is 1/128 of the total voltage range
for the ramp.

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

0.75*

vcci

INTERNAL
RAMP _

\

N"

-3.75V
FOR +5V

v cci

0.25*

Vcci

_ \

N —

-1.25 V
FOR +5V

3.77V

"

N I s

v cci

V [N =2.46V

1.25V
+ 5V

TL507C
OUTPUT

~4V

PIN 6, 741C ov
OUTPUT

-3.5V

\ 1

_ \

XI

-

-

1

BIT OF
INPUT PORT
OFFH

—

, THIS
r BY

> TIME M
CONVRT

EASURED
PROGRA

M

Figure 8: The analog-to-digital conversion is performed externally to the TL507C by
measuring the duty cycle of the chip's waveform output. The duty cycle changes
according to the analog input voltage.

"unregulated" and may range from 8
to 16 V. In the design that I've used
here, I've chosen to use V CC1 and not
V CC2 ; the V CC2 input is simply not
connected.

The ramp voltage generated during
a count cycle ranges from .75 of V CC1
through .25 of V CC1 . This range of
voltages is accurately controlled by
the TL507C. Therefore, with a V CC1
of +5 V, the ramp will range from
+3.75 V through +1.25 V, as shown
in figure 8.

The ramp output goes to compara-
tor 1, which compares the analog in-
put voltage and the ramp voltage.
The output of the comparator is a
or 1 depending upon whether the
analog input voltage is greater or less
than the ramp voltage, respectively.
For any constant analog input
voltage, the comparator output will
approximate a square wave as shown
in the figure (labeled "TL507C Out-

put"). As the ramp repeats con-
tinuously (with a constant stream of
clock pulses), the duty cycle (relation-
ship of "on" time to total cycle time)
will vary with the analog input
voltage. With a large analog input
voltage, the comparator output will
quickly go to 0, while with a small
analog input voltage, the comparator
output will reach near the end of the
ramp.

The width of an "on" pulse is
therefore directly proportional to the
analog input voltage. If this pulse
width can be measured, the analog in-
put voltage can be determined easily.
This approach would be used in a
strictly hardware implementation of
the TL507C circuit (e.g., measure-
ment of the duty cycle of the output
waveform).

An alternative approach is to in-
crease the ramp voltage by outputting
a single clock pulse, comparing the

tf*5 ^foO^0\® To© • V'

SM5»

«*» **<k ;> e

sP

^

&

&

?\9

Dealer inquiries invited

COPYRIGHT 1982.
HOURGLASS SYSTEMS

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 405

Let s Talk TEKnical

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ANALOG

INPUT

CONDITION

ENABLE OUTPUT

V,<200mV

^ramp>V|>200 mV

V|>V ramp

Lt
H
H
H

H
L
H
L

t Low level on enable also inhibits the
reset function.

H = high level, L = low level, X = irrele-
vant

Table 1: My implementation of the
ADC uses the last two function table
entries. ENABLE is always H(igh), and
the analog input voltage is not normal-
ly below .25 X V cc -

comparator output, pulsing the clock
again, and so forth until the com-
parator output changes. If you know
how many clock pulses you have out-
put, you know the duty cycle. The
total number of clock pulses in a
ramp cycle is 128, and the duty cycle
will be as follows:

duty cycle =

number of pulses before com-
parator switch/128 X 10

The scheme I'll use in my implemen-
tation of the ADC is to control the
clock-pulse output and test the com-
parator output.

Getting back to the TL507C inter-
nal diagram, here are a few remaining
points to consider. The ADC is set up
so that an analog input of less than
200 mV disables the output. This
level of voltage is considered to be an
invalid input signal. Second, if the
ENABLE input is grounded, the
device OUTPUT signal will remain
high (1). I'll keep the ENABLE input
permanently active by tying it to V cc .

The truth table for the TL507C is
shown in table 1. Under normal cir-
cumstances, the only conditions
you'll be working with would be the
last two entries, for analog input
voltages greater than 25% and less
than 75% of V cc .

406 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ANALOG

IALOG I — ^
NPUT *— ^

^

+ 5V

A

RESET GND

;i.2K ?3.9K

5ioa

^Wv

MODEL HI
CASSETTE PLUG

CASSOUT

CASSIN

Figure 9: Three chips make up the ADC circuit that connects to the cassette jack of the
Model III. The TL507C is the heart of the ADC, and the remaining chips perform level

conversion.

FROM CASSOUT

-200 MICROSECS

IV —

OV

PIN 2. LM339

OV — -J

Figure 10: The LM339 comparator changes the 1-V peak-to-peak cassette output
waveform to a TL507C-compatible level

The A-to-D Circuit

The circuit for the Model III ADC
is shown in figure 9. The heart of it,
of course, is the TL507C. The LM339
comparator is used for level conver-
sion of the Model III cassette output
signal, while the 741C is used for level
conversion to a Model Ill-compatible
cassette input signal.

The CASSOUT signal. The clock

input to the TL507C is derived from
the Model III cassette output. This
clock input would normally be the
signal that goes to the AUX input of
the cassette recorder during a
write /tape operation. The CASS-
OUT signal is shown in figure 10. It is
a 0- to 1-V square wave.

The clock input to the TL507C
must be at least 2.5 V, which calls for

408 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 429 on inquiry card. byte September 1982 409

+ 5V

GROUND

RADIO SHACK
276-175
EXPERIMENTER
SOCKET

WIRING DIAGRAM

ANALOG IN
GROUND

TO CASSETTE JACK
ON MODEL HI

Figure 11: The simple and inexpensive ADC is constructed on a Radio Shack 276-175
prototype board.

some level conversion of the
CASSOUT signal. The LM339 ac-
complishes this by comparing the
CASSOUT signal to a voltage of
about .25 V at the junction of the
6.8k-ohm and 330-ohm resistors. The
output of the LM339 is shown in the
figure; it is identical to the CASSOUT
signal except that it has a greater
voltage swing.

The CASSOUT signal is the clock
for the TL507C. Each pulse will be
(arbitrarily) set to a width of about
200 lis. The counter in the TL507C
changes on the negative-going por-
tion of the clock pulse. A complete
ramp will require 128 clock periods.

The CASSIN signal. The cassette
input circuitry in the Model III
responds to a negative voltage level.
The output voltage of the "open-
collector" output line from the
TL507C swings from about V to
about +5 V and must therefore be
converted to a waveform that swings
both positively and negatively. The
741C accomplishes this by comparing
the output voltage with 1.2 V at the
junction of the 3.9k-ohm and
1.2k-ohm resistors. The output of the
741C follows the output of the
TL507C as shown in figure 8.

Other connections. The ENABLE
input of the TL507C is tied to +5 V,

making the chip always active. V CC2 is
not connected. RESET is tied to
ground. The counter will be at some
meaningless value when power is first
applied but thereafter will repeat
modulus 128. The ANALOG INPUT
is tied to ground.

Constructing the ADC

The ADC circuit was built up on a
Radio Shack 276-175 prototype
board shown in figure 11. The proto-
type board has two bus columns for
power and ground on the left and
right sides of the board. There are
two sets of 23 rows used for connect-
ing integrated circuits (ICs).

The figure is meant as a general
guide for interconnections; use the
logic diagram of figure 9 as the
definitive circuit. Solid lines in the
construction figure represent solid
bus wires; these can be routed under
or over components. Note the keying
of the IC chips. Pin 1 on all chips is at
the upper left corner.

After the board has been wired up,
recheck the wiring and prepare the
power cables. The two wires on top
go to a +5 V power supply. Radio
Shack has an inexpensive + 5 V kit
(277-125) that you can use for this
purpose.

The —6 V wires on the right side
should be connected to the —6 V sup-
ply for the 741 C. You may substitute
a +6 V battery in place of a large
power supply with no problem as the
741C will draw negligible amounts of
current. The positive lead to the bat-
tery or power supply attaches to the
ground bus of the prototype board.

The three leads on the bottom go to
the cassette-input jack on the Model
III. The proper pin numbering is
shown in figure 9 and has been dis-
cussed in a previous article (see "A
Po(r)tpourri of Ideas" in the April
1982 BYTE issue, page 158). For
testing purposes, simply clip test
leads to the existing Model III cassette
cable as shown in figure 12.

The two leads for the analog-input
signal connect to the voltage to be
measured. A simple voltage divider,
which uses one lOk-ohm potenti-
ometer and a lOk-ohm resistor, is
shown in figure 13.

410 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

V

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- BASIC interpreter (Micro Soft)

• Dimensions: 15% " W x 15|/ 8 " D x 8% " H

• Weight: 35 lbs.

Terminal: ADDS
Viewpoint — S639,

• Movable keyboard

• Micro-technology

• Screen-tilt & Glare-
reducing filter

• 6 Built-in international
character sets

Printer: Centronics Model 739— S649.

1 10 cpi. 16.7 cpi and elongated print at a speed of 100 cps in the
mono space mode and 80 cps in proportional space mode

MUON. Viewpoint are Trademarks of ADDS CP/M. CB80. PASCAL/MT+ are trademarks of Digital Research CBASIC is a Irademark of Compiler System. Inc.
Wordstar. Mailmerge. Supersort. Spellstar. Datastar. Calcstarare trademarks of Micro Pro International. Accounting Plus is a trademark of Software Dimension, Inc

SOFTWARE:

We've tested many CP/M packages and can assure
you that they load, run and do everything expected.

Because space is limited, we can only list a few of
the most popular packages available from RTI.

CP/M SOFTWARE:
Languages—

□ CBASIC $135.

D PASCAL/MT+ $315.

a COBOL $765.

Yes. Please send me . . .

□ "The Competitor". $5,995.

□ The Terminal 639.

□ The Printer 649.

Total enclosed $

D FORTRAN CALL

D PL/1 $450.

□ CB80 $450.

Please add state sales tax, where applicable. Shipping
charges will be billed to you.

Please check the components and software you want.
Make check payable to Research Technology International.
Prices are KO.B. factory. Send your order to:

□ Supersort $225.

□ Spellstar. $225.

Word Processing —

□ Wordstar $445.

□ Mailmerge $135.

Accounting Plus — price/module $629.

□ General Ledger □ Inventory □ Sales Order
D Payables □ Payroll Entry

□ Receivables □ Point of Sale D Purchase Orders

Data Base Mgmt.— Other—

□ Datastar $315. D Calcstar $265.

/RTI/ ,

RESEARCH
TECHNKXOGv

ERNATOHAi.

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BYTE September 1982 411

GRAY LEAD

WITH SMALL PLUG

BLACK LEAD

CLIP HERE
FOR GROUND

^-CLIP HERE

FOR "CASSIN"

Figure 12: The existing cassette cable for the Model III may be used to connect the ADC
to the computer system. Three clip leads connect all signals.

F

OUTPUT
0-4.5 VOLT

9 VOLT
=: TRANSISTOR
♦ BATTERY

10K,
1/4 W
10%

10K

PC BOARD

POTENTIOMETER

XI

Figure 13: The ADC may be tested by a
simple voltage divider made from a 9-V
transistor battery, a lOk-ohm resistor, and
a lOk-ohm printed-circuit-board poten-
tiometer.

f ENTER J

U-

OUTPUT
CLOCK

CNT

8 BITS ARE
SUFFICIENT

YES

f RETURN )

CNT = CNT+1

Figure 14: The ADC algorithm is straight-
forward. Starting from a known condi-
tion, the cassette input is sampled and the
clock pulses are counted until the analog
input voltage falls below the ramp
voltage.

The Software

The flowchart in figure 14 shows
the basic scheme for measuring the
duty cycle by counting clock pulses.
The CASSIN signal is read from bit
of I/O port hexadecimal FF. This bit
is a 1 when the analog input voltage is
higher than the ramp voltage.

If the input is a initially, the ramp
voltage is higher than the analog in-
put voltage. In this case, clock pulses
are output (via CASSOUT) until the
input bit goes to a 1 (i.e., the ramp
voltage is lower than the analog input
voltage).

If the input is a 1, clock pulses are
output until the ramp voltage rises
above the analog input. At this point
a count is set to 0. The maximum
count will be 128, which can be held
in one byte.

Now, clock pulses are output until
CASSIN goes to 1. The count is in-
cremented for each clock-pulse out-
put. When CASSIN goes to 1, the
ramp voltage has fallen below the
analog input voltage.

This algorithm is implemented in
the assembly-language program
shown in listing 1. Three subroutines
are used: TSTIN, OUTCLK, and
DELAY.

DELAY simply causes a pause for a
fixed amount of time, about 200 fis.
It's called by OUTCLK to create a

fixed-width clock pulse of 200 fis.

OUTCLK outputs one complete
clock cycle to CASSOUT. The
cassette toggle is first set one way by
outputting a 2 to port hexadecimal
FF. DELAY is then called. Next, the
cassette toggle is set to the opposing
voltage level by an output of 1.
DELAY is called again.

The TSTIN subroutine is called by
the main CONVRT program to test
the state of the CASSIN line. The
state of CASSIN is returned in the Z
flag; Z is set (Z) if CASSIN is or
reset (NZ) if CASSIN is 1.

TSTIN also tests a "time-out"
count in the DE register pair. The
count is incremented; after 65,536
times, it will recycle to 0. When that
occurs, TSTIN resets the stack and
returns control to the calling (BASIC)
program. Time-out occurs when
CASSIN does not change state within
a reasonable amount of time, and it is
indicated by returning a count of —1.

The main driver portion of CON-
VRT implements the logic shown in
the flowchart by calling TSTIN and
OUTCLK. At the end of CONVRT,
the count of clock pulses is held in the
HL register pair and returned to
BASIC by the standard return of "JP
0A9AH," which returns the HL
register contents to a BASIC variable.

The assembly-language version of

412 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 449 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 413

Listing 1: The A-to-D conversion program for the Model III, which implements the algorithm for measuring the duty cycle by count-
ing clock pulses.

7F00

7F00
7F03
7F06
7F08
7F0B
7F0E
7F10
7F12
7F15
7F18
7F1A
7F1D
7F20
7F22
7F25
7F26
7F28
7F2B
7F2C
7F2D
7F2E
7F30
7F33
7F34
7F36
7F38
7F3A
7F3B
7F3D
7F3F
7F42
7F44
7F-46
7F49
7F4A
7F4C
7F4E
0000
0^000 Total

110000

CD2B7F

200A

CD3B7F

CD2B7F

28F8

18F1

CD3B7F

CD2B7F

20F8

210000

CD2B7F

2006

CD3B7F

23

18F5

C39A0A

13

7A

B3

2006

21FFFF

Dl

18F2

DBFF

E601

C9

3E02

D3FF

CD4A7F

3E01

D3FF

CD4A7F

C9

0619

10FE

C9

00100
00110
00120
00130
00140
00150
00160
00170
00180
00190
00200
00210
00220
00230
00240
00250
00260
00270
00280
00290
00300
00310
00320
00330
00340
00350
00360
00370
00380
00390
00400
00410
00420
00430
00440
00450
00460
00470
00480
00490
00500
00510
00520
00530
errors-

ORG 7F00H ; CHANGE THIS AS REQD

• 7 ********************************************************
;* A TO D CONVERSION PROGRAM FOR MODEL III *

5* INPUT: NONE *

;* OUTPUT: (HL)=CONVERSION COUNT OR -1 IF TIME OUT *
1 ********************************************************

CONVRT
CON005

CON010

CON020

CON030

CON090
TSTIN

TST010

OUTCLK

DELAY
DEL010

LD

CALL

JR

CALL

CALL

JR

JR

CALL

CALL

JR

LD

CALL

JR

CALL

INC

JR

JP

INC

LD

OR

JR

LD

POP

JR

IN

AND

RET

LD

OUT

CALL

LD

OUT

CALL

RET

LD

DJNZ

RET

END

DE,0

TSTIN

IMZ> CON020

OUTCLK

TSTIN

Z> CON010

CON005

OUTCLK

TSTIN

NZ»CON020

HL>0

TSTIN

NZ» CON090

OUTCLK

HL

CON030

0A9AH

DE

A, D

E

NZ,TST010

HLi-1

DE

CON090

A, (0FFH)

1

A, 2

(0FFH),A
DELAY
A, 1

(0FFH) ,A
DELAY

B*25
DEL010

COUNT
1

TIL 1

;time out

;LOOK FOR
;GO IF 1
;0» WAIT

;test

;GO IF STILL
; RESTART

;now look for
;test

;GO IF STILL 1
; INITIALIZE CONVERT
5 NOW LOOP 'TIL 1
5 GO IF 1
; PULSE
;BUMP COUNT

;try again

; RETURN WITH ARG
;BUMP TIME OUT CNT
;TEST FOR DE=0

5 GO IF NO TIME OUT

;SET ERROR FLAG

; RESET STACK

; RETURN

;READ CASS IN

;GET 1500 BAUD BIT

; RETURN

;ONE WAY

; OUTPUT

; DELAY ABOUT 200 MICS

; OPPOSITE WAY

; OUTPUT

; DELAY 200 MICS

; RETURN

; ABOUT 200 MICS

CNT

RETURN

CONVRT executes at location hexa-
decimal 7F00. Listing 2 shows a
BASIC driver program that calls
CONVRT and also incorporates the
machine-language code of CONVRT
as a series of DATA statement values.
The code is moved to the hexadecimal
7F00 area before execution of the
BASIC program.

The BASIC driver for CONVRT
converts the count returned from
CONVRT to a voltage level, predi-

cated upon a +5 V supply for Vcc.
The iteration count is displayed in the
middle of the screen along with the
voltage value.

When Vcc is exactly +5 V, the
allowable analog input can be +1.25
V through +3.75 V, for a total range
of 2.5 V. Because there are 128 steps,
each step represents 2.5/128 V, or
about 0.01953 V. The actual voltage
read from the analog input is ex-
pressed as:

V = (+3. 75)- (CNT -1)*0.01953

and this value is calculated and dis-
played on the screen.

Using the ADC

Connect all power leads to the
ADC and turn on the +5 V and —6 V
DC. Make the obvious "smoke tests";
none of the chips should feel hot to
the touch.

Connect a voltage source to the

414 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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the latest or most useful file versions. PRINT SPOOLER - Files may be submitted to the System Spool file for printing. This frees the
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PASCAL/M86™ FORTH

OTHER FINE S100 and APPLE PRODUCTS AVAILABLE, INCLUDING:

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REQUEST OUR CATALOG FOR COMPLETE LISTING, AND SPECIFICATIONS ON THE ENTIRE TECMAR PRODUCT LINE.

Si

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in

RR

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

23600 Mercantile Rd. • Cleveland, OH 44122

TECMAR, INC.

(216) 464-7410

CP/M-86 and MP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research Inc. BASIC-86, FTJRIRAH 86 and PASCAL 8G are registered trademarks of Microsoft Inc. PA5CAI/M86 is a registered fcaderark el SORCIM. CBASIC/86 is a registered trademark of Compiler Systems Inc. CIS COBOL is a registered trademark of MicroFecirs Inc.

CANADA: Our Ontario Distributor is OCTANT COMPUTER SERVICES INC., 146 Front Street West, Suite 485, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2L7 [416] 598-1046

Circle 454 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 415

Listing 2: A BASIC driver program that calls the program CONVRT and incorporates the machine-language code of CONVRT as a
series of DATA statement values.

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260

' MODEL III TL507C A TO D CONVERSION DRIVER
DATA 17i0*0i205i43? 127»32i 10?205*59» 127?205>43* 127*40*248
24*241*205*59* 127*205*43* 127*32*248*33*0*0*205*43* 127
32*6*205*59* 127*35*24*245* 195* 154* 10* 19* 122* 179* 32* 6
33* 255* 255* 209*24*242* 219* 255* 230* 1 * 201 * 62* 2* 21 1 * 255
205*74* 127*62* 1*211*255*205*74* 127*201*6*25* 16*254*201
1=32512 TO 32590

DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
FOR

READ A: POKE I* A

NEXT I

DEFUSR0=&H7F00

CLS: 1=0

A=USR0(0)

IF A=-l THEN PRINT S) 512+20* "OUT OF RANGE

1 = 1 + 1

A=(.75*5)-(A-1 >* (2. 5/128)

PRINT a 512+20* I*
GOTO 210

I NT (A* 100)/ 100;

GOTO 210

analog input, which can be the circuit
shown in figure 13 or simply a 1.5 V
battery connected between ground
and the input lead.

Connect the cassette leads either by
clip leads or specially wired cable to
the cassette DIN jack at the rear of the
Model III.

Protect the hexadecimal 7F00 RAM
(random-access read/write memory)
area and enter the BASIC program.
Double-check the DATA statements
for correct values. Execute the BASIC
program. You should see a slight
pause as the machine-language code
is moved from the DATA statements
to the hexadecimal 7F00 area. The
screen should clear, and you should
then see the iteration count followed
by the voltage value on the screen.

If you do not see a conversion
voltage immediately, recheck the
power and wiring connections. If the

analog input is not properly con-
nected, you should see the "OUT OF
RANGE" message.

The ADC components and timing
are not critical, and if you experience
trouble, chances are it's in the wiring
or machine-language code. You may
troubleshoot the circuit by outputting
pulses by the following BASIC code:

100 OUT 255,1
110 OUT 255,2
120 PRINT @ 512 + 20,INP(255)

AND1
130 GOTO 100

This code outputs clock pulses at a
very low data rate but one still suffi-
cient to cycle the ADC through the
ramp voltages in a few seconds. The
input should alternate between and
1, depending upon the analog input
voltage.

How Does It Work?

Damn fine! All kidding aside, this
is one of those projects that works ex-
tremely well, thanks to the specifica-
tions of the TL507C chip. The values
in table 2 show the output obtained
from various analog inputs. Inputs
above +3.75 V and below +1.25 V
are considered out of range, but all
other inputs are measured very ac-
curately.

The number of samples (conver-
sions) per second is about 6. Actual-
ly, each sample should take anywhere
from about 2 clock pulses (1 millisec-
ond [ms]) to a worst case of about 256
clock pulses (128 ms), corresponding
to a range of 1000 to 7.8 samples per
second. However, the sluggish
BASIC interpreter reduces the num-
ber of samples per second to about 6,
regardless of the analog input
voltage. This conversion rate could

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416 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

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BYTE September 1982 417

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storage. And only North Star offers you a choice of
carry-in or on-site service. For the name of the North
Star dealer nearest you, call toll-free

1-800-447-4700

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FOLLOW THE STAR J^

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San Leandro, California 94577

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.

Digital Voltmeter Screen Value

<1.26

OUT OF RANGE

1.30

1.30/1

1.40

1.42

1.50

1 .50/2

1.60

1 .58/9

1.70

1.69/70

1.80

1.79/80

1.90

1.89/91

2.00

1.99/2.01

2.10

2.09/.11

2.20

2.18/9

2.30

2.28/9

2.40

2.40

2.50

2.48/9

2.60

2.59

2.70

2.67/9

2.80

2.79

2.90

2.89/90

3.00

2.98/9

3.10

3.08/9

3.20

3.18

3.30

3.28/9

3.40

3.37/8

3.50

3.47/9

3.60

3.57/9

3.70

3.69

3.74

3.73/5

3.76

3.75

>3.76

OUT OF RANGE

Table 2: Test

results show an excellent

linearity for

analog input voltages

from .25 X V

cc through . 75 X V cc .

be "cranked up" by increasing the
clock-frequency output on
CASSOUT.

The accuracy of the conversion is
unaffected by such system functions
as real-time-clock interrupts because
the program counts directly each
clock pulse.

ADC Applications

In my project presented in the
January BYTE article, I used trans-
ducers to convert light and tem-
perature to voltage levels, which were
then read by an ADC and input to the
computer as digital information.
There are many different types of
transducers that convert other
physical quantities into voltage
levels. This simple and inexpensive
ADC can be used to monitor the out-
puts of such devices and send them to
the Model III for recording and pro-
cessing. In the next two articles of this
series, I'll look at simple and inexpen-
sive transducers and show you how
to use ADCs for the Model I, Model
III, and Color Computer. ■

418 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 346 on inquiry card.

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BYTE September 1982 419

The Case of the Purloined
Object Code: Can It Be Solved?

Part 1: The Problems

A specialist in software and high-technology law explains why

new laws are necessary.

Three recent decisions of federal
tribunals on whether object code in
read-only memories (ROMs) is pro-
tectable under the U.S. copyright
laws show that copyright protection
against competitive unloading and
duplication of ROMs is insecure. The
three decisions suggest that unless
and until a more satisfactory software
protection law is enacted, software
proprietors' exclusive rights to ROMs
and other important forms of soft-
ware will remain doubtful. Devising a
proper software law is not a simple
matter, however, for conflicting in-
terests pull in different directions and
accommodation of these interests is
difficult.

This two-part article reviews the
problems in using copyright law to

About the Author

Richard H. Stern is a lawyer specializing in
intellectual property and antitrust law. As
Chief of the Justice Department's Intellectual
Property Section, he tried and supervised the
government's patent and antitrust litigation,
including the computer software patent cases in
the Supreme Court. He is now in private prac-
tice in Washington, DC, dealing with the prob-
lems of high technology and computer soft-
ware. Mr. Stern also has a degree in electrical
engineering.

Richard H. Stern
Stern & Roberts

2555 M St. N.W.
Washington, DC 20037

protect object code and other soft-
ware, focusing on the unloaded-ROM
problem and using the three ROM
cases to illustrate the difficulties
faced. The article then comments
briefly on the unsatisfactory and in-
appropriate protection that present
patent, contract, and trade-secret
laws provide for software, particular-
ly object code. Next month, I will
discuss some of the questions that
would have to be answered before a
well-considered law on protecting
ROMs, object code, or other software
could be written. The conclusion is
that we can solve the case of the
purloined object code, but only after
answering some difficult questions
about software policy.

The ROM Cases

The three unloaded-ROM decisions
go very different ways, partly
because of their facts, but at least as
much because of the extraordinary
difficulty of the legal issues. In one
case, the court held that unloading
and duplicating a ROM was not a
copyright infringement. In another,
the court held the opposite. The third
tribunal refused to decide the ques-
tion because it was too difficult.

The Compuchess Case: The first U.S.
decision on whether the federal copy-
right laws protect object code or
ROMs involved the Compuchess
hand-held calculator game. When
Data Cash marketed Compuchess in
1977, it unwisely believed that it was
technologically infeasible to unload a
ROM. Accordingly, Data Cash took
no special legal or technical steps to
protect the object code in the ROMs
of its games. This turned out to be a
serious mistake. A competitor
brought a lower-priced knockoff
game on the market, containing a
ROM unloaded from the Compu-
chess ROM. This set the stage for the
first lawsuit over purloined object
code. (Data Cash Systems, Inc. v.
JS&A Group Inc., 480 F. Supp. 1063
[N.D. 111. 1979], aff'd on other
grounds, 628 F. 2d 1038 [7th Cir.
1980].)

The software proprietor lost when
the trial court held that object code
was not a "copy" of the copyrighted
source code, as far as the definition of
"copy" under the copyright laws was
concerned. A copy of source code
would have to be source code, not
object code, and definitely not a
mechanically utilitarian device such

420 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE September 1982 421

The Protection of
Video-Game Displays

This article does not attempt to ex-
plore in depth a different aspect of
copyright law relating to computer
programs— the protection of video-
game displays, apart from the pro-
grams used to generate them. I will
briefly touch on the point in this text
box, but the issues are too complex
(and too peripheral to those discussed
in this article) to do them justice. Ac-
cordingly, in a subsequent article, I
will describe how the courts have re-
cently begun to protect the audiovisual
images associated with particular
subroutines in computer code used to
generate output displays in the video
monitors of video-game machines.

A pervasive issue is how close one
game's "characters" and "plot" can
come to that of another game before
there is an infringement, assuming that
the second game is not just an un-
loaded-ROM copy of the first. In one
puzzling decision, which probably
goes further than any other, the court
protected Pac-Man against K. C.
Munchkin, an enhanced version of
Pac-Man. In another case, however,
the court refused to protect Asteroids

against the enhanced version Meteors.
Other pending cases involve the issue
of "speed-up" kits— whether the seller
of a video-game machine can stop a
customer from putting enhancement
ROMs into the machine.

A few tribunals have been persuaded
that the video game itsplf constitutes
some kind vf audiovisual work of
authorship, or 'that the fixed
subroutines within it do. Se& e.g.,
Atari; Inc. v. North' Amer. Phillips
Consumer Elec. Corp., 672 F.2U 607
(7th Cir. 1982); Stern Electronics, Inc.
v. Kaufman, 523 «R Supp. 635
(E.D.NM. 1981), aff'd, 669 R2d 552
(2d Gm 1982). The International Trade
Commission seems initially to have re-
jected the argument, but later to have
accepted it. In this view, the copyright
registration based on filing a video
tape of a play mode performance con-
taining audiovisual image subroutines
1 through n confers pr tection against
performance of any permutation of
any number of the n audiovisual image
subroutines.

I find this theory difficult to believe,
but video-game manufacturers have in

some way persuaded several courts to
believe it. Accordingly, there must be
something to the argument.

It should be noted that the argu-
ment, good or bad, would appear in-
applicable to data processing and other
ordinary computer applications. Video
games contain continuous audiovisual
real-time output displays made up of
permutations of the image subroutine
displays, such as the explosion image
display sequence of the Galaxian
game, with each part or image subrou-
tine (or else their aggregate) claimed to
be an audiovisual "work. " But the out-
put of a data-processing program
would seem to be only a printout of
tabulated data or the like. It would
seem difficult to find anything in the
data-processing output that cor-
responds to subroutines in the program
and that could be characterized as a
"work. " The only work of authorship
in sight, in a data-processing context,
is the program itself, not the output.
Perhaps some pie-chart graphics or the
like could be considered a work of
visual or graphic arts.

as a ROM. In so ruling, the court
relied on prior cases holding that such
physical objects as buildings and
dresses were not infringing copies of
the blueprints or patterns for those
buildings or dresses. In addition, the
court expressed its opinion that object
code, when physically embodied, is
not directly or indirectly protectable
under the copyright laws. Therefore,
unloading object code from a ROM
(or, presumably, from a tape or disk)
is»not infringement of a copyright on
any form of the program.

The second point raises a fun-
damental problem with use of copy-
right to protect ROMs, disks, and
tapes. The copyright laws were
enacted under the Copyright Clause
of the U.S. Constitution, which
authorizes Congress to pass laws pro-
tecting the rights of "authors" to their
"writings." A program written in a
high-level language is generally rec-
ognized as a literary work and the
writing of an author. It meets the

general test of being a means of com-
municating ideas or emotions from
one person (the author) to another
(the reader, viewer, listener, etc.).
Perhaps assembly code is in the same
category. But a program in object
code is generally unintelligible to
human beings (the vast majority of
whom are unable to read object
code). Probably more important, ob-
ject code is not intended for a reader,
viewer, or listener. Rather, it is in-
tended to be a utilitarian object — to
operate a processor ,in response to
data inputs with which it coacts to
produce outputs. The outputs may be
intelligible and communicate ideas or
emotions, but the outputs are not the
object code — they are something else,
a third thing.

The problem with object code, as
the court in the Compuchess case saw
it, is that it is not a medium of
human-to-human communication.
As the court said, "The 'source pro-
gram' is a writing while the 'object

program' is a mechanical tool or
machine part." The ultimate rationale
for the second point made in the
Compuchess case is that the copy-
right laws are intended to protect
media of human communication and
not functional, utilitarian objects. It
is unclear, however, whether the
court was talking only about ROMs
themselves or also about printouts or
"dumps" of ROMs. The logic appears
to apply to both.

The Galaxian Case: The second
purloined-object-code case involved
coin-operated video games. A major
U.S. distributor of arcade game
machines, Midway, secured exclusive
U.S. rights to the Galaxian video
game from its Japanese originator.
The game machine contains a micro-
processor that combines player signal
inputs (lever and button signals) with
program information from a ROM
(or several ROMs) to drive the video
display.

422 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 488 on inquiry card. BYTE September 1982 423

The Structure of the
Galaxian Game Machine

The Galaxian video-game machine
has two print ed-circuit boards, a
motherboard, and a piggyback mem'
ory board. The motherboard has a Z80
microprocessor, two 24-pin sockets for
the piggyback memory board, and two
character ROMs. The character ROMs
contain the code for the various images
displayed on the screen.

The piggyback memory board has
five program ROMs and two sets of 24
pins that fit into the sockets on the
motherboard. The program ROMs
contain code for the sequence of posi-
tions assumed by the images derived
from the character ROMs and code for
the responses to and interactions with
the signals derived from player inputs.

The microprocessor produces signals
for the output video display that are
derived from (1) the signals coming
from player inputs and (2) the code in
the ROMs.

When Midway introduced the
game machine into the U.S. market
and it became a commercial success,
importers began to sell competing
versions of the game machine with
duplicated ROMs. Midway sought to
stop this by complaining to the U.S.
International Trade Commission
(ITC), a federal agency charged with
preventing unfair acts and practices
and unfair competition in U.S. im-
port trade. The ITC does so by issu-
ing orders prohibiting the importa-
tion of products that infringe U.S.
patents, trademarks, copyrights, and
the like.

The software proprietor sought
copyright protection on two aspects
of the Galaxian game's display. Mid-
way filed two video tapes with the
U.S. Copyright Office, which issued
copyright registration certificates to
Midway on them as "audiovisual
works." The two tapes showed,
respectively, output displays of
the Galaxian game machine during

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(1) the "attract mode" and (2) the
"play mode." (Midway did not at-
tempt to register the source program
or the object code.)

The "attract mode" of a coin-
operated video-game machine is de-
signed to attract customers. It is a
short, repeating sequence of a
simulated game, similar in effect to a
film loop. It fixes as stored data the
interaction, on one short occasion, of
a skilled player and the code in the
ROM. For copyright purposes, what
is important is that the attract mode is
not input-dependent, but fixed and
unvarying in terms of its total content
and the sequence in which images ap-
pear.

The "play mode" of a video-game
machine is the actual game-play se-
quence, which supersedes the attract
mode in a game machine whenever a
quarter is inserted into the machine.
The play mode display is never quite
the same twice, after the first several
seconds, for no two player-input
signal sets are ever identical. Within
any total play mode sequence, how-
ever, are certain recurrent subrou-
tines. Any time that an alien insect
image contacts the image of the
player's Earth-defender rocket ship
anywhere on the video screen, an ex-
plosion image sequence occurs. This
is a set audiovisual display of the
mutual destruction of the two images.
A similar subroutine is carried out
when a player's missile image con-
tacts (hits) an insect image. More-
over, if the game has a background
landscape or a maze on which the ac-
tion is superimposed, that may be a
fixed sequence. Games with "charac-
ters," such as a protagonist, may
have them as fixed sections of code
stored in one place.

By way of analogy, to compare the
two modes for copyright law pur-
poses, consider an ordinary video
tape of Casablanca. No matter how
many times anyone plays the tape,
Rick never gets on the plane to
Lisbon, he always shoots Major
Strasser, Louis always calls for a
roundup of the usual suspects, and
Rick and Louis always go off to join
the Free French Forces. That is how
the attract mode operates. Now, im--

424 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 344 on inquiry card.

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agine an "interactive" Casablanca, an
art form of the future, dependent on
viewer input. Sometimes Rick gets on
the Lisbon plane with Ilsa, sometimes
Strasser shoots him first, sometimes
Louis arrests Rick, perhaps some-
times Strasser gets Ilsa, and so on.
But some recurrent subroutines are
also in this Casablanca; wherever
Rick says, "Play it again, Sam," Sam
will always oblige by playing "As
Time Goes By" on his piano, and
after any shooting, Louis will always
say, "Round up the usual suspects."
That is how the play mode of a video
game may operate.

Midway claimed copyright protec-
tion against the importers under both
copyright registrations. The ITC
agreed that the copyright on the
Galaxian attract mode "audiovisual
work" had been infringed because the
importers simply unloaded and re-
loaded the whole ROM without
bothering to identify and vary the
fixed data stored in the attract mode
portion of the ROM. This caused the
importers' machines to duplicate or
perform the very same attract mode
performed by Midway's machines,
which was infringement of Midway's
copyright on the attract mode. But
the ITC refused to rule on whether
Midway could also gain protection
on the basis of the importers' unload-
ing and reloading the play mode's
program data (object code) from the
ROM. (Certain Coin-Operated
Audio-Visual Games and Com-
ponents Thereof, ITC Docket No.
337-TA-87, Opinion of June 26,
1981.)

First, the ITC said that registering a
video tape of a single play mode per-
formance of the Galaxian game is not
a registration of every other possible
Galaxian game performance. Since
there are millions of possible Galax-
ian play mode performances, allow-
ing registration of one performance to
confer protection for the entire set of
possible performances would be the
equivalent of copyrighting the idea of
the Galaxian game itself. But the
copyright laws do not allow games or
other ideas to be protected as such. In
short, although the ITC did not put it
in these terms, registering one com-

puter run of a program or one output
display does not constitute registering
a claim of copyright on all runs, all
displays, or the algorithm (or pro-
gram) for all runs.

Second, the ITC said that the
human player is perhaps a coauthor
of the Galaxian play mode perfor-
mance or output. The ITC asked:
Can a work coauthored by a person
and a computer (the Galaxian game
machine with its processor, ROM,
etc.) be protected by the computer
owner's copyright? The ITC refused
to answer this difficult question
because it believed that the narrow
basis on which it had decided to
dispose of the case permitted it to
avoid the issue.

It is unfair to duplicate

object code because

doing so violates the

spirit of the copyright

laws even though not

their letter.

The ITC found a way to decide the
case that made it possible not to rule
on such difficult legal questions as
whether the program for the Galaxian
play mode or ROM had been, or
could in any way be, copyrighted or
infringed. The importers had all
copied the attract mode, which was
protected as a copyrighted audio-
visual work. Their machines could
therefore be excluded from the U.S.
on that ground alone. The other more
difficult questions could, if necessary,
be decided in subsequent cases in-
volving other video games. (One such
case is now pending before the ITC.)

Finally, the ITC noted that its dis-
position of the Galaxian case made it
unnecessary to reach an issue urged
upon it by the present writer. This
was whether it was unfair to unload
and reload program data (object
code) from a ROM even though it
was not copyright infringement to do
so. In the view that the writer urged,
it is unfair to duplicate object code (as
the ITC statute uses the term
"unfair") because doing so violates

the spirit of the copyright laws even
though not their letter. Understand-
ably, the ITC may have felt reluctant
to fill in a gap in the copyright laws
when Congress had failed to do so.
Despite its avoidance of many impor-
tant issues, the ITC's opinion in the
Galaxian case is perhaps the most
perceptive and instructive one in the
whole object code/unloaded-ROM
field.

The TRS-80 Case: The latest lawsuit
over object code involves the
input/output (I/O) interpreter pro-
gram for the TRS-80 microcomputer.
{Tandy Corp. v. Personal Micro
Computers, Inc., 524 F. Supp. 171
[N.D. Calif. 1981].) Tandy's TRS-80
microcomputer includes an I/O pro-
gram stored in a ROM. The TRS-80
I/O program interprets BASIC source
code into machine-intelligible object
code. This interpretation process is
essential to the use of the computer,
the trial court noted, because human
beings using the TRS-80 cannot
understand and communicate object
code, while machines cannot under-
stand (by that term, the court meant
cannot be directly operated by means
of) a human-intelligible, high-level
language such as BASIC source code.
Of course, the same principle applies
to the I/O program itself. It, too,
must be transformed into object code
before the computer can understand
and use it. Tandy therefore compiled
the I/O program and loaded it into a
ROM, which was placed in its
TRS-80s. This was a ROM whose sili-
con chip's physical pattern corre-
sponded to the object-code form of
the I/O program. (Presumably, this
was a custom ROM, not a PROM,
but that does not seem material to
copyrightability.)

Tandy had apparently registered
the program for copyright as a source
program. Tandy sued the defendant,
also a manufacturer of microcom-
puters, when it discovered that the
defendant had unloaded the ROM
and was using the program in its
microcomputers. Tandy's I/O pro-
gram was presumably copyrightable
when it was written out in BASIC
source code or another human-

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Object Code, Piano
Rolls, and Sanskrit

Some programmers claim to be able
to read object-code printouts. It is un-
clear, under copyright law, how many
people must be able to read a message
for it to be deemed a copyrightable
"writing" or a "copy. " In one case,
now of questionable authority, the
U.S. Supreme Court held that per-
forated player-piano rolls were not
"copies. " Thus, they were not infringe-
ments of copyrighted sheet music, even
though some persons skilled in making
piano rolls claimed to be able to read
them as others read ordinary musical
staff notation. The Court pointed out
that, in any event, a piano roll is not
intended to be read like sheet music.
Moreover, it noted, extending similar
protection to piano rolls as "copies"
would require extending similar pro-

tection to music-box cylinders and
other mechanical objects, an extension
of copyright law that the Court con-
sidered improper.

On the other hand, it is generally
believed that a book written in San-
skrit or a listing of a source program in
FORTRAN or API may be copy-
righted, even though relatively few
persons can read them. Copyright pro-
tection has even been granted to a
book of meaningless five-letter
"words" intended for use as cable code,
where the users were supposed to sup-
ply their own arbitrary meanings for
the "words."

Opinions probably differ widely
among lawyers as to whether intelligi-
bility of the message to a large number
of persons is a requisite of copyright.

intelligible language. But the defen-
dant had duplicated the ROM, not
the source code. This raised the ques-
tion, as in the Compuchess case,
whether Tandy's or the defendant's
ROM chip was a "copy" (as the copy-
right statute uses that term) of the
copyrighted TRS-80 I/O program.
The defendant moved for a pretrial
summary judgment in its favor on the
ground that regardless of whether its
ROM duplicated Tandy's ROM it
was not a "copy" of Tandy's copy-
righted I/O program.

The court rejected the motion,
refused to dismiss Tandy's complaint,
and said that the case must go to trial.
Its reasoning was as follows:

• The statute says that works can be
"fixed" by embodying them in any
"tangible medium of expression, now
known or later developed, from
which they can be perceived, repro-
duced, or otherwise communicated,
either directly or with the aid of a
machine."

• A silicon chip is a "tangible medium
of expression" within the meaning of
the copyright statute.

• 'The imprinting of a computer pro-
gram on a silicon chip, which then
allows the computer to read the pro-
gram and act upon its instructions,
falls easily within this definition" of
"fixed."

•Therefore, the copyright laws pro-
tect a program fixed in the form of a
ROM chip. Unloading and reloading
a ROM is copyright infringement of
the copyright on the source program.

The court recognized that in the
Compuchess case the trial court had
held the opposite. But it simply dis-
agreed with that court's reasoning
and refused to follow it.

The court's conclusions in the
TRS-80 case about copying ROMs do
not seem to follow properly. There
appear to be some gaps in the court's
logic, which it has filled with unstated
and perhaps incorrect assumptions.
The court's remarks about the pro-
gram being "fixed" in the ROM chip
ignore (1) the statute's requirement
that a "copy" of the program be made
before an infringement can be found,
and (2) the problems stemming from
the fact that the statutory definition
of "fixed" parallels the statutory
definition of "copies," so that the
various legal problems do not go
away by focusing only on "fixed."

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Worst of all, the court seems to have
badly confused itself with its meta-
phors. The court speaks of a com-
puter's "reading" or "understanding"
object code, and "act[ing] upon its in-
structions/' analogously to a person's
reading or understanding a source
program or other literary work. But
the court mistakes its figure of speech
for reality. Computers and other ma-
chines do not read books or under-
stand them in the same sense as a per-
son does. Yet, the court's reasoning
assumes this. Thus, "perception" by a
machine or "communication" to a
machine is assumed to be covered by
the statute. But that needs to be de-
cided, not assumed. The terms "per-
ceived" and "communicated" in the
statutory definitions of "copies" and
"fixed" may well contemplate nothing
of the kind. Probably, the opposite
assumption would be sounder.

This flushes out the basic issues in
the unloaded-ROM cases:

•whether under the present statute,
"human intelligibility" is a require-
ment for copyright
• whether copyright can be used to
protect objects intended to perform a
utilitarian function rather than to act
as a medium for communicating ideas

Those are the real points of dif-
ference, whether well articulated or
not, between the two courts in the
Compuchess and TRS-80 cases, and
they underlie the issues that the ITC
considered too troublesome to decide
in the Galaxian case.

Protecting Software
Under Present Law

If one had to choose only among
expanding the laws governing copy-
rights, patents, trade secrets, or con-
tracts, copyright would probably be
the best of a bad lot. But it is a poor
second to a specific software law
based on the broader power of Con-
gress to regulate commerce than to
regulate "writings." Perhaps the best
way to understand this is to briefly
survey the concepts and structures of
those respective bodies of law, focus-
ing first on how they apply to soft-
ware and then on specific software
problems that are not dealt with

satisfactorily. The purpose of the
following overview is to show how
the structure and concepts of
copyright, patent, trade secret, and
contract law relate to the things they
were evolved to deal with, and how
they much less satisfactorily relate to
software.

What Does the Copyright
Act Do for Software?

The three unloaded-ROM cases in-
dicate that the copyright laws furnish
object code with little protection, de-
batable protection, or no protection
at all. The present copyright statute,
despite two amendments, has prob-
ably bungled the protection of object
code. Despite optimistic claims that
"the copyright problem was resolved
by the Computer Software Copyright
Act of 1980" and "object code is now
clearly subject to copyright laws" (see
BYTE, May 1981, pages 130, 138),
the reality is that "subsequent revi-
sion (most particularly the Computer
Software Copyright Act of 1980) con-
tinues to provide inadequate protec-
tion" (BYTE, May 1981, page 138).

Copies: True, the 1980 Act con-
tains a definition of "computer pro-
gram" that at least arguably includes
object code (see BYTE, May 1981,
page 130). But the Act stops there and
does not go on to say that unloading
a program from a ROM or otherwise
electronically duplicating a program
(specifically, object code) constitutes
unlawful copyright infringement or
the making of a forbidden "copy."
That further step is essential to our
having secure copyright protection
for object code if the following
analysis is correct.

The copyright statute is a maze — or
certainly a very complex network.
The copyright statute has a key node
through which every important signal
must pass. This is the definition of
"copy." Only a "copy" of a work can
be protected; only a "copy" of a work
is an infringement. The statute de-
fines a "copy" of a program or other
work as a stable, tangible embodi-
ment of the work from which the
work "can be perceived ... or other-
wise communicated." The quoted
words may well compel the conclu-

430 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE September 1982 433

Disassembling Object Code and
Copyrighting Chairs

An argument for intelligibility of ob-
ject code could be made on the basis of
reverse-compiling. In principle, object
code can be disassembled and con-
verted into an intelligible form if prop-
er parameters are known. For example,
programs are available to convert
(disassemble) object-code versions of
programs for various microprocessors
into assembly code. The assembly code
is widely human-intelligible, at least in
the software trade. It can be used to
develop, and perhaps even computer-
generate, high-level source code,
which is generally recognized as both
human-intelligible and copyrightable.
Obviously, the same thing could be
done for ROMs, although it is not clear
that the end product of this process
will always be the very same source
program as that initially compiled to
generate the object code.

The argument based on reverse-

compiling is that although object code
may not be directly intelligible to most
people, with the aid of a computer and
program it can be put into an intelligi-
ble form. It is unclear, however,
whether the fact that unintelligible
symbol set A can be converted into in-
telligible symbol set B, by a transfor-
mation process, is the full equivalent of
the copyright law's statutory concept
that set A is a material object from
which the underlying work (which
may be equated here to intelligible
symbol set B) can be "perceived or
otherwise communicated." It is one
thing to perceive a video tape of
Casablanca with the aid of a TV set. It
may be quite another thing to perceive
a transformation of object code with
the aid of a computer.

For one thing, the video tape of
Casablanca is intended to be used
primarily as an object of communica-

tion, while the ROM is intended to be
used primarily as an object to operate a
machine. This point was noted in
several early piano-roll copyright deci-
sions. Second, the transformation
argument seems to prove too much
and thus leads to unacceptable results.
Buildings and chairs are clearly not
writings. Thus, they are not copyright-
able. Yet, either can be subjected to an
optical-scanning process and, with the
aid of a computer, be made to generate
a set of intelligible and copyrightable
blueprints. If a ROM is copyrightable
simply because it can be made to
generate source code or its equivalent,
so too is a building or chair. The latter
is clearly not the law, which suggests
that something must be wrong with the
argument. The argument based on the
possibility of reverse-compilation is
thus probably unsound.

sion that the potential of sapient
perception and communication is es-
sential to copyright protection. That
is, the alleged copy of a program or
other work must be intelligible to
human perceivers and communi-
catees. It is not enough that it be ma-
chine-readable, for machines do not
perceive works and one cannot com-
municate works to them except in a
metaphorical sense. That is not the
commonsense usage of "perceive"
and "communicate." The alleged
copy (object code), to be a "copy,"
thus would have to communicate
something to humans in terms of idea
or emotion, and they would have to
be able to perceive it. Yet, even in its
most communicable form (hard copy
rather than ROM or disk), object
code is a string of Os and Is unintelli-
gible to most, even if not all, poten-
tial readers. In its ordinary physical
form, such as a ROM, it is even less
of a means of communication. (See
the text box Disassembling Object
Code and Copyrighting Chairs. )

Further Amendments: To be sure,
we could try still another amendment
of the copyright law to overcome the

problem. We could say, in so many
words, that unauthorized electronic
duplication of any information stored
in a tape, disk, ROM, or other prod-
uct capable of being encoded with
program information (in the form of
object code or otherwise) constitutes
copyright infringement, irrespective
of whether the information encoded
is intelligible to persons. That is the
cheap and dirty solution, usually
favored heretofore, but it is unwise
for several reasons.

First, if the trial court in the
Compuchess case was right, there re-
mains a constitutional problem. Ob-
ject code may be protectable under a
statute regulating interstate and
foreign commerce, but not under one
regulating "writings." The concept of
"writings" in the Constitution may re-
quire substantial human-intelligibility
of the alleged writing. It also may re-
quire that the alleged writing be in-
tended as a medium of communica-
tion, rather than intended primarily
to serve as a utilitarian object.

Second, copyright law is unsuitable
and inappropriate for software. It is a
worse vehicle for protecting software

than COBOL is for doing advanced
mathematical calculations. Copyright
law is the result of the evolution of a
system to prevent book printers from
copying books that were first pub-
lished by other book printers. When
copyright remedies and procedures
are applied to other kinds of things,
mass-produced products that any
claimant wants to protect, those
remedies and procedures do an inept
job. Copyright now does an awk-
ward and clumsy job of protecting
lamp bases, junk jewelry, fabric de-
signs, belt buckles, and toys. It will
do no better for code in ROMs, disks,
and tapes.

Even without the problems high-
lighted by the unloaded-ROM cases,
copyright law is ill-suited to protect-
ing software. The May 1981 issue of
BYTE contains several surveys of the
copyright law and other laws protect-
ing software. They describe what
follows in more detail and from a dif-
ferent perspective.

Subject Matter of Copyright:
Copyright protects particular "ex-
pressions" (specific formulations or
embodiments) of ideas, suiting copy-

434 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE September 1982 435

right more or less to protection of
source code and documentation from
outright duplication. But copyright
law does not protect ideas, formulas,
processes, and the like, as such. Ac-
cordingly, it cannot protect algo-
rithms or the concepts on which pro-
grams are based.

Infringement and Remedies: Mak-
ing and selling a "copy" of a copy-
righted work is "copyright infringe-
ment," for which the standard
remedies are:

• destruction of all offending copies

• award of damages to the copyright
owner for the profits that would have
been made on sales of copies diverted
from the owner

• award of the infringer's profits on
sales (if this is a separate, nonoverlap-
ping item)

• an injunction against further copy-
ing

The copyright laws do not deal, how-
ever, with use of copyrighted

material. Moreover, the copyright
laws do not contemplate intermediate
remedies, such as mandatory reason-
able-royalty licensing. Finally, they
have no express or formal means for
dealing with the severe problems of
innocent purchasers who wish to
resell the product.

Mere ownership and personal use
of an infringing copy of a copyrighted
work is not itself an infringement, but
its resale is. Thus, even if copyright
law protected ROMs, it would not
prevent a customer from using an un-
lawfully copied ROM that had been
purchased, or require the payment of
damages for using the ROM. But it
would prevent resale of the ROM or a
microcomputer in which the ROM
was an essential part. It is unclear
whether the owner of the copyright
on a ROM could get a court order for
the destruction of the ROM when it is
in the hands of a purchaser.

Plagiarism: The concept of non-
duplicative copying or "plagiarism" is
recognized in copyright cases involv-

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ing books, plays, and music. But the
concept in the software field is vir-
tually undefined and prior copyright
precedents are of almost no value. It
is therefore unpredictable when a
court will call one program a copy of
another when the two are not iden-
tical. The inevitable importation of
concepts developed for books and
plays must add a very substantial
random element to the decision pro-
cess.

Patent Law

Patent law is in many ways theo-
retically or conceptually more suited
than copyright to software. But it too
has severe problems. First, it is clear
that algorithms and concepts of pro-
grams, as well as pure programs con-
sidered in isolation, are unpatentable
under the present patent law. Pro-
grams in the matrix or setting of a
machine system, however, may be
patentable. For example, a machine
system for molding and curing rubber
is patentable even though the central
elements of the system are a ROM-
stored program and microprocessor
designed to cooperate with other
elements to cause the mold to open
after an optimum heat history. Data-
processing applications may run into
more problems.

A patent is granted only for new
and unobvious subject matter. Im-
provements in programs seldom meet
this difficult test. Moreover, 70 per-
cent of all issued patents that reach
appellate courts are held invalid. A
new kind of ROM as such could be
patented as a new machine, but an
old ROM with a new program en-
coded in it could not. It would be
considered like trying to patent an old
player piano with a new piano roll in
it.

The remedies of the patent system
are generally similar to those of copy-
right, although more suited concep-
tually to software. Thus, using a
patented product or process without
authorization is patent infringement,
unlike unauthorized use of a copy-
righted work. Moreover, the concept
of patent infringement is much more
definite than copyright infringement
because a patent has "claims" specifi-

436 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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cally defining its coverage. For exam-
)le, if someone could legitimately
claim inventorship of the idea of sub-
routines and if the patent laws would
somehow (under an amended law)
reach such things, it would in princi-
ple be possible to write a patent and
patent claim covering GOSUB. Of
course, that is not how the copyright
laws operate, and one could not, even
in principle, copyright GOSUB.

Trade Secret and Contract Law

Trade secrets, and contractual ar-
rangements tied in with reliance on
trade secrets, are the most widely
used form of software protection in
the United States at this time. (In
large part that reflects the inade-
quacy of present copyright law and
patent law.) Since this body of law is
nonfederal, unlike patents and copy-
rights, it varies widely from state to
state. Ideas can be protected under
contract law. Therefore, difficulty
with algorithms and program con-
cepts does not apply here. By the
same token, parties can contractually
bind themselves (but not others) not
to unload ROMs or other forms of
object code. The only limits to con-
tracts are set by public policy and by
the limitations of drafting ability.

The real problem, however, is with
third parties. A contract or duty of
secrecy between Tom and Dick does
not bind Harry. Unless Harry know-
ingly induces Dick to breach a secrecy
agreement with Tom, Tom probably
has no remedy against Harry. Thus,
Harry may buy or borrow Dick's ma-
chine with Tom's ROM, or lease it
from Dick, or foreclose on it, and
then unload the ROM with impunity.
Even if Dick lends, leases, or sells to
Harry in violation of Dick's contract
with Tom not to do so, Tom has no
right against the unknowing (and
therefore innocent) Harry. There may
be ways to minimize these risks, by
restrictive agreements or leases, but
they are impractical and/or impossi-
ble with such mass-marketed prod-
ucts as those involved in the three
ROM cases discussed above.

The secrecy of a trade secret is
fragile. Contract rights are ineffective
against third parties. Restrictive

agreements may also fail if the trade
secret becomes public. In combina-
tion, trade secrets and contracts prob-
ably protect software proprietors bet-
ter than present copyright law does,
but they probably give less protection
than an amended copyright or patent
law could furnish. None of these dif-
ferent systems, however, is capable of
protecting software effectively
because of their main commitments in
other directions.

The problem with using these
several forms of law to protect soft-
ware is that it takes too much
creativity and energy to persuade the
courts to apply them sensibly to soft-
ware. These other kinds of law have
evolved acceptable solutions for the
problems with which they ordinarily
deal. It makes good sense not to pro-
tect mere ideas under copyright and
patent law. It makes good sense to
protect plans and blueprints, but not
buildings or machines, under copy-
right law. It makes good sense not to
bind third parties to the contracts of
others. It makes good sense to protect
trade secrets only when they are not
widely known. But none of this deals
properly with the interests at stake in
software and the kind of fact patterns
characteristic of software ownership
and use controversies.

Dealing with the Special
Problems of Software

A proper system for protecting soft-
ware from misappropriation would
have to:

• accommodate the conflicting inter-
ests of the various groups concerned
with the use and protection of soft-
ware

• devise remedies tailored to deal
with the different ways in which soft-
ware can be appropriated

•be structured for ease of access to
the system and ease of administration

• generally encourage development
of new software without discouraging
the use of software or the growth of
the industry

The second part of this article,
which will appear in next month's
issue, will address those issues. ■

438 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

TINT III

The Non*Programming Approach to Data Base Management

Data Base Management

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management package should be able to
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Features of TLM.

TLM. has all of the features
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The Manual

Many people believe that the
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Circle 233 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 439

A Comparison of Five
Compilers for Apple BASIC

Speed isn't the only criterion to consider
when choosing a compiler.

The BASIC language, in the form
commonly available on personal
computers, has been a great boon to
the spreading popularity of these ma-
chines. BASIC is easy to learn, usable
in a wide range of applications, effi-
cient in memory usage, and inexpen-
sive to incorporate into hardware.
The enormous success of computers
such as the Apple II, the Commodore
PET, and the Radio Shack TRS-80 is,
we think, largely a result of their
friendly implementation of BASIC —
a high-level language stored in ROM
(read-only memory).

However, the B ASICs used in near-
ly all personal computers suffer from
one serious drawback: they are slow.
This is largely a result of BASIC being
present in the form of an interpreter,
a machine-language program that
supervises the execution of the user's
BASIC program. The supervision is

About the Authors

Joseph H. Taylor is a professor of physics at
Princeton University and uses computers (from
microcomputers to mainframes) in his research
work on pulsars and other phenomena in astro-
physics. His son Jeffrey is a student at Prince-
ton High School and carried out most of the
tests of the compilers described in this article.

Joseph H. Taylor and Jeffrey S, Taylor

272 Hartley Ave.

Princeton, NJ 08540

accomplished by sequentially scan-
ning the text lines that make up the
program at the time the BASIC pro-
gram is running (that is, at execution
time). Each line is decoded to deter-
mine the numerical or logical opera-
tions desired, and the interpreter calls

Our primary yardstick
for comparing the five

compilers was

execution speed, and

we used the speed of

the Applesoft

Interpreter as the

standard reference

point.

appropriate subroutines (within its
own program code) to carry out the
indicated operations.

A much more efficient scheme,
used in nearly all serious computer
applications, is to use a compiler to
translate the program's logical struc-
ture into code directly executable by
the computer hardware. This object
code (rather than the source code

lines written by the programmer) is
stored in the computer's memory at
execution time. The program can run
much faster than it could under the
control of an interpreter because the
scanning and decoding is done only
once, at compilation time.

In this article, we review five dif-
ferent compilers designed for use on
the Apple II computer, all of which
were first marketed during the past
year. One of them, the Integer BASIC
Compiler by Galfo Systems, works
only with programs written in Apple
Integer BASIC. Although this lan-
guage subset is not suitable for some
applications — especially those in-
volving extensive calculations or
"number crunching" — it is eminently
useful in others and produces ex-
tremely fast and compact code when
used with the Galfo compiler. In
some time-critical applications, this
speed advantage (typically 10 times
faster than interpreted Integer BASIC
and 15 or more times faster than
Applesoft) might be very important.

The other four compilers reviewed
are Applesoft Compiler (Hayden
Book Company), TASC (which
stands for The Applesoft Compiler,

440 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE September 1982 441

At a Glance

Name

Integer BASIC

Applesoft

TASC

Expediter \\

Speed Star

Compiler

Compiler

Type

Compiles

These products compile programs written in Applesoft BASIC.

Integer BASIC

Manufacturer

Galfo Systems

Hayden Book Co.

Microsoft

On-Line Systems

Southwestern Data Systems

6252 Camino Verde

50 Essex St.

400 1 08th Ave. NE

36575 Mudge Ranch Rd.

10761, Suite E,

San Jose. CA95II9

Rochelle Park, NJ 07662

Belleview. WA 98004

Coarsegold, CA 93614

Woodside Ave.
Santee. CA 9207 1

Price

SI 50

SI 75

$160

$100

$135

Format

Two 5 ] A -inch floppy

5 ] A -inch floppy disk

5/4 -inch floppy disk

5'/4-inch floppy disk

5/4 -inch floppy disk

disks ( 1 6 sector)

( 1 3- and 1 6-sector

( 1 3-sector, can be

( 1 3- and 1 6-sector

(1 6-sector); hardware key

available)

copied to 1 6-sector)

copies provided)

plugs into paddle port

Language

6502 machine language

6502 machine language

Compiled Applesoft
(source not provided)

6502 machine language

6502 machine language

Computer

Apple II or II Plus, with

These products

all require an Apple II or II Plus with 48K bytes of memory,

32K or 48K bytes of

Applesoft

n ROM or in the Language

Card, and one disk drive.

memory and one disk

drive. Integer BASIC re-

quired in ROM or in the

Language Card at com-

pile time.

Documentation

30 pages; soft binder

27 pages; three-ring

97 pages; two-ring

1 6 pages; paper cover

54 pages; three-ring

binder

padded binder

'padded binder

Warranty

Money-back guarantee

Damaged disk replaced

If defective, will replace

Free replacement, if

Unconditional replacement

for S20 fee

within 1 2 months of
purchase

necessary, within 90 days

or refund within 30 days

Audience

Anyone writing programs in BASIC for the Apple

\\ computer and needing irr

lproved execution speed or security of source code

from Microsoft), Expediter II (On-
Line Systems), and Speed Star
(Southwestern Data Systems). All of
them compile programs written in
Applesoft, a widely used BASIC
dialect with good string-handling and
graphics capabilities and full floating-
point support. The object code pro-
duced by these compilers generally
runs 2 to 10 times faster than the re-
spective programs being executed
under the Applesoft interpreter.

The Compilers and the Tests

Each of the compiler systems is fur-
nished in machine-language form on
one or two 5V4-inch floppy disks. The
Applesoft compilers are usable on
any Apple II or II Plus computer with
48K bytes of RAM (random-access
read/ write memory) and one or
more disk drives; the Applesoft inter-
preter must also be present, either in
ROM, the Language Card, or another
16K-byte RAM card. The Integer

BASIC Compiler requires 32K bytes
of RAM and at least one disk drive,
and the Integer BASIC interpreter
must be present in ROM or in the
Language Card at compilation time.
The interpreter is not required at exe-
cution time, so compiled programs
can be run on machines without In-
teger BASIC.

Our primary yardstick for compar-
ing the five compilers was execution
speed, and we used the speed of the
Applesoft interpreter as the standard
reference point. We wrote (or
adapted from the literature) eight
benchmark programs, chosen to eval-
uate different features of the BASIC
language. Brief descriptions of each
of the eight test programs are given in
table 1, and full listings are presented
in listings 1 through 8. Some trivial
changes in syntax were required, of
course, in copying the programs from
Applesoft into Integer BASIC, but
otherwise the identical programs

were run under each interpreter and
compiler. The first five programs test
integer arithmetic, loops, magnitude
comparisons, and array shuffling.
The last three programs assess fea-
tures not implemented in Integer
BASIC: The ALPHA program tests
string-array handling and string com-
parisons, and MATINV and FFT test
multidimensional array manipulation
and some relatively complicated
floating-point "number crunching."
Our experience shows that the exact
choice of benchmark programs is not
very important. The better compilers
were superior (or at least comparable
to the others) for all of the programs
tested.

Other criteria besides execution
speed are of interest to some users
because of particular needs. One of
the most important of these is the size
of the resulting object-code program.
In most cases, the compiled code is
larger than the BASIC source pro-

442 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE September 1982 443

Program

Applesoft Interpreter

Brief Description of Program

Name

Execution Time
(seconds)

PRIME1

16.9

Generates all prime numbers less than 1000,
using the "Sieve of Eratosthenes" algorithm
(see "A High-Level Language Benchmark" by
Jim Gilbreath, September 1981 BYTE, page
180).

PRIME2

28.2

Generates all prime numbers less than 1000,
using the algorithm given by Charles Porter
(see "Some More on Performance Evaluation"
by Carl Helmers, July 1980 BYTE, page 216).

SIGAV

44.2

Signal-averager program, as might be used in a
laboratory data-acquisition system. Uses integer
arithmetic.

KBAUD7

46.3

BASIC benchmark used by Rugg and Feldman
(Kilobaud, October 1977, page 20).

SORT

24.8

Sorts a list of numbers into ascending order.

ALPHA

15.4

Sorts a list of words into alphabetical order.

MATINV

40.2

Inverts a 10 by 10 matrix.

FFT

22.6

Computes the discrete Fourier transform of a
64-point complex array.

Table 1:

Programs used in execution time comparisons. The times given are derived

using interpreted BASIC.

Listing 1: PRIMEl program computes all prime numbers from 1 to 1000.

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360

REM **********
REM * PRIMEl *
REM **********

HOME :MAX = 1000
SIZE = INT ( (MAX - 1) / 2)
B$ = CHR$ (7)

DIM FL% (500)

INPUT "READY ? " ; A$

PRINT "START" + B$
COUNT =

FOR I = TO SIZE
FL%(I) = 1

NEXT I

FOR 1=0

IF FL% (I)
PRIME = 1 + 1 + 3
K = I + PRIME

IF K > SIZE THEN 310
FL% (K) =
K = K + PRIME

GOTO 270
COUNT = COUNT + 1

REM "PRINT PRIME" HERE IF DESIRED

NEXT I

PRINT B$ + "STOP"

PRINT COUNT;" PRIMES"

END

TO SIZE

= THEN 330

gram and, therefore, requires more
disk space and memory. In addition,
each compiler system requires a run-
time library of support routines to be
present in RAM at execution time.
The run-time libraries range from ap-
proximately 2K to 4K bytes in size.
For very long programs these code ex-
pansion considerations may be of
paramount importance.

Each of the compilers provides a
number of options from which the
user can choose through a question-
and-answer dialogue or "active
remark" (REM) statements included
in the source code itself. (These active
REM statements will be ignored, of
course, by the BASIC interpreter;
they are used to provide information
to the compiler only.) Most of the op-
tions serve to control the addresses of
the object code and run-time library
at execution time — for example, to
avoid interference with Apple's high-
resolution graphics pages or to allow
several compiled programs to share
some common variables and a single
copy of the run-time library. As an-
other option, TASC permits an active
REM to declare any or all of the pro-
gram's numeric variables to be in-
tegers, without having to append the
otherwise obligatory percent signs
(%) throughout the source program.
Because TASC (like the Hayden
Applesoft Compiler, but unlike Ex-
pediter II, Speed Star, and the BASIC
interpreter) evaluates integer expres-
sions using efficient 16-bit integer
arithmetic, an integer declaration for
all quantities used as integers can
speed up program execution consid-
erably.

Ranking by Execution Speed

The results of our execution speed
comparisons are presented in figure 1.
In all cases, the relative speed for a
given compiler was obtained by
dividing the Applesoft Interpreter ex-
ecution time (given in table 1) by the
time required to run the same pro-
gram after compilation. As figure 1
indicates, Galfo Systems' Integer
BASIC Compiler was the clear win-
ner for the five programs that it was
able to compile. Its generated code
ran 1.5 to 8 times faster than that of
any of the other compilers, 8 to 12

444 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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structure allows GBS to execute your appli-
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GENerator programs extremely rapidly.

You may construct screens with a full
screen editor. Later, your programs will dis-
play these screens with a single instruction.
You may use subroutines to shorten and
organize your programs. The fields in a record
may be referenced like an array. And for those
learning to use GBS, there are valuable
HELPs available on call.

START USING GBS NOW.

GBS is up and running on most popular
CP/M* based computers, like those made by
Apple, Tandy, Xerox, Sharp, NEC, Osborne,
Televideo, Hewlett Packard, Vector, Toshiba,
Altos, and more.

If you are now using an older, slower data
base management system, you can move up
to the power of GBS and adapt your current
data files with the help of our optional utility
CONVERT.

You can order GBS with confidence
because we guarantee it! If GBS isn't all
we say it is, and more, simply return it within
30 days for a full refund. This offer is for a
limited time only, so please act immediately.
Discuss these terms with your local computer
store manager — he may be a participating
GBS dealer.

Call Today

Contact us today for additional infor-
mation or to take advantage
of our special 30-
day Money Back
Guarantee.

GBS— it's the best
business decision
you can make, for
today and for the
future.

QUALITY SOFTWARE

6660 Reseda Blvd., Suite 107
Reseda, CA 91335 (213) 344-6599

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

Circle 390 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 445

Listing 2: PRIME 2 also computes all prime numbers from 1 to
1000.

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
185
190
200
210
220
222
224
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310

**********

* PRIME2 *
**********

REM

REM

REM

HOME :L = 1000
B$ = CHR$ (7)

INPUT "READY ? " ;A$

PRINT "START" + B$

DIM A%(1001)

FOR I = 2 TO L
A%(I) = 1

NEXT I
X = 2

IF 2 * X > L

FOR I = 2 * X
A% ( I ) =

NEXT I
X = X + 1

IF X = L THEN 270

IF A% (X) = THEN 230

GOTO 210

PRINT B$ + "STOP"

FOR I = 2 TO L

IF A%(D < > THEN PRINT I

NEXT I

END

GOTO 230
TO L STEP

Listing 3: SIGAV generates a simulated periodic waveform and,
using integer arithmetic, computes the average shape of the

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

1000

1002

1004

1010

1020

1030

1040

1045

1050

1060

REM *********

REM * SIGAV *
REM *********

HOME

PRINT "GENERATING DATA"

DIM D(4096) ,P(20)

FOR I = 1 TO 4096
D(I) =0: NEXT I

FOR I = 3 TO 4096 STEP 7
D(I) = D(I) + 1

NEXT I
B$ = CHR$ (7)

INPUT "READY

PRINT

GOSUB

PRINT

FOR I

PRINT

NEXT

END

REM

REM

REM

FOR
P(D

FOR ■
P(D

NEXT J

NEXT I

RETURN

';A$

B$

"START" +

1000

B$ + "END

= 1 TO 7

P(D

*******************

* SIGNAL AVERAGER *
*******************

= 1 TO 7

= TO

P(D +

4089 STEP
D(I + J)

Listing 4: KBAUD7 tests BASIC operations including integer
arithmetic, subroutine call, and magnitude comparison.

100 REM **********

110 REM * KBAUD7 *

120 REM **********

130 HOME

140 B$ = CHR$ (7)

150 INPUT "READY ? ";A$

160 PRINT "START" + B$

170 K =

180 DIM M(5)

190 K = K + 1

200 A=K/2*3 + 4-5

210 GOSUB 280

220 FOR L = 1 TO 5

230 M(L) = A

240 NEXT L

250 IF K < 1000 THEN 190

260 PRINT 3$ + "STOP"

270 END

280 RETURN

Listing 5: SORT performs a sort of numbers into ascending
order.

100

REM ********

110

REM * SORT *

120

REM ********

130

HOME

140

INPUT "READY ? " ; A$

150

B$ - CHR$ (7)

160

PRINT "START" + B$

170

DIM A(41)

180

X = 17

190

FOR I = 1 TO 40

200

X = X * 37

210

X = X - 100 * INT (X / 100)

220

A(I) = X

230

NEXT I

240

N = I

250

S =

260

FOR I = 2 TO N

270

IFA(I-l) < =A(I) THEN 3 20

280

Z = A(I - 1)

290

A(I - 1) = A(I)

300

A(I) = Z

310

S = 1

320

NEXT I

330

IF S = 1 THEN 250

340

PRINT B$ + "STOP"

350

K =

360

FOR I = 1 TO N

370

PRINT TAB( 12 * K + 1);A(I);

380

K = K + 1: IFK <3 GOTO 410

390

K =

400

PRINT

410

NEXT I

420

END

446 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE PAPER
CHASE.

W-4EES WITHHOLDING

Now you can computerize your business forms
and input screens without all that tedious, time
consuming programming.

With ZIP,™ it's going to seem almost too easy.

Just "paint" the screen.

To prepare an input screen or output form,
just move the cursor around the screen and type in
text, prompts and data field names exactly where
you want them. Use u @" to print or display values,
use ";" for input fields.

When the screen looks like the format you
want, type 7S" and what you see is what you'll get.
In seconds, ZIP writes all the program code to
recreate the format on the screen or on paper.

And you can use the ZIP code immediately
just by adding a single line to your main program:
GOSUB xxxxx in BASIC, DO Formname in
dBASE II.

ZIP is quick and friendly.

ZIP runs on virtually every 8-bit micro known
to man, and your terminal continues to work the
way it did (tab, arrows, etc.), so you don't have to
learn or unlearn anything about your equipment.

Commands are typed (no control codes), so
you or your secretary can breeze through input
screens and output forms up to 88 lines long and
have ZIP whip out the BASIC or dBASE II code.

The ZIP Talker,™ a line at the bottom of the
screen, always tells you exactly where you are. And
Help is just two keystrokes away.

Now MBASIC really ZIPs.

The MBASIC version goes further and gives
your programs the same screen handling character-
istics that ZIP has, by writing a piece of itself in
MBASIC so that you can use it in any of your
programs.

The operator can use the arrows, etc. during
data entry and conveniently jump back and forth
between the input fields.

You can specify field lengths, or let ZIP default
to the available space. Either way, text and prompts
are protected no matter what kind of terminal you
have, so the operator can't write over the fields
and prompts.

Circle 345 on inquiry card.

-■■■'-' \.y. , i- .i, t ....tn, .

r~T

3685702

■a STATEMENT

j u

COMMISSION REPORT

PURCHASE ORDER

T r

NEW CUSTOMER

CUSTOMER NAME: .'Customer $

MAIL ADDRESS: ;Addrl$:30

CITY: ;Addr2$

STATE: ;Addr3$

DATE: ©Date

ZIP: ;Zipl ;5

SHIP ADDRESS: ;Addr4$:30
CITY: ;Addr5$
STATE: ;Addr6$ ZIP: ;Zip2:5

DISCOUNT CATEGORY: ;Rate!

THE CODE FOR THIS NEW CUSTOMER IS ©CustCode.

Row 17, Col 36

You get the MBASIC code for a "Talker" that
you can use to pretty up your program prompts.
And easy, one-line data validation is built in.

Join thousands of users ZIPping along.

All you need is an 8-bit micro with CP/M or
MPM, 48k of memory and a 24x 80 ASCII or ANSI
terminal (Osborne 1 and 56k Apple okay, too).

The MBASIC and CBASIC versions are $160
each ($225 for both) plus $7 shipping (VISA,
MasterCharge or money order). The dBASE II
version is available alone from Ashton-Tate
(213-204-5570), or well sell you dBASE II with
ZIP for $650. For more information, contact Nexus,
5455 Wilshire, Suite 802, Los Angeles, CA 90036.

Or if you'd like to end the paper chase
sooner, just call 800-227-3747. (In California, call
213-937-0554, add 6% tax.)

from

/Ve>xu<

The man-machine connection.

BYTE September 1982 447

20

10

>

<
-J
UJ

DC

COMPILERS:

GALFO G-

MICROSOFT m
(INTEGERS)

ON-LINE
SYSTEMS x

HAYDEN H
MICROSOFT M.

SOUTHWESTERN
DATA SYSTEMS

INTERPRETERS

APPLESOFT A

PRIME1

A A —

PRIME 2 SIGAV

A

KBAUD7

»^<„X

SORT ALPHA MATINV

FFT

TEST PROGRAM

Figure 1: Relative speed of eight test programs when run directly with the Apple com-
puter interpreters and after compiling them with each of five compilers. The speeds are
normalized to a value of 1.0 for the Applesoft interpreter. Two sets of data are given for
the Microsoft compiler; those denoted by lowercase m were obtained by including an
Integer declaration for all numeric variables used as integers.

times faster than interpreted Integer
BASIC and 14 to 18 times faster than
interpreted Applesoft BASIC. On the
other hand, Integer BASIC does not
allow string arrays and cannot be
used easily for such purposes as in-
verting a matrix, computing a Fourier
transform, or handling accounts-re-
ceivable-type functions. Such tech-
niques as these, used frequently in
scientific, statistical, and business ap-
plications, are better dealt with by
Applesoft BASIC.

Of the Applesoft compilers, Micro-
soft's TASC produced the fastest code
by a substantial margin for those pro-
grams with which its Integer option
could be used effectively. The Hay-
den Applesoft Compiler and Ex-
pediter II were closely grouped in sec-
ond and third place, followed by
TASC (without invoking the Integer
option) and Speed Star. For programs
requiring floating-point calculations
(such as MATINV and FFT), the per-
formance of the compilers was more
uniform, largely because all of them

Text continued on page 454

SA2
ROBOT

$999

The SA2 is a robot developed for the educational market, and has
been designed to meet a requirement for a robot which will emulate,
in behaviour and physical attributes, larger industrial robots.

The arm can access 360° with a reach of 18 inches and a maximum
lift of M>lb.

The Syntheasy

A low cost speech unit complete with
Votrax speech output chip, unlimited
vocabulary, power supply, speaker
and case, all for only -

$120

For further information contact

INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS LTD.

19205 Parthenia St., Suite H

Northridge, CA 91 324 Tel (21 3) 993-4803

FREE SHIPPING

our TRS80® - MOD III

48K, 2 TANDON 5 1 /4"
DISK DRIVES (No. RS232)

$1735

RS232- $99.95

APPLE II Compatible Disk

DRIVE - w/Cabinet & Cable - $375

16K RAM CARD FOR APPLE •

75.

IBM/TRS 80Disk Drive

w/Cabinet and P/S

(TM 100-1 TANDON) - $260

EPSON PRINTERS

MX80 -$435

MX80F/T - 535

MX100 - 685

SMITH-CORONA TP-1

LETTER QUALITY-DAISY WHEEL -$635

DATA-MAIL

P.O. Box 818 Reseda
Calif 91335

VISA. MASTERCARD (S 100 M in. Add 2%) Or

Certified Check Ninety Day Warranty

(Parts & Labor) IRS is a Registered Trademark.

Tandy Corp Prices Subject to Change

Without Notice FREE SHIPPING IN

CONTINENTAL U.S. (TT?S MOD ll EXCEPTED)

(213) 993-4804

448 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 533 on inquiry card.

Circle 522 on inquiry card.

DON'T PAY MORE

THAN YOU HAVE TO FOR YOUR

CP/M® AND IBM 9 SOFTWARE!

AND GET TOLL-FREE TECHNICAL

SUPPORT TO BOOT!

CP/M

IBM

dBASE II

WORDSTAR

SUPERCALC

CROSSTALK

CALL

$279

$199

$119

ASHTON-TATE

MICROPRO

SORCIM

MICROSTUF

QUICKCODE

MAILMERGE

THE WORD

C BASIC 2

$229

$89

$59

$99

FOX & GELLER

MICROPRO

OASIS

DIGITAL
RESEARCH

SPELLBINDER

T/MAKER II

SUPERVYZE

CONDOR

$279

$209

$65

20- 1 1

$509

LEXISOFT

LIFEBOAT

EPIC

CONDOR

SPELLGUARD

WORDSTAR

SUPERCALC

$239

$279

$199

I.S.A.

MICROPRO

SORCIM

EASYSPELLER

$139

MAILMERGE

$89

CONDOR
29- 1 1

$509

I.U.S.

MICROPRO

CONDOR

EASYWRITER

CROSSTALK

TIM III

$289

$119

$399

I.U.S.

MICROSTUF

I.S.I.

ACCOUNTING PLUS®

General Ledger

Accounts Payable

Accounts Receivable

Payroll

Inventory

Sales Order Entry

Purchase Order Entry

Point of Sale

1 MODULE $ 400

2 MODULES 750

3 MODULES 1109

4 MODULES 1465

5 MODULES 1820

6 MODULES 2140

7 MODULES 2440

8 MODULES 2720

DIGITAL RESEARCH

MAC 85

SID 65

ZSID 90

TEX 90

DESPOOL $ 45

PL/1-80 449

BT-80 175

PASCAL MT+ 425

CB-80 419

CBASIC2 99

FOX & GELLER®

Quickscreen 139

dUTIL 69

LIFEBOAT®

T/MAKER II 209

GRAFTALK 399

RBTE-80 649

MICRO -AP®

S-Baslc 269

Selector IV 399

MICROCRAFT®

Legal Billing 495

Time Billing 495

Legal Billing Demo 75

Time Billing Demo 75

MICROPRO®

Wordstar $279

Mail merge 89

Spellstar 159

Datastar 249

Calcstar 219

Supersort 199

Customization Notes . . . 349
Wordmaster 119

MICROTECH EXPORTS®

REFORMATTER 199

CP/M — IBM
CP/M — DEC

MICROSOFT®

Basic 80 284

Basic Compiler 325

Fortran 80 345

Cobol 80 569

Macro 80 1 44

Edit 80 84

MU Math/MUSImp 219

MULisp/MUStar 165

M-Sort 1 29

PICKLES & TROUT®

CP/M $179

CP/M (Hard Disk) 259

SORCIM®

Supercalc 239

DATA BASE®

FMS-80 649

CONDOR 20-I 249

CONDOR 20-II 509

CONDOR 20- 1 1 1 839

CONDOR 20-R 249

CONDOR 20-Q 149

XEROX 820 ACCESSORIES®

DUAL DENSITY

BOARD .....395

SERIAL.PRINTER

DRIVER 99

SMARTERM 129

PARALLEL PRINTER

SOFTWARE 129

ORDER INFO.

MASTERCHARGE, VISA, C.O.D.

3% DISCOUNT ON PREPAYMENT
MADE BY CHECK
(SOFTWARE ONLY)

ALL ITEMS SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY
AND PRICE CHANGE

CP/M® is a Trademark of Digital Research

CORPORATION OF AMERICA

10 MAZZEO DRIVE, RANDOLPH, MA. 02368

617-963-7220
800-343-0852

Hours:

Mon.-Fri. 8 a.m.-8 p.m. E.S.T.

Sat. 9 a.m.-4 p.m.

PURCHASE ORDERS ACCEPTED

FROM QUALIFIED CORPORATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS.

Circle 436 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 449

MuSYS gives
S-100 the best
in networks. . .

withTurboDOS*

With CP/M* compatible TurboDOS and MuSYS
network slave boards you can turn any Z80-based,
S-100 system into a superior multi-processor, multi-
user network.

TurboDOS is faster than CP/M for system func-
tions. TurboDOS supports larger files (134 MB) and
disks (1048 MB) and, unlike CP/NET*, it's compatible
with nearly all 2.2 applications software. Many fea-
tures which are optional, extra cost or not available at
all in CP/M are standard with TurboDOS. Add a
MuSYS NET/82* and you've got a complete, hard-
ware isolated network slave including Z80A CPU,
two serial ports and many other advanced features.
For special applications an additional bank of 64K
memory is available.

. Expand your S-100 system economically with MuSYS
now! Ask for all the facts on TurboDOS and our ex-
panding line of network slave boards.
(Generous quantity /dealer discounts available.)

'TurboDOS is a trademark of Software 2000, Inc. CP/M and CP/NET are trademarks
of Digital Research, Inc. NET/82 is a trademark of MuSYS Corp.

1451 Irvine Blvd., Suite 11
Tustin, CA 92680
(714) 730-5692
TWX: 910-595-1967
CABLE: MUSYSTSTN

Computer Conference and Exhibition/ September 14-16.
Disneyland Hotel/Anaheim. California
See us at Booths 5013, 5015

CORP
Specialists in Multi-user Microsystems

Listing 6: ALPHA performs a string comparison and sort.

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480

REM *********
REM * ALPHA *
REM *********

HOME
B$ = CHR$ (7)
INPUT "READY ? " ;A$
PRINT "START" + B$
DIM A$ (40)

FOR I =

IF A$(I)

NEXT I
N = I
S =

FOR I = 2 TO

IF A$ (I - 1) <
Z$ = A$(I - 1)
A$(I - 1) = A$(I)

TO 40:
= "ZZZ'

N

READ
GOTO

A$(I)
210

A$ (I) THEN 290

A$ (I)
S = 1
NEXT
IF S
PRINT
K =
FOR I
PRINT
K = K
K =
PRINT
NEXT
END
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA

= Z$

: 1

B$

THEN 220
+ "STOP":

= 1 TO N

TAB( 12

- 1: IF K

PRINT

+ 1) ;A$ (I)
GOTO 380

NOTE , THAT , THE , ORDER , OF
SORT , CAN , BE , CHANGED , FROM
ASCENDING , DESCENDING , BY
MAKING , GREATER , THAN , TEST
IN , LINE , LESS , ALSO , SAYS
REPEAT , LOOP , FOUR , TIMES
F IVE , DUE , FACT , LOOKS , AHEAD
ONE , STEP
ZZZ

Listing 7: MATINV inverts a 10 by 10 matrix.

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330

REM **********
REM * MATINV *
REM **********

REM

DIM A(15,15) f B(15 f 15) ,C(15,15)
DIM IK(15) f JK(15)
B$ = CHR$ (7)
HOME :NN = 10

GENERATING 10 X 10 MATRIX"
1 TO NN: FOR J = 1 TO NN

RND ( 1 )
A (I, J) : NEXT J

PRINT

FOR I
A(I,J)
B(I,J)

NEXT I

INPUT "READY

"START"

10000

B$ + "STOP"

"CHECKING RESULTS

= 1 TO NN: FOR K =

^^ Mini Micro

PRINT

GOSUB

PRINT

PRINT

FOR J
S =

FOR M = 1 TO NN
S = S + A(J f M) *
C(J f K) = S

NEXT K: NEXT J

Circle 333 on Inquiry card.

? " ;A$

+ B$

1 TO NN

B(M,K) : NEXT M

Listing 7 continued on page 452

THE MICRO COMPUTER DUSINESS

WILL GROW FROM $10 TO $100 BILLION

IN THE NEXT EIGHT YEARS!

ARE YOU READY TO CASH IN?

The micro computer business is predicted to grow from its present $10 billion to $100 billion before 1990! Imagine the
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m

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THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR REPORT/NEWSLETTER.
All for only $29.95, plus $3 for postage/handling { NY resi-
dents: add $2.64 for sales tax ). If I decide not to keep the
manual, I may return it within 30 day s for a full refund.

NAME:

ADDRESS:

= CITY, STATE, ZIP:

= Q Check or M.O. enclosed Charge to □ VISA fj MC

= CARD#

= Exp. Date:

SIGNATURE:

B9"L

(c) 1982, THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR
Circle 505 on inquiry card.

B YTE September 1982 451

Circle 107 on inquiry card.

AIMING
TOPIEASE

If you know anything at all about Com-
puter Furniture and Accessories, you
know that we bend over backwards to
make our customers happy. That's
why we'll modify our standard line of
computer desks and accessories to
meet your special requirements. With
custom tops and desk configurations,
special data shelves, micro shelves,
risers, keyboard recesses, cable cut-
outs and paper slots, as well as custom
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you get all this plus durable construc-
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service. More
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CF&A is aim-
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CPA

Computer Furniture and

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Gardena, CA 90248

(213)327-7710

Houston Warehouse:

Hamilton and Associates

8050 El Rio

Houston, TX 77054

(713)741-1505

Listing

7 continued:

340

PRINT :

PRINT

"DIAGONAL

OF

PRODUCT:

350

FOR I =

1 TO NN

360

PRINT I

; TAB(

6)

;C(I,I)

370

NEXT I

380

END

10000 REM

***************

ABS (A(I, J) ) GOTO 10120

10010 REM * MATINV SUBR *
10020 REM ***************

10030 DET = 1

10040 FOR K = 1 TO NN

10050 AM =

10060 FOR I = K TO NN

1007 FOR J = K TO NN

10080 IF ( ABS (AM))

10090 AM = A(I,J)

10100 IK(K) = I

10110 JK(K) = J

10120 NEXT J: NEXT I

IF AM < > GOTO 10150

PRINT "ZERO MATRIX — ABORT": END
I = IK(K)

IF I = K GOTO 10220

IF I < K GOTO 10060

FOR J = 1 TO NN
S = A(K f J)
10200 A(K,J) = A(I,J)
10210 A(I,J) = - S: NEXT J
10220 J = JK(K)

IF J < K GOTO 10060

IF J = K GOTO 10290

FOR I = 1 TO NN
S = A(I,K)
10270 A(I,K) = A(I,J)
10280 A(I f J) = - S: NEXT I
10 290 FOR I = 1 TO NN
10300 IF I = K GOTO 10320
10310 A(I,K) = - A(I,K) / AM
10320 NEXT I
10330 FOR I = 1 TO NN
10340 FOR J = 1 TO NN
10350 IF I = K GOTO 10380
10360 IF J = K GOTO 10380
10370 A(I,J) = A(I,J) + A(I,K) * A(K,J)
10380 NEXT J: NEXT I
10390 FOR J = 1 TO NN
10400 IF J = K GOTO 10420
10410 A(K,J) = A(K,J) / AM
10420 NEXT J
10430 A(K,K) =1. /AM
10440 DET = DET * AM: NEXT K
1045 FOR L = 1 TO NN
10460 K = NN - L + 1
10470 J = IK(K)

K GOTO 10530
TO NN

10130
10140
10150
10160
10170
10180
10190

10230
10240
10250
10260

10480 IF J < =
10490 FOR 1=1
10500 S = A(I,K)
10510 A(I,K) = -
10520 A(I,J) = S:
10530 I = JK (K)
10540 IF I < =
10550 FOR J = 1
10560 S = A(K,J)
10570 A(K,J) = -
10580 A(I,J) = S:
10590 NEXT L
10600 RETURN

A(I,J)
NEXT I

K GOTO 10 59
TO NN

A(I,J)

NEXT J

452 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

PRINTS LIKE A DAISY... COSTS LIKE A MATRIX.

Integral Data Systems introduces the
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market that features Maisey™ printing.
Maisey printing is a technique that
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How fast? With Microprism Printer's™
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at 75cps in correspondence-quality
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And it also features sharp, high-density
graphics in an 84 x 84 dpi format.

Youll get cleaner, crisper output
than you ever thought possible in a
single pass.

Other standard features of the
Microprism include proportional

spacing, text justification and, of course,
software compatibility with our more
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The Microprism Printer is the
perfect system mate that can handle
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it's the best of both worlds. So if
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now is the time to check out the
exciting new Microprism Printer from
Integral Data Systems.

Stop in at your local dealer today
and ask for a demonstration. If you

need the name of the dealer nearest
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MICROPRISM™ Ijgy Integral Data Systems, Inc.

Circle 237 on inquiry card.

Microprism Printer, Prism Printer and Maisey

are registered trademarks of Integral Data Systems,

Milford, NH.

Circie 450 on inquiry card.

iil

keeps you in step with
the fast-paced, dynamic
world of COMPUTERS!

55 Advanced Computer
Programs In BASIC

A comprehensive collec-
tion of ready-to-run pro-
grams for the TRS-80
Level II with 16K and
other BASIC computers:
mathematics, business,
personal management,
game, and simulation
programs. 252 pp., 78 il-
lus. Hardbound. Pub-
lisher's List $16.95. Order
No. 1295.

Programming Your

Apple II th Computer -— ,

A must-have sourcebook
f orevery Apple II owner or
prospective owner. Con-
tains all the how-to's for
getting the most perfor-
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chine with the least
amount of time and pro-
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39 illus. Hardbound. Pub-
lisher's List $15.95. Order
No. 1394.

Microprocessor
Interfacing

Complete and up-to-date
guide to the newest con-
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D0RAMMIN0VOUS

APPLE I
COMPUTER

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How To Get
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Practical introduction to
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. . . shows you how to get
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140 pp., 12 illus. Hard-
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Free Catalog Available
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Address

City

State

Zip

BYDM-982

Listing 8: FFT computes the discrete Fourier transform of a 64-point complex array.

100

iio

120
130
140

*******

REM

REM

REM

DIM D(1024) :IS = ■ 1

HOME : PRINT "GENERATING DATA"

* FFT *
*******

15 B$ = CIIR$ (7)

160 NZ = 64: PRINT "LENGTH :"; NZ

170 P = 8: PRINT "PERIOD :"; P :NF = NZ / P

180 FOR 1=1 TO NZ:J =1+1-1

190 D(J) = SIN (6.283185307 * (I - 1) / P)

200 D(J + 1) =0: NEXT I

210 INPUT "READY ? ";A$

PRINT "START" + B$

GOSUB 10000: REM CALL FOUR1 (D,NZ , IS)

PRINT B$ + "STOP"

FOR I = 1 TO NZ / 2 + 1

220

230

240

250

260 J = I + I - 1

270 A = D(J)

280 B = D(J + 1)

PRINT I; TAB( 4) ;A;

NEXT I

END

*********

* FOUR1 *
*********

290

300

310

10000

10010

10020

10030

TAB( 20) ;B

REM
REM
REM
REM

10040 P0

2:P3

10050
10060

FOR 13
IF 13

= P0 * NZ:R3 = 1
1 TO P3 STEP P0
- R3 GOTO 10100
10070 TR = D(I3) :TI = D(I3 + 1)
10080 D(I3) = D(R3):D(I3 + 1) = D (R3 + 1)
10090 D(R3) = TR:D(R3 +1) = TI
10100 PI = INT (P3 / 2)
10110 IF R3 < = PI GOTO 10140

P1:P1 = INT (PI / 2)
= P0 GOTO 10110
PI: NEXT 13

10120 R3 = R3 -
10130 IF PI >
10140 R3 = R3 +
PI = P0
IF PI >
PI +

10150

10160 IF PI > = P3 THEN RETURN

10170 P2 = PI + P1:TH = 6.283185307 /

10180 S = SIN (0.5 * TH):ZR = - 2 *

10190 WR = 1.0:WI = 0.0

10200 FOR II = 1 TO PI STEP P0

10210 FOR 13 = II TO P3 STEP P2

(IS * PI)
S * S:ZI :

SIN (TH)

10220 JO

I3:J1 = JO + P1:TR

= WR * D(J1) -
* D(J1) :D(J1)

10230 TI = WR * D(J1 + 1) + WI

10240 D(J1 + 1) = D(J0 + 1) - TI:D(J0)

10250 D(J0 + 1) = D(J0 + 1) + TI

10260 NEXT 13

10270 TR = WR

10280 WR = WR * ZR - WI * ZI

10290 WI = WI * ZR + TR * ZI

10300 NEXT II

10310 PI = P2: GOTO 10160

WI * D (Jl + 1)
= D(J0) - TR
D(J0) + TR

WR
WI

Text continued from page 448:

call on subroutines within the Apple-
soft interpreter for floating-point op-
erations and especially for evaluating
functions such as SQR, SIN, and
LOG. For programs that use these
functions, Hayden and Expediter II
came out in the lead, marginally
ahead of TASC, with Speed Star
again bringing up the rear.

Compiled versions of very long
programs, particularly if many vari-

ables are used, will generally exhibit
an even faster relative speed, com-
pared to the interpreted BASIC ver-
sions. This is because interpreters
have to search through tables for
variable names and line numbers
whenever they are encountered dur-
ing program execution. The com-
pilers, on the other hand, perform the
necessary lookups only at compila-
tion time, inserting the appropriate
addresses into the object code. We

454 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Are your

operators making

computer errors with their feet?

As they walk and move about,
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Just by taking a couple steps
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Static can also be generated
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And if the operator's next move
is to touch one of your termi-
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or an altered
memon/.

Another result
can be
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customers.

la, ,,-

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With 3M Static
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3M Static Control Floor Mats
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Available in a choice of colors,
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Send coupon to: Data Record-
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I NAME I

COMPANY
i ADDRESS _

CITY.STATE.ZIP

Mail to: Data Recording Products Division /3M,
223-5N, 3M Center,
St. Paul, MN 55144

3M Hears You.

Circle 512 on inquiry card.

3M

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v.

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11056 Palatine N.
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note, however, that the relative speed
rankings among the compilers is ap-
proximately the same because each
compiler gains equally from this in-
herent advantage over the inter-
preters.

It is interesting to comment on two
apparently anomalous dips shown in
the data of figure 1; they reveal
peculiarities of the TASC and Ex-
pediter II compilers. TASC (with the
Integer option enabled for all vari-
ables) was not outstanding when run-
ning the KBAUD7 benchmark, com-
pared to most of the other test pro-
grams, because KBAUD7 includes a
division operation. As described in
the TASC manual, all integer divi-
sions are done by converting to float-
ing point and back again. Therefore,
in integer divisions, the program does
not gain the speed advantage of true
integer arithmetic. Expediter II per-
formed relatively poorly in executing
program ALPHA, which tests string
handling. Unlike the other compilers,
Expediter II allocates space for strings
statically (at compilation time) rather
than dynamically (at execution time),
and its string-handling algorithm ap-
pears to be inefficient. (For those in-
terested in details, Expediter II's per-
formance on program ALPHA im-
proved only slightly when its default
string size of 40 characters was ex-
plicitly reduced to 10.)

Operation and Documentation

We found that all of the compilers
were very easy to use on short pro-
grams. We had little difficulty in
making them perform as advertised
when compiling the benchmarks.
Longer and more complicated pro-
grams may be a different matter,
though. A compiled language has
some intrinsic differences from an in-
terpreted one — such as static, rather
than dynamic, allocation of variable
space and static definition of func-
tions. In addition, cassette-tape oper-
ations are not supported by the com-
pilers, in general, and Expediter II
and Speed Star have not implemented
the RESUME command. You should
expect to have to make at least small
changes in some programs to make
them compile properly.

Galfo Systems' Integer BASIC
Compiler: This compiler is furnished
on two floppy disks. The "system"
disk is in the standard DOS (disk
operating system) 3.3 format and
contains the 3.5K-byte run-time
library and various utility programs.
The second disk is in a nonstandard,
copy-protected format and contains
the compiler itself. Normal operating
procedure begins with booting the
Galfo system disk, which runs an ap-
propriate Hello program and leaves
the computer under control of the In-
teger BASIC interpreter. You then
load the source program to be com-
piled (which must be an Integer
BASIC file) and type "BRUN IBC" to
begin the compilation process. On a
one-drive system, you will be
prompted appropriately for disk
swaps.

IBC then asks three questions to
establish compilation-time options.
The most important of these options
permits you to generate object code
optimized either for fastest execution
or for minimum program size. This
feature is very nice; the fast code is
very fast indeed but may be up to
three times as long as the source pro-
gram. In contrast, the compact code
may actually be shorter than the
source program. In our tests, the
compact code executed only 10 to 20
percent more slowly than the fast
code, though in some cases the speed
penalty may be greater.

When compilation has finished,
you can use the BSAVE command to
save in binary format the object code
on any standard DOS 3.3 disk. To
run the compiled program, you use
the BLOAD command to load in
binary format the run-time library (if
it is not already in memory) and then
use the BRUN command to run in
binary format the object file. Both the
compiled code and the run-time
library are relocatable by page and
can be saved together as a single file if
desired.

The Galfo instruction manual is
thorough and complete, though not
ornamentally packaged. (The 27
pages were reproduced from a dot-
matrix printout.) An extensive sec-
tion describes some very useful exten-

456 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

New mbp
COBOL '
Compiler
for

CP/M-86

run-tune

Compared to interpreters, mbp's new COBOL Compiler for
CP/M-86* cuts 16-bit micros' program run-time 75%! With
it, in one hour you can now run programs that used to take
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How is it possible ?

An interpreter translates and executes a program
one statement at a time — every time the program runs. But,
the mbp COBOL Compiler translates an entire program
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It's at least four times faster.

We guarantee it — or return the compiler
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And, it's COBOL —

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mbp COBOL Compiler features: meets ANSI '74
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For application software developers, the run-time
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Available now for CP/M-86, iRMX-86,* and ISIS ;*
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With twenty-five years worldwide system software
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D mbp COBOL Compiler for CP/M-86 (manual included): $1400.
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Card#_

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Signature.

Name

Title -

Address (no PO Box #)

City State _

.Company.

_Zip_

Visit us at Mini-Micro Anaheim

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 457

Circle 511 op inquiry card.

WIREMASTER

A COMPILER FOR HARDWARE

Whip your wire wrap
and PC layout
problems with
WIREMASTER

• WIREMASTER is a software tool to aid in the
design, layout, and construction of electronic
hardware. Although intended primarily for wire
wrap, it is also highly useful in the layout, error
checking, and trouble-shooting of PC boards.

• Inputs are easily derived directly from the
schematic diagram and fed to WIREMASTER in
a CP/M* text file. Outputs include a network
map that graphically shows all pins and wires
(no plotter required), a wire list sorted by
lengths and levels, a parts list, signal and pin
cross-references, and wrap count and continuity
checklists which ensure a perfect wiring job.

• WIREMASTER checks for syntax errors,
wires that go nowhere, and duplicated pins.
Network lengths are minimized, and wire
lengths are calculated and sorted in descending
order so that the shorter wires on top hold down
the longer wires beneath for a neat wiring job.

• The resulting information is then used for
wiring, PC board layouts, error-checking,
component stuffing, and system debugging.
This makes a complete and easily updated
documentation package. Although it runs on
small computers, WIREMASTER can handle
large projects.

• WIREMASTER locates parts with a precision
of .001 inch, keeps track of your schematic
page numbers and includes them in the outputs,
and can handle twisted pair and shielded wire.

• CHAN6EMASTER. a companion program,
eliminates the confusion and loss of control
caused by changes to a board during debugging
and modification. It outputs a map of all networks
which have been added, deleted, or modified,
and automatically generates REMOVE and ADD
lists so an old board can easily be brought into
exact conformance with the latest design .

• WIREMASTER runs on any Z80® CP/M
system of 47K or larger, including S-100 sys-
tems, TRS-80® Model II and Apple II® with
SoftCard®. The diskette also includes a SORT
utility, a pagination and multi-column printing
program, and FIX, a program which finds all
bad spots on a disk, tells you which files they
are in, places the bad sectors in a single file,
and recovers erased files.

• Post-processors for numerically controlled
wire wrap machines such as the Gardner Denver
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arrangement.

WIREMASTER plus CHANGEMASTER. . . . $200

Manual only $ 20

Update to current version $ 25

Discount to computer club members

Versions for 8080/8085, CPM 86,CDOS,
and IBM PC available soon.

AFTERTHOUGHT ENGINEERING

7266 Courtney Drive

San Diego, California 92111

(714)279-2868

'Digital Research trademark

sions to Integer BASIC. One of the
nicest extensions is a set of high-
resolution graphics commands
similar in effect, though not identical
in syntax, to those used in Applesoft.
These features, together with its
speed, would seem to make Galfo-
compiled Integer BASIC an attractive
language to use for developing high-
speed graphics and game-playing pro-
grams.

Hayden Book Company's Apple-
soft Compiler: Furnished on a single
16-sector floppy disk (a 13-sector ver-
sion is also available), the software is
copy-protected and written to disk in
nonstandard format. To use the com-
piler, you boot the disk; the program
then asks for the name of an Apple-
soft source file and prompts you to
swap disks (if necessary for single-
drive systems). It then requests an ob-
ject filename, suggesting a default by
preceding the source filename with
BIN., as in BIN.PRIMEl. Compila-
tion then begins, the system agree-
ably keeping you posted on what it is
doing by displaying flashing messages
such as LOADING COMPILER,
PARSING, SAVING OBJECT, and so
on. The automatically saved object
file includes a copy of necessary rou-
tines from the 3.3K-byte run-time
library. To execute the program you
press Reset, reboot the system, and
use the BRUN command to run the
saved object file.

The Hayden compiler has some
useful features that help to streamline
its generated code. Expressions and
even subexpressions with integer
operands are evaluated as far as pos-
sible with 16-bit arithmetic routines.
Also, the compiler generates array-
lookup vectors for multidimensional
arrays, thereby avoiding many time-
consuming multiplications when ar-
ray elements are referred to at execu-
tion time. Several source programs
can be compiled separately. They
then call each other as modules or are
called by interpreted Applesoft pro-
grams. However, the mechanism for
sharing variables between programs
is somewhat cumbersome and error
prone.

The Hayden instruction book is
professionally packaged in an attrac-

tive three-ring binder. The documen-
tation is clear and informative,
though perhaps somewhat sparse.

Microsoft's TASC: This compiler is
furnished on a single 13-sector floppy
disk. With a DOS 3.3 system, you
must use the program Muffin to
copy the five TASC files onto your
own standard 16-sector disk. If you
have only a single disk drive, you
than have the desirable advantage of
being able to put everything (com-
piler files, run-time library, source
files, and object files) on the same
disk, so that no swapping is required.

To compile a program, you type
"RUN TASC." You will be asked for
a source filename (e.g., PRIMEl) and
an object filename (which defaults, in
this case, to PRIMEl.OBJ). The com-
piler asks two questions that permit
nonstandard memory-address assign-
ments for the object code and non-
standard options concerning listings,
error handling, and so on and then
proceeds to compile the program.
TASC is the slowest compiler we
tested; very long programs required
10 minutes or more to compile. To
run the compiled code, you must use
the BLOAD command to load the
run-time file and then use the BRUN
command to run the object file.

Microsoft's instruction manual is
superb. It is packaged in a handy
loose-leaf binder and is 97 pages long.
Chapters are arranged in order of in-
creasing complexity, starting with a
tutorial on what compilers can do.
The manual gives detailed examples
using TASC with a graphics demon-
stration program on the disk and
covers advanced programming con-
siderations such as optional use of the
very powerful Integer declarations.
The final chapter describes in detail
the internal workings of the TASC
compiler, including the interesting in-
formation that TASC was written in
Applesoft and used to compile itself!
(No, the source code is not included
on the disk.) The Microsoft manual is
the only one of the five to include an
extensive index. It is a very profes-
sional piece of work.

On-Line Systems' Expediter II:
Both 13- and 16-sector versions are
furnished on a single floppy disk and

458 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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APPLE SPEAKS
INTELLIGENTLY!

The people who dared to teach Atari to talk are again
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generated directly from its firmware ROM dictionary lo-
cated on its plug-in card. This means that speech, with
variable intonation and speed, can be used in any of your
apple programs without ever having to bother loading a
disk. And, in case you want to expand your dictionary to
include unusual words or words in foreign languages, you
can easily define them with our 64 phonemes and store
them by the thousands on one of the six special dictionaries
provided for on our disk.

In addition your VOICE BOX for Apple can be easily coded to
sing on key with uniform barlengths and you can store
(record) your songs on disk, retrieving and modifying sec-
tions whenever you want. With the disk system, you'll also
enjoy an educational random sentence generator and
graphic speech animation! The VOICEBOX for Apple will
run on 32K Apple II with Applesoft or Apple II Plus systems
equipped with sixteen-sector disk drives. VOICEBOX for
Apple comes with loudspeaker and disk. The Alien Group
also makes a less expensive VOICEBOX for Apple with all
features (including expandable disk dictionary), but ex-
cluding firmware ROM and singing capability. Speaker is
optional on this unit.

For Atari users,
the VOICEBOX for
16K and up Atari
plugs directly into the
serial port. No extra cables are

needed and no speaker is needed since the speech comes
directly over your TV monitor. This unit has all speech syn-
thesis features except singing and firmware ROM.

AL-3001 VOICEBOX for Apple. With firmware ROM, singing

capability and speaker $215.00

AL-3501 VOICEBOX for Apple. Without firmware ROM,

singing capability and speaker $1 39.00

AL-4001 Speaker for AL-3501 (the AL-3501 will also work

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All mail orders are on a 10 day moneyback guarantee if
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B YTE September 1982 459

written in a nonstandard format. To
compile a program, you boot any
standard DOS disk, load the desired
Applesoft program, and type "BRUN
EXPEDITER," changing disks if nec-
essary before pressing Return. The
compiler asks whether you want to
accept the default compilation-time
options and allows you to change
them if desired. It then proceeds to
compile the program. When compila-
tion is finished, the Applesoft pro-
gram has been replaced in memory by
a single-line program, a CALL in-
struction to the starting address of the
compiled code. The program can be
run immediately or saved on disk if
desired. The saved program will ap-
pear in a DOS catalog display as an
Applesoft program, but actually it
contains the single CALL statement
together with the binary object code
and the 2.3K-byte run-time library.

The Expediter II manual is paper
covered, printed on gray stock, and
adequate but not extensive. It con-
tains little tutorial material, though
we believe a first-time user will prob-
ably be able to understand it.

Southwestern Data Systems' Speed
Star: This compiler comes on a 16-
sector standard-format disk. Opera-
tion requires that a hardware key be
plugged into the Apple paddle port.
(The paddles can still be connected,
piggyback style, because the key has
a socket on its top.) To use Speed
Star, you boot the disk or type
"BRUN SPEEDSTAR." The compiler
is loaded into memory, the HIMEM
pointer is reset to protect the com-
piler, and you are left with standard
DOS and the Applesoft interpreter in
command. You may then load or
otherwise enter any Applesoft pro-
gram; to compile it you type the
ampersand character {&), optionally
followed by parameters specifying
nonstandard addresses, etc. For pro-
grams of modest size, everything can
be in RAM— Speed Star itself, the
program to be compiled, and the gen-
erated object code — so no disk ac-
cesses are required, and compilation
is extremely fast. These programs
compile in a second or two! Very long
programs may not compile at all,
however, because of memory limita-

460 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

ti

EMPLOYMENT
OPPORTUNITIES

Software

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Databit is the leading supplier of TDM concentra-
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B YTE September 1982 461

Circ le 324 on Inquiry card.

^ FOR TRS-80 MODEL I OR III \
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INTEGER BASIC

APPLESOFT

GALFO (SPACE) I |!l | ! !| || I |l I

GALFO (SPEED) i ! ,j|

MICROSOFT, TASC

III 1

ON-LINE SYSTEMS, EXPEDITER H

HAYDEN, APPLESOFT COMPILER

i [ l j

I

20

60

DISK SPACE (SECTORS)

80

100

Figure 2: Comparison of disk storage requirements for a version of the Yahtzee game,
using the two interpreted B ASICs and four of the five compilers. Shaded segments of
the bars represent the run-time libraries required by each system. Both the fastest-
execution and the minimum-program-size options for Galfo Systems Integer BASIC
Compiler are shown. As described in the text, the test program was too long to be com-
piled by Speed Star.

tions. This problem can be reduced
by using a compile-to-disk option or
by using a memory-efficient seg-
mented version of the compiler (see
following section). With the seg-
mented version, compilation speed is
comparable to that of the other com-
pilers. To run a compiled program
already in memory, you simply call
the starting address of the object
code. The object program may be
saved in binary format in the usual
way, either with or without the run-
time library.

Code Expansion

In order to make an objective com-
parison of the memory requirements
for code produced by the different
compilers, we used a game similar to
Yahtzee, which was programmed
originally in Integer BASIC and
translated directly into Applesoft. Ex-
cept for small syntax differences, the
two versions were essentially iden-
tical; a player could not tell which
one he was using. As shown at the
top of figure 2, the two versions of

the BASIC source code have nearly
identical disk-storage requirements:
46 sectors for Integer BASIC and 45
sectors for Applesoft. We produced
compiled versions of the program,
tested each one for correct execution,
and then checked the length of the ob-
ject code. The results are shown in
figure 2.

The clear winner of the race to pro-
duce compact code was the Integer
BASIC Compiler of Galfo Systems,
using its optimize-for-space option.
Its object code required only 31 sec-
tors, exclusive of the necessary
15-sector run-time library. When op-
timized for execution speed, the ob-
ject code nearly doubled to 60 sectors
(plus 15 for the library); however, the
other Applesoft BASIC compilers
took up equal amounts or more of
memory. TASC required 75 sectors,
Expediter required 96, and the
Hayden compiler needed 100 sectors I

We were unable to compile Yahtzee
using Speed Star. Even when using
the segmented version of the compiler
together with the compile-to-disk op-

462 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

MACRO OPERATIONS FOR
MICRO SYSTEMS

Microcomputer
Disk Techniques

by Paul Swanson

Microcomputer
Operating Systems

by Mark Dahmke

Micro*
Techniques

by Paul Swanson

Rarely has so much useful in-
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Microcomputer Disk Tec u
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omputer
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by Mark Dahmke

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Microcomputer Operating Sys-
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tion and after reducing the source
code size to 38 sectors (by removing
the game's instructions and many
REM statements), we were con-
fronted by out-of-memory compiler
errors. Speed Star could probably
handle Yahtzee if you divided the
game program into two or more sepa-
rately compiled segments, as de-
scribed in the next section.

Chaining and Overlays

Each of the compilers allows some
kind of chaining from one program
segment to another to permit very
long programs to be run even though
all of the object code cannot fit simul-
taneously into memory. Variables
can be preserved, if desired, to allow
access by the next chained program
segment. The ease of accomplishing
this task varies quite a bit among the
compilers. Galfo's Integer BASIC,
Hayden's Applesoft Compiler, and
Southwestern Data Systems' Speed
Star all allow you to disable the vari-
able-clearing function when a new
segment starts executing. However,
with these compilers, all of the pro-
gram's variables are, in effect, in a
"global" common area, stored in the
order in which they are used in the
program. It is your responsibility to
keep the desired equivalences
straight, and this is not always an
easy job. Expediter II and TASC, on
the other hand, provide active REM
statements that allow you to declare
particular variables as "global" and
others as "local." This procedure
makes chaining much easier. Speed
Star has a nice feature that makes it
easy to call a compiled module from
an interpreted Applesoft program
and to pass parameters to it in a very
convenient way. Unfortunately, only
simple variables can be passed — not
arrays — and the transfer path is a
one-way street. Moving results back
to the interpreted program is consid-
erably more complicated.

In summary, by putting effort into
reading the manuals and trying things
out, you can accomplish almost any
kind of overlaying or chaining of
modules with any of these compilers,
but only Expediter II and TASC make
the job easy.

Conclusions

All of the compilers perform essen-
tially as advertised, and all provide
very worthwhile improvements in ex-
ecution speed. Our overall recom-
mendations can be summarized as
follows:

• Galfo Systems' Integer BASIC
Compiler is the execution speed
champion, by a significant margin,
and also produces the most compact
object code. It is our first choice for
all applications where its (extended)
Integer BASIC can be used.

• For more general use and for all ap-
plications in which floating-point
operations are essential or desirable,
our first choice is Microsoft's TASC.
Its easy-to-use integer declaration
makes some programs execute signifi-
cantly faster than they do with any of
the other Applesoft compilers. In ad-
dition, its compiled code is signifi-
cantly more compact, and its user's
manual is outstanding. Other less
quantitative features also seem to
favor TASC, including the obvious
convenience of its global common de-
clarations and its standard, unpro-
tected disk format.

• Both Hayden's Applesoft Compiler
and On-Line Systems' Expediter II
each produced the fastest code in at
least one of our tests, and both are
very serviceable products. We fault
them primarily for being somewhat
less convenient to use than TASC, re-
quiring much disk swapping on a
one-drive system and (for the Hayden
Compiler) requiring a system reboot
before every compilation. It is worth
noting that at the present list price of
$100, Expediter II is an excellent buy.

• It is a pity that Speed Star's object
code is not faster; its convenience for
modest-sized programs is second to
none. Speed Star can reside in your
Apple's memory in a more or less
transparent way and can do its job on
demand in just a few seconds. How-
ever, for most of our benchmark pro-
grams, its execution speed is only 2 or
3 times faster than interpreted Apple-
soft BASIC, as compared to 4 to 10
times for the other compilers. In some
applications, the relatively poor
speed ranking might be outweighed
by the desirable convenience factors. ■

464 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

Circle 108 on inquiry card.

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Circle 98 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 465

Digital Troubleshooting
with Signature Analysis

A look inside Hewlett-Packard's HP-5004A.

Steven C. Piubeni

83 Beaumont St.

Springfield, MA 01108

(la)

IV PP H

69 Wt S

or

.0.033^F

(lb)

K5V

t

555
TIMER

ik^1AP4

■ IK

O^

7490

0157 0-1
0307 O—
0033 O—
P15U O—

10

8 0105 l

12

^>

O0125

-MO 7490

'-^>

2 13F32

^D 01

O0154

Figure 1: Comparison of troubleshooting techniques. Figure la shows a standard
schematic diagram, annotated by the manufacturer with analog waveforms. Figure lb
shows an example of a digital circuit and the attendant signatures used for analysis.

466 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

In the earlier days of electronics,
signal tracing was the most common
method of troubleshooting analog
circuits. Most of the schematics had
pictures of the expected waveforms at
various test points (see figure 1). This
allowed a technician with limited ex-
posure to the product to recognize a
faulty signal and repair the problem
quickly. With the birth of digital elec-
tronics, however, came the complex
data streams associated with bus-
oriented computers. The complexity
of these waveforms (often it is the
timing relationship between a number
of signals that is important) makes it
impossible to give the inexperienced
technician a visual indication of what
the signals are supposed to look like.

Because of these complex circuits,
most repairs made in the field have
involved "board swapping/' This is
an expensive method of troubleshoot-
ing systems because a large inventory
of boards must be kept on hand, and
shipping them back to the manufac-
turer drives up the cost and also in-
creases repair time.

The Hewlett-Packard HP-5004A
Signature Analyzer offers a solution
to all the problems discussed above.
It allows the manufacturer to revert
back to the simple yet efficient
troubleshooting method of signal
tracing. The analyzer looks at the
data stream and displays a 4-bit hexa-
decimal signature (see figure lb).

A signature is used to verify that

Circle 113 on inquiry card.

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Circle 312 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 467

the data stream is correct. For exam-
ple, if a signature at a particular point
in a circuit is known to be 12PU; and
if when a malfunctioning circuit
board is probed, the signature at that
point reads 3256, the problem with
that board lies somewhere in that cir-
cuit path. If, when that test point is
probed, the signature reads 12PU, that
circuit is correct, and the problem lies
somewhere else.

Hewlett-Packard's Analyzer

The HP-5004A Signature Analyzer

weighs 5.5 lbs. The case is con-
structed of white "high-impact"
plastic and has a 4-digit nonstandard
hexadecimal display. A pouch on the
top of the case is used for storing the
signal pod and the data probe. The
hexadecimal display's character set is:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,C,F,H,P,U.
Hewlett-Packard claims this nonstan-
dard hexadecimal character set is
used to provide clarity between char-
acters. I see it, however, as a cost-
reducing measure because 7-segment
displays are less expensive than true

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hexadecimal displays. The display
provided is adequate and, I must ad-
mit, the approach is clever.

The signal pod is made up of four
wires with special "terminal-grab-
bing" connectors. Each wire is color
coded for easy identification. The
four pod leads hook onto the unit be-
ing tested. These leads carry the sig-
nals Start, Stop, Clock, and Ground.
Start and Stop determine the period
for which the signature is to be taken.
Clock strobes the data into the
analyzer synchronously. Ground
provides a reference between the
analyzer and the unit being tested.
The analyzer uses a single hand-held
data probe to obtain the signatures.
Since the probe contains an LED
(light-emitting diode), it can double
as a logic probe.

The front panel of the analyzer has
six push-button switches: Line, Start,
Stop, Clock, Hold, and Self Test.
Line is used to turn the analyzer on or
off. The Start, Stop, and Clock
switches set up triggering on either
rising or falling edges. Pressing the
Hold switch causes the analyzer to
sample only the first available
signature. This is similar to using an
oscilloscope in the single-sweep
mode. Self Test is used to determine if
the analyzer is functioning properly.

The Construction of a Signature

Signature analysis provides no
diagnostic information; it is simply a
comparison method of troubleshoot-
ing. Two popular theories concern
implementing signature analysis. One
is transition counting; the other is
pseudorandom-number generation.
Both methods require a Start, Stop,
and Clock for proper control of the
signature. (Clock is required to strobe
the data stream into the counting cir-
cuitry in a synchronous fashion.)

In transition counting, a counter is
initialized with a count of 0. The
count will be incremented by 1 every
time the Clock signal occurs and the
data bit present on the probe differs
from the data bit present during the
previous Clock signal. Looking at
how transition counting works, we
see a situation in which a count could
be ambiguous: when a string of 3 bits
has complementary values on each

468 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

Circle 288 on inquiry card.

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Circle 208 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 469

r-CJt

^ \r^

Qi -

A
•

— 1 »>

D 2 Q2

A

•

—

D 3 Q3

A
•

—

D4 Q4
A

CLOCK

Figure 2: Model pseudorandom binary-number generator. This circuit produces the se-
quence of binary numbers shown in table 1, with just a simple shift register and an Ex-
clusive OR gate.

Initial count-

TO
T1
T2
T3

Q1*

1
1
1
1

Q2 Q3* Q4

1
1 1
1 1 1

D1=Q1+Q4

1
1
1

T4
T5
T6
T7

1

1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1
1

1

1
1

T8
T9
T10
T11

1

1

1 1
1 1
1 1
1

1

Pattern repeats-

T12

T13

T14

- T15 1

* Feedback taps

1
1
1

1
1

Table 1: The states

of the 1

jarious bits

of the shift register in

figure 2.

end. For example, let's compare the
counts produced by the binary bit-
stream sequences 001 and 011.

As previously mentioned, the
count will be incremented every time
the previous bit differs from the pres-
ent bit. Let's assume that the se-
quences are synchronized with the
clock. The analyzer looks at the first
bit of sequence 001 and compares it to
the second. Because the first 2 bits are
different, the count is incremented.
The analyzer will then proceed to
look at the second and third bits.
Since they are identical, the count
will remain at 1. Now let's look at se-
quence 011: the analyzer looks at the
first and second bits. Since they are
identical, the count will remain at 0.
The analyzer will now look at the sec-
ond and third bits and see that they
are complementary. The count will

be incremented to 1. Notice that the
two sequences produced the same sig-
nature. This method leads to am-
biguity, and thus should not be im-
plemented.

Pseudorandom Binary Sequences

Robert Frohwerk (who did the
design work for Hewlett-Packard on
signature analysis) came up with an
alternate choice called PRBS (pseudo-
random binary sequences). Although
the term sounds quite complicated, it
is relatively easy to understand with
the aid of figure 2.

Only two different types of com-
ponents are required to implement
PRBS signature analysis: the Ex-
clusive OR gate and the D-type flip-
flop. The Exclusive OR gate acts as a
modulo-2 adder; the flip-flop per-
forms the function of a shift register

when hooked in series with other
D-type flip-flops.

By taking the outputs of different
flip-flops, Exclusive ORing them
together, and feeding the result back
into the shift register, we produce a
pseudorandom sequence. Initially,
the shift register must be preset to
0001. This enables the PRBS gener-
ator to run freely. If the count were set
to 0000, there would be no feedback,
and the generator would not run.

In table 1, we see the output of a
PRBS generator in free-running
mode. After one clock cycle, the first
bit is loaded into the shift register. If
the outputs of each flip-flop were vis-
ible, we would see (in order) 1000.
On the next clock cycle, the output of
the first flip-flop will be passed along
to the second. The input of the first
flip-flop will now be determined by
the output of the Exclusive OR gate.

Checking table 1, we see that at Tl
the output of bit 1 is 1 and the output
of bit 4 is 0. Therefore, the feedback
loop will load a 1 into the first flip-
flop of the shift register. After the six-
teenth clock pulse (T15), the pattern
repeats, providing us with a cyclic
counter capable of compressing large
data streams and providing an ac-
curate signature.

How Is It Really Done?

Now that we have looked at a
model PRBS generator, let's discuss
the PRBS generator circuit used in the
HP-5004A. The HP-5004A uses a
16-bit shift register. This allows for
plenty of accuracy, which will be dis-
cussed shortly. The four feedback
taps are from bits 7, 9, 12, and 16 of
the shift register. (Most microproces-
sors and other digital equipment use
data related by powers of 2. By spac-
ing the taps unevenly, we guarantee
picking up the maximum number of
errors. See table 2.)

When first looking at the circuit
detailed by Hewlett-Packard (see
figure 3), it would appear as though
the four feedback taps are fed into a
four-input Exclusive OR gate. After
checking several data manuals pub-
lished by Texas Instruments, Sig-
netics, National Semiconductor, and
Fairchild, I could not find such an in-
tegrated circuit. I constructed an

470 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 59 on inquiry card.

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ON B:BAD SECTOR

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Circle 169 on inquiry card.

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BYTE September 1982 471

MODULO-2 ADDER
FOR SHIFT REGISTER

r<m

=)H>

12

RIGHT SHIFTING REGISTER

MODULO-2 ADDER

FOR DATA IN + FEEDBACK

SHIFT REGISTER

Figure 3: Pseudorandom-number generator as used by Hewlett-Packard in its HP-
5004A Signature Analyzer. The four-input Exclusive OR gate is made from a parity
generation/ checking device.

(4a)

l~

FOUR-INPUT EXCLUSIVE OR GATE

"1

iTieo — \y^n

1T120 — )]_^y

BIT 9E> \\ \

3IT70 1L-~/

30

L.

3L>-

DATA IN CZ>~ — '

(4b)

I

+ 5V

UNUSED BY HP- 5004

n

£>

tg^

bo

-ALWAYS HIGH

BIT 16 O

BIT 12

x>

I >z)L>-

DATA IN I

Figure 4: Two methods of using a four-input Exclusive OR device. Figure 4 a is the
equivalent of figure 3, with the internal architecture displayed. Figure 4b shows the in-
sides of the 82S62 device used by Hewlett-Packard.

equivalent circuit employing a 7486
two-input Exclusive OR gate (see
figure 4a).

When I checked the actual HP-
5004A circuit board, I found that an
82S62 parity generator/checker was
being used as a four-input Exclusive
OR gate and a two-input Exclusive
OR gate. In figure 4b, I show the ar-
chitecture for implementing the four-
input Exclusive OR gate. An advan-
tage to using this device is that the
data can also be Exclusive ORed with
the modulo-2 sum of the feedback
taps from the shift register. Although
you may find the use of one inte-
grated circuit as opposed to another
insignificant, it is interesting to note
the engineering involved in obtaining
the maximum performance at the
minimum cost.

Because of the unique design of the
circuit, the PRBS generator will
always pick up a single-bit error. To
calculate the chance of the generator
missing multiple bits, the following
equation can be used:

Prob = (l/2) n

Prob is the probability of an error not
being detected; n is the number of bits
in the PRBS generator. For the HP-
5004A, with 16 bits arranged in a
PRBS design, the error rate is 16 ppm
(parts per million), or 1 in 65,535.
This is certainly acceptable for most
applications.

Analyzing Signatures

Up to now, we have discussed the
need for signature analysis, what a
signature actually is, and the different
methods of obtaining a signature. We
will now briefly focus on using sig-
nature analysis, an overview of the
HP-5004A, and how signature
analysis will affect the microcom-
puter market.

The signature analyzer has very lit-
tle hardware and software. There-
fore, it depends upon diagnostic test
programs running on the system be-
ing tested. These programs are usual-
ly stored in ROM (read-only
memory). The diagnostic program
toggles all the address lines, data
lines, I/O (input/output) ports, and
different enable lines. With the test

472 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 47 on inquiry card.

Circle 193 on inauirv card.

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by Leslie Nelson, 4th revised edition, December 1981

Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor in the micro-
computer field, filling the gap between the computer vendors and commercial/
industrial users. The rewards of the consultant can be high: freedom, more satis-
fying work and doubled or tripled income. This manual provides comprehensive
background information and step-by-step directions for those interested to ex-
plore this lucrative field.

FREE-LANCE SOFTWARE MARKETING $30.

by B.J. Korites, 3rd edition. June 1980

Writing and selling computer programs as an independent is a business where •
you can get started quickly, with little capital investment • you can do it full time or
part time • the potential profits are almost limitless. This best-seller by Dr. Korites
explains how to do it.

HOW TO START YOUR OWN WORD PROCESSING SERVICE $39.50

by Leslie Nelson, May 1982

Turn a small investment into a steady, money making business that adds $10,000,
$50,000 or $100,000 to your income. Detailed start-up, marketing and operations
plans are included.

Send check, money order, VISA, Master Charge or American Express # and exp.
date. Publisher pays 4th class shipping. Add $1.00 per book for UPS shipping
(USA only). NJ residents add 5% sales tax. For faster shipment on credit card
orders call (201) 783-6940.

ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept 2

285 Bloomfield Avenue • Caldwell. N.J. 07006

PRODUCTS FOR YOUR RAOIO SHACK

macro-80c

The Micro Works is pleased to announce the release of its disk-based editor,
macro assembler and monitor, written for Color Computer by Andy Phelps. THIS
IS IT — The ultimate programming tool!

The powerful 2-pass macro assembler features conditional assembly, local labels,
include files and cross referenced symbol tables. MACR0-80C supports the
complete Motorola 6809 instruction set in standard source format. There are no
changes, constraints or shortcuts in the source language definition. Incorporating
all of the features of our Rompack-based assembler (SDS80C), MACR0-80C con-
tains many more useful instructions and pseudo-ops which aid the programmer
and add power and flexibility.

The screen-oriented text editor is designed for efficient and easy editing of
assembly language programs. The "Help Key" feature makes it simple and fun to
learn to use the editor. As the editor requires no line numbers, you can use the
arrow keys to position the cursor anywhere in the file. MACR0-80C allows global
changes and moving/copying blocKS of text. You can edit lines of assembly
source which are longer than 32 characters.

DCBUG is a machine language monitor which allows examining and altering of
memory, setting break points, etc.

The editor, assembler and monitor — as well as sample programs — come on one
Radio Shack compatible disk. Extensive documentation included. Macro-80c
Price: $99.95

SDS80C — Our famous editor, assembler and monitor in Rompack. Complete
manual included. Price: $89.95

PARALLEL PRINTER INTERFACE — Serial to parallel converter allows use of all
standard parallel printers. You supply printer cable. PI80C Price: $69.95

MICROTEXT — Get printouts while using your modem! Also download to cassette.
General purpose terminal Rompack. Price: $59.95

YOU NEEO COLOR FORTH!!

Why? 'Forth is faster to program in than Basic

•Forth is easier to learn than Assembly Language
•Forth executes in less time than Basic

Forth is a highly interactive language like Basic, with structure like Pascal and
execution speed close to that of Assembly Language. The Micro Works Color Forth
is a Rompack containing everything you need to run Forth on your Color Computer.
Color Forth consists of the standard FORTH Interest Group (FIG) implementation of
the language plus most of FORTH-79. It has a super screen editor with split
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ROM, leaving your RAM for your programs! There are simple words to effectively
use the Hi-Res Color Computer graphics, joysticks, and sound. The 112-page
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GAMES

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Pac Attack — Try your hand at this challenging game by Computerware, with
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Berserk — Have fun zapping robots with this Hi-Res game by Mark Data
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This exciting Hi-Res game by Mark Data Products requires 16K for cassette
version. Price: $24.95

THE

Also available: Machine language Monitor • 2-pass Disassembler • Books •
Memory Upgrade Kits • Parts and Services • Call or write for information

^©IBCSI? P.0.B0X1110DELMARCA92014

California Residents add 6% Tax

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Circle 314 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 473

Circle 323 on Inquiry card.

SEPT. SPECIAL SALE ON PREPAID ORDERS
(CHARGE CAROS, C.O.O. OR P.O.'S NOT AVAILABLE)
MUST MENTION AD FOR SPECIAL PRICES
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APPLE PRODUCTS

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7424A CALENDAR/CLOCK ..$106-95

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7490AGPIB (IE 488) INTERFACE $182.00

7710A ASYNC SERIAL $125.95

7712A SYNC SERIAL $148.50

7720A PARALLEL STANDARD $105.00

77208 PARALLEL CENTRONICS' $105.00

7BI I B ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR W/DISC $325.00
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MONDAY-FRIDAY. 8:00 TO 12:00, 1:00 TO 6:30
THURSDAYS. 8:00 TO 9:00 P.M.
(415) 728-9121
P.O. BOX 955* EL GRANADA, C A 94018

PLEASE SENO FOR iC XfSTOR AND COMPUTER PARIS LlSl

VISA or MASTERCHARGE. Send accounl number, interbank
number, expiration date and sign your order. Approx postage will
be added. Orders with check or money order will be sent post paid
in U.S. If you are not a regular customer, please use charge,
cashier's check or postal money order. Otherwise there will be a
two-week delay for checks to clear. Calif, residents add 6.5% tax.
Money back 30-day guarantee. We cannot accept returned IC's
that have been soldered to. Prices subject to change without
notice.S20.00 minimum order, S2.00 service charge on orders less than
S20.00.

Bits

1

2

3

4

5

6

7*

8

9*

10

11

12*

13

14

15

16*

Clock

T20

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

T19

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

T18

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

T17

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

T16

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

T15

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

T14

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

T13

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

T12

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

T11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

T10

1

1

1

1

1

1

T9

1

1

1

1

1

1

T8

1

1

1

1

1

T7

1

1

1

1

T6

1

1

1

1

T5

1

1

1

T4

1

1

1

T3

1

1

1

T2

1

1

T1

1

TO

* Feedback taps

Table 2: The states

of selected

bits

of the s

hift register in

figure 3.

program adding about 2 percent of
firmware to the system, the overhead
is minimal.

When a computer system is down,
the technician simply plugs in a test
ROM and hooks the signature-
analyzer pod to the designated ter-
minals for Start, Stop, Clock, and
Ground. All that's required now is to
take signatures and compare them to
the schematic. Once the erroneous
signature is found, the signal path is
traced back to the faulty component.

Another valuable use for a sig-
nature analyzer is to test ROMs out
of a system. By building a counter
equal to the number of addresses in
the ROM, and allowing the counter
to run, it will address each location
and create a data stream in which sig-
natures could be recorded. The ques-
tionable ROM signatures could be
compared to the standard signatures
to see if they coincide. This approach
could also be applied to random-
access read/write memory, if
read/write circuitry was installed.

Conclusions

The application of signature
analysis in the microcomputer market

will become more evident because it
employs a nontechnical approach to
troubleshooting complex circuits. By
applying this technique on the manu-
facturing level, an untrained in-
dividual can do the job previously
held by a highly skilled technician.
The use of signature analysis could
also eliminate the need for multiple,
replaceable boards because field diag-
nostics could be made down to the
component level. Both of these cost-
reducing measures will help bring
down the already falling price of
computers, thus bringing more con-
sumers into the marketplace.

In the years ahead, we will see sig-
nature analysis seeping into the com-
puter market, just as we have seen the
microprocessor become the standard
of computer circuit design. ■

References

1. Frohwerk, Robert A. "Signature Analysis:
A New Digital Field Service Method."
Hewlett-Packard Journal, May 1977.

2. Gordon, Gary and Hans Nadig. "Hexa-
decimal Signatures Identify Trouble-Spots
in Microprocessor Systems." Electronics,
March 1977.

3. Hewlett-Packard Operating and Service
Manual, March 1977.

474 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 281 on inquiry card.

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Products

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Personal Computer I VI /A I U

10343 Commerce Ave. Dept.B • Tujunga, CA 91042 • (213)353-5929

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

B YTE September 1982 475

Program Your Own Text Editor

Part 1: Avoid Complex Commands
by Using Instant Updating

Richard Fobes

Creative Computer Services

POB 1327

Corvallis, OR 97339

The awkwardness of using tradi-
tional text editors is a constant source
of frustration for many computer
users. The use of special sequences of
characters to manipulate and display
text just isn't natural. It would be
much easier to manipulate text if an
editor duplicated the advantages of a
typewriter; namely, the text is always
visible in its latest form and each
press of a key is a complete opera-
tion. This two-part article presents
such a text editor and it is a dramatic
improvement over traditional text
editors.

Text editing, which is nothing more
than the creation and modification of
textual material (such as computer
programs, letters, and manuscripts),
is the cornerstone of computer appli-
cations. But it is unfortunate (and
ironic) that the text editor is often the
most awkward program to use. For-
tunately, improvements in the conve-
nience of editing are practical and are
becoming common. Such improve-
ments increase productivity, reduce
frustration, and make computers
more accessible to the average per-
son. The text editor presented here
offers these advantages.

I call my text editor the Video-Dis-
play-Oriented Text Editor (VDO text
editor). Part 1 of this article describes

476 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

the design and use of this editor and
part 2 contains the listing of the pro-
gram source code (in assembly lan-
guage for Z80- and 8080-based micro-
computers). The comments within
the listing will allow readers to imple-
ment it on their systems. Also in-
cluded in part 2 are sample I/O
(input/output) routines that interface
the program with the peripheral de-
vices of the author's system.

This text editor

makes computers more

accessible to the

average person.

A Brief Description

The most important feature of the
VDO text editor is that, in the normal
editing mode, the video-display
screen contains only the text. There is
no need for instructions to appear on
the screen because pressing a single
key immediately changes the text
both internally and on the screen.
Although this concept is simple, its
practicality is impressive. Consider

what it would be like to have 16 or 24
lines of text visible on your screen
and to see the text updated as soon as
you press a key.

In order to make this scheme prac-
tical, it must be easy to quickly repeat
the editing operations any number of
times. The most convenient way of
doing this is to hold down the appro-
priate key while the editor quickly
repeats the indicated operation and
release the key when it has been
repeated enough. To differentiate be-
tween a one-time operation and a
repeated operation, a time delay is in-
cluded between the first execution of
the operation and the beginning of
the fast repetitions. This feature (in-
cluded in some computer terminals
and electric typewriters) is referred to
here as the automatic repeat feature.

The automatic repeat feature is of
central importance to the use of the
VDO text editor, so I will explain its
operation from a user's point of view.
When a key is initially pressed, the
appropriate editing operation is ex-
ecuted. If the key is released within
one second, nothing further happens.
However, if the key is still depressed
one second after it was first pressed,
the editor automatically repeats the
same operation at a fast rate — say 10
times per second. As the repetitions

Circle 363 on inquiry card.

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FULL LINE
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WHAT'S

ECC (Error Correctin Code) is a poly-
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BYTE S«ptemb«r 1982 477

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Call 714/275-1272 today
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continue, they become even faster —
to a limit. Finally, when the key is
released, the repetitions stop.

A major advantage of the auto-
matic repeat feature is that there is no
need to count the number of times an
editing operation needs to be done —
it's as simple as holding down a key
until you see that the text has been
changed to your liking. If the repeti-
tions are too fast for the key to be
released at the right moment, the key
can be released early and a few extra
taps of the key complete the change.

Compared to Traditional Editors

Let's now compare its use with
traditional text editors. Unlike tradi-
tional editors, the VDO text editor
does not require a "command line'of
characters to indicate what opera-
tions are to be done, how many times
they are to be repeated, and what
portion of the text is to be displayed.
This greatly reduces the number of
keystrokes (don't forget those "delim-
iters" normally needed), eliminates
the need to remember special codes,
eliminates the need to count charac-
ters or lines, eliminates the need to
choose unique character strings (used
to locate specific areas of the text),
and eliminates the need to remember
what mode the editor is in. There is
also no need to remember where the
cursor is and what changes have
already been made.

With such distinct advantages,
why hasn't this type of text editor
become more common? The first
reason is that the need to frequently
and immediately redisplay a full page
of text consumes a great deal of extra
computer time and requires that the
editing program be given first priority
in situations where multiple tasks are
being executed. This makes it unac-
ceptable for timesharing systems.
Another reason is that the speed of
the display device must be great
enough to handle a full-screen update
within a fraction of a second, making
all serial terminals and some micro-
computer display devices unaccept-
able. But many microcomputers do
not have these limitations.

So why didn't this form of text
editing become prominent on micro-
computers earlier? Apparently, an

assumption is often made that micro-
computers are simply scaled-down
versions of larger computers, suitable
only for scaled-down versions of
traditional software. But by breaking
away from tradition, microcomputer
users can benefit from unique advan-
tages.

I don't want to speculate which
microcomputers are compatible with
this editor, but my Digital Group
microcomputer accommodates it
without any hardware modifications.
Specific comments on the video-dis-
play and keyboard requirements are
included later, but for now it is suffi-
cient to say that this editor can be im-
plemented on many microcomputers
without any hardware modifications.

Important Concepts

In order to have a more concrete
understanding of what it is like to use
this text editor, I will present a simple
example; but first, it is necessary to
briefly explain three additional con-
cepts central to its operation.

As in all text editors, the cursor is
important. The cursor is a pointer to
any location in the text. In this editor,
the cursor is a special symbol (a right
arrow in my version). The impor-
tance of the cursor is that it points to
the position in the text where inser-
tions will occur if an insertion opera-
tion is used, or it indicates which part
of the text will be erased if an erasure
operation is used. Also, since the cur-
sor is always visible, its location
determines which part of the text ap-
pears on the screen.

This editor is character-oriented
rather than line-oriented, A char-
acter-oriented editor is more conve-
nient to use because it allows charac-
ters within a line to be manipulated in
a straightforward manner. In con-
trast, the smallest unit a line-oriented
editor can operate on is a full line —
although the careful use of search-
and-replace operations allows
changes to be made within a line
without retyping it. Another advan-
tage of character-oriented editors is
that carriage returns (end-of-line in-
dicators) can be inserted and erased —
especially useful when a portion of a
line needs to be moved to an adjacent
line.

So far, I have implied that all the
editing operations are associated with
their own keys. However, such an ap-
proach is not practical due to the
limited number of keys available.
Since some of the operations do not
require use of the automatic repeat
feature, they are accessed via a menu
mode — which requires two key-
strokes. The first key pressed is the
ESC (escape) key. A menu of avail-
able options, including their associ-
ated letters or symbols, appears on
the screen:

T

Top

B

Bottom

L

Load

S

Save

H

Start Here

C

Copy Part

*

Erase Part

I

Erase All

P

Print

(Note that the two erasure operations
make use of shifted characters to
reduce the chance of erasing large
portions of the text accidentally.)
Pressing one of these keys causes the
associated editing operation to be ex-
ecuted immediately. When the opera-
tion is done, the text reappears. This
method is convenient to use because
visual feedback is provided when the
ESC key is pressed and because the
key assignments are visible when
needed.

An Example of Its Use

We will now venture through a
simple example of text editing that il-
lustrates both the concepts already
presented and the use of the editing
operations yet to be explained.

Upon entering the editor, the
screen is blank except for the cursor
in the upper-left corner of the screen.
Since you wish to edit an existing file,
start by pressing the ESC key. A
menu of special operations appears
on the screen, including the Load
operation with an L in front of it.
Pressing L produces a request for in-
formation identifying the file to be
loaded (either the name of the file or
the block numbers that contain the
text). After entering the necessary in-
formation, the text file is loaded and

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September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 479

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the beginning of the text appears on
the screen. The cursor is still in the
upper-left corner.

Suppose a word used midway
through the text needs to be changed.
Press the PAGE I (page forward) key
and hold it down. After pressing the
key, the next page (full screen) of text
replaces the first. A second later, the
screen is repeatedly replaced with
new pages of text at a rate of 10 pages
per second until the key is released.
Looking at the text presently fill-
ing the screen, you see that you
have not reached the text area de-
sired. A few taps of the PAGE I key
bring the desired text into view.

To move the cursor to the line with
the word, press the I (cursor down)
key and hold it down. The cursor first
moves to the beginning of the second
line and then, after a one-second
pause, quickly moves down the
screen (always in the left column).
Releasing the key at the right moment
stops the cursor on the desired line.

Pressing the — (cursor right) key
moves the cursor to the right (using
the same automatic repeat feature)
until it is almost to the word. A cou-
ple of extra taps of the same key and
the cursor is to the immediate left of
the word to be corrected, ready to
make the change.

The process of replacing the incor-
rect word with the correct one re-
quires use of the ERASE CHAR (erase
character) key to erase the present
word (again making use of the auto-
matic repeat feature). Then, typing
the desired word inserts it into the
text at the proper location. As these
changes occur, the portion of the line
to the right of the cursor shifts left as
the incorrect characters are erased,
and it shifts right to make room for
the inserted characters. Watching
these changes take place is fascinat-
ing.

Although the explanation of find-
ing and correcting the word in this ex-
ample is lengthy, the time required to
do it is only about 15 seconds. And,
since the use of the operations is
natural, editing requires less concen-
tration than when using a traditional
text editor, leaving you free to think
about the text itself.

To move to the end of the text,

press the ESC key to enter the menu
mode again and then press B (for Bot-
tom). The screen is now filled with
the last full screen of text and the cur-
sor is at the end of the last line.

There is nothing special about add-
ing characters to the end of the text; it
is done simply by typing characters
into the text at the end. At the end of
a line, the carriage-return key is
pressed to indicate the end of that line
and the beginning of a new line.

When a character is incorrectly
typed, the — (cursor left) key is
pressed once and normal typing is
continued. Later, usually at the end
of the line, the ERASE CHAR key
with the automatic repeat feature, or
the ERASE LINE key, is used to erase
incorrect characters that have ac-
cumulated to the right of the cursor.
This approach was chosen to reduce
the number of keys needed. But if
another key is available, a RUBOUT
key (which erases the character just
typed in) can easily be included.
(However, I have seldom regretted
the lack of a RUBOUT key.)

After the text has been modified, to
save the updated version on floppy
disk or tape, press the ESC key and
then S (for Save). The editor will re-
quest information that indicates
where you want it saved (as in the
Load operation). After you have
entered the information and the text
has been saved, the first page of the
text appears on the screen and the
editor is ready for more editing.

The Screen Format

Although the entire screen is avail-
able for displaying the text, only a
portion of the text can appear on the
screen at one time (unless the text is
very short). Since the cursor must
always be visible, only the text near
the cursor can appear on the screen.

If the cursor is moved to a position
not presently within view, scrolling
takes place. Vertical scrolling changes
the screen by shifting the lines up or
down. In doing so, a new line appears
at the top or the bottom of the screen
and a line disappears at the opposite
end.

Since lines can be longer than the
display device can fit on a single line,
horizontal scrolling allows the ends of

480 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE September 1982 481

Operation

Key(s)
Used

Description of Operation

Special Cases in Which
No Change Occurs

CURSOR UP

t

If the cursor is already at the beginning of a
line, the cursor is moved to the beginning of
the previous line. Otherwise, it is moved to
the beginning of the same line.

The cursor is already at the beginning of
the text.

CURSOR DOWN

I

The cursor is moved to the beginning of the
next line.

The cursor is already at the end of the text.

CURSOR LEFT

-

The cursor is moved left by one character.
If the cursor is at the beginning of a line,
the cursor is moved to the end of the
previous line.

The cursor is already at the beginning of
the text, or there is no more room in
memory (in which to expand compressed-
space-bytes).

CURSOR RIGHT

-

The cursor is moved right by one character.
If the cursor is at the end of a line, the cur-
sor is moved to the beginning of the next
line.

The cursor is already at the end of the text,
or there is no more room in memory (in
which to expand compressed-space-bytes).

PAGE
FORWARD

PAGE

1

A new full screen of text immediately below
the presently visible text is displayed. The
cursor is moved to the upper-left corner of
the screen. If the end of the text is already
on the screen, the cursor is moved to the
end of the text.

The cursor is already at the end of the text.

PAGE
BACKWARD

PAGE

1

A new full screen of text immediately above
the presently visible text is displayed. The
cursor is moved to the upper-left corner of
the screen.

The cursor is already at the beginning of
the text.

TOP

ESC.T

The cursor is moved to the top (beginning)
of the text.

The cursor is already at the beginning of
the text.

BOTTOM

ESC, B

The cursor is moved to the bottom (end) of
the text.

The cursor is already at the end of the text.

INSERT
CHARACTER

Any character
key

The appropriate character (indicated by the
key that was pressed) is inserted into the
text to the immediate left of the cursor.

There is no more room in memory.

INSERT

CARRIAGE

RETURN

CR

A carriage return is inserted to the
immediate left of the cursor. (This creates a
new line or divides an existing line into two
lines.)

There is no more room in memory.

ERASE
CHARACTER

ERASE
CHAR

The character or carriage return to the right
of the cursor is erased.

There is no text to the right of the cursor.

ERASE
LINE

ERASE
LINE

If the cursor is at the beginning of a line,
the entire line is erased (including the car-
riage return at the end). Otherwise, the por-
tion of the line to the right of the cursor is
erased (without erasing the carriage return
at the end).

There is no text to the right of the cursor or
the cursor is at the end of a nonempty line.

ERASE ALL

ESC, !

The entire text is erased.

There is no text in the editor.

PRINT

ESC, P

The entire text is sent to the printer. (No
changes are made in the text.)

There is no text in the editor.

LOAD

ESC , L

Text from the mass-storage device is
inserted into the text to the immediate right
of the cursor. (This operation is used both
for combining text files and for initially
loading a text file into the editor.)

There is not enough room available in
memory.

SAVE

ESC.S

A copy of the entire text is saved on the
mass-storage device. (The text remains in
the editor.)

There is no text in the editor.

Table 1: Editing operations for the VDO text editor. Except for the SHIFT operation, they can be classified in four basic
categories: cursor-movement operations, insertion operations, erasure operations, and operations that transfer text to and from
the peripheral devices (mass storage and printer). The operations that do not involve the use of the ESC key can be repeated quick-
ly using the automatic repeat feature. Additional comments concerning the use of these operations are given in the text.

482 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

START HERE

This operation defines the beginning of the
ESC , H portion of text to be used in the COPY or

ERASE PART operations.

COPY

ERASE PART

SHIFT

(Always has an effect.)

A copy of the portion of the text between
the "START HERE" location and the
ESC , C present cursor location is saved on the

mass-storage device. (The text is not
changed.)

There is no text in the editor, or the cursor
has been moved ahead of the "START
HERE" location.

The portion of the text between the "START
ESC, * HERE" location and the present cursor

location is erased.

There is no text in the editor, or the cursor
has been moved ahead of the "START
HERE" location.

If the character to the right of the cursor
is an alphabetic (A-Z) character, it is shifted
CTRL-A between UPPERCASE and lowercase (whichever

is opposite). Also, regardless of whether the
character was shifted, the cursor is moved
right one character (equivalent to the CUR-
SOR RIGHT operation).

There is no text to the right of the cursor.

long lines to be viewed whenever
desired. Horizontal scrolling is
analogous to vertical scrolling, except
that the text (all of it) is shifted left or
right. This approach was taken rather
than using wraparound (in which a
second line is used for displaying the
extra characters) because the ap-
pearance of the text can be confusing
with that approach and because the
effect of the CURSOR UP and CUR-
SOR DOWN operations would be
erratic.

Explanation of Editing Operations

A full list of the operations im-
plemented in this text editor is given
in table 1. The operations were de-
signed to be simple but powerful.
With the exception of the shift opera-
tion, they are classified in four gen-
eral categories:

• cursor-movement operations

• insertion operations

• erasure operations

• operations that transfer text be-
tween the peripheral devices and the
editor

The information presented in table
1 clearly defines what these opera-
tions do, but explanations of how
they are used are given below. (Since
the information in the table is not
repeated here, the table should be ref-
erenced while reading this section.)

To make the movement of the cur-

sor easy, eight cursor-movement op-
erations are available. They move the
cursor forward and backward by
character (CURSOR RIGHT and
CURSOR LEFT), by line (CURSOR
DOWN and CURSOR UP), by page
(PAGE FORWARD and PAGE
BACKWARD), and to the ends of the

text (BOTTOM and TOP). In con-
junction with the automatic repeat
feature, they allow the cursor to be
moved easily both short and long
distances.

The only cursor-movement opera-
tions that have not yet been fully ex-
plained are the PAGE FORWARD

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September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 483

s mmm

m

mmmms

PAGE f

CTRL

PAGE

QQQQQQQE0BE1

Emms

®) HHHEjHHHLZjQIZ.

SHIFT | ZXCVBN * * I ^ '

Figure 1: The keyboard layout on the author's system. The important noncharacter keys are outlined in boldface. Note the natural
orientation of the four clustered cursor-movement keys (with the arrows). Pressing any character key causes that character to be in-
serted into the text. Except for the SHIFT operation (accessed by the SHIFT-A combination), the remaining editing operations are ac-
cessed by pressing the ESC (escape) key to enter the menu mode.

The author's keyboard is not standard with respect to the SHIFT and CTRL keys. Also, the REPEAT key is not used. The special
editing keys shown here replace unneeded keys marked BREAK, LINE FEED, TAB, BACKSPACE, HERE IS, CLEAR, DELETE, and
two unassigned keys.

and PAGE BACKWARD operations.
Their effect is to display the full
screen of text immediately following
or preceding the text presently visi-
ble—analogous to flipping the pages
of a book. The cursor is moved to the

upper-left corner of the screen in
either case, regardless of where it was
before. These operations are very
useful for moving through the text
quickly or for finding a specific area
of the text.

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The insertion operations — INSERT
CHARACTER and INSERT CAR-
RIAGE RETURN-allow letters,
numbers, symbols, spaces, and car-
riage returns to be inserted into the
text wherever desired. Pressing any
character key or the carriage-return
key causes the character or a carriage
return to be inserted into the text to
the immediate left of the cursor. This
allows characters to be entered from
left to right, the normal direction for
typing.

Although the insertion of a carriage
return is done the same as any other
character, the effect is worth com-
menting on. If a carriage return is in-
serted into the middle of a line, it
separates the line into two separate
lines; but if a carriage return is in-
serted at the beginning or the end of a
line, a new empty line is created
wherever the cursor is, and the line
can then be filled if desired.

The erasure operations — ERASE
CHARACTER, ERASE LINE, and
ERASE ALL— allow characters, lines,
or the entire text to be erased. A
fourth erasure operation, ERASE
PART, is also available, but because
it is often used in conjunction with
one of the text-transfer operations, it
will be discussed later.

The ERASE CHARACTER opera-
tion is straightforward. Whatever
character is to the immediate right of
the cursor is erased by this operation.

484 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 45 on Inquiry card.

In conjunction with the automatic re-
peat feature, it allows any short por-
tion of the text to be easily erased. If
the character to the right of the cursor
is a carriage return (i.e., if the cursor
is at the end of a line), this operation
erases the carriage return, causing
two lines to be combined into one
longer line.

The effect of the ERASE LINE oper-
ation is that the remainder of the line
containing the cursor, starting at the
location of the cursor, is erased.
However, the carriage return at the
end of the line is erased only if the
cursor is at the beginning of the line.
This distinction provides two modes
of operation that are both useful: in
cases where all the characters on the
line are to be erased, it is usually
desirable to also erase the carriage
return at the end. But in cases where
the beginning part of the line is to re-
main intact, the carriage return is re-
tained to avoid combining that line
with the next line.

The final erasure operation, ERASE
ALL, is self-explanatory in its effect,
but there might be some question as
to why it is needed. Unlike some
editors, this editor does not have to
be exited and reentered in order to
finish editing one file and start editing
a different file. Instead, the updated
first file is saved, the ERASE ALL
operation is used to eliminate that file
from memory, and the second file is
then loaded into the editor. This ap-
proach allows greater flexibility in
manipulating the files on mass
storage.

It should be noted that the text files
referred to above must be short
enough to fit into the main memory
entirely. Although this type of text
editor could be programmed to han-
dle very large files (provided a disk
drive is used as the mass-storage
device), the additional programming
effort needed to implement it would
be substantial.

This editor accommodates two
types of peripheral devices: a printer
and some form of mass storage. Any
of the usual mass-storage devices —
audio-cassette tape recorders, digital-
cassette tape drives, floppy-disk
drives, or hard-disk drives — can be
used for storing the text files.

The only operation that pertains to
the printer is the PRINT operation. It
sends the entire text to the printer to
be printed. (This print operation does
not have text-formatting capabili-
ties — sometimes included in a text
editor to form a word-processor pro-
gram.)

Three operations can transfer text
between the mass-storage device and
the editor: the LOAD, SAVE, and
COPY operations. The LOAD opera-
tion gets a file of text from the mass-
storage device and inserts it into the
text at the location pointed to by the
cursor. This operation is used both
for initially loading text into the
editor when it is empty and for com-
bining previously created text files.
The SAVE operation stores the entire
text file on the mass-storage device. It
is used not only to save the final ver-
sion of a text file, but also to store
backup or intermediate versions of
the text. Finally, the COPY operation
saves just a portion of the text on the
mass-storage device. It is usually used
for making a copy of a portion of text
needed elsewhere (either in the same
file or another).

Since the COPY operation cannot
be used by itself to indicate which
part of the text is to be copied, the
START HERE operation is used to in-
dicate where the section to be copied
begins. The COPY operation is then
used to indicate the end of the section
to be copied and it initiates the trans-
fer operation. However, if the cursor
is moved above the "START HERE"
location before the COPY operation
is used, the COPY operation will pro-
duce an error message (due to the
potential for accidentally changing
the starting point).

The COPY operation is also useful
for moving (as opposed to just copy-
ing) portions of text to different posi-
tions in the file. To allow this to be
done easily, the ERASE PART opera-
tion is included. When it is used im-
mediately after the COPY operation,
it erases the portion of text just
copied. The copied portion of text
can then be inserted elsewhere by
using the LOAD operation.

If you are familiar with editors that
incorporate special buffers for saving
text, it may have occurred to you that

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September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 485

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this scheme for storing and retrieving
sections of the text on mass storage
allows the same types of manipula-
tions to be done, but without the com-
plicated special commands needed to
manipulate those special buffers. This
ability to transfer text to and from
mass-storage files allows virtually
any manipulations of text to be done
with a few simple operations.

As mentioned earlier, the use of the
ERASE PART operation is not re-
stricted to its use with the COPY
operation, although it is most com-
monly needed there. In conjunction
with the START HERE operation, it
allows large portions of the text to be
erased easily.

The explanation of the SHIFT oper-
ation has been left for last because it
does not fit into any of the four basic
categories. It transforms letters from
uppercase to lowercase or vice versa,
but it affects only letters (not num-
bers, symbols, etc.), and it moves the
cursor right by one character. When
alternately used with the CURSOR
RIGHT key, it allows text to be easily
changed to lowercase where needed,
having been entered in uppercase
only. I implemented this operation to
allow the use of lowercase letters on
my system (which has a keyboard
that does not generate them); on most
microcomputers, this operation is not
needed.

That completes the explanation of
the editing operations chosen for this
editor. Although they are few and
simple, they allow textual material to
be manipulated easily according to
normal needs. The only useful opera-
tions this editor lacks are the
SEARCH and REPLACE operations.
Although traditional editors would
be impractical without them, they are
optional on this editor. (They are par-
ticularly useful for changing the
names of variables in a program or
changing key words in a form letter.
However, they are not needed in this
editor for helping to move the cursor
to a desired location or for manipu-
lating characters within a line — their
primary function in traditional
editors.)

Keyboard Requirements

Although it would be nice if all the

operations had their own keys, most
keyboards do not have enough keys.
The operations that should, if at all
possible, have their own keys are the
CARRIAGE RETURN, CURSOR UP,
CURSOR DOWN, CURSOR LEFT,
CURSOR RIGHT, ERASE CHARAC-
TER, and ESC operations. If avail-
able, keys not otherwise used by the
editor can be used for these opera-
tions. Otherwise, the SHIFT and
CTRL (control) keys must be used in
conjunction with particular character
keys to control these and the remain-
ing operations — although this signifi-
cantly reduces the convenience of the
editor. The other operations that
must be accessed by unique codes
(either by being assigned to their own
keys or through the use of the SHIFT
and CTRL keys) are the ERASE LINE,
PAGE FORWARD, PAGE BACK-
WARD, and SHIFT operations. These
operations require unique codes
because they must be accessible via
the automatic repeat feature. The key
assignments for my keyboard are
shown in figure 1.

Since the automatic repeat feature
is implemented in software, there
must be a software-testable connec-
tion to indicate when a key is being
held down. The ASCII (American
Standard Code for Information Inter-
change) code for the key being
pressed must also be available to the
computer, but it need not be supplied
to the same input port as the key-
pressed-status bit.

The subroutine to implement the
automatic repeat feature pauses be-
tween repeated operations or waits
for another key to be pressed after the
key has been released. If this editor is
implemented on a system without
provisions for allowing the key-
pressed-status to be checked, an extra
connection must be added. Although
other methods for implementing the
automatic repeat feature are possible,
they require significant changes to the
program.

Video-Display Requirements

The most critical hardware require-
ment for implementing the VDO text
editor is that the entire video-display
screen must be capable of being
rewritten within about a tenth of a

486 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

-ONE CARRIAGE RETURN

CR

TEXT TO LEFT-
OF CURSOR

CURSOR ■
GAP

•TEXT TO RIGHT -
OF CURSOR

BEG.TX
(CONSTANT)

IF BEF.CU POINTS HERE,
THERE IS NO TEXT TO
THE LEFT OF THE CURSOR

BEF.CU
(VARIABLE)

AFT.CU
(VARIABLE)

END.TX
(CONSTANT)

— SAME NUMBER OF —

CARRIAGE RETURNS
AS LINES ON SCREEN

CR

CR

THIS IS WHERE A
CHARACTER IS
INSERTED

'THIS CHARACTER IS
ERASED BY THE ERASE CHAR
OPERATION

IF AFT.CU POINTS HERE,
THERE IS NO TEXT TO THE
RIGHT OF THE CURSOR

Figure 2: The structure of the text as stored in memory. Carriage returns are added to the ends of the text area to simplify the editor
program, but they are not considered part of the text. The available text area extends from BEG. TX to END.TX, but the BEF.CU and
AFT.CU pointers indicate how much of this area contains text; the unused portion constitutes the "cursor gap. " The text code used
for characters (except spaces) and carriage returns is ASCII, with the eighth bit set to 1. Spaces are represented when the eighth bit is
set to 0, in which case the other 7 bits indicate the number of adjacent spaces stored at that location. In this diagram, memory-address
numbers increase to the right.

second, preferably even faster. Thus,
any display device connected via a
serial line is too slow. The only dis-
play devices fast enough are those
connected in parallel and those that
are memory-mapped. (The memory-
mapped type stores the characters in
a special section of memory. The dis-
play circuitry repeatedly accesses
those memory locations as they are
needed for the display.)

In order to find out how fast your
video-display device can be updated,
write an assembly-language program
to fill the screen 1000 times (with any
characters) and then erase the screen.
Measure the time between the first
update and the time at which the
screen goes blank. Divide the
measured time (in seconds) by 1000,
and that is the time required for up-

dating the screen once. For best
results, the time for one update
should be less than 0.05 seconds,
since that leaves one-twentieth of a
second for the computer to do the
editing operation and determine
which characters to display.

For purposes of comparison, my
display device — a parallel-connected
type with 16 lines of 64 characters-
can be updated in 0.04 seconds. With
the Z80 microprocessor running at
2.5 megahertz, the execution time for
one update, including calculations, is
about 0.08 seconds.

If your display device is not fast
enough, the program will not be
usable as written. However, a com-
promise form of text editor could be
implemented by keeping only one line
(or a few lines) of text visible, instead

of a full page. The PAGE FORWARD
and PAGE BACKWARD operations
could then be used to display a full
screen of text each time they are used.
The results are not as impressive, but
they are preferable to many tradi-
tional editors.

There are only two operations that
the text-editor program requires of
the video-display device: to display a
character in the next position on the
screen, and to reset the display so the
next character to be displayed will ap-
pear in the upper-left corner of the
screen. There is no need for a car-
riage-return operation because the
program assumes that a new line is
automatically started when the right
side of the screen is reached. The two
subroutines that handle the display
device can be written to handle most

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September 1982 © B YTE Publications Inc 487

hardware configurations, but the
presence of a visible "hardware cur-
sor" may require some changes in the
program itself.

Internal Representation of Text

The code used for storing the text
includes the standard ASCII 7-bit
code. The extra (eighth) bit of each
byte is used to distinguish between
ASCII (indicated by the most signifi-
cant bit set to 1) and a special repre-
sentation of multiple-adjacent spaces
(most significant bit set to 0). These
"compressed-space-bytes" allow a

series of adjacent spaces to be com-
bined into a single byte by using the 7
least significant bits as a binary num-
ber indicating the number of spaces
represented (up to 127). This repre-
sentation can significantly reduce the
amount of memory required for stor-
ing textual material/ especially when
indentation is a dominant feature of
the text — as in most computer pro-
grams. This special implementation
of spaces complicates the editor pro-
gram, but the saving in memory
usage is worth it.

The editor recognizes ASCII car-

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488 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

riage returns as end-of-line indica-
tors, but it assumes that all other
ASCII values are displayable charac-
ters. Therefore, control codes (such
as Tab, Line Feed, and Backspace) are
treated as characters if they get into
the text. The one code that could
cause the program to crash is the
binary number (which would other-
wise represent adjacent spaces). But
as long as all the text is entered via
this editor, problems do not arise
since checks are made to avoid such
insertions.

The text is stored in a single contin-
uous block of memory located any-
where in programmable memory.
Pointers are used to divide the area
into three parts: the text to the left of
the cursor, the text to the right of the
cursor, and the cursor gap. (See
figure 2 during this and the following
explanations.) The two halves of the
text, corresponding to the text to the
left and right of the cursor, are stored
near the ends of the available mem-
ory area, with the beginning of the
text at the lower end and the end of
the text at the higher end. The section
of memory between the two halves of
text is called the cursor gap and its
contents are unimportant. The ad-
vantage of keeping the u nused por-
tion of memory at the cursor location
is that insertions and erasures do not
require the shifting of numerous char-
acters, allowing the editing opera-
tions to be done quickly..

Four variables are used to point to
the boundaries of these three areas:
BEG.TX (begin text), BEF.CU (before
cursor), AFT.CU (after cursor), and
END.TX (end text). The locations
they point to are best understood by
referring to figure 2. As the figure in-
dicates, the BEG.TX and END.TX
pointers point to the first and last
bytes of text, respectively, and the
BEF.CU and AFT.CU pointers point
to the bytes to the left and right of the
cursor, respectively. The BEG.TX
and END.TX pointers always point to
the same memory locations despite
changes in the text. But either or both
of the BEF.CU and AFT.CU pointers
change with almost every editing
operation. As indicated in the figure,
special considerations apply when the
cursor is at either end of the text, or if

there is no text at all. (When there is
no text to the left of the cursor,
BEF.CU = BEG.TX - 1; when there
is no text to the right of the cursor,
AFT.CU = END.TX + 1.)

There are three basic ways in which
the text can be modified:

•moving the cursor

• erasing text

• inserting text

These changes are made as follows:
Cursor-movement operations are
achieved by moving one or more of
the bytes adjacent to the cursor gap to
the opposite end of the cursor gap
(keeping the bytes in the same order)
and updating the BEF.CU and
AFT.CU pointers to indicate the new
structure. Erasure operations (for text
to the right of the cursor) are
achieved by increasing the value of
the AFT.CU pointer. (Although no
changes are made in the text area,
some of the bytes of text are reclassi-
fied as being part of the cursor gap.)
Finally, the insertion of text (to the
left of the cursor) is done by storing
new byte(s) at the lower-address end
of the cursor gap and increasing the
value of BEF.CU to point to the last
byte of the inserted text. Although
these three basic types of editing
operations are simple in concept,
complications arise because of the
many special cases that can occur.

A final comment about the internal
text format is that extra carriage
returns are added to each end of the
text area to reduce the number of
special cases to be checked (see figure
2). However, these carriage returns
are not considered part of the text
being edited.

Program Implementation

The source listing of the VDO text
editor will be presented next month in
part 2 of this article. It is written in
assembly language for either 8080 or
Z80 microprocessor-based computers
and occupies less than 2.2K bytes of
memory. The comments provide the
documentation necessary for imple-
menting it, but implementation does
require a familiarity with assembly-
language programming and an under-
standing of the operation of your

computer. Eight input/output
subroutines, examples of which will
be included next month, must be
written to interface the program with
either your input/output devices or
your operating system. The com-
ments also enable the program to be
modified to fit specific needs or even
to be translated into another
machine's language. (In addition to
the obvious reasons for including
clear comments, I find that software
is actually easier to write if clear com-
ments are written at the same time the
computer instructions are written.)

I am offering this program as a
commented source listing to help
other computer experimenters who
cannot accommodate the commer-
cially available editors of this type.
However, the implementation of this
program is not trivial, so if your sys-
tem is compatible with a ready-to-use
editor that offers the conveniences of
this approach, you may be better off
trying it instead. But whichever route
you take, you can look forward to
more enjoyable and productive
editing sessions on your microcom-
puter. ■

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September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 489

BYTELINES

News and Speculation About Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Libes

R

andom Rumors:

Motorola's research-and-
development group is
rumored to be progressing
nicely with a new 32-bit
microprocessor design, and
information on its specifica-
tions is being leaked. It will
have a 4-gigabyte (4-bi 1 1 ion-
byte) direct-address range, a
memory cache to increase
throughput, and new instruc-
tions such as bit, field, and
block moves; it will support
ASCII (American Standard
code for Information Inter-
change) and bit-field data
types. The device itself will
be composed of 120,000
transistors and will consume
2 h watt of power. Motorola is
expected to start providing
samples of the device before
the end of next year.
. . . Micropro is reportedly
working on a full-color ver-
sion of its Wordstar word-
processor software for the
IBM Personal Computer; the
new version may run under
MS-DOS. . . . Epson is ex-
pected to officially start ship-
ping its personal computer
system to dealers this
month. . . . Wang Laborator-
ies, the well-known word-
processor manufacturer, is
said to be readying an entry
into the personal computer
market.

Sinclair Does It Again:

Clive Sinclair, the Englishman
who shook up the microcom-
puter industry with the ZX80
and ZX81, is doing it again,
namely, undercutting his
competition. In England
Sinclair Research Ltd. has
introduced a new machine
called the ZX Spectrum with
a selling price equivalent to

about $194. The machine
sets a new high in its perfor-
mance/price ratio that will
shake up competitors such as
Radio Shack, Atari, Com-
modore, and Tl (Texas In-
struments). It offers color,
high-resolution graphics,
sound generation, and more.
The machine is an addition to
the Sinclair computer line, so
the current ZX81 will remain
in production (in fact, its pro-
duction is being increased to
1 50,000 a month). Do not ex-
pect the ZX Spectrum to
become available in the
United States until year-end,
and even then it will be
available by mail order only.

The new machine, v/hich is
about the same size as its
predecessors, offers a key-
board with real keys, 16K
bytes of memory (for an addi-
tional $60 you can have a
total of 48K bytes), and later
this year Sinclair will in-
troduce a 3-inch Microdrive
(100K bytes storage per disk;
8 drives maximum) for less
than $80 per drive. Also ex-
pect a $30 RS-232C interface
for this machine; a small
printer is already available.

The BASIC, which resides
in ROM (read-only memory),
is an extended version with
full math, transcendental
functions, and array-, string-,
and graphics-handling capa-
bility. The keyboard and dis-
play offer both upper- and
lowercase characters, and
ASCII is used (there are 191
legends on 40 keys). The dis-
play format is 32 characters
by 24 lines, with graphics
resolution at 256 by 192 pix-
els, 8 colors, and features
such as bright, flash, inverse,
overprint, and user-defined
characters.

With the upgrading of its
machines to include larger
memory, uppercase and
lowercase, disk drives, and
RS-232C, Sinclair is gradually
shifting its focus from hobby-
ists to business users: people
who use spreadsheets and
other business software and
are able to afford video ter-
minals. When Sinclair in-
troduces its flat-screen
display, watch out!

i

BM Doings: IBM has

finally begun expanding its
independent dealer organi-
zation; in June IBM appoint-
ed 16 independent com-
puter-retailing operations,
with a total of 62 outlets, as
authorized IBM Personal
Computer dealers. IBM is
beginning to feel competitive
pressure from suppliers of
plug-compatible products.
The result is that the com-
pany has dropped the price
of its printer from $755 to
$555 and that of its disk drive
from $570 to $450.

IBM has also eliminated
the ceiling on royalties from
its contracts with indepen-
dent software suppliers. The
previous contract held a
supplier's earnings to a max-
imum of $100,000, thus dis-
couraging many software
developers. Under the new
terms, percentages, ad-
vances, and duration of pay-
ment will be individually
determined based on the
program distributed, its doc-
umentation, and relevant
business and technical fac-
tors. There will be an initial
simple contract signed when
a program is submitted for

evaluation by IBM, and a sec-
ond contract will then be of-
fered if and when the pro-
gram is found acceptable for
distribution by IBM.

Phase One Systems, Oak-
land, California, claims to
have adapted its Oasis-16
multiuser operating system to
run on the IBM Personal
Computer and support up to
three users. The firm claims
that it is fully compatible with
its Z80 version and that there
are already over 400
business-application pro-
grams, written primarily in
BASIC, available for it. The
system allows private and
shared files, with automatic
record- and file-locking and
optional password- and
privilege-level protection.
The system requires at least
128K bytes of memory and a
5-megabyte hard-disk sys-
tem.

Telesoft, San Diego, has in-
troduced an Ada compiler for
the IBM Personal Computer.
It provides a subset of Ada
and utilizes the firm's propri-
etary ROS operating system.

IBM's Cambridge Scientific
Center, Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, has disclosed that it
is working on a research pro-
ject to develop an easy-to-
use, real-time editor-
formatter, called Polite,
similar to Xerox's Smalltalk
operating system and lan-
guage. It will also handle
documents, images, data,
graphics, and handwriting.

^mpple Happenings:

Apple Computer Inc. has
filed suit against Franklin
Computer Corporation of
Pennsauken, New Jersey.

490 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Apple alleges patent and
copyright Infringement by
Franklin in designing its
Ace-100 computer, intro-
duced late last year.
Specifically, Apple charges
the company with copying
Apple II programs on disk
and in ROM.

Apple has also terminated
its distributor in Japan and
will set up its own marketing
subsidiary in Tokyo. Apple
reports that its sales volume
in Japan doubled from fiscal
year 1980 to fiscal year 1981 .

Apple is rumored to be
working on printers that use
ink-jet and laser technologies
at its accessory-products divi-
sion in Garden Grove, Cali-
fornia. Apple hopes to bring
out printers using these
technologies at prices sub-
stantially lower than those of
other such printers. Apple is
also believed to be working
on a small flat-screen display
at the same facility.

According to the police in
Cupertino, California, several
Apple employees allegedly
helped direct the theft of $1
million worth of Apple III
computers in lessthan a year.
Five people have already
been arrested. According to
the police, the allegedly
stolen computers retail for
about $4500 and were sold
for $900, mostly to busi-
nesses.

I o Copy or Not to
Copy: Suppliers of Apple
software, in an attempt to
protect their copyrighted
programs, use a number of
techniques to prevent copy-
ing. This has encouraged soft-
ware suppliers to sell "copy-
ing" software. Notable ex-
amples are the Locksmith
and Nibbles Away 2 pro-
grams. No software supplier
has yet devised an un-
breakable software coding
system.
Locksmith and Nibbles

Away 2 analyze the bit pat-
terns and methods of encryp-
tion used on the disk to be
copied and copy the bytes
sequentially into the com-
puter's memory and from
there onto a new disk. It is
claimed that over 15,000
copies of Locksmith have
been sold since it was in-
troduced in January 1 981 . It's
worth noting that both Lock-
smith and Nibbles Away 2
use software protection
against copying.

As yet no software supplier
has taken the producers of
Locksmith and other such
programs to court. This is
probably because the U.S.
Copyright Act allows users to
copy programs "for archival
purposes only." And so far,
unlike the record industry,
no significant pirating for pro-
fit has developed.

Some software vendors re-
quire purchasers to sign a li-
censing agreement under
which purchasers may be
penalized if the vendor dis-
covers an unauthorized copy
of the software bearing the
serial number of the pur-
chaser's copy. Vendors have
found that the combination
of encryption and penalty
clauses often has a negative
effect on sales; hence some
companies, including Apple
Computer Inc., have given
up on copyright protection.

Although copying by hob-
byists has long been recog-
nized as a problem, the copy-
ing that disturbs vendors the
most is the copying done out-
side of the home. For exam-
ple, a program vendor will
find that a company or
school may havetens or even
hundreds of personal com-
puters but buys only one
copy of an application pro-
gram and makes tens or hun-
dreds of copies, one for use
on each machine. Usually
the purchaser has bought all
these systems to run a
specific application software
program. But the software

If You Have A Printer

You need our PRINTER OPTIMIZER. We have
two gripes with computer printers : one , no matter
how fast they print they're much slower than a
computer. So here you are with all this processing
speed, sitting there waiting for your printer to
finish. Two, almost all printers offer a bunch of
features like various type sizes, forms control,
graphics, enlarged character sets, etc. - but how
are you supposed to access these features? Oh
sure, the printer manual says: "print an ESC
character followed by a CONTROL "K" followed by
a three digit value equal to the desired page
length. . .", but how do you do this in the middle of
your spreadsheet program? And how do you access
all those extra symbols and graphics with a puny
half-ASCII keyboard?

_ mm
Before Mediamix wimi m

grew into Applied

Creative Technology Inc.,

the idea people there decided to develop the

Cuisinart®of the computer industry - a "magic box"

that features 64,000 to 256,000 characters of

spooling printer buffer, total character retrans-

lation capability including macros, a keyboard that

lets you directly select complete printer control

sequences with the ease of a pushbutton car radio ,

adapts serial printers to parallel computers and

visa versa, plus many more imaginative features.

So many useful features that regardless of the

printer you own - our PRINTER OPTIMIZER will

bring your printer "up to speed" with the rest of

your system and let you take full advantage of it .

If You Need A Letter, ^

Quality Printer

Consider our affordable alternative. For those
of you who did not see the review of our product in
the July issue of BYTE, we produce a little white
box that converts an IBM Electronic Typewriter
into a high quality Serial or Parallel computer
printer. And now our ETI 2 (Electronic Typewriter
Intelligent Interface) attaches to other brands of
electronic typewriters. There are a number of
arguments in favor of choosing this route over a
mere computer printer and we have a brochure on
the subject that you should read.

We apply technology creatively, and you'll find
that not only can we communicate the results to
you, but each product is better than anything else
like it on the market. Call 1-800-433-5373 and we'll
send you more information about our company and
our products.

APPLIED
CREATIVE
TECHNOLOGY, INC.

2723 Avenue E East, Suite 71 7
Arlington, Texas 7 60 11
[817J-261-6905
[800]-433-5373

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 491

BYTELINES

company, who invested
heavily in developing the
program, feels that it receives
a very small reward for its ef-
forts while the hardware sup-
pliers garner the real profits.
Most software vendors
specify that their software
license is good only for use
on a single machine and that
additional licenses must be
purchased for each machine
the software is used on.
However, few software pur-
chasers abide by these terms.

w.

ord Processing
and Office Automation:

Word-processing programs
are being greatly improved in
their abilities to create, edit,
and print text. Even more im-
portant are the features being
added that will allow users to
efficiently manage the office
of the future. These features
include the ability to store,
copy, and merge documents;
integrate variable and Prefor-
matted text; and perform
mathematics, graphics, mail-
ing, filing, appointment
scheduling, and security-sen-
sitive work.

Improved editing functions
include automatic hyphena-

tion of words and operations
that allow blocks of text to be
copied, moved, deleted,
printed, and written to a disk
file. Several new word-pro-
cessing programs allow link-
ing and merging files to build
boilerplate documents such
as form letters. Printing
enhancements include such
features as optional auto-
matic page headings and
numbering, in Roman or
Arabic numerals, in any loca-
tion on the page or alter-
nating between right- and
left-hand corners for book-
style formats. Some programs
also allow the printing of par-
tial, single, and multiple
documents, often while
editing another document.
Another new feature is the
placing of variable fields in
documents and the filling of
the fields automatically from
a disk file or manually from
the keyboard to personalize
letters. Thus, the modern
word-processor program
may be told to recognize a
zip code and automatically
insert a phrase directed to
people in that particular area.
More and more of the
newer word-processor pack-
ages also include Visicalc-
type functions, automatic in-

dex and table-of-contents
generators, and spelling and
syntax checkers and correc-
tors. Features such as
business graphics, phone in-
dex, appointment calendar,
and card-file functions are
being added. Some are also
connected to a host network
for electronic mail and ac-
cessing of document libraries
with password protection. All
of these features are leading
the way from word process-
ing to the office automation
of the future.

I^EC Unveils Personal
Computer Systems: 'Bet-
ter late than never" seems to
be the DEC (Digital Equip-
ment Corporation) maxim.
Following in the footsteps of
IBM and Xerox, the company
has finally brought out four
personal computer systems
(described in the June 1982
BYTE Editorial), ranging in
base price from $3495 to
$4995: the Rainbow 100, the
DECmate II, and the Profes-
sional 325 and 350. All use
the same basic cabinetry ex-
cept the 350, which has a
larger box to house an inter-
nal Winchester-technology

hard-disk drive. The Rainbow
100 is basically a dual-
processor 8088/Z80 system
that will run CP/M, MS-DOS,
and Pascal (the UCSD
p-System). The DECmate II is
a low-cost version of its PDP-
8-based word-processor
system. Its Professional
models are 16-bit computers
and use the P/OS operating
system, derived from DEC's
PDP-11 operating system.
Options for the Professional
systems will include Ethernet
and DECnet support and
plug-in CP/M cards.

The DEC systems will be
sold through Computerland,
Hamilton/Avnet, and DEC
retail outlets. DEC currently
has 25 outlets; it opened 27
outlets 3 years ago and then
closed 2 of them after the first
year. It is rumored that these
DEC retail stores have yet to
show a profit. Considering
that Computerland stores
already carry virtually every
popular business-oriented
personal computer system
(e.g., IBM, Apple, Osborne,
Fortune, etc.), and that DEC's
personal systems do not offer
anything new, DEC may have
an uphill battle in entering
the personal computer mar-
ket.

T.H.E.
SMART c
TERMINAL

Software that turns your Atari 400 or
800 into a real smart terminal. Send
and receive data from all popular
data services. Works with cassette or
disk for upload/download. 16K min.
Available at Atari Dealers Worldwide
or directly from Binary. VISA/MC/
AMEX/COD/CHECK. Cassette $4995
Disk $49.95 add $2.50 P & hi U.S.,
$5.00 overseas.

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Certified Check - Money Order - Personal Check
Allow up to 2 weeks for personal checks to clear.
Add S1 .50 to each order for U.P.S. shipping charges.

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A

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800(16K) 3649.00

400 16K 279.00

400 YOURS to 32K or48K CALL

410 RECORDER 79.00

810 DISK DRIVE 449.00

850 INTERFACE 165.00

830 MODEM 149.00

825 PRINTER 575.00

481 ENTERTAINER KIT 79.00

484 COMMUNICATOR KIT 309.00

PRINTERS— Atari, Epson. Smith Corona CALL

Prices subject to change without notice.
Shipping extra. No tax out of state.
Ca. residents add appropriate taxes.

WE ARE AN AUTHORIZED ATARI SALES AND
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i COMPUTERTIME, INC.

P.O. Box 216
Kentfield, CA94914
CALL TOLL-FREE 800-227-2520

In California 800-772-4064

For product and price list: send $2.00 for shipping.

Circle 51 on Inquiry card.

Circle 143 on inquiry card.

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

492 September 1982 © BYTE Pubhcations Inc

R.

robotics News: In

Japan, Mitsubishi has intro-
duced a robotics arm that
can be connected to a micro-
computer by way of a Cen-
tronics-type parallel port (not
all the lines are used). Move
Master software is provided
that runs under CP/M. The
cost in Japan is the equivalent
of $5000. The product is in-
tended as a teaching aid and
for sales promotion. There is
no word on when it might be
introduced in the United
States. For information write:
Mitsubishi, 2-3 Marunouchi
2-Chrome Chiyoda-Ku,
Tokyo 100 Japan; or call:
(218)2173.

■ Ind A Date With
Your Computer: The new-
est thing in computerized
bulletin-board systems is the
"Dial-A-Match" system.
Several such systems are
already in operation on per-
sonal computers connected
to telephone lines and are
operated as free public ser-
vices (contributions are
welcome). Although the soft-
ware varies from system to
system, the procedure is
pretty much the same. Call
the system via modem with
your computer or a terminal.
If it is your first time on the
system you will be asked to
complete a questionnaire.
The system will then match
you up with other callers and
furnish you with information
on the person or persons you
are matched with. You can
then exchange messages
with anyone else on the sys-
tem.

■ orelgn Exchange: My

list of foreign computer
bulletin-board systems is
growing; here's an update:
systems in England include
Forum-80 Hull (04-828-
59169), Forum-80 London

(01-747-3191), and Forum-80
Milton (09-085-66660). You
might also try CBBS London
(01-399-2136), Mailbox Liver-
pool (05-122-09733), or ACC
(09-084-4262). In Holland
there's Forum-80 (01-313-
512-533), and based in
Sweden are ABC-80 Stock-
holm (010-468-190522),
University Research (010-
468-23660; guest password:
"66,66"), Elfa (010-468-
7300706), and Tree Tradet
(010-468-190522).

R.

iandom News Bits:

Look for an R2D2-like robot
kit to be introduced in the
January Heathkit catalog.
The 2-foot 2-inch 6808-based
Hero 1 will have simulated
eyes, ears, and a voice (using
the Votrax SC-01 chip) and
will be highly mobile. The kit
will cost approximately
$1000; an optional $100
manipulator (arm) will be
available, as will a $150
robotics course. . . .M.H.

Dataquest, a marketing re-
search firm, reports that the
Intel 8086 is still the leading
16-bit microprocessor, with
an estimated 78% of the
market, compared with 15%
for the Motorola 68000 and
6.6% for the Zilog Z8000.
Dataquest reports that last
year 718,000 Intel 8086 pro-
cessors were shipped, com-
pared to 139,000 Motorola
68000s and 61,000 Zilog
Z8000s Prices for single-
board computers are drop-
ping. Intel has dropped the
price for its iSBC 88/25
(based on the Intel 8088)
from $1295 to $790 (single
unit) and $520 (large quanti-
ty) to meet competition from
DEC's Falcon 16-bit unit.
. . . Texas Instruments will
distribute 430 programs of
Control Data Corporation's
Plato software for its TI-99/4A
home computer in 108
courses for kindergarten
through high school levels.
. . . Telegenix Corp., Cherry
Hill, New Jersey, has in-

troduced a giant (measuring
more than 10 feet diagonally)
80-character by 24-line neon
planar-gas display panel and
controller. Price is only
$52,500. . . . Perex Inc., San
Jose, California, has intro-
duced the first S-100 Ethernet
interface (a two-board set).
. . . Zilog has introduced an
8-user Unix-like system,
called the System 8000, with
a base price of $13,000.
. . . Vector Graphic Inc.,
Thousand Oaks, California,
following in the footsteps of
Apple, has terminated its
supply contract with Corm-
puterland. Apparently sales
slumped dramatically when
Computerland took on the
IBM Personal Computer,
DEC, et al. Computerland,
before these defections, car-
ried 20 different computer
lines. Vector Graphic stated
that last year only 9% of its
sales came through Com-

puterland. . . . Evotek Corp.,
Fremont, California, has an-
nounced a 5 1 /4-inch Win-
chester-technology hard-disk
drive with up to 50 mega-
bytes of storage. ... HP
(Hewlett-Packard) has signed
a $30-million contract for
Sony's new 3 ] /2-inch "micro-
floppy," which has an unfor-
matted storage capacity of
440K bytes. HP is the first
company besides Sony to
adopt the drive. . . . Hitachi
Ltd., Tokyo, has unveiled an
8088-based system that it
claims is compatible with the
IBM Personal Computer.

MAIL: I receive a large
number of letters each month
as a result of this column. If you
write to me and wish a
response, please include a self-
addressed, stamped envelope.

Sol Llbes
POB 1192
Mountainside, NJ 07092b

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Barrington, N.J. 08007

No. 3484 ®1982 Edmund Scientific Co.

Circle 179 on Inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 493

Software Received

Apple

Adventure, an implemen-
tation of the original adven-
ture game. For the Apple II;
floppy disk, $10. Frontier
Computing Inc., 666 North
Main, POB 402, Logan, UT
84321.

Automaniac System, re-
quiring an onboard clock
card, this system can run a
program or series of pro-
grams without supervision at
a predetermined date and
time. For the Apple II; floppy
disk, $100. Geegery Software
Works, POB 8028, Des
Moines, IA 50301.

Chess Connection, a tele-
computing chess game that
requires two computers
equipped with modems for
an interactive game. For the
Apple II; floppy disk, $35.
Telephone Software Connec-
tion Inc., POB 6548, Tor-
rance, CA 90504.

Choplifter, an arcade-type
game. You control a heli-
copter in an effort to rescue
hostages held captive in a
foreign country. For the
Apple II; floppy disk, $34.95.
Broderbund Software, Enter-
tainment Software Division,
1938 Fourth St., San Rafael,
CA 94901.

Escape from Rungistan, an
adventure-type game. You
must contend with cannibals,
snakes, guerilla warriors, and
a mad dictator's revenge
while trying to escape from
this interesting jungle nation.
For the Apple II; floppy disk,
$29.95. Sirius Software Inc.,
10364 Rockingham Dr., Sac-
ramento, CA 95827.

Fly Wars, an arcade-type
game. You maneuver a spider
to trap the flies. For the
Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95.
Sirius Software Inc. (see ad-
dress above).

Go-Moku, a telecomputing
version of the oriental board
game go-moku. This pro-
gram requires two computers
equipped with modems for

an interactive game. For the
Apple II; floppy disk, $20.
Telephone Software Connec-
tion Inc. (see address above).

Graphics Processing Sys-
tem: Professional Version, a
graphics development system
that lets you create, manipu-
late, and edit images. In-
cludes zoom, two-dimen-
sional rotation, and overlay
functions. For the Apple II
Plus; floppy disk, $99.95.
Stoneware Inc., 50 Belvedere
St., San Rafael, CA 94901.

Horse Racing Classic, a
highly detailed simulation of
horse racing for one to nine
players. You can check a
horse's statistics, place bets,
and watch the race. For the
Apple II; floppy disk, $36.95.
Tasumi Software Internation-
al Inc., 8 North Grosvenor
Ave., Burnaby, British Co-
lumbia, V5B 1J2 Canada.

Millionaire, a stock-market
game that lets you simulate
investing in the stock market.
You can examine company
histories and buy stocks using
a variety of options. For the
Apple II; floppy disk, $49.95.
Micro-Z Applications, Suite
141, 22704 Ventura Blvd.,
Woodland Hills, C A 91364.

Real Estate Models for the
Eighties, Visicalc templates
for real-estate analysis. Using
the Visicalc program, you
can calculate figures for a
wide variety of mortgages
and amortization plans. For
the Apple II and III; floppy
disk, $65. Commercial Soft-
ware Systems, 7689 West
Frost Dr., Littleton, CO
80123.

Speed Reader, a series of
programs to help increase
your reading speed. For the
Apple II; floppy disk, $70.
Apple Computer Inc., 20525
Mariani Ave., Cupertino,
CA 95014

The Snapper, an arcade-
type game. You must travel
around the grid collecting
blots but avoiding the

Gamma Field and Whirlers.
For the Apple II; floppy disk,
$32.95. Silicon Valley Sys-
tems, Suite 4, 1625 El Camino
Real, Belmont, CA 94002.

Statistics with Daisy, a
data-analysis and interactive-
statistics package. You can
sort, analyze, and plot data
using simple, easy-to-learn
commands. For the Apple II;
floppy disk, $79.95. Rainbow
Computing Inc., 19517 Busi-
ness Center Dr., Northridge,
CA 91324.

Super-Text, a word-pro-
cessing program that works
with both 40- and 80-column
screens. Instructions to make
the shift key operational
when used with a lowercase
adapter are included. For the
Apple II; floppy disk, $175.
Muse Software, 347 North
Charles St., Baltimore, MD
21201.

System/ASM 3A, an as-
sembly-language develop-
ment system that features a
two-pass assembler, full-
screen editor, and disk-file
management. For the Apple
II Plus; floppy disk, $35.
Mike Piaser Co., 15401
Maple Park Dr. #11, Maple
Heights, OH 44137.

Tele-Gammon, a telecom-
puting backgammon game.
The program requires two
computers equipped with
modems for an interactive
game. For the Apple II; flop-
py disk, $35. Telephone Soft-
ware Connection Inc. (see ad-
dress above).

Understand Yourself, a
series of nine tests to help you
understand your feelings
about marriage, sexual atti-
tudes, and other aspects of
your life. For the Apple II
Plus; floppy disk, $24.99.
Huntington Computers, 1945
South Dairy Ave., POB 787,
Corcoran, CA 93212.

Wizardry: Knight of Dia-
monds, the second scenario
in the Wizardry game series.
For the Apple II; floppy disk,

$34.95. Sir-tech Software
Inc., 6 Main St., Ogdens-
burg, NY 13669.

Wizardry: Proving Ground
of the Mad Overload, a
multiplayer fantasy and ad-
venture game. You can devel-
op your own characters in a
Dungeon and Dragons-type
game setting. For the Apple
II; floppy disk, $49.95. Sir-
tech Software Inc. (see ad-
dress above).

Atari

Alvin, an arcade-type
game. A reverse on the
Missile Command format;
you control the missiles try-
ing to destroy a robot city.
For the Atari 400 and 800;
floppy disk or cassette,
$21.95 and $17.95, respec-
tively. Dynacomp Inc., 1427
Monroe Ave., Rochester, NY
14618.

Frog Master, a graphics
program illustrating the use
of operant conditioning.
Through positive reinforce-
ment, you train your frog to
penetrate barriers and score
goals for you. For the Atari
400 and 800; floppy disk or
cassette, $21.95 and $17.95,
respectively. Dynacomp Inc.
(see address above).

Golf Pro, a simulation of a
golf game using color and
graphics. For the Atari 400
and 800; floppy disk or cas-
sette, $21.95 and $17.95,
respectively. Dynacomp Inc.
(see address above).

NYIndex, a program that
can store and plot up to three
years of New York Stock Ex-
change information, from
which you can determine the
trend of the market based on
past behavior. For the Atari
400 and 800; floppy disk,
$29.95. Dynacomp Inc. (see
address above).

Quintominoes, a screen-
based jigsaw game. For the
Atari 400 or 800; floppy disk
or cassette, $16.95 and

494 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

$12.95, respectively. Dyna-
comp Inc. (see address
above).

Heath

Space Odyssey I, an ar-
cade-type game. Retrieve
your deep-space probes as
you maneuver around or des-
troy asteroids, alien fighters,
and mysterious objects. For
the Heath H-8 and H-19 or
H-89; floppy disk, $21.50.
Evryware, POB 60802,
Sunnyvale, C A 94088.

Y-Wing Fighter, an arcade-
type game. Pilot your fighter
in a crucial mission to destroy
the enemy's base. For the H-8
and H-19 or H-89; floppy
disk, $19.50. Evryware (see
address above).

IBM Personal Computer

Millionaire (see description
above). For the IBM Personal
Computer; floppy disk,
$49.95. Micro-Z Applica-
tions, Suite 141, 22704 Ven-
tura Blvd., Woodland Hills,
CA 91364.

Real Estate Models for the
Eighties (see description
above). For the IBM Personal
Computer; floppy disk, $65.
Commercial Software Sys-
tems, 7689 West Frost Dr.,
Littleton, CO 80123.

Speed Reader, programs to
help increase reading speed.
For the IBM Personal Com-
puter; floppy disk, $74.95.
Davidson and Associates,
6069 Groveoak Place #14,
Rancho Palos Verdes, CA
90274.

TRS-80

ABE: Advanced BASIC
Edtior, a BASIC program-
ming editor that lets you list
programs a page at a time,
use global search and replace
to modify a program, and
write commands with a single
key press. For the TRS-80
Model I; floppy disk, $19.95.
Interpro Corp., POB 4211,
Manchester, NH 03108.

Bounceoids, an arcade-
type game. Try to clear the

Bounceoid boulders from the
screen while avoiding the
Bounceoid creatures. For the
TRS-80 Models I and III;
floppy disk or cassette,
$19.95 and $15.95, respec-
tively. The Cornsoft Group,
6008 North Keystone Ave.,
Indianapolis, IN 46220.

Co-Dir, a cursor-oriented
directory. Select programs
from a directory by position-
ing the cursor next to the file-
name. For the TRS-80 Models
I and III; floppy disk, $19.95.
Picotrin Technology, 3531
San Castle Blvd., Lantana, FL
33462.

Copy-Tape, a cassette
tape-duplication program.
For the TRS-80 Models I and
III; cassette, $11.95. Modtec,
4144 North Via Villas, Tuc-
son, AZ 85719.

IDM-X, a database-man-
agement system. Features in-
clude a built-in sort and
merge package and a fast
key-access method for quick
record access. For the TRS-80
Model II; 8-inch floppy disk,
$399. Micro Architect Inc.,
96 Dothan St., Arlington,
MA 02174.

Interpro Flexible Mailing
List, a mailing-list program.
You can custom program a
mailing list to your exact
specifications. Up to 1000
names per disk are possible.
For the TRS-80 Models I and
III; floppy disk, $127. Inter-
pro Corp. (see address above).

Maxi CRAS: Check Reg-
ister Accounting System, a
check writing and recording
system. Using its menu-
driven format, CRAS lets
you set up income- and ex-
pense-account reports show-
ing activity of one or more
accounts over a period of
time. For the TRS-80 Models
I and III; floppy disk, $99.95.
Adventure International, 507
East St., POB 3435, Long-
wood, FL 32750.

Personal File Manager, a
database-management pro-
gram. Designed for everyday
use, this program features
format-free file structures

that accept almost any type
of data. For the TRS-80 Color
Computer; floppy disk,
$17.95. Home Information
Systems, 4006 Ellicott St.,
Alexandria, V A 22304.

Pocket Computer Primer,
companion software to the
book of the same name. In-
cludes a variety of programs
for home and office use. For
the TRS-80 Pocket Com-
puter; cassette, $8.95. Micro
Text Publications Inc., Suite
27C, One Lincoln Plaza, New
York, NY 10023.

Pocket Magic, companion
software to the book of the
same name. Includes a varie-
ty of simulations and games.
For the TRS-80 Pocket Com-
puter; cassette, $8.95. Micro
Text Publications Inc. (see
address above).

Records, a student grades
record-keeping system. This
system can handle as many as
200 students and it provides

class rosters, evaluation
scores, and final grades. For
the TRS-80 Model III; floppy
disk, $69.95. Microsoft ware
Services, POB 776, Harrison-
burg, VA 22801.

Science and Engineering
Sourcebook, companion soft-
ware to the book of the same
name. Includes a variety of
programs for professional
use. For the TRS-80 Pocket
Computer; cassette, $8.95.
Micro Text Publications Inc.
(see address above).

Spector of Kzirgla, a
graphics adventure game.
Wind your way through the
13 floors of the maze as you
slay monsters, collect trea-
sures, fly a magic carpet, and
even commit hari-kari if nec-
essary. For the TRS-80 Color
Computer; floppy disk or
cassette, $21.95. Rainbow
Connection Software, 3514
6th Place NW, Rochester,
MN 55901.

AUTHORIZED

SERVICE

Now you can get FACTORY AUTHOR-
IZED service for your Commodore or
Atari computer and peripherals at reason-
able cost. Minimize your down time
frustration and expense. Extended war-
ranty available for most products, too!

Micro Computer
Service Center

CALL 71 7-327-1 450

477 E. Third St., Williamsport, PA 17701

Circle 111 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 495

Circle 174 on inquiry card.

Disk-O-Tier

STORES & PROTECTS
1 1 DISKETTES

Disk-O-Tier organizes and
protects diskettes close at
hand, and in minimum space
Convenient, upright storage
avoids "wipe-outs" caused by
scratches, coffee spills,
and cigarette ashes; plus,
titles are easy to read.

Disk-O-Tier is molded of
smoked, sturdy NAS
plastic and safely files
eleven 5 1 / 4 " or 8"diskettes,
in or out of jackets.

Priced at $9.50 each,
include $2.00 postage
or $19.00 for twin-pack
which includes postage.
Ohio orders add 5 1 /2%.
Check or Money Order
please. Non-U.S. orders
add $5.00.

Dept.30 Box 651, 35026-A, Turtle Trail
Willoughby, OH 44094 • (216) 946-8479

SLUDER FOR ALL YOUR NEEDS

SOFTWARE, TERMINALS, PRINTERS, BOARDS
SYSTEMS SHIPPED READY TO BOOT & RUN

BUDGET LINE

MHZ 8085/88,44K,80rS $
6MHZ Z80,64K,801 f S
8NHZ 6066,60130,64*
10HHZ LIGHTNING 1.126K
6NHZ SEATTLE 84,1(5005
MPM66(TH)6066 I 256K I 6069
HPH86 I S12K I 10HB HD.8086
QUME5 ON BUDGET ADD
GODBOUT SYSTEH A, B f & C
GODBOUT DISK 1 AST
GODBOUT 6066 AST
INTERFACER 4 AST
RAH 16 AST 64K 6-16
L0HAS RAH 67 128K CMOS
LOHAS LDP 7 2 DISK C0NTR
L0HAS 126K DYNAMIC RAH
SEATTLE CPU SET f HSD0S
MORROW HICR0 DECISION 1
DHA DJ V/CP/H

LUXURY LINE

269S 7/8HHZ 6S/66 f 64K f $4095

269S HPH 6>16 l 256K f DT6 , S 6645

3450 10HHZ 6086,60130 4495

3195 10HHZ LIGHTNING 1 4095

3195 SEATTLE SYS II 128K 3135

4350 SEATTLE SYS II.DRS 4765

6650 HPH 8-16, 2561, 10MB 9675

200 QUHES STD EXCEPT SYS II

AVAILABLE FROH SLUDER CAL(.

371 DISK II V/CP/H (TM> 596

521 10HHZ 6066 (CSC) 636

263 RAH 21 128K STATIC 1196.

466 CPU 6065/66 A&T 299

1196 LIGHTNING 1 6066 10H 520

220 CP/H 66 FOB LOHAS 195

636 HAZITALL SUPPORT CRD 260

671 SEATTLE 64K 6-16 RAH 695

949 HICRO DECIS. 2 DRS 1225

366 HORROV 65K STATIC 404
DBASE 1 1 , WORDSTAR , SUPERCALC ONLY $695 OR V/SYSTEH 600
ALL CP/H & IBH PC SOFTWARE SEATTLE RAM+192K IBHPC 595
PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE CP/H TM OF DIGITAL RESEARCH
PO BOX 951, WESTMINSTERS 92683-0951 (714) 895-1746

Software Received,

Other Computers

Checkbook, Income Tax,
and Budget Organizer, per-
sonal financial-management
programs. For the ZX81;
cassette, $15. ZX-Panding
Ltd., POB 25, Newton, NC
28658.

Flexfile, a database-man-
agement system that main-
tains a random-access data-
base, including lists for mail-
ing labels and accounting
reports. For the PET/CBM;
floppy disk, $60. Total Con-
trol Software, 1038 Pine St.,
Philadelphia, PA 19107.

FORTH for Interact, a ver-
sion of the FORTH language
based on the FORTH Interest
Group Model. For the Inter-
act computer; cassette, $12.
Russell L. Schnapp, 8062
Gold Coast Dr., San Diego,
CA 92126.

Improved Fixed Point
Package, a replacement for
Ithaca Intersystems fixed-
point package. For the Ithaca
Intersystems Pascal/Z; 8-inch
floppy disk, $50. Brom
Microsystems Engineering
Inc., POB 616, Winona, MN
55987.

Lattice 8086/8088 C Com-
piler, a compiler for the C
language running under MS-
DOS. For S-lOO-based sys-
tems; 8-inch floppy disk,
$500. Lifeboat Associates,
1651 Third Ave., New York,
NY 10028.

Logical Analysis, a pro-
gram to reduce any binary

state, multivariable equation
to its minimum form. Written
in BASIC; source code, $5.
Scientific Techniques, POB
8453, Greensboro, NC 27410.

MAC-00 and MAC-05,
cross-assemblers for 6809-
based systems. For SwTP
(Southwest Technical Prod-
ucts) systems; 8-inch floppy
disk, $150 each. Rushmore
Micro Systems, 622 East
Tallent, Rapid City, SD
57701.

Real Estate Models for the
Eighties (see description
above). For the Hewlett-
Packard HP-87 and HP-125;
floppy disk, $65. Commercial
Software Systems, 7689 West
Frost Dr., Littleton, CO
80123.

The Word Plus, an en-
hanced self-correcting spell-
ing checker program. For
CP/M-based systems; 8-inch
floppy disk, $150. Oasis Sys-
tems, 2765 Reynard Way,
San Diego, CA 92103.

WP6502 Word Processing,
a word-processing program.
For the M/A-Com (Ohio
Scientific) OS65D; 8-inch
floppy disk, $250. Dwo
Quong Fok Lok Sow, 548
Broadway, New York, NY
10012.

WP6502 Word Processing
(see description above). For
the M/A-Com (Ohio Scienti-
fic) OS65U, 8-inch floppy
disk, $300. Dwo Quong Fok
Lok Sow (see address
above). ■

This is a list of software packages that have been received by
BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the
best of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full description
of the product or the forms in which the product is available, /n
particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in
both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is
the version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality
or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot
review every software package we receive. Instead, this list is
meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and
the companies that sent them. All software received is considered
to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a
set period of time. Companies sending software packages should
be sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appro-
priate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

496 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 428 on inquiry card.

Clubs and Newsletters

USUSfUK)
Conference Report

Dr. J. Hoppe of ETH (Eid-
genossische Technische Hoch-
schule) in Zurich, Switzer-
land, was the guest speaker at
a recent conference of the
USUS(UK) (UCSD p-System
Users Society). The con-
ference included details on
data-capture systems under
UCSD and panel sessions on
networking and educational
software. Tony Addyman,
committee chairperson of the
ISO (International Standards
Organization), spoke on ISO
Standard Pascal. USUS(UK)
membership details are avail-
able from Mark Woodman,
Mathematics Faculty, The
Open University, Walton
Hall, Milton Keynes,
MK76AA, United Kingdom;
Tel: (0908) 74066.

IBM PC
Software Interchange

The IBM PC Software
Interchange is a service that
provides a means to obtain
software inexpensively. Mem-
bers can obtain most pro-
grams for $5, plus handling.
Program topics include mail-
ing systems, electronic file
sort, games, and finances.
Each withdrawal requires an
original program contribu-
tion. Membership fees are $50
per year. For an informational
packet, send $3 to Miracle
Computing, IBM PC Software
Interchange, Dept. 10, 313
Clayton Court, Lawrence, KS
66044.

PETs Strictly Allowed

Strictly Commodore is a
monthly newsletter for Com-
modore PET, VIC-20, CBM,
and SuperPET aficionados. It
features articles with pro-

gramming hints and tips,
evaluations of hardware and
software, recreational and
educational programs, news
of happenings in the Com-
modore industry, information
requested by readers, and a
software exchange for owner-
developed software. Subscrip-
tion rates are $18 per year. A
sample issue is available for
$2. For more details, write
Strictly Commodore, 47
Coachwood Place NW, Cal-
gary, Alberta, T3H 1E1,
Canada.

Educational Software
Evaluated

OECUP (Oklahoma Educa-
tional Computer Users Pro-
gram) conducts evaluations of
educational software by and
for its members. Send a self-
addressed, stamped envelope
for application and further in-
formation to Richard V.
Andree, OECUP, 601 Elm,
Room 423, University of
Oklahoma, Norman, OK
73019.

Organization for

Computer

Consultants

The New York/New Jersey
Chapter of the ICCA (Inde-
pendent Computer Consul-
tants Association) has more
than 240 individuals on its
mailing list. The ICCA is a
nonprofit organization dedi-
cated to promoting profes-
sionalism within the data-pro-
cessing industry and support-
ing the independent computer
consultant. ICCA has partici-
pated in the White House
Conference on Small Busi-
nesses, and it serves the busi-
ness community by providing
a free referral service. Many
ICCA members are qualified
professionals on data-process-

ing subjects, and all abide by
the ICCA Code of Ethics,
which guarantees clients com-
petence, integrity, objectivity,
and confidentiality. The New
York/New Jersey chapter is
presently compiling an up-to-
the-minute directory of its
members. Further details are
available from ICCA, POB
603, Middletown, NJ 07748,
or call Harry A. Cozzi at (212)
430-6403 or (201) 862-4734.

Osborne Group
Blossoms In Ohio

The Central Ohio Osborne
Users Group is a rapidly
growing club in the Columbus
area. Meetings are held at 7:30
p.m. on the second Monday
of each month at the Ohio In-
stitute of Technology, Alum
Creek Dr., Columbus. The
group is eager to learn every-

thing possible about the
Osborne 1. A newsletter is be-
ing planned. Contact Newton
Brokaw, Central Ohio
Osborne Users Group, 2695
Donna Dr., Columbus, OH
43220, (614) 457-5716.

Trilingual DAI
Computer News

Each month the DAInamic
Personal Computer Users
Club produces a 64-page tri-
lingual magazine called DAI-
namic. Written in Flemish,
French, and English, it con-
tains programs, letters to the
editor, reviews of articles in
other journals, graphics, tips,
and information of interest to
the DAI personal-computer
user. For details, contact DAI-
namic, Bruno Van Rompaey,
Bovenbosstraat 4, 3044
Haasrode, Belguim.B

*A| y|i» w continuous

»** invoices, statements and lett

Standardized,

; checks,

invoices, statements and letterheads

work with programs from over 200 software

sources ... or program forms with guides provided. Full

cofor catalog also has stock tab paper, diskettes, other

supplies.

• Quality products, low prices • Small quantities

• No "handling charges" • Money-Back Guarantee

Fast service by mail or PHONE TOLL FREE

1 + 800-225-9550 (Mass. res. 1 +800-922-8560)

NAME

COMPANY

STREET

CITY. STATE and ZIP

SOFTWARE BRAND

(To help us send correct into.)

PACKAGE »

r~ i Do own

programming

COMPUTER MAKE

MOOEL

p Not

Purchased

LINE OF BUSINESS

Numberof
Employees

Nebs
Computer Forms

US? 78 Mollis Street, Groton, Ma

CODE 11001

Massachusetts 01471
A division of New England Business Service, Inc.

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 497

Books Received

Advanced Baudot Radio
Teletype for the TRS-80
Model I and Model HI Micro-
computer, volume 5, Robert
M. Richardson. Chautauqua,
NY: Richcraft Engineering
Ltd. (1 Wahneda Industrial
Park), 1982; 206 pages, 21 by
27 cm, softcover, ISBN
0-940972-06-9, $20.

Application Development
Without Programmers, James
Martin. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1982; 350
pages, 18 by 24.5 cm, hard-
cover, ISBN 0-13-038943-9,
$32.50.

BASIC Faster and Better
& Other Mysteries, Lewis
Rosenfelder. Upland, CA: IJG
Computer Services, 1981; 288
pages, 21 by 27.5 cm, soft-
cover, ISBN 0-936200-03-0,
$29.95.

CAI Sourcebook, Robert L.
Burke. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1982; 206
pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm, hard-

cover, ISBN 0-13-110155-2,
$14.95.

Computers and Comput-
ing, An Introduction Through
BASIC, Neill Graham. St.
Paul, MN: West Publishing,
1982; 387 pages, 18 by 24 cm,
softcover, ISBN 0-8299-
0382-8, $17.95. Instructor's
Manual to Accompany Com-
puters and Computing, 100
pages, 18 by 24.3 cm, soft-
cover, ISBN 0-314-63242-5.
Available to instructors free of
charge.

Computers That Think:
The Search of Artificial Intelli-
gence, Margaret O. Hyde.
Hillside, NJ: Enslow Pub-
lishers (POB 77), 1982; 126
pages, 14.9 by 24 cm, soft-
cover, ISBN 0-89490-079-X,
$4.95.

Data Entry Without Key-
punching, Martin D. Sorin.
Lexington, MA: Lexington
Books, 1982; 270 pages, 16.5

PRINTERS/SOFTWARE
EXPANSION BOARDS

PRINTERS

ADS-8001 $485.00

or C. ITOH 8510A .... 520.00
Dot Matrix Printers. Both prin-
ters have identical specs.
120 CPS w/Graphics, tractor
and friction feed.
C. ITOH 1550 (PRO WRITER II)

Parallel interface $800.00

Parallel/serial

combination 850.00

120 cps 15" wide carriage. All
other same as 8510A.
C. ITOH F10/40 .... $1,550.00
Daisy wheel 40 cps

Grappler $140.00

DIGITAL PLOTTERS/
DIGITIZERS

HOUSTON INSTRUMENT
HIPLOT

DMP-3 $1,177.00

DMP-4 1,262.00

DMP-6 1,687.00

DMP-7 1,857.00

PEN EXCHANGE KIT

DMP-442 6 Pen .... $35600

DMP-593 8 Pen 456.00

HIPAD DT-11 701.00

HIPAD DT-11A 723.00

STROBE
Strobe Plot $749.00

Eua

MICRO DATA TEK

A Division of International Antex. Inc.
2630 California Street. Mountain View.
California 94040 (415) 941-7914

IBM PC
256K RAM Expansion Card

(ADS-5001) expandable with
64K interval
W/64K RAM

on board $275.00

W/128K 425.00

W/192K 575.00

W/256K 725.00

Disk Drive-Double sided/

double density 420.00

Single sided/double

density 350.00

WordStar 297 00

MaliMerge 90.00

Vlsicalc/256K 220.00

SuperCalc 220.00

MICROPRO SOFTWARE

CP/M Apple

WordStar $297.00 $225.00

MaliMerge 90.00 75.00

SpellStar 150.00 120.00

DataStar 210.00 177.00

SuperSort I 150.00 120.00

CalcStar 177.00 117.00

TERMINAL
BMC Green
Terminal $105.00

APPLE BOARDS

16K RAM Card $75.00

Versacard 175.00

PRT-1 Parallel Int 60.00

Smarterm 248.00

2-Card 220.00

Showroom Hours: 8:30 to 5:30
Saturday: 10:00 to 3:00

by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN
0-669-02803-7, $27.95.

Design and Strategy for
Corporate Information Ser-
vices, MIS Long-Range Plan-
ning, Larry E. Long. Engle-
wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall, 1982; 18 by 24.5 cm,
hardcover, 180 pages, ISBN
0-13-201707-5, $25.

Exploring the World of
Computers, Donald D.
Spencer. Ormond Beach, FL:
Camelot Publishing, 1982; 102
pages, 15.3 by 22.9 cm, soft-
cover, ISBN 0-89218-054-4,
$5.95.

Hello, Mr Chips! Computer
Jokes and Riddles, Ann
Bishop. New York: Lodestar
Books, 1982; 64 pages, 15.2
by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN
0-525-66782-2, $3.95.

Information Systems Con-
cepts for Management, 2nd
edition, Henry C. Lucas, Jr.
New York: McGraw-Hill,
1982; 512 pages, 17 by 24.5
cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-07-
038924-1, $25.95.

Inside CP/M: A Guide for
Users and Programmers,
David E. Cortesi. New York:
Holt, Rinehart, & Winston,
1982; 571 pages, 19 by 23.5
cm, softcover, ISBN 0-03-
059558-4, $22.95.

Introduction to Business
Data Processing, 2nd edition,
Lawrence S. Orilia. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 1982;
683 pages, 19 by 24 cm, hard-
cover, ISBN 0-07-047835-X,
$21.95.

Introduction to Microcom-
puters, Erik Dagless and

David Aspinall. Rockville,
MD: Computer Science Press,
1982; 233 pages, 15.5 by 23.5
cm, hardcover, ISBN
0-914894-25-0, $19.95.

Microcomputer Coloring
Book, Donald D. Spencer.
Ormond Beach, FL: Camelot
Publishing, 1982; 32 pages,
21.5 by 28 cm, softcover,
ISBN 0-89218-052-8, $2.90.

Picture This: An Introduc-
tion to Computer Graphics
for Kids of All Ages, David D.
Thornburg. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley, 1982; 224
pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, spiral
bound, ISBN 0-201-07768-X,
$14.95.

Software and Its Develop-
ment, Joseph M. Fox. Engle-
wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall, 1982; 299 pages, 15.5 by
25.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN
0-13-822098-0, $23.95.

The Third Book of Ohio
Scientific, S. Roberts.
Pomona, CA: Elcomp Pub-
lishing (POB 1194), 1982; 127
pages, 13.5 by 24 cm, soft-
cover, ISBN 3-921682-77-0,
$7.95.

What Computers Can Do,
2nd edition, Donald D.
Spencer. Ormond Beach, FL:
Camelot Publishing, 1982; 368
pages, 15 by 23 cm, softcover,
ISBN 0-89218-043-9, $12.95.

The Word Processing
Book, A Short Course in
Computer Literacy, Peter
McWilliams. Los Angeles,
CA: Prelude Press, 1982; 235
pages, 15 by 22.5 cm, soft-
cover, ISBN 0-931580-98-7,
$8.95.B

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this
past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its
purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles
in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot
review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is
meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the
publishers who sent them.

498 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

Ask BYTE

Putting Stock
In Computers

Dear Steve,

I would like to use a com-
puter for stock-market infor-
mation. What software is
available?

In addition to a list of
stocks of my choice, I need to
receive from a database charts
of certain stocks that have
outperformed others; e.g., the
percentage of winners of the
week as published in Barron's.
I wish to be able to get a listing
of certain stocks, for example:

• high cash

• high book value

• breakout of sideway move-
ments

I may need to access up to 500
stocks each week and main-
tain a three-year log of his-
torical data. Also, all disks
must be on-line for automatic
operation.

I would also like to have the
ability to do general ledgers
and to prepare W-2 forms— I
have no payroll as such. My
computer must function as a
word processor, and I need a
dot-matrix printer for utility
copies of charts and corre-
spondence-quality type for
letters.
R. Miller
Brooklyn, NY

The Apple II computer will
provide the necessary graph-
ics, and a program called Mar-
ket Charter will provide the
rest. The Market Charter
gives you:

• high and low close
bar charts

• trendlines, resistance
lines, etc.

• volume charts with
average volume

• hard copy of charts
and data

•weekly and daily
stock histories, etc.
An updated version, to be
out shortly, will include mov-

ing averages and allow an
80-stock, 100-week database.
The program can link to a
wire service via a modem.

This program is designed
for technical analysts but is
user-oriented.

Market Charter costs $250
and is available from RTR
Software Inc., 1147 Balti-
more Dr., El Paso, TX 79902,
(915) 544-4397. . . .Steve

Basic Questions

Dear Steve,

I'm presently familiarizing
myself with personal com-
puters through a local school.
Some basics have struck
home, but I was wondering if
you could answer some ques-
tions I have.

Do you know of an elabor-
ate form of Visicalc or Visif ile
that runs on the Wang word
processor? If so, can it be used
to evaluate incredible amounts
of information— by incred-
ible I mean well beyond the
capacity of the Apple II's
Visicalc? The Wang uses
hard-disk drives as well as
8-inch floppy-disk drives, but
a Cromemco system with
5V4-inch disk drives is avail-
able to me.

Is there a forecasting and
budgeting program available
that could be used in
developing scenarios for
more effective planning to
prevent or minimize large
cash surpluses that result
from trying to do a full year's
work in six months?

What software is available
for facility maintenance,
planning, and monitoring
timber management, in-
cluding writing reports such
as environmental impact
statements, energy conserva-
tion, and road development?

How far away is the tech-
nology for equipment,
similar to a stereoscope, that
would scan two aerial photos

Circle 267 on inquiry card.

r^^

Go FORTH

and Prosper

With Timin FORTH, the unusually fast, elegant and versatile superset of
FIG FORTH.

Lifeboat Associates offers this powerful, threaded, interpretive and struc-
tured language including a memory resident operating system, text editor,
assembler and debugger. This extended FORTH is also enhanced by:

a visual screen editor with string search and replace

CP/M-80 file format compatibility

many additional FORTH words

array handling (implemented in machine code)

FORTH assembler for 8080/Z80™ machine instructions

full floating-point capability

Use this complete interactive software development system to slash soft-
ware development time and shrink system memory requirements.

For more information about Timin FORTH or any of the other 200+ soft-
ware packages available for use in professional, personal, and program-
ming environments under SB-80™ or other CP/M®-80 compatible
operating systems, IBM PC DOS, or MS™-DOS (SB-86) contact:

Lifeboat Associates, 1651 Third Avenue, NY, NY 10028. (212) 860-0300.
TWX: 710-581-2524 (LBSOFT NYK); Telex: 640693 (LBSOFT NYK).

SB-80. SB-86, trademarks Lifeboat Associates

MS. trademark Microsoft, Inc.

Z80. trademark Ziltg, Inc.

CP/M. registered trademark Digital Research. Inc.

Copyright©1982, by Lifeboat Associates 2024

S-100 SYSTEM DESIGNERS

NEW TARBELL CACHE MEMORY SYSTEM

Increase floppy disk system speed from 2 to 5
times using our new CACHE-C CP/M®. This will
only work with the Tarbell CPU/IO board and the
Tarbell Double Density Floppy Disk Interface, so
we have a combination package available.

This package includes the following:

• CPU/IO board with 4 Mhz Z-80A, 2 RS232
serial ports with full handshaking, timer,
and special memory management circuitry.

• Double Density Floppy Disk Interface with
boot ROM, Direct Memory Access and
extended memory addressing.

• CP/M 2.2 on single density disk with
manuals

• New CACHE-C CP/M 2.2 on double density
disk. This system keeps up to 64k of most
recently used512-bytesectors in extended
address memory.

All for $945 list (25-35% dealer discounts)

Tarbell Electronics, 950 Dovlen Place, Suite B
Carson, California 90746 (213) 538-4251 , 2254

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital
Research

Circle 451 on Inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 499

Ask BYTE

and tell the user available
board footage of lumber,
timber types, and road loca-
tions? Upon receiving such
information as current road-
development costs, timber
prices, and environmental
costs, could this equipment
literally design and size the
timber-sale cost effectively?

Thanks.
Michael Montgomery
Petersburg, AK

J will try to answer your
questions in the order pre-
sented:

Visicalc is a product of
Visicorp (2895 Zanker Rd. t
San Jose, CA 95134, (408)
946-9000), which you should
contact to see what com-
puters can use its programs.
If there has been sufficient de-
mand, Visicorp may have a
version available for Wang
computers.

Apple Computer has intro-
duced a program called APM
(Apple Project Management)
that should have the facilities
you need. Check a computer
store or contact Apple Com-
puter Inc., 20525 Mariani
Ave., Cupertino, CA 95014,
(800) 538-9696; in California,
(408) 996-1010.

As for facility maintenance
software, your best bet
would be a software house
that handles CP/M-based
software such as Lifeboat
Associates, 1651 Third Ave.,
New York, NY 10028, (212)
860-0300 or Winterhalter &
Associates Inc., 313 North
First St., Ann Arbor, MI
48103, (313) 662-2002.

The U.S. Government has
launched a number of satel-
lites that are able to detect
mineral deposits, water, and
probably fish, wildlife, and
vegetation. For further infor-

mation, write to the Depart-
ment of the Interior, C St.,
Washington, DC 20240.
. . .Steve

SENECA ELECTRONICS
SUPER DISCOUNTS TRS-80® AND OTHERS

TRS-80®

BELL & HOWELL™ (APPLE)™

ATARI™

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and OTHERS...

*

TRS-80™ 16KMODELIII $810.00 m

TRS-80™ 64K MODEL II $2995.00
ATARI™ 800 W/16K $650.00
VIC-20™ HOME COMPUTER $245.00
ALLMACHINES COME WITH FULL
MANUFACTURERS' WARRANTY!!

COMPUTER FURNITURE. PRINTERS, PERIPHERALS, YOU NAME
IT. WE GOT IT, AT THE PRICE YOU WANT TO PAY. WE ACCEPT
CERTIFIED CHECKS, MONEY ORDERS, VISA & MASTERCARD.
SHIPPING CHARGES WILL BE ADDED TO CHARGE CARD ORDERS.

SENECA ELECTRONICS

RD #1, HARMONY, PA 16037

(412) 452-5654

Portable Terminals

Dear Steve,

I'm looking for a way to
buy or build a smart remote
terminal that I can carry with
me and use to communicate
with larger computers. I'd
like to be able to compose,
edit, and format my data
before sending it along the
telephone lines. You once
talked about making such a
thing with the Sinclair ZX80.
Do you think the Sinclair and
a Sony 3-inch disk drive
would do the trick? I'm not
much of a circuit builder, so
this sounds better than start-
ing from scratch.
Ben L. Geer
Miami, FL

Using the Sinclair ZX80 as
a portable terminal with a
modem and a small TV is en-
tirely possible, but adding a
disk drive is no small project
(unless someone creates a
disk interface).

Several good briefcase ter-
minals are available — e.g.,
Matsushita, Rockwell, and
Texas Instruments — as well
as a few briefcase computers.

If you must have a disk
drive, one possible solution is
to use the Osborne 1 portable
computer. It comes with disk
drive, disk operating system,
various types of high-level
language software, and a
serial port. It is about the size
of a small briefcase.

Whichever method you use
must be a compromise of
price and performance. The
Sinclair is the less expensive
choice, but the Osborne 1 (or
similar) computer might be
the only way to satisfy your
objective with any reliabil-
ity. . . . Steve

Apple
Measuring Devices

Dear Steve,

Do you know how a ther-
mistor can be plugged into
the game port, or an A/D
(analog-to-digital) converter
board, to give temperature
readouts on the Apple II? I
want to measure carbon diox-
ide (C0 2 ) gas in an air
stream.
Dan Bruhns
Pine Bush, NY

Measuring the quantity of
CO 2 in a gas stream is con-
siderably more involved than
measuring either its tempera-
ture or its velocity. For the
former, most of the methods
used are chemical in nature
such as bubbling the C0 2 -
containing air into a solution
that will cause the precipita-
tion of calcium carbonate,
which can then be measured.
If extreme accuracy is re-
quired, a gas chromatograph
can be used.

Measuring velocity is
somewhat easier. The
method that you probably
would want to use is based
on thermal conductivity and
called a hot-wire anemom-
eter. This measurement is
usually made by observing
the change in temperature of
a fine, heated wire that is
conduction cooled by the gas
or vapor. . . . Steve

Time to Take
Readings

Dear Steve,

I have been following your
design projects ever since
they first appeared in BYTE. I
have a Radio shack TRS-80
and would like to know of a
relatively simple circuit to
pick up the date and time
signals transmitted by radio
station WVWB from Boulder,
Colorado, on 60 kHz.

For a long time, I've been
interested in connecting a

500 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 422 on inquiry card.

real-time clock to my system
so that I could couple it to my
environmental telemetry sen-
sors. I plan to bury 8 geo-
thermal sensors spaced at 10
inches (25 cm) vertically and
a ninth sensor for surface
temperature. Over the course
of a year, I should be able to
gather enough temperature
data to be able to intelligently
calculate how much soil I will
need over an underground
home that I plan to build. By
having the accurate date and
time, I will know the latency
of a surface temperature
shift, and how it will affect
the temperature at different
depths.

Gary R. Casady
Pinckney, MI

Using date and time signals
from WWVB as a real-time
clock for your TRS-80 is cer-
tainly feasible, but it requires
sophisticated equipment be-
cause of the slow rise times of
the time codes. The trans-
mitted signal must be phase-
controlled to the UTC (Uni-

versal Coordinated Time)
time scale and the receiver
must have a very narrow
bandwidth (0.01 to 0.001 Hz)
to extract the VLF (very-low
frequency) signal from the
noise level in this frequency
band (60 kHz).

Rather than use all of this
equipment, I would recom-
mend the "Timedate 80" from
Alpha Products, 79-04
Jamaica Ave., Woodhaven,
NY 11421, (800)221-0916; in
New York, (212) 296-5916.
It's totally compatible with
your TRS-80 and sells for on-
ly $95, fully assembled and
tested.

The accuracy of this unit is
controlled by a quartz crystal
and should be more than ade-
quate for your application.
From an advertisement, I can
envision many other applica-
tions for this unit. . . . Steve

An Investment In
Education

Dear Steve,

My 12-year-old son has an

In "Ask BYTE/' Steve Garcia answers questions on any area of
microcomputing. The most representative questions received
each month will be answered and published. Do you have a nag-
ging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033
If you are a subscriber to The Source, send your questions by
electronic mail or chat with Steve (TCE317) directly. Due to the
high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. Be
sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

BYTE's Bits

Call for Papers

A call for papers on com-
puters and computer applica-
tions in any area of interest to
college and university in-
structors and administrative
personnel has been issued by
the California Educational
Computing Consortium. The
papers are to be delivered at
the Seventh Western Educa-

tional Computing Conference
to be held in San Francisco,
California, during Novem-
ber 1983. Send two copies of
your original paper to Pro-
fessor Virginia Lashley,
Coordinator of Instructional
Computing, Glendale Col-
lege, 1500 North Verdugo,
Glendale, C A 91208. A dead-
line of March 1, 1983, has
been imposed. ■

interest in programming. He
learned BASIC II at local
community colleges. His in-
itial interest is in video
games, and he has written
some neat game programs.

I want to encourage his in-
terest but cannot afford a de-
cent microcomputer. I have
an Atari Video Game system,
television, and a data ter-
minal (Texas Instruments
"silent 700") that he can use.
It appears all we need is
memory and mass storage. Is
there any device with such
capability that can be in-
tegrated with this equipment?
Frank Plona
Collinsville, CT

The Atari Video Game
System does have a BASIC
option that consists of a car-
tridge and a keypad. It is sup-
posed to enable programming
in BASIC, but I am not aware

of any storage device (i.e.,
cassette recorder) for it. It
must be recognized that this
system was designed as a
game player and not as a pro-
grammable computer.

I would suggest that you
look into one of the low-cost
microcomputers on the mar-
ket, such as the Commodore
VIC-20, Atari 400, Radio
Shack TRS-80 Color Com-
puter, or the Sinclair ZX81.

With the exception of the
$100 ZX81, these units are in
the $300 to $400 price range
and feature a full BASIC lan-
guage, graphics, memory,
and a keyboard so that pro-
gramming may be accom-
plished both easily and effi-
ciently.

These units offer a lot of
features for the money and
represent a good investment
in your son's education. . . .
Steve ■

DUAL

THERMOMETER

COMPLEBgfefll^OFTWARE

Display temperature;
maximum, minimum and
difference.

• Sound alarm for over/
under temperature.

• Store data on disk or
printer automatically.

• Display time with on-

Up to 7 boards with 14
probes In one Apple*.

• - S5°C to T25°C range,
0.4° accuracy over most of
range.

• Requires 48K Apple*
with Applesoft* and disk.

$260.00

Strawberry Jtee Computers i fy0 ur dealer doesn't
w Cascade Drive ^v haveit,callorwriteusat

Sunnyvale, Ca. 94087 //vt \ w^k* a

(4081736-3083 lV\ / aepc.A

vao/ *TM of Apple Computer, inc.

Circle 439 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 501

Event Queue

September 1982

September

Courses from Boeing Com-
puter Services Company,

various sites throughout the
U.S. Among the topics to be
covered are programming lan-
guages and aids, operating
systems facilities, and conver-
sational systems. A complete
catalog of courses, locations,
and fees is available from Boe-
ing Computer Services Co.,
Education and Training Divi-
sion, POB 24346, Seattle, WA
98124, (206) 575-7700.

September

Professional Development
Seminars, various sites
throughout the U.S. These
seminars are presented by the
Institute for Advanced Tech-
nology, a part of Control
Data Corporation. Seminar
topics include "Computer Op-
erations Management," "Data
and Site Security," and "Effec-
tive Management of Software
Projects." Complete outlines
can be obtained from the Reg-
istrar, Institute for Advanced
Technology, Control Data
Corp., 6003 Executive Blvd.,
Rockville, MD 20852. To reg-
ister, call (800) 638-6590; in
Maryland, (301) 468-8576. In-
formation on in-house presen-
tations is available from Pam
Gallos at the address above.

September-November
Short Courses in High Tech-
nology, Centennial College of
Applied Arts and Tech-
nology, Scarborough, On-
tario, Canada. Among the
courses offered are 'Logic to
Microprocessors," "Assem-
bly-Language Programming —
Intel 8080/8085," and "In-
dustrial Robots." Course fees
range from $30 to $120. These
ten-week courses will be held
during evening hours. For fur-
ther details, contact the Coor-
dinator Technical Programs,
Centennial College, POB 631,

Station A, Scarborough, On-
tario M1K 5E9, Canada, (416)
439-3955.

September-December
Courses from Don White
Consultants, various sites
throughout the U.S. and
Canada. Among the courses
being offered are "Interference
Control: An Introduction to
Electromagnetic Interfer-
ence/Radio Frequency Inter-
ference/Electromagnetic
Compatibility," "Electromag-
netic Control in Electronic
Data-Processing Equipment,"
and 'Tempest-Design, Con-
trol, and Testing." Course fees
range from $675 to $945. For
complete details, contact Don
White Consultants Inc., State
Route 625, Gainesville, VA
22065, (703) 347-0030.

September-December
Courses from Fairchild Cam-
era and Instrument Corpora-
tion, Santa Clara, CA.
Among the courses being
offered are 'T9445 Family In-
troduction," "Pascal for
Microprocessors," and "F680X
Microprocessor Family." For
more information, contact
Fairchild Camera and Instru-
ment Corp., Education
Center, 3420 Central Express-
way, Santa Clara, CA 95051,
(408) 773-2161.

September-December
IEEE Computer Society Con-
ferences and Meetings, vari-
ous sites throughout the U.S.,
Europe, and Asia. Among the
events scheduled are 'Very
Large-Scale Integration and
Software Engineering Work-
shop," 'The Annual Work-
shop on Computing to Aid
the Handicapped," and 'The
1982 Real-Time Systems Sym-
posium." For a complete list-
ing of conferences and meet-
ings, contact the Executive
Secretary, IEEE Computer
Society, POB 639, Silver
Spring, MD 20901, (301)
589-3386.

September-December
Information Management and
Technology Seminars, various
sites throughout the U.S.
Among the wide variety of
seminars offered by Datama-
tion Institute are "Distributed
Systems: Concepts and Man-
agement Overview," "Man-
agement of Software Engi-
neering: Lowering Costs,
Boosting Productivity, " and
"Data-Processing Concepts
for Management and Users."
Registration fees range from
$595 to $795, depending upon
duration and the topic cov-
ered. For details, contact Ms.
Joan Merrick, Datamation In-
stitute Seminar Coordination
Office, Suite 415, 850
Boylston St., Chestnut Hill,
MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.
For information on in-house
presentations, contact Art
Gutmann, Datamation In-
stitute for Information Man-
agement and Technology,
Seminar Coordination Office,
Suite 803, 331 Madison Ave.,
New York, NY 10017, (212)
697-2361.

September-December
Intensive Seminars for Profes-
sional Development, Worces-
ter Polytechnic Institute cam-
pus and various sites in the
New York City and Boston
metropolitan areas. Some of
the topics to be presented are
"Project Management,"
'Leadership Skills and Man-
agement Tools for High-
Technology Professionals,"
and "Microprocessors: Hard-
ware, Software, and Applica-
tions." Fees range from $495
to $990. Complete details are
available from Ms. Ginny
Bazarian, Office of Continu-
ing Education, Higgins House,
Worcester Polytechnic In-
stitute, Worcester, MA 01609,
(617) 793-5517. For informa-
tion on in-house seminars, call
Robert J. Hall at (617)
793-5574.

September-December
Seminars of Interest to
Women Professionals, various
sites around Boston, MA.
This series of one- and two-
day seminars is presented by
Boston University Metro-
politan College. Among the
topics on the agenda are
"Managing Word Processing
to Increase Productivity and
Profitability," "A Manager's
Introduction to Computers
and BASIC," and "Data Pro-
cessing Fundamentals for Ac-
counting and Financial Mana-
gers." The seminar fees are
$325 and $495, depending on
duration. For registration in-
formation, contact Ms. Joan
Merrick, University Seminar
Center, Suite 415, 850
Boylston St., Chestnut Hill,
MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.

September 12-15

Design Engineering Technical
Conference, Keybridge Mar-
riott, Washington, DC. For
information on this confer-
ence, contact the American
Society of Mechanical Engi-
neers, United Engineering
Center, 345 East 47th St.,
New York, NY 10017, (212)
644-7740.

September 13

Knowledge Engineering in the

1980s, Chicago, IL. This exe-
cutive briefing provides an
overview of the power and
potential of artificial intel-
ligence. It is designed to intro-
duce executives and senior
technical personnel to the con-
cepts of knowledge engineer-
ing and knowledge systems.
Topics to be covered will
assist participants in assessing
the utility of knowledge engi-
neering, pinpointing areas of
impact, and outlining costs
and strategies for initiating
knowledge-engineering proj-
ects. The fee is $750, which in-
cludes materials, luncheon,
and a reception. For further
information, contact Dina

502 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

Barr, Teknowledge, 151 Uni-
versity Ave., Palo Alto, CA
94301, (415) 327-6600.

September 13-14

VLSI (Very Large Scale Inte-
gration) Packaging Work-
shop, Gaithersburg, MD. This
workshop is sponsored by the
National Bureau of Standards
and the IEEE (Institute of Elec-
trical and Electronics Engi-
neers). Contact George Har-
man, B310 Technology Build-
ing, National Bureau of Stan-
dards, Washington, DC
20234, (301) 921-3621.

September 13-15

Advanced Electronic Data
Processing Auditing Con-
cepts, Phoenix, AZ. This
course is designed for experi-
enced computer auditors.
Topics to be studied include
advanced computer systems
control concepts and methods
of evaluating controls and
techniques for testing integrity
and applications controls for
online systems, database man-
agement systems, and distri-
buted-processing networks.
This course is presented by
Coopers & Lybrand. Informa-
tion is available from Marge
Umlor, EDP Auditors Foun-
dation, 373 South Schmale
Rd., Carol Stream, IL 60187,
(312) 682-1200.

September 13-15

Hands-on Pascal Workshop,

San Diego, CA. This course
will provide the opportunity
to learn Pascal through hands-
on experience on Apple Pascal
systems. Topics to be ad-
dressed include coding the
language, using structured
programming techniques, de-
veloping portable and main-
tainable software, and imple-
menting real-time software
suitable for microcomputer
and minicomputer applica-
tions. The course fee is $695.
For information, contact Ruth
Dordick, Integrated Com-
puter Systems, 3304 Pico

Blvd., POB 5339, Santa
Monica, CA 90405, (800)
421-8166; in California, call
(213) 450-2060.

September 13-16

Microcomputers as Labora-
tory Instruments, Cambridge,
MA. This workshop is part of
Technical Education Research
Centers' (TERC's) Microcom-
puters in Education series. The
cost is $300. For a brochure,
contact TERC, 8 Eliot St.,
Cambridge, MA 02138, (617)
547-3890.

September 13-17

Computer Vision and Robot-
ics, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, TN. This course is
intended for scientists, in-
dustrial managers, and instru-
mentation, control, quality
control, reliability, electrical,
mechanical, and other design
engineers. It will introduce
and survey the state of the art
in the use of visually guided
manipulators for industrial
applications. The fee is $625.
Further information can be
obtained from the Coor-
dinator, Computer Vision and
Robotics Course, Department
of Electrical Engineering,
University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, TN 37996, (615)
974-3461.

September 13-17

FORTH Fundamentals, Bel-
mont, CA. This course pro-
vides an introduction to the
FORTH programming lan-
guage sufficient to design and
debug programs to solve real
problems. Program design
and documentation, FORTH
arithmetic, control structures,
and Meta-def ining words are
among the topics to be
covered. The registration fee
is $395. Contact Inner Access
Corp., POB 888 f Belmont,
CA 94002, (415) 591-8295.

September 13-24

Computer Science at UCLA,

University of California, Los
Angeles. Sponsored by the
Continuing Education in Engi-

$495.

SBC can be redundant!!

□ Z80A 4MHz, 64K RAM, 2K ROM

□ 2 serial, 2 parallel, 4 timer ports

□ Bi-directional inter-processor channel

□ Multi-processor architecture capability

□ Redundant processor manipulation
capability

□ Matching double-density disc controller
with SASI

□ Application note for system configurations

JC SYSTEMS (415)657-4215
1075 Hiawatha Ct. Fremont, CA 94538

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LA100 Letter Printer R0 1,995 190 106 72

LA120 DECwriter III KSR 2,295 220 122 83

LA120 DECwriter III R0 2,095 200 112 75

LA12A Portable DECwriter 2,950 280 155 106

VT100 CRT DECscope 1,695 162 90 61

VT101 CRT DECscope 1 .195 115 67 43

VT125 CRT Graphics 3,295 315 185 119

VT131 CRT DECscope 1,745 167 93 63

VT132 CRT DECscope 1.995 190 106 72

VT18XAC Personal Computer Option 2,395 230 128 86

TI745 Portable Terminal 1 ,595 153 85 58

TI765 Bubble Memory Terminal . 2,595 249 138 93

TI940 CRT 1 ,795 173 96 65

TI785 Portable KSR, 120 CPS. . . 2.395 230 128 86

TI787 Portable KSR, 120 CPS . . . 2,845 273 152 102

TI810RO Printer 1.695 162 90 61

TI820 KSR Printer 2,195 211 117 80

AD M3A CRT Terminal 595 57 34 22

ADM5 CRT Terminal 645 62 36 24

ADM32 CRT Terminal 1,165 112 65 42

EXCEL 12 CRT Terminal 1,595 153 85 58

EXCEL 42 Smart Buffered CRT.. 995 96 54 36

C0L0RSCAN 10 Color CRT 3,195 307 171 116

910 CRT Terminal 650 62 36 24

925 CRT Terminal 850 82 46 31

950 CRT Terminal 1,075 103 57 39

Letter Quality, 7715 R0 2,895 278 154 104

Letter Quality, 7725 KSR 3,295 316 175 119

2030 KSR Printer 30 CPS 1,195 115 67 43

2120 KSR Printer 120 CPS 2,195 211 117 80

MX-80 F/T Printer 745 71 42 27

MX-100 Printer 895 86 48 32

E0400 4 Channel Stat Mux 1,525 147 82 55

E0800 8 Channel Stat Mux 2,050 197 110 74

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• Element life 7700 hours

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Prototype (Pins) S35/M

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Event Queue ■

neering and Mathematics
(CEEM), this UCLA Extension
program is designed for engi-
neers, managers, and other
professionals needing a con-
centrated overview of an up-
to-date, master's level com-
puter-science curriculum. Par-
ticipants may enroll in six
minicourses from a total of 18.
Each unit is based on a course
presented by UCLA's Com-
puter Science Department
during regular academic ses-
sions. Each course runs for
one week, two hours per day,
for a total of 10 lecture hours.
Hands-on experience is not
provided. The fee is $1750 for
the complete two-week pro-
gram. Full details may be ob-
tained from UCLA Extension,
CEEM Special Programs,
POB 24901, Los Angeles, C A
90024, (213) 825-5010.

September 14-15

The Future Factory, New

York, NY. For details, contact
the Yankee Group, POB 43,
Harvard Square, Cambridge,
MA 02138, (617) 542-0100.

September 14-16

Mini/Micro Computer Con-
ference and Exposition, Dis-
neyland Hotel, Anaheim, C A.
For complete details, contact
Electronic Conventions Inc.,
Suite 410, 999 North Sepul-
veda Blvd., El Segundo, CA
90245, (213) 772-2965.

September 14-16

Wescon/82 High-Technology
Electronics Exhibition and
Convention, Anaheim Con-
vention Center, Anaheim,
CA. Among the topics to be
covered are analog and digital
signal processing, office auto-
mation, and semiconductor
technology. For more details,
contact Electronic Conven-
tions Inc., Suite 410, 999
North Sepulveda Blvd., El
Segundo, CA 90245, (213)
772-2965.

September 14-17

Applied Time Series Analysis,

North Lake Hilton Hotel,
Atlanta, G A. For details, con-
tact the Continuing Education
Institute, Oliver's Carriage
House, 5410 Leaf Treader
Way, Columbia, MD 21044,
(301) 596-0111.

September 16-19

Applef est, Minneapolis Audi-
torium and Convention Hall,
Minneapolis, MN. Applefest
is a conference convention
and exposition featuring
Apple computers and Apple-
related products such as soft-
ware, peripherals, accessories,
and publications. The admis-
sion fee is $5. Contact North-
east Expositions, 822 Boylston
St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167,
(617) 739-2000.

September 19-24

Data Processing Training
Managers' Workshop, Phoe-
nix, AZ. This workshop is de-
signed for people with less
than 18 months' experience in
coordinating data-processing
training programs. Partici-
pants learn how to establish
in-house education programs
that will meet managements'
objectives and ensure a high
return on their organizations'
investment in training. The fee
is $850. Full details are avail-
able from Linda Hubacek,
Deltak Inc., 1220 Kensington
Rd., Oak Brook, IL 60521,
(312) 920-0700.

September 20-21

Robot Research, Develop-
ments, and Applications in
Canada, Delta Inn, Missis-
sauga (Toronto), Ontario,
Canada. This conference is
jointly sponsored by the Cen-
tral Ontario Chapter of Ro-
botics International of the
Society of Manufacturing En-
gineers (RI-SME) and the Na-
tional Research Council of
Canada. Technical papers and
presentations will address
robot research and develop-
ments, applications, con-

504 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 423 on inquiry card.

Circle 352 on inquiry card.

trollers, programming lan-
guages, sensory feedback,
education, and training. Full
details are available from
RI-SME Conference Secretar-
iat, 6535 Mississauga Rd.,
Mississauga, Ontario, L5N
1A6, Canada.

September 20-23

Logo, Cambridge, MA. This
workshop is part of Technical
Education Research Centers'
(TERC's) Microcomputers in
Education series. The cost is
$300. For a brochure, contact
TERC, 8 Eliot St., Cambridge,
MA 02138, (617) 547-3890.

September 20-24

Advanced FORTH Applica-
tions, Belmont, CA. This
course is designed for engi-
neers, scientists, advanced
technicians, and programmers
associated with engineering
groups. Among the topics to
be addressed are engineering
applications, floating point,
communications, and sorting
and searching. The fee is $495.
Contact Inner Access Corp.,
POB 888 f Belmont, CA
94002, (415) 591-8295.

September 20-24

Auditing in the Contem-
porary Computer Environ-
ment, Oklahoma City, OK.
This course is designed for in-
ternal auditors and financial
and data-processing profes-
sionals. A comprehensive
auditing approach for
computer-based systems will
be presented. Topics on the
agenda include how to eval-
uate controls, how to prepare
an audit report, and how to
design a program of tests us-
ing questionnaires, checklists,
software tools, and flow-
charts. Contact Marge Umlor,
EDP Auditors Foundation,
373 South Schmale Rd., Carol
Stream, IL 60187.

September 20-24

COMPCON Fall '82, Capital
Hilton Hotel, Washington,
DC. This conference will

focus on the principles behind
work-station technology, in-
cluding local-area networks,
operating systems, and new
concepts in user interfaces.
Topics of interest include
reliability and availability
techniques, network-wide
databases, distributed archi-
tectures, network user en-
vironments, and standards.
For information, contact
COMPCON Fall '82, POB
639, Silver Spring, MD 20901,
(301) 589-3386.

September 20-24

Reliability Testing, Academic
Center, George Washington
University, Washington, DC.
Some of the topics to be
covered in this short course
include methodologies to im-
prove the reliability of com-
ponents, equipment, and sys-
tems; sequential tests for the
exponential and binomial
cases; and probability plotting
techniques to find the param-
eters of the appropriate distri-
butions to use. The course fee
is $785, which includes lecture
notes. Contact Dr. Dimitri
Kececioglu, Aerospace and
Mechanical Engineering
Dept., Building 16, Room
200B, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ 85721, (602)
626-2495, or Stod Cordelyou,
Continuing Engineering
Education Program, George
Washington University,
Washington, DC 20052, (800)
424-9773; in the District of
Columbia, (202) 676-6106.

September 21-22

Word Processing /Information
Systems Expo, Sheraton
Washington Hotel, Washing-
ton, DC. This conference and
exposition will address the
trends and advances in the
word-processing industry.
Among the topics to be
covered are word processing
and office integration, pro-
ductivity measurement, and
levels of managing an organi-
zation. Further details are
available from National Trade

Model EP-2A-87

EPROM Programmer

The Model EP-2A-87 EPROM
Programmer has an RS-232
compatible interface and in-
cludes a 2K, 4K or 8K buffer.
Seventeen RS-232 commands
allow another computer to
download or remotely control
the Programmer. INTEL,
TEXTRONIX OR MOTOROLA
formats are supported. The
buffer may be edited directly
from a CRT and EPROMS can
be copied off-line. Power re-
quirements are 115v 50/60
Hertz at 15 watts.

EP-2A-87-1 Programmer with 2K Buffer $575.00

EP-2A-87-2 Programmer with 4 K Buffer $650.00

EP-2A-87-3 Programmer with 8K Buffer $725.00

Non-Standard voltage (220v, 240v, or 100) $ 15.00

2816 $36.00

2704 18.00

2758 18.00

MCM68764 36.00

2764 36.00

2564 36.00

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Circle 172 On Inquiry Card. September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 505

Event Queue

Productions Inc., Suite 206,
9418 Annapolis Rd., Lanham,
MD 20706, (301) 459-8383.

September 21-23

Software /Expo-National,

Expocenter, Chicago, IL. This
show is sponsored by Infosys-
tems magazine. For complete
details, contact Software/
Expo, Suite 400, 222 West
Adams St., Chicago, IL
60606, (312) 263-3131.

September 23-25

The First International Con-
ference and Exhibition on
Medical Computer Science
(Medcomp '82), Hilton Hotel
and the University of Pennsyl-
vania, Philadelphia, PA. This
conference is sponsored by the
IEEE (Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers)
Computer Society's Technical
Committee on Computational
Medicine. It is a transdisci-
plinary forum for engineers,

medical professionals, and
biomedical and computer
scientists. Papers and exhibits
will focus on topics such as
the history and evolution of
computers in medicine, arti-
ficial intelligence, software
and systems evaluation, and
signal and image processing.
For additional information,
contact the IEEE Computer
Society, POB 639, Silver
Spring, MD 20901, (301)
589-3386.

September 26-October 1
Advanced Data Processing
Training Management Work-
shop, Sunnyvale Hilton
Hotel, Santa Clara, C A. This
seminar is intended for mana-
gers with a minimum of one
year's experience, after com-
pleting the Data Processing
Training Managers' Work-
shop (see September 19-24),
or the equivalent in on-the-job
experience. The fee is $850.

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Registration information is
available from Linda
Hubacek, Deltak Inc., 1220
Kensington Rd., Oak Brook,
IL 60521, (312) 920-0700.

September 27-29

Hands-on Pascal Workshop,

Washington, DC. For details,
see September 13-15.

September 28-29

The Future Factory, Sunny-
vale, CA. For details, contact
the Yankee Group, POB 43,
Harvard Square, Cambridge,
MA 02138, (617) 542-0100.

September 28-October 1
Applied Time Series Analysis,
Marina International Hotel,
Marina del Rey, C A. Contact
the Continuing Education In-
stitute, Oliver's Carriage
House, 5410 Leaf Treader
Way, Columbia, MD 21044,
(301) 596-0111.

September 28-October 1
Computer Graphics, San
Diego, C A. This course is de-
signed to provide a compre-
hensive overview of state-of-
the-art computer-graphics
software and hardware and to
present an integrated ap-
proach to implementation of
graphics applications. Topics
to be addressed include tech-
nology fundamentals, soft-
ware and hardware avail-
ability and selection criteria,
and raster scan, vector, and
color techniques. Participants
receive a take-home graphics
software package. The course
fee is $845. Information can be
obtained from Ruth Dordick,
Integrated Computer Sys-
tems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB
5339, Santa Monica, CA
90405, (800) 421-8166; in
California, call (213)
450-2060.

September 28-October 1
Computer Trade Forum, Na-
tional Exhibition Centre,
Birmingham, England. This
trade show will bring together
vendors, original equipment
manufacturers, dealers, distri-

butors, retailers, service com-
panies, and independent sales
organizations. For complete
details, contact Clapp &
Poliak Inc., 245 Park Ave.,
New York, NY 10167, (212)
661-8410. In England, contact
Clapp & Poliak Europe Ltd.,
232 Acton Lane, London W4
5DL, 01-747-3131.

September 28-October 1
Distributed Processing, Mini-
and Microcomputer Imple-
mentations, Washington, DC.
This course will cover distri-
buted processing concepts and
techniques suitable for micro-
processor applications. Other
topics include design require-
ments of distributed systems,
how to partition system tasks
and hardware, and how to
implement data links and pro-
tocols. The fee is $845. Con-
tact Ruth Dordick, Integrated
Computer Systems, 3304 Pico
Blvd., POB 5339, Santa
Monica, CA 90405, (800)
421-8166; in California, call
(213) 450-2060.

October 1982

October 1-2

The Third Annual Fall Con-
ference on Classroom Appli-
cations of Computers, San
Jose, CA. This conference is
sponsored by Computer-
Using Educators, a nonprofit
corporation. Topics will
cover all areas of curricula
from preschool through post-
secondary school. Work-
shops, field trips, school
visits, commercial exhibits,
and a banquet dinner with a
keynote speaker will be fea-
tured. Participation in all
events is by preregistration
only. Conference informa-
tion is available by writing to
Don McKell, Computer-Us-
ing Educators, POB 18547,
San Jose, CA 95158.

October 1-7

Electronics 82, Bella Center,
Copenhagen, Denmark. This

506 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 516 on inquiry card.

Circle 177 on inquiry card.

will be the largest electronics
fair in Scandinavia this year.
It will feature demonstra-
tions, conferences, talks,
seminars, and commercial ex-
hibits ranging from automa-
tion equipment to technical
magazines. Approximately
250 exhibitors, representing
almost 1000 firms, are ex-
pected. For particulars, con-
tact Bella Center A/S, Center
Blvd., DK-2300 Copenhagen
S, Denmark; Tel: (01) 51 88
11; Telex: 31188 bella dk.

October 3-8

Data Processing Training
Managers' Workshop, Loews
Westbury Hotel, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada. For details,
see September 19-24.

October 4

Knowledge Engineering in the

1980s, Boston, MA. For de-
tails, see September 13.

October 4-8

Auditing in the Contem-
porary Computer Environ-
ment, Hartford, CT. For de-
tails, see September 20-24.

October 5-7

The Third Annual Southwest

Semiconductor Exposition,

Civic Plaza Convention
Center, Phoenix, AZ. " Auto-
mation/ Automania?" is the
theme for this year's technical
conference. Suppliers of
equipment and materials
dedicated to the semiconduc-
tor, printed-circuit board,
and hybrid industries will at-
tend. Among the issues to be
explored are the latest trends
in general wafer processing
and printed-circuit board
manufacturing, hybrids,
automation, robotics, and
automatic testing. Highlight-
ing this conference will be a
preventive maintenance
training forum. Contact
Cartlidge & Associates Inc.,
Suite 1014, 491 Macara Ave.,
Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408)
245-6870.

October 7-8

Workshop on Automotive
Applications of Microproces-
sors, Hyatt Regency Hotel,
Dearborn, MI. This work-
shop is a forum on applica-
tions of microprocessors to
automobiles, trucks, vans,
allied automotive products,
plants, and processors.
Topics of interest include en-
gine control, engine and vehi-
cle diagnostics, instrumenta-
tion and display, safety sys-
tems, drive-train control,
plant process and quality
control, and test equipment.
For further details, contact S.
Murtuza, Department of
Electrical Engineering, Uni-
versity of Michigan, 4901
Evergreen Rd., Dearborn, MI
48128, (313) 593-5028 or
(313) 593-5420.

October 8-11

Electronica, Hynes Audito-
rium, Boston, MA. This
show will feature a wide
variety of personal elec-
tronics equipment, including
computers, electronic games,
ham radios, and projection
TV. For more information,
contact Northeast Exposi-
tions, 824 Boylston St.,
Chestnut Hill, MA 02167,
(617) 739-2000.

October 10-14

Association of Records
Managers and Adminis-
trators (ARMA) Annual
Conference and Exposition,
Atlanta, GA. This is \RMA's
twenty-seventh annual meet-
ing. Word processing, data
communication, and other
aspects of information stor-
age and retrieval will be ex-
amined. Additional informa-
tion can be obtained from
National Trade Productions
Inc., 9418 Annapolis Rd.,
Lanham, MD 20706, (301)
459-8383.

October 10-14

Issue '82, Monteleone Hotel,
New Orleans, LA. This is the
sixth annual conference of
Issue, an independent non-

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Event Queue

profit organization of SPSS
Inc. software users and coor-
dinators. Papers will address
such topics as data analysis,
research training, computer
graphics, and training
materials and documenta-
tion. Contact the Executive
Coordinator of Issue Inc.,
POB 11385, Chicago, IL
60611, (312) 329-2400.

October 10-15

Data Processing Training

Managers' Workshop, Oak

Brook Marriott Hotel, Oak
Brook, IL. For details, see
September 19-24.

October 11-12

Personal Computer Peripher-
als Market Analysis, the

Anatole, Dallas, TX. The fee
for this seminar is $495. Fur-
ther details are available from
Future Computing Inc., 900
Canyon Creek Square, Rich-
ardson, TX 75080, (214)
783-9375.

October 11-14

Info 82, Coliseum, New
York, NY. More than 70 soft-
ware companies and 45 hard-
ware manufacturers are ex-
pected to display informa-
tion-management-related
equipment and software.
Highlighting this event will
be a Software Center featur-
ing demonstrations and a
consultation desk for visitors.
Complete show details are
available from Clapp &
Poliak Inc., 708 Third Ave.,
New York, NY 10017, (800)
223-1956; in New York, (212)
661-8410.

October 12-13

The Future: Home, New
York, NY. For details, con-
tact the Yankee Group, POB
43, Harvard Square, Cam-
bridge, MA 02138, (617)
542-0100.

October 12-15

Distributed Processing, Mini-
and Microcomputer Imple-
mentations, New York, NY.

For details, see September 28-
October 1.

October 13-15

Advanced Electronic Data
Processing Auditing Con-
cepts, Los Angeles, CA. For
details, see September 13-15.

October 14-15

Man Machine Interface, Col-
umbia Inn, Columbia, MD.
For information, contact the
Continuing Education In-
stitute, Oliver's Carriage
House, 5410 Leaf Treader
Way, Columbia, MD 21044,
(301) 596-0111.

October 15-17

The Second Annual Sympo-
sium on Small Computers in
the Arts, Philadelphia, PA.
Papers, tutorials, workshops,
a gallery display of computer-
generated prints and plots,
films and video tapes, and
computer-generated music
performances are parts of this
event. Topics of interest in-
clude computer graphics and
animation, computer-auto-
mated sculpture, choreo-
graphy, designs, and com-
puter-generated music. The
Annual Philadelphia Com-
puter Music Concert is the
featured attraction of this
symposium. Address inquiries
to the Symposium on Small
Computers in the Arts, POB
1954, Philadelphia, PA 19105.

October 15-19

Vidcom '82: International
Telematics and Data Banks
Market, Palais des Festivals,
Cannes, France. The eighth
annual Vidcom is expected to
attract more than 7000 video-
communications and tele-
matics professionals. Ex-
hibitors from more than 60
countries will show products
designed for the publication,
transmission, reception, and
creation of telematics services,
including terminals, composi-
tion equipment, and com-
munications software. Con-
ference sessions will explore

508 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 103 on inquiry card.

techniques, production, and
distribution costs for
videotext data banks; public
and professional applications;
and videotext as a new adver-
tising medium. Further details
are available from Vidcom In-
formation, 179 Avenue Victor
Hugo, 75116 Paris, France;
Tel: 505.14.03; Telex: 630.547
MIDORG.

October 17-21

The Thirty-first Annual Data
Processing Management As-
sociation (DPMA) Interna-
tional Conference and Exposi-
tion, Chicago Marriott Hotel,
Chicago, IL. This will be the
largest show in DPMA's
history. More than 85 com-
panies will exhibit office
automation technologies and
data- and word-processing
equipment. A full conference
program is planned. Contact
National Trade Productions
Inc., 9418 Annapolis Rd.,
Lanham, MD 20706, (301)
459-8383.

October 18-20

Program/Project Manage-
ment: Manufacturing Indus-
tries, Sheraton Poste Inn,
Cherry Hill, NJ. This seminar
will be led by Russell D.
Archibald, author of Manag-
ing High-Technology Pro-
grams and Projects. Contact
the Continuing Education In-
stitute, Oliver's Carriage
House, 5410 Leaf Treader
Way, Columbia, MD 21044,
(301) 596-0111; in California,
call (213) 824-9545.

October 18-22

Auditing in the Contem-
porary Computer Environ-
ment, Tulsa, OK. For details,
see September 20-24.

October 18-22

Maintainability and Avail-
ability Engineering of Equip-
ment and Systems, University
of California, Los Angeles.
This short course is for upper-
level and product managers,
designers, salespeople, field-

service personnel, and for
those involved in the manage-
ment, conception, design,
operation, and maintenance
of equipment. Topics to be
covered include distribution
of times-to-repair components
and times-to-restore equip-
ment, the equipment mean-
time-to-restore, and optimum
preventive maintenance
schedules for minimum total
corrective and preventive
maintenance cost. The fee is
$825, which includes notes. A
complete course outline is
available from Continuing
Education in Engineering and
Mathematics, UCLA Exten-
sion, POB 24901, Los
Angeles, CA 90024, (213)
825-4100.

October 19-20

The Future: Home, Palo Alto,
CA. For information, contact
the Yankee Group, POB 43,
Harvard Square, Cambridge,
MA 02138, (617) 542-0100.

October 19-21

Local Area Networks, Pine-
hurst, NC. This workshop is
sponsored by the IEEE Com-
munications Society, Com-
munications Terminals and
Communications Disciplines
Committees. Topics to be
covered include user needs,
local-area networking archi-
tecture, protocols, system or
network control, security, in-
stallation problems, and fault
detection and monitoring. If
you are interested in par-
ticipating, you must submit a
statement that expresses your
interest, describes your back-
ground and areas of interest or
expertise, details your ex-
perience or applications, and
indicates which workshops
you are interested in. Atten-
dance will be limited to 100
persons, and each attendee is
expected to be an active
member of the group. Com-
plete details can be obtained
from Claude A. R. Kagan,
Western Electric Co. Inc.,
POB 900, Princeton, NJ
08540.

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September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 509

Event Queue

October 21-24

EdCOM '82— The National
Computer Conference and Ex-
po for Educators, Los Angeles
Convention Center, Los
Angeles, CA. More than 200
seminars, workshops, demon-
strations, and exhibits are
planned. In-depth tutorials
and hands-on sessions will be
held. Topics of interest in-
clude computer-aided instruc-
tion, administrative uses of
microcomputers, classroom
management, programming,
research applications, com-
puter literacy, and authoring
languages. Information is
available from Jayne LaFoun-
tain, EdCOM '82, 2629 North
Scottsdale Rd., Scottsdale,
AZ 85257.

October 24-26

Texas Association for Educa-
tional Data Systems (TAEDS)
Eighteenth Annual Conven-
tion, Villa Capri Hotel,

Austin, TX. The conference
theme is "Computer Literacy
for Education, Industry, and
the Community." Contact Dr.
Terry Bishop, Austin ISD,
6100 Guadalupe St., Austin,
TX 78752.

October 24-29

Data Processing Training

Managers' Workshop, Hyatt

Regency Hotel, Tampa, FL.

For details, see September

19-24.

October 25-27

Advanced Electronic Data
Processing Auditing Con-
cepts, Tulsa, OK. See Septem-
ber 13-15 for details.

October 25-27

The 1982 ACM (Association
for Computing Machinery)
Annual Conference, ACM

'82, Dallas Hilton Hotel,
Dallas, TX. Among the topics
to be addressed are program-

ming languages, artificial in-
telligence, office automation,
networks, graphics, com-
puters and the handicapped,
and operating, database, and
distributed systems. General
conference information is
available from William Burns,
ACM '82 Chairman, E-Sys-
tems Inc., POB 226118,
Dallas, TX 75266, (214)
272-0515, ext. 3916.

October 26-28

The First IEEE Computer
Society International Sympo-
sium on Medical Imaging and
Image Interpretation, ISMII
'82, International Congress
Center, Berlin, West Ger-
many. This symposium is
sponsored by the IEEE (In-
stitute of Electrical and Elec-
tronics Engineers) Computer
Society's Technical Commit-
tee on Computational Medi-
cine. It will provide a transdis-
ciplinary forum for biomedi-

cal and computer scientists,
engineers, medical physicists,
and physicians from univer-
sities, medical centers, in-
dustry, and government.
Papers and panel discussions
will examine a variety of
topics, including microscope
imaging, medical computer
graphics, medical device
regulation, computer-aided
diagnosis, and image analysis
systems. Equipment will be
displayed. A thorough de-
scription of ISMII '82 is avail-
able from the IEEE Computer
Society, POB 639, Silver
Spring, MD 20901, (301)
589-3386.

October 26-29

Computer Graphics, Boston,
MA. For details, see
September 28-October 1.

October 26-29

Distributed Processing, Mini-

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510 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 50 on inquiry card.

mentations, San Diego, CA.
For details, see September
28-October 1.

October 26-31

The Fourth International Of-
fice Trade Fair, Orgatechnik

'82, Cologne, West Germany.
More than 1300 companies
from 25 countries will exhibit
the complete spectrum of of-
fice and information system
products. Among the concur-
rent events planned are the
KTV— Congress for Text Pro-
cessing, Dafta '82 — Data Pro-
tection Conference, and Tele-
com '82 Germany — Congress
for Telecommunications in
Business and Industry. For
further information, contact
Messe- und Ausstellungs-
Ges.m.b.H Koln, POB 21 07
60, D-5000 Cologne 21, West
Germany; Telex: 8 873 426 a
mua d.

October 27-29

Program/Project Manage-
ment: Manufacturing Indus-
tries, Hyatt Regency, Austin,
TX. For details, see October
18-20.

October 28-31

Mid-Atlantic Computer Show
and Office Equipment Expo-
sition, Armory/Starplex,
Washington, DC. This show
is produced by Computer Ex-
positions Inc., POB 3315, An-
napolis, MD 21403 (800)

368-2066; in Maryland, (301)
263-8044.

October 28-31

Applefest, Civic Center,
Houston, TX. See September
16-19 for details.

October 30-November 2
The Sixth Annual Symposium
on Computer Applications in
Medical Care (SCAMC),
Sheraton Washington Hotel,
Washington, DC. Topics to
be addressed include medical
informatics, health-care ad-
ministration, information
systems in health care, and ar-
tificial intelligence in
medicine. Panel discussions,
workshops, applications and
methods demonstrations, and
commercial exhibits are on the
agenda. Highlighting this
show will be the final round of
the student paper competi-
tion. Information is available
from Bruce I. Blum, SC AMC-
Office of Continuing Educa-
tion, George Washington
University Medical Center,
2300 K St. NW, Washington,
DC 20037, (202) 676-4285.

November 1982

November 1-3

Hands-on Pascal Workshop,

New York, NY. See Sep-
tember 13-15 for complete
details.

November 1-5

Digital Modal Analysis, Col-
umbia Inn, Columbia, MD.
Particulars are available from
the Continuing Education In-
stitute, Oliver's Carriage
House, 5410 Leaf Treader
Way, Columbia, MD 21044,
(301) 596-0111.

November 5-7

Electronica, Arlington Park,
Chicago, IL. See October
8-11 for particulars.

November 7-9

The Seventeenth Annual
Conference of the New York
State Association of Edu-
cational Data Systems
(NYSAEDS), Americana
Hotel, Albany, NY. The
theme for this conference is
"Moving Ahead with Instruc-
tional Computing." This con-
ference will address the ad-
ministrative uses of micro-
computers and curricular
issues such as computer mod-
ifications for the disabled.
Hardware analyses and pre-
sentations on Logo and
Pascal are planned. The con-
ference fee is $200, which in-
cludes registration, two
nights' lodging, banquets,
and a luncheon. For more in-
formation, contact Gary
Bruce, Program Chairperson,
55 School St., Delevan, NY
14042.

November 7-12

Advanced Data Processing
Training Management Work-
shop, Marriott Inn North,
Dallas, TX. For details, see
September 26-October 1.

November 8-10

COMDEX/Europe, RAI Ex-
hibition Center, Amsterdam,
Holland. This show is ex-
pected to attract more than
500 exhibitors of systems, pe-
ripherals, software, media,
supplies, and services. Details
are available from the Inter-
face Group, 160 Speen St.,
POB 927, Framingham, MA
01701, (800) 225-4620; in
Massachusetts, (617) 879-4502.

November 8-10

Hands-on Pascal Workshop,

Boston, MA. For details, see
September 13-15.

November 8-12

Personal Microcomputer In-
terfacing and Scientific In-
strumentation Automation,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, Blacks-
burg, VA. This is a hands-on
workshop where the partici-
pant designs and tests con-
cepts with the actual hard-
ware. The fee is $595. Con-
tact Dr. Linda Leffel, C.E.C,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, Blacks-
burg, VA 24061, (703)
961-4848.

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September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 5H

Event Queue •

November 9-11

The Government-Industry
Data Exchange Program-
GIDEP, McCormick Inn,
Chicago, IL. This annual
workshop is open to anyone
interested in the exchange of
technical information relating
to engineering, failure ex-
perience, reliability and
maintainability, and metrolo-
gy. For more information,
contact the Officer-in-
Charge, GIDEP Operations
Center, Corona, CA 91720.

November 9-12

Computer Graphics, New
York, NY. For details, see
September 28-October 1.

November 9-12

Distributed Processing, Mini-
and Microcomputer Imple-
mentations, Boston, MA. See
September 28-October 1 for
information.

November 14-19

Data Processing Training
Managers' Workshop, West-
in Bay Shore Inn, Van-
couver, British Columbia,
Canada. For details, see Sep-
tember 19-24.

November 15

Knowledge Engineering in the

1980s, San Francisco, CA.

See September 13 for further

information.

November 15-17

Microcomputer Interfacing,
Design and Programming Us-
ing the Z80/8085/8080,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, Blacks-
burg, VA. This is a hands-on
workshop with the partici-
pant designing and testing
concepts with the actual
hardware. The fee is $395.
Contact Dr. Linda Leffel,
C.E.C, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State Universi-
ty, Blacksburg, VA 24061,
(703) 961-4848.

November 15-19

The IX Latin American Con-
gress on Banking Automa-
tion, ATLAPA Convention
Center, Panama City, Repub-
lic of Panama. This con-
ference is sponsored by the
Latin American Federation of
Banks, the Latin American
Center for Banking Auto-
mation, and the Panama
Banking Association. Semi-
nars, conferences, and lec-
tures will be complemented
by exhibits of automatic
data-processing and telecom-
munications equipment
related to banking opera-
tions. For details, contact
Asociacion Bancaria de
Panama, Apartado 4554 —
Panama 5, Republic de
Panama; Tel: 25-1863.

November 16-19

Computer Graphics, San
Francisco, CA. For details,
see September 28-October 1.

November 18-21

Applefest, Brooks Hall, San
Francisco, CA. See Sep-
tember 16-19 for details.

November 18-19

The Sixth Western Educa-
tional Computing Confer-
ence, Kona Kai Club, San
Diego, CA. This conference
is presented by the California
Educational Computing Con-
sortium. It's intended for in-
structors and administrative
personnel at the college and
university level. The theme is
"Bringing the Information
Age to the Campus." Papers
will address such topics as
student involvement in data-
base design, administrative
computing in continuing edu-
cation, the educational soft-
ware dilemma, and learning
economics with a microcom-
puter. Contact Professor
Frances Grant, Center for In-

formation and Communica-
tions Studies, California
State University, Chico, CA
95929.

November 30-December 2
The 1982 Autofact 4 Confer-
ence and Exposition, Civic
Center, Philadelphia, PA.
This show is sponsored by
the Computer and Auto-
mated Systems Association
of the Society of Manufactur-
ing Engineers (CASA/SME).
The focus will be on com-
puter-aided design and manu-
facturing (CAD/CAM) and
the expanding technologies of
computer-integrated manu-
facturing (CIM) and the auto-
mated factory. Tutorials and
sessions will address analysis
and simulation, robotics, as-
sembly, quality assurance,
scheduling, material han-
dling, and other related
topics. Additional informa-
tion is available from
CASA/SME Public Rela-
tions, One SME Dr., POB
930, Dearborn, MI 48128,
(313) 271-0777. ■

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's com-
puter conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc notice
should reach our office at least three months in advance of the
date of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE
Publications, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Each month we
publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the
cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given
event may appear as .many as three times in this section if it is sent
to us far enough in advance.

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512 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 470 on inquiry card.

A Weaving Simulator

Paul W Heiser

225 Long Meadow Circle

Pittsford, NY 14534

Before setting up a loom, a weaver wants to know
what the resulting pattern will look like in the finished
material. Using pencil and graph paper, he usually lays
out a set of three configurations representing the tie-up,
the threading, and the treadling of the loom. (An example
of these input configurations, together with the resulting
pattern, is illustrated in figure 1.) By marking these inputs

with Xs and Os or some other combination of symbols,
the weaver defines whether certain threads will lie above
or below other threads. Then, by moving from points in
the treadling to points in the tie-up to points in the
threading, he can determine the final pattern in the
woven material.

This process is a tedious one that can require anywhere

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OOXX OXOOOXOOOXOOGXOOOXOnXOOXnOOOOOOXOOXOOXOO

OXXO OOXOOOXOXOOOXOOOXOOOOOOOXOOXOOXOOOOOOOXO

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o o

O X

X o

o o

o o

O X

X o

o o

o o

O X

X o

O X

o o

o o

X o

O X

o o

o o

X o

O X

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

O X

O X

O X

O X

o o

o o

o o

o o

o o

X o

o o

o o

O X

X o

o o

o o

O X

X o

o o

o o

o o

X o

O X

o o

o o

o o
o o

O X

O X

X o

o o

o o

o o

o o

X o

O X

O X

O X

O X

Figure 1: Sample output of a coarse-thread pattern produced by the WEAVE program using a Diablo 1650 printer. The loom-setup
matrices described in the text are shown as groups ofXs and Os. The threading matrix (E-matrix) runs across the top of the figure;
the tie-up matrix (A-matrix) is the four-by-four group at the upper left. The treadling matrix (B-matrix) is the vertical group to the
left, directly below the tie-up matrix. The resulting pattern is printed using asterisks (the weave pattern shown is on a different scale
from the configuration matrices).

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 513

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from 20 minutes to an hour, depending on the size and
complexity of the input configurations and how many
mistakes the weaver makes. If he is not pleased with the
resulting pattern, he may alter one or more of the inputs
and repeat the process until he develops a satisfactory
result.

A weaver may not realize it, but as he lays out his pat-
tern on paper, he is actually defining and multiplying
matrices. The fact that these matrices are composed of
elements having ones or zeros as their values gave me the
idea of writing a program to simulate the operation of a
loom. The program, called WEAVE, allows use of the
keyboard to define the elements of the input matrices.
The computer then does all the work of multiplying the
matrices to describe and display the resulting pattern.

All the data entry for WEAVE can be done in less than
one minute. This is made possible by extensive use of
INCHAR$ statements, which do not require the typing of
Return, and by requiring definition of only the "up"
threads. For a complex pattern involving very large
matrices, the calculations can take several minutes, and
the printout can take five or ten minutes. During all this
time the user is free to do other things. The pattern that is
finally printed out is far more accurate and intricate than
one that could be drawn by hand in any reasonable
length of time.

When I wrote the original version of WEAVE almost
two years ago, I owned a printer with only normal type-
writer resolution, which was too coarse to produce
satisfactory patterns. Recently, however, I purchased a
Diablo 1650 I/O (input/output) terminal, and its high-

Text continued on page 518

*£* *$# X k s$* *& * -x* * Kit x xx *x- *x- m -xlT nf r{> * xx x XX
„ *tL *** „#*■ „}f* _„„ ™ "*&8*18p" jut **, *&, *fe. *5^ ,J£* u#* «« jiv. "*%|{ $jj xx xx x

Figure 2: This pattern is the back side (negative) of the pattern
shown in figure 1.

514 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: North Star BASIC program WEAVE, which will produce a woven pattern when provided with the tie-up, threading, and
treadling configuration of a loom. Extensive use is made of the INCHAR$ function, which permits single-character input without
the need to type a carriage return.

10 REM WEAVE

2 REM

30 REM WRITTEN BY PAUL HEISER, PITTSFORD, NY.

4 REM

5 REM

60 !CHR$(11) \ REM CLEAR SCREEN

70 FILL 3529,183 \ FILL 3569,55 \ REM INHIBIT LL LIMIT

80 !"ROW5 IN TIE-UP AND THREADING PATTERNS ARE NUMBERED FROM",

9 !" BOTTOM"\!"TO TOP . " \ ! \ ! \ !

100 INPUT"NUMBER OF ROWS IN TIE-UP : ",N1

110 INPUT "NUMBER OF COLUMNS IN TIE-UP : " , N4

120 INPUT "NUMBER OF COLUMNS IN THREADING : " , N3

130 INPUT "NUMBER OF ROWS IN TREADLING : ",N2

140 !\!\!"TYPE THE CHARACTER YOU WANT PRINTED "\!

150 !" USE . FOR FINE THREAD"

160 !" USE * FOR COARSE THREAD : " ,

170 C$= INCHAR$ ( ) \ !C$\ !

180 IF C$=" . " THEN 2 10

190 IF C$<>"*" THEN 140

200 N9=7\N8=4\GOTO 220

210 N9=4\N8=2

220 INPUT"NO. HORIZONTAL REPETITIONS DESIRED : ",M5

230 INPUT"NO. VERTICAL REPETITIONS DESIRED : " , M6

240 DIM A(N1 ,N4 ) ,B(N2 ,N4 ) ,E(N1 ,N3 ) ,F(N2 ,N3 )

2 50 E9$=CHR$ ( 27 ) \M9 $ =E 9 $ + " 9 " \ H8 $ =E9 $ +CHR$ (83) \L9$=CHR$ ( 10 )

2 60 G9$=E9$+"3"\G8$=E9$+"4"\R9$=CHR$ (13)\N9$=E9$+L9$

270 B9$=CHR$(8)

2 80 !//l,H8$,

2 90 N7=l\ ! #1 ,E9$+CHR$ ( 9 ) +CHR$(N7 ) ,

300 FOR J = l TO 30\!//l," " , \ NEXT \ ! # 1 , M9 $ ,

310 N7=45

320 H9$ = E9$+CHR$ ( 31 ) +CHR$ (N9 )

330 V9$=E9$+CHR$ ( 30 ) +CHR$ (N8 )

340 H5$=E9$+CHR$ ( 9 ) +CHR$(N7 )

350 FOR J=l TO 100\NEXT

360 !#1,H9$,V9$,H5$,

3 70 !#1,G9$,R9$,

3 80 GOSUB 7 30\ ! \ !

390 GOSUB 10 20\ !. \ !

400 GOSUB 880

410 !\! "PATTERN COMPUTATIONS IN PROGRESS"

420 GOSUB 1160

430 P=0

440 T=0

450 FOR L=l TO M6

460 FOR K=l TO N2

470 FOR M=l TO N3

480 IF P=0 THEN 510

490 IF F(K,M) = 1 THEN ! // 1 , " ", ELSE !#1,C$,

5 00 GOTO 52

510 IF F(K,M) = 1 THEN !#1,C$, ELSEI//1," ",

5 20 NEXT M

530 FOR Q=l TO 50\NEXT Q

540 !#1,R9$,L9$,

550 FOR Q=l TO 50\NEXT Q

560NEXTK Listing 1 continued on page 516

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 515

Listing 1 continued:

5 70 NEXT L

580 T=T+1\IF T=M5 THEN 620

5 90 FOR J = l TO N3\!//l," ",\NEXT J \ ! // 1 , M9 $ ,
600 FOR J=l TO M6*N2\FOR Q=l TO 25\NEXT Q

6 10 !//l ,N9$ , \NEXT J \ GOTO 45
620 P = P + 1

630 IF P=2 THEN 680

640 FOR J = l TO (M5 -1 ) *N3 \ ! // 1 ,B9$ , \NEXT\ !#1 ,M9$ ,

6 50 V5$ = E9$+CHR$ ( 30 ) +CHR$ (9)\ ! // 1 , V 5 $ ,

660 FOR J = l TO 5\ \#1 ,L9$ , \NEXT\ !#1 , V9$ ,

6 70 GOTO 440

680 !#1 ,R9$ ,L9$ ,G8$,

690 !#1,V5$,H8$,

700 FOR J=l TO 2\ !#1 ,L9$ , \NEXT

710 FILL 3529 , 184\FILL 3569,184 \ REM RESTORE LL LIMIT

7 20 END

730 REM SUB TO INPUT A-MATRIX ELEMENTS

7 40 !CHR$(11)

750 ! "TIE-UP ROWS ARE NUMBERED FROM BOTTOM TO TOP . " \ ! \ !

76 !"TYPE '1' FOR THREAD UP ; TYPE '0' FOR THREAD DOWN . " \ ! \ !

7 7 ! " T I E - UP : " \ !

780 FOR J=l TO N4

7 90 !TAB( 10) , "COLUMN ",%2I,J
800 FOR 1=1 TO Nl

8 10 !TAB( 20 ) , "ROW ",%2I,I," : ",

8 20 A$= INCHAR$ (0)\!A$\A(I,J) =VAL(A$)

8 30 IF A( I , J ) = 1 THEN 850
840 IF A( I , J ) <>0 THEN 810
850 NEXT I \ !

860 NEXT J

870 RETURN

880 REM SUB TO INPUT B-MATRIX ELEMENTS

890 !CHR$(11)

9 00 ! "TREADLING COLUMNS ARE NUMBERED FROM LEFT TO RIGHT."\!\!
910 ! "TREADL I NG : " \ !

92 !"WHICH THREAD IS UP IN ",

930 FOR 1=1 TO N2

9 40 ! TAB( 23 ) , "ROW ",%2I,I," ? ",
950 T5$= INCHAR$ ( ) \ ! T5 $ \ T5 = VAL ( T 5 $ )
960 IF T5<1 THEN 940

970 IF T5>N4 THEN 940

980 FOR J=l TO N4

990 IF J=T5 THEN B ( I , J ) = 1 ELSE B ( I , J ) =

1000 NEXTJ\NEXTI

1010 RETURN

1020 REM SUB TO INPUT E-MATRIX ELEMENTS

10 30 !CHR$(11)

1040 ! "THREADING ROWS ARE NUMBERED FROM BOTTOM TO TOP . " \ ! \ !

105 ! "THREADING : " \ !

10 60 ! "WHICH THREAD IS UP IN ".,

1070 FOR J=l TO N3

1080 ! TAB ( 23 ), "COLUMN " ,%2I,J," ? " ,

109 T6$=INCHAR$ ( ) \ ! T6 $ \ T6 = VAL ( T6 $ )

1100 IF T6<1 THEN 1080

1110 IF T6>N1 THEN 1080

1120 FOR 1=1 TO Nl

1130 IF I=T6 THEN E ( I , J ) = 1 ELSE E(I,J)=0

1140 NEXT I\NEXT J

516 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1 continued:

1150 RETURN

1160 REM SUB TO COMPUTE PATTERN

1170 FOR 1=1 TO Nl

1180 FOR J=l TO M

1190 IF A(I,J)=0 THEN 1280

1200 FOR K=l TO N2

1210 IF B(K,J)=0 THEN 1270

1220 FOR M=l TO N3

1230 IF E(I,M)=0 THEN 1260

1240 F(K,M)=B(K, J)*A( I , J)*E( I ,M)

1250 IF F(K,M)=1 THEN F(K,M)=1 ELSE F(K,M)=0

1260 NEXT M

1270 NEXT K

1280 NEXT J

1290 NEXT I

1300 RETURN

BYTE Clearance Sale

The installation of new microcomputer systems at BYTE allows us to sell some of our old
equipment. The items for sale have been used for varying lengths of time, but are all in
working order (except as noted). All units are sold as is. Prices are FOB Peterborough, New
Hampshire.

Three high-performance word-processing subsystems for use with a microcomputer,
each consisting of a:

Scion Screensplltter memory-mapped S-100-bus video-display board

Scion parallel-port keyboard

Scion Wordsmith text-editing software

Ball Corporation green-phosphor video monitor. The units are all in excellent
condition.
Price: $1200 each, $3000 takes all three.

ShaffStall EDI7700 phototypesetter floppy-disk interface for use with Compu-
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received through a serial RS-232C link.) Excellent condition.
Price: $8500.

Pensee Pascal Microengine computer system, including UCSD Pascal ver-
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and two RS-232C serial ports. Good condition.
Price: $2000.

For more information, contact:

Jon Swanson at BYTE Publications Inc., 70 Main St.,

Peterborough, NH 03458.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 517

Text continued from page 514:

resolution capability prompted me to rewrite the pro-
gram. This article demonstrates the results. Weavers who
have seen the outputs have been amazed at the ease and
accuracy with which weaving could be simulated by the
microcomputer.

North Star BASIC Program

WEAVE begins with FILL statements that disable the
line length limitation of North Star BASIC. This dis-
abling is necessary to prevent BASIC from inserting car-
riage returns at unwanted locations. Since you will want
to print many more than 132 characters without a car-
riage return, North Star BASIC'S maximum line length of
132 is not enough.

The FILL statements shown apply to a copy of North
Star BASIC that has been relocated to memory address
0000. Because the program uses so much memory for the
storage of matrix elements, it is not feasible to locate
BASIC any higher in memory. In my Processor Techno-
logy Sol computer, I use a DOS (disk operating system)
that has been relocated to hexadecimal F000 to get it out
of the contiguous user-memory area.

Weavers are amazed at how

accurately weaving can be

simulated by a microcomputer.

Figure 3: Sample outputs of a fine-thread pattern produced by
the WEAVE program. Both front and back patterns are shown.

The program is written around the use of a Diablo 1650
printer. The Escape sequences defined in lines 250
through 270 are used for the various carriage and paper
movements required by the program.

Both the treadling (B-matrix) and the threading
(E-matrix) are normally elemental building blocks that
are repeated many times in the generation of the woven
material. These elemental blocks carry all the informa-
tion required to completely define the resulting pattern.
WEAVE requires the user to input only one such block,
but the resulting printout can contain as many repetitions
of each as desired by changing the variables M5 and M6.

Line 170 of the program permits the user to select either
a fine or a coarse weaving pattern corresponding to the
use of fine or coarse threads on the loom. Fine patterns
are created with the "." character, while coarse ones use
the "*". In both cases, the horizontal and vertical incre-
mental spacings for the Diablo are set to appropriate
values. Examples of both fine (figure 3) and coarse (figure
1) patterns accompany this article. As you can see, the
program will first print out the pattern as it will appear
on the front side of the material, then print the back side
pattern.

The final pattern is computed in the four nested
FOR . . . NEXT loops in lines 1170 through 1290. In the
printout (lines 430 through 670), the variable P defines
whether the front side or the back side is to be printed.
The back side is, of course, simply the negative of the
front side.

518 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Conclusion

It is important to relocate BASIC to an address as low
as possible in memory to provide maximum room for the
matrices used in WEAVE. Even at a load address of 0000
you will find yourself bumping into the end of memory
when you attempt to run very complex patterns. In
weaving books you will find complex patterns involving
combinations of input matrices as large, for example, as 8
by 8 (for tie-up), 8 by 330 (for threading) and 8 by 150
(for treadling). With one byte for each element in these
matrices as well as one byte for each element of the result-
ing pattern matrix, you would need more than 53 K bytes
just for the matrix elements.

In a way, this problem points up a significant limita-
tion of BASIC. Each matrix element involved in WEAVE
can have only one of two possible values: 1 or 0. But a
full 8-bit byte is required to store each element because
BASIC cannot easily treat data at the bit level. Although
it is beyond my ability, writing WEAVE in machine
language would allow the program to handle much larger
and more intricate patterns. ■

Additional Notes
A-Matrix

The A-matrix is called the tie-up by weavers.

It is usually, but not always, a square matrix.

It can be 4 by 4, 6 by 6, 8 by 8, 10 by 10, 12 by 12, 16 by
16, or any other size depending only upon the number of har-
nesses on the loom.

It is usual, but not necessary, for half the threads in each
column of the matrix to be "up" and the other half "down. "
"Up" in the program is indicated by at, while "down" is in-
dicated by a 0.

B-Matrix

The B-matrix is called the foot treadling by weavers.

The treadling is very flexible and may actually be changed
by the weaver in the course of the weaving process merely by
changing the pattern of his foot motions. However, he will
normally decide on a treadling pattern (or a succession of
such patterns) before starting to weave so as to be able to
predict the resulting design in the woven material.

The B-matrix will always have the same number of col-
umns as the A-matrix.

The treadling is normally a repetition of elemental blocks
or a repetition of a sequence of such blocks.

E-Matrix

The E-matrix is called the threading pattern by weavers.

It represents the configuration of threads implemented on
the loom, and it cannot be easily altered during the weaving
process.

The E-matrix contains the same number of rows as the
A-matrix and, like the B-matrix, may be made up of
repetitive blocks or a repetitive sequence of blocks.

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no moving parts.

• Standard 256K bytes of storage expandable
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Price $1095.

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BROCHURE

Identify your model.

Circle 508 on Inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 519

Turn Your Apple II into
a Storage Oscilloscope

Capture "impossible" signals with an intelligent scope.

(lc)

vvwv

Figure 1: The sampling concept. Figure la
shows a simple arrangement for sampling.
Figures lb and lc compare the results of
sampling at high and low rates. Sampling
at a rate less than twice the frequency of
the input signal (figure lc) produces a type
of error called aliasing.

Larry Korba

301 Fifth Ave.

Ottawa, Ontario

K1S ZN4 Canada

With some simple additional hard-
ware and software, an Apple II
microcomputer can function as a
storage-type oscilloscope ideally
suited for transient, low-frequency
signal display. An Apple II provides
reasonably high-resolution graphics
(160 by 280 pixels on high-resolution
graphics page 1) and can be easily
equipped with a Mountain Computer
A/D + D/A board, an analog-to-
digital and digital-to-analog con-
verter.

If you have ever tried to display a
transient, low-frequency signal on a
standard oscilloscope, you know the
meaning of frustration. Often
(assuming you can even trigger on the
signal of interest) it may recur only
once every five seconds or so, far too
infrequently for you to view the
trace; or you may want to observe
the events that occur just prior to the
trigger event — a rather difficult task
using a conventional oscilloscope.

Sampling Theory

The application described here is a
sampling system; that is, the input
signal is sampled at regular intervals.

It is therefore prone to the pitfalls of
such an approach. Figure 1 illustrates
the concept of a sampling system. As
switch SI toggles on and off at a rate
of f Qt the sampling frequency of the
system, capacitor C stores the sample
result between sampling times. As
long as the sampling frequency is
greater than twice the highest fre-
quency component of the input sig-
nal, the output of the system is rep-
resentative of the input (see figure
lb). For engineers in the crowd this
might sound familiar; it is called the
Nyquist criterion.

You may wonder what happens if
there are frequency components in V {
greater than the sampling rate. This
situation is illustrated in figure lc,
where a sinusoidal signal is sampled.
The result is a signal resembling the
input waveshape; however, the out-
put frequency of the waveform is
much less than the input signal. This
effect is called aliasing. Just as a per-
son would use an alias to disguise
identity, so in a sampling system the
input signal has its frequency dis-
guised.

To minimize aliasing, an antialias-

520 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

DEV SEL [4~T>

REs[ir>

GND [26^>-

JT

f5V

CLR

IC2a

74LS123

100ns

14

lOpF

JT

IC2b

74LS123

300ns

15 +5V

i5K

lOpF

) PORT A

) PORT B

Number

IC1
IC2

Type

6522
74LS123

+ 5V

20
16

GND

1
8

Figure 2: Schematic diagram for connecting the 6522 versatile interface adapter to the
Apple lis bus.

and contains negligible components
in the aliasing range, the sampling
system will accurately represent the
input signal. On the other hand, if the
input signal is periodic, the aliasing
effect can be used to advantage to
display a signal that would normally
require a much higher sampling rate.
This effect is used in sampling
oscilloscopes where very-high-fre-
quency signals can be displayed by
aliasing the signal down to within the
bandwidth of the display electronics.

Hardware

Besides the Apple II equipped with
a Mountain Computer A/D + D/A
board, this application uses a 6522
VIA (versatile interface adapter)
timer. The timer is used to generate
interrupts at regular (sampling) inter-
vals. In figure 2, connection of the
timer to the Apple II's bus is illus-
trated. The main problem to be
solved is the proper synchronization
of the 6522 clock and the Apple II's
device-select pulses. This is achieved
with two one-shot multivibrators.

The 6522 has 16 addressable
registers to control 2 timers, 2 I/O
(input/output) ports, and 4 control
lines (see description of the 6522 VIA
in Rockwell's R6500 Hardware Man-
ual, pages 6-1 through 6-33). For this
application, timer 1 is configured for
continuous-interrupt mode. This in-
terrupt is used to signal the moment
an input sample must be taken.

The Mountain Computer board is
used to perform an 8-bit analog-to-
digital conversion of an input signal
over an input-voltage range of —5 to
4-5 volts (V). The actual conversion
requires about 10 microseconds (/*s),
so it is possible to measure 16 input
signals (through a built-in input
multiplexer) in less than 200 />ts. An
input channel is read by accessing its
address twice. The first reading starts
the data conversion, the second reads
the converted result.

ing filter is usually inserted at the in-
put to the switch to ensure that the
frequency components of the input
signal are restrained to the Nyquist
rate. Antialiasing filters are simply
low-pass filters that have very steep
transitions from pass band to the cut-

off frequency in order to maximize
the usable input frequency range.

An alternate approach is to use no
antialiasing filter at all. The major re-
quirement for this method is knowl-
edge of the input signal. If it is known
that the input signal is well behaved

Software

Three programs are used for this
application: Scope, Trace, and Ad-
code (see listing 1). Scope is an Apple-
soft BASIC program that controls the
overall operation of the oscilloscope.
Adcode and Trace are 6502 assembly-

September 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 521

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

Main/Frames

Listing 1: The storage-oscilloscope programs for the Apple II. The Scope control pro-
gram (listing la), written in Applesoft BASIC, accepts single-letter input commands to
set up the interrupt -handling routine and display the signal with the proper scales.
Listing lb is an assembly-language program called Adcode, used to set up timer 1 of the
6522 versatile interface adapter to generate interrupts at regular intervals and to handle
interrupts as they are generated. The assembly-language program Trace (listing 1c) is
first used to scale the input data from the Adcode routine and then display it on high-
resolution graphics page 1.

Listing la

7 D$ = CHR$ (4): REM CTKL-D

12 PRINT D$; "BLO*D ADCODE. OBJO"

13 PRINT D$;"BLO'\D TRACE. OBJO"

18 TIME = PRTR% = 0:LVL% = 1:MD$ = "A"

19 REM GET SLOT NUMBER FOR THE \/D CARD
INPUT "SLOT NUMBER FOR A/D " ; SLOT
IF SLOT < 1 THEN GOTO 20
IF SLOT > 5 THEN GOTO 20
GOSUB 25 5
PRINT "INPUT COMMAND"

GET A$

REM LOAD <>kSSEM PRGMS

PRINT *$

IF A$ =

IF A$ =

IF A$ =

IF A$ =

IF A$ =

IF A$ =

IF A$ =

IF A$ =

IF A$ =
GOTO 90:

THEN

THEN

THEN

"P" THEN

"L" THEN

THEN

THEN

THEN

THEN

LOOP

"H"
"T"
"S"

"R"

"M"
"C"
"E"
REM

GOSUB 30 0: REM

GOSUB 400: REM

GOSUB 500: REM

GOSUB 500: REM

GOSUB 700: REM

GOSUB 800:

GOSUB 1500

GOSUB 255:
GOTO 200

REM

REM
REM
END

HELP

SWEEP

SETTINGS

PRETRIG

LEVEL

RUN
MODE SET
CHANNEL

END : REM SERVICE END COMMAND

INPUT "RECORDING CHANNEL ";CHAN%: REM SERVICE CHANNEL CMD

IF CHAN% > 15 THEN GOTO 255

IF CHAN% < THEN GOTO 255

POKE 16393, SLOT * 16 ♦ CHAN%: RETURN

TEXT : REM SERVICE HELP CMD

"H=HELP,T=SWEEP TIME, P=PRETRIGGER"

"L=LEVEL, S=SETTINGS,R=RECORD"

"M=>MODE
PRINT "T,P,L,M ARE FOLLOWED BY ARGUMENT REQUEST"
PRINT " ENTER 2.5 TO 1000 FOR T"

TO 255 FOR P"
S, C, OR A FOR M"

1 TO 254 FOR L"
FOLLOWED BY + OR

PRINT
PR INT
PRINT

FOR SLOPE-

SERVICE TIME COMMAND

REM SERVICE LEVEL CMD

; POL$

PRINT "
PRINT "
PRINT "
PRINT "
RETURN

INPUT "SWEEP TIME ";TIME: REM
IF TIME < 2. 5 THEN GOTO 400
IF TIME > 1000 THEN GOTO 400
430 TIME = TIME * 50

440 POKE 16395, INT ((TIME / 256 - INT (TIME / 256)) * 256
POKE 16396, INT (TIME / 256)
RETURN

TEXT : REM SETTINGS DISPLAY
PRINT "SWEEP= ",(TIME / 50)
PRINT "PRETRIG= ",PRTR%
PRINT "TRIG LVL= ",LVL%,POL$
RETURN

INPUT "PRETRIGGER- ";PRTR%
IF PRTR% < THEN GOTO 700
IF PRTR% > 255 THEN GOTO 700
POKE 16392, PRTR%: REM SAVE PRETRIGGER
RETURN

INPUT "TRIGGER LEVEL ";LVL%
IF LVL% < 1 THEN GOTO 700
IF LVL% > 254 THEN GOTO 700
POKE 16394, LVL%
INPUT "POLARITY ( + / - ) =
IF POL$ = "+" THEN GOTO 770
IF POL$ = "-" THEN GOTO 780
GOTO 730: REM OTHERWISE LOOP
POKE 16655,0: RETURN
POKE 16656,128: RETURN
HGR : REM SERVICE RUN CMD
HCOLOR= 7: HPLOT 0,0: CALL 62454
IF TIME = THEN GOTO 890
GOSUB 1700
GOSUB 1400

IF PEEK (16390) = THEN GOTO 875
IF PEEK ( - 16384) > 128 THEN GOTO 1000
GOTO 840
GOSUB 1100

IF MD$ = "S" THEN RETURN
GOTO 860
PRINT "NO SWEEP SET": GOSUB 400: GOTO 800

POKE 49374,64: REM TURN OFF INTERRUPT

RETURN

PRINT "DISPLAYING, SWEEP= ",TIME / 50: REM

CALL 20480: REM SWEEP LINE

IF PRTR% = THEN GOTO 1320

HCOLOR= 1

HPLOT PRTR%,0 TO PRTR%,159: REM
1320 LI = INT (159 - 8 * LVL% / 13):
1330 HPLOT 1, LI TO 256, LI

IF MD$ = "S" THEN RETURN : REM

GOSUB 1400

RETURN

POKE 16655,0: REM RESET COUNTER

CALL 16384: REM IN IT INTERRUPT

REM IF MODE=CONriNUOUS, DON'T WAIT FOR TRIGGER OR PRETRIGGER.

IF MD$ = "C" THEN GOSUB 1500

PRINT "WAITING FOR TRIGGER"

05) * SGN (TIME / 256)

DISPLAY STORED DATA

1350
1360
1370
1400
1405
1406
1407
14 10

DRAW PRETRIGGER
REM SCALE LEVEL

CHECK FOR SINGLE STEP

522 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 484 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

1415 POKE 153 90,12 8: REM SET READY

1420 RETURN

1500 INPUT "SINGLE S, CONTINUOUS C, AUTO A " ;MD$: RETURN

1-500 POKE 16392,0: P3KE 15391,128: REM SET PRETRIG=0 AND TRIG ON

1510 PRTR% = Q

1520 RETURN

1699 REM PUT IN HOR AND VERT AXIS

1700 HCOLOR= 0: FOR I = TO 24 STEP 20
1710 HPLOT 1,159 TO 1,15 6

1720 NEXT I

1730 FOR 1=0 fO 159 STEP 15

1740 HPLOT 0,1 TO 3,1: NEXT I

1750 HPLOT 0,80 TO 7,81: RETURN

Listing lb

SOURC
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000;
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000;
0000:
0000:
0000:
0000;
03FF;
03FE:
C0D4:
COD 5:
C0D8:
CODD:
CODE:
00C0:
0040:
0000:

4000:
4000:
4003:
4006:
4005:
4006:
4 6:
4007:
4007:
4008:
4008:
4009:
400A:
400B:
400C:
400D:
400D:
410D:
410D:
41 OE:
41 OF:
4110:
4111:
4111:
4112:
4113:
4114:
4114:
4114:
4114:
4115:
4L16:
4117:
4118:
411B:
4.1 ID:
411S:
4120:
4123:
4126:
4126:
4129:
412C:
412D:
41 2E:
4 1 2 F :
4130:
4131:
4134:
4137:
4137:
41 37
4 1 3A :

ADCODE

1 *

2 *

3 *

4 *

5 *

6 *

7 *

8 *

9 *

10 *

11 *

12 *

13 *

14 *

15 *

16 *

17 *

18 *

19 *

20 *

21 *

22 *

23 *

24 *

25 *

26 *

27 *

28 *

29 *

30 *
31
32
33
34

THIS IS AN INTERRUPT SERVICE PROGRAM TO

BE USED WITH MOUNTAIN H\RDWARE'S AD-DA BOARD

INTERRUPTS ARE GENERATED BY A 5522 TIMER IN SLOT 5

WHEN AN INTERRUPT OCCURS THE DESIRED AD

CHANNEL IS READ AND STORED IN THE STORAGE AREA ARRAY.

IF READY 13 0,NO READ OCCURS.

IF READY THEN DATA IS CONTINUALLY STORED IN ARRAY

IF THE INPUT DATA IS A30VE T'4E TRIGGER LEVEL

THEN THE AD DATA IS WRITTEN INTO ARRAY ONLY FOR
THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS INDICATED BY THE PRETRIGGER
AMOUNT.

ONCE ALL THE DAT\ IS COLLECTED, READY, TRIG AND AN INTERNAL
SOFT COUNTER ARE ZEROED. THE TIMER1 INTERRUPT IS
TURNED OFF TO ALLOW FAST USER THROUGHPUT
"COUNT 1 M INDICATES THE START POINT OF DAT\
EQUATES
INPUTS ARE:

READY INDICATES READY TO START

TRIG INDICATES TRIGGER LEVEL

MAXCNT INDICATES PRETRIGGER LEVEL

TICLA INDICATES TIMER1 INTERRUPT TIME

T1CHA HI BYTE OF TIMER 1

POL INDICATES TRIGGER POLARITY

CHNL CHANNEL OF A/D BOARD TO READ

OUTPUTS ARE:

READY INDICATES WHEN ALL DATA IS COLLECTED
ARRAY2 STORES THE 256 DATA BYTES COLLECTED

4C DO
4C E9

IRQAH EQU S33FF
IRQAL EQU S-03FE
T1CL EQU $C0D4

T1CH EQU $C0D5

35 ACR EQU $C0DB

36 IFR EQU $OODD

37 IER EQU $C0DE

38 INTEN EQU SCO

39 INTDIS EQU $40

40 *
OBJECT FILE NAME IS ADCODE.OBJO

41 ORG $4000
4 1 4 2 START JMP INIT
41 43 JMP INIT2

44 *

45 * USER ALTERABLE BUFFERS

46 *
1 16390 READY INDICATOR

NOT READY, 128- READY

1 16391 TRIGERRED INDICATOR

NOT TRIGERRED, 128, TRIGGERED

ENTRY POINT NOT USED

8A
48
98
48

AD DD
10 03
OA

30 03
4C C9
AD D4

AE 09
BD 80
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA

BD 80
8D OD

AD 06
DO 03

4 7 READY DS

48 *

49 TRIG DS

50 * 0-

51 MAXCNT DS 1

52 CHNL DS 1
5!} TRLVL DS 1

54 TICLA DS 1

55 T1CHA DS 1

56 *

57 ARRAY2 DS 256

58 *

59 SAMPLE DFB $00

60 COUNT DFB $00
51 COUNT 1 DFB $00

62 POL DFB $00

63 * 0= WE POL, $80 =

64 IND1 DFB $00

65 IND2 DFB $00
65 MAXCN1 DFB $00

67 *

68 * INTERRUPT SERVICE

69 *

70 INTSRV TXA

7 1 PHA

72 TYA
7 3 PHA

74 LDA IFR

75 BPL INTW

76 ASL A

77 BMI INTX

78 INTW JMP RTI1

79 INTX LDA T1CL

80 * GET SAMPLE

81 LDX CHNL

82 LDA $C080,X
33 NOP

84 NOP

85 NOP

86 NOP
B~ t )p

LDA
STA

16392 PRETRIGGER AMOUNT

16393 SLOT*16+CHANNEL

16394 TRIGGER LEVEL 0-255

16395 TIMER VALUE

16396 TIMER WLUE HI

16397

TEMP SAVE AREA FOR SAMPLE
COUNT TO END OF SAMPLE
15655 CYCLING LOOPCOUNTER

16656 TRIG POLARITY
-VE TRIG

16657 INDICATES READY FOR TRIG
INTERNAL READY INDICATOR
INVERTED MAX COUNT

GET X AND Y

AND SAVE ON STACK

ACC SAVED IN ADDR $4 5

GET FLAG
RETURN IF

NOT TIMER1 INTERRUPT

IF TIMl CONT
OTHERWISE RETURN
RESET TIMER FLAG

GET CHANNEL
GET SAMPLE

WAIT FOR CONVERSION TO FINISH

89
90
91
92
93

$C08 0,X
SAMPLE

GET DATA

SAVE FOR LATER

IF READY FOR DATA COLLECTION
LDA READY
BNE INTY CONT IF READY

Listing 1 continued on page 524

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are 9 to 5 CST.

CALL OR WRITE
(214) 931-9069

Star M

STOTAR

ICRO

16990 Dallas Parkway • Suite 151
Dallas, Texas 75248

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 523

Circle 184 on Inquiry card.

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Telephone: (213)538-9601

Listing 1 continued:

413C:

413F:

413F:

413F:

4142:

4144:

4144:

4147:

4149:

4 1 4 9 :

414C:

414E:

4151:

4153:

4156:

4159:

415B:

415D:

4160:

4153:

4166:

4169:

416B:

416E:

416E:

4171:

4173:

4176

4179

41 7B

41 7E:

4131:

4184:

4196:

4188:

4188:

418E:

4191

4194:

4196:

4198:

419B:

419E:

4 HI:

41A4:

41A7:

41A9:

41AC:

41AF:

41*2:

4135:

4186:

4139:

4138.

413D

41C0

41C3

41C6

41C9

41CA

41CB

4 ICC

41CD

41GF

4100

4100

41D1

41D3:

4106:

4108:

4108 :

41DD;

41S0:

41E3:

41E6:

41S9:

41EB :

4 ISC:

41SF:

41F2:

41F2:

41F4:

41F7:

41FA:

41FD:

4200:

4203:

4205:

4208:

4209:

420A:

4C C9 4 1

AD 12 41

P0 6E

AD 07 40

DO 4 5

AD 11 41

30 2

AD 10 41

F0 10

AD 0D 41

CD 0A 40

90 57

A9 90

8D 11 41

4C 3 2 41

AD 0D 41

CD 0A 40

90 F0

4C B2 41

41
40

40

AD 10 41

10 0B

AD 0D

CD 0A

90 08

4C B2 41

AD 0D 41

CD 0A 40

90 2C

A9 80

8D 07

4C B2 41

AD 0E 41

CD 13 41

90 19

A9

8D 07 4

8D 06 40

8D 0E 41

8D 11 41

8D 12 41

A9 40

8D DE CO

4C C9 41

EE 0E 41

AD OF 41
A8

CD 08 40

90 05

A 9 3

8D 12 41

AD 0D 41

99 0D 40

EE OF 41
68
A8
69
AA

A5 4 5
40

78

A9 41

8D FF 03

A9 14

8D FE 03

A9 00

8D 06 4

8D OF 41

8D 0E 41

3D 07 4

A9 00
19

ED 08 4

8D 13 41

A9 CO

8D DB CO

AD 08 40

8D D4 CO

AD 0C 40

8D D5 CO

A9 CO

8D DE CO
D8
58
60

* CHECK

SEE

94
95
96
97

98

99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109

110 INT0A
111
112

113 INT0B
114
115
116

J^P RTI1

OTHERWISE EXIT

IF INTERNALLY READY

LDA IND2

BEQ INT02 JUST STORE MORE IF

IF SIGNAL TRIGERRED

LDA TRIG

STORE DATA IF TRIG
TRIG

3NE INT0L

IF READY FOR

LDA IND1

SMI
LDA
BEQ
LDA
CMP
8CC
LDA
STA
JMP
LDA
CMP
BCC
JMP

INT0C

POL

INT08

SAMPLE

TRLVL

INT 2

*030

IND1

INT02

SAMPLE

TRLVL

INT0A

INT02

117 * CHECK TRIGGER LEVEL

JUMP IF READY
CHECK POLARITY
JUMP IF +VE
CHECK FOR INPT

SET UP INDICATOR

CHECK FOR INPIXTRIG
OTHERWISE CONTINUE

INT01A
INT02

149
150

118 INTOC
119
120
121
122
123

124 INT0D
125
126

127 INT0E
128
129

130 INT01
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
)9 INT03

151

152 RTI1

153

154

155

156

157

158 *

159 I MIT
160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

16 9 IN IT 2

170

171

172

173 *

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

LDA
BPL
LDA
CMP
BCC
JMP
LDA
»CMP
BCC
LDA
STA
IMP
LDA
CMP
BCC
LDA
STA
STA
STA
STA
STA
LDA
STA
JMP
INC
LDA
TAY
CMP
BCC
LDA
STA
LDA
STA
INC
PLA
TAY
PLA
TAX
LDA
RTI

SEI
LDA
STA
LDA
STA
LDA
STA
STA
STA
STA
LDA
CLC
SBC
STA

LDA
STA
LDA
STA
LDA
STA
LDA
STA
CLD
CLI
RTS

POL

INT0D

SAMPLE

TRLVL

INT 0E

INT02

SAMPLE

TRLVL

INT02

#990

TRIG

INT02

COUNT

MAXCN1

INT01A

*O0

TRIG

READY

COUNT

IND1

IND2

JINTDIS

IER

RTI1

COUNT

COUNT1

MAXCNT

INT 03

1930

IND2

SAMPLE

ARRAY2,Y

COUNT1

CHECK POL
JMP IF +VE

CHECK FOR -VE TRIG
JUMP IF TRIG

CHECK FOR +VE TRIG

JUMP IF NOT TRIG

INDICATE TRIGGERED

JUMP IF PRETRIG DONE

ZERO BUFFERS

DISABLE INTERRUPTS

POINT TO NEXT STORE LOCATION

JUMP IF NOT ENOUGH

SET SET UP INDICATOR
GET SAMPLE
SAVE DATA IN ARRAY
INC STORE POINTER

KINTSRV

IRQAH

ft>INTSRV

IRQAL

*00

READY

COUNT 1

COUNT

TRIG

»00

MAXCNT
MAXCN1

»$C0
ACR
TIC LA
T1CL
TIC HA
T1CH
SINTEN
IER

RESTORE REGISTERS

RESTORE ACC

SET UP INTERRUPT VECTOR

SET UP USER BUFFERS

SAVE INVERTED PRETRIG

SET UP ACR
SET UP TIMER 1

ENABLE INTERRUPTS

*** SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY: NO ERRORS

C0DB

ACR

410F

COUNT 1

4112

IND2

41AF

INT01A

4163

I NT 0B

40

INTDIS

4123

[NTX

4113

MAXCN1

41C9

RTI1

400C

T1CHA

400A

TRLVL

400D

ARRAY 2

CODE

IER

4129

INIT2

41B2

INT02

416E

INTOC

CO

INTEN

413F

INTY

4008

MAXCNT

410D

SAMPLE

C0O4

T1CL

4009 CHNL
C0DD IFR
41D0 INIT
41C0 INT03
417E INT0D
4114 INTSRV
03FF IRQAH
4110 POL
?4000 START
400B T1CLA

410E

COUNT

4111

IND1

418E

INT01

415B

INT0A

4186

ENT0E

4120

INTW

03FE

IRQAL

4006

READY

C0D5

T1CH

4007

TRIG

524 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 331 on inquiry card.

Listing 1

continued:

40

INTOIS

CO INTEN 03FE IRQAL

03FF [RQAil

74000 START

4006

READY

4007 TRIG 4008 MAXCNT

4000 CHNL

400/\

TRLVL

4003 T1CL4 400C T1CH4

400D ARRAY2

410D

S*MPLE

410E COUNT 41 OF COUNT 1

4U0 POL

4111

IND1

4112 IND2 4113 MAXCNl

4114 INT

SRV

4120

INTW

4123 INTX 41 3F INTY

4L5B INTIM

4153

INI'OB

415E INTOC 41 7E INTOD

4136 INTOE

418E

INT01

41AF INT01A 4U2 INT02

4 ICO INTO"*

41C9

RTI1

41D0 INIT 41E9 INIT2

C0D4 TIC

L

C0D5

TICH

CODB ACR CODD IFR

CODE IER

Listing lc

0000:

1

LST

ON

0000:

2

* PHI*

PROGRAM USES THE APPLESOFT HIGH

oooo-

3

* RESOLUTION

GR\PHIC SUBROUTINES TO DISPLAY

0000

4

* THE

OUT PUT

OF THE RECORDING STAGE OF THE SCOPE PROGRAM

0000:

5

* THE

INPUTS

TO THIS PROGRAM ARE:

0000

6

*

I. ARRAY2-THE ARRAY IN WHICH THE \/D DATA IS STORED

0000

7

*

BY THE

INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE

0000

8

*

2- COUNT1-THE OFFSET INTO 4RRAY2 POINTING TO THE

0000

9

*

FIRST

3YTE OF THE IAST RECORDUNG

0000

10

* THE

OUT PU ?

3 ARE:

0000

11

•

1. ARRAY2-THE 256 VALUES OF ARR4Y2 ^RE SCALED TO FIT

THE 160 HIGH

0000

12

*

HGR SCREEN 1.

0000

13

*

2. ARR\Y1-A SORTED <\RRAY OF ARRAY2 VALUES SORTED

0000

14

*

FOR VERTICAL DISPL4Y ON THE 230X160 HI RES SCREEN 1

0000

15

*

3. A DISPLAY OF THE RECORDED D«iTA ON THE APPLE SCREEN

0000

16

*

0000

17

* GENERAL EQUATES

0000

18

*

0000

19

* HI RESOLUTION GR<\P4IC ROUTINES

0000

20

*

FS'J'V

21

HLCN

EQU

SF53A LINE WRITE

F457

22

3 PLOT

EQU

SF457 POSITION DOT

00E4

23

SETHCOL EQU

SE4 COLOUR BYTE LOCATION

0000

24

*

0000

25

* EQUATES FOR BUFFERS IN ADCODE

0000

26

*

400D

27

ARRA Y 2 E QU

S400D

410F

28

COUNT1 EQU

S410F

0000

29

*

0000

30

*

0000

31

* START OF PROGRAM

0000

32

*

NEXT

OBJECT FILE NA'IE IS

TRV: E.OB JO

5000:

33

ORG

$5000

5000:4C

07

51

34

JMP

ST\RT

5003:

35

* USER BUFFERS

5003:00

36

CTR

DFB

$00 X COORD COUNTER

5004: 00

37

CTR1

DF8

$00 INPUT DATA INDEX

5005:FF

38

\RRhYl DFB

$FF SAVE AREA FOR OLD DATA

5006:

39

DS

255

5105:00

40

OUTL1

DFB

$00 DIV OUTPUT

5106: 00

4L

OUTA

DFB

$00 INPUT TO DIVIDE

5107:AD

OF

41

42

START

LDA

COUNT1 GET DAT* INDEX

51 OA : 8D

04

50

43

STA

CTR1 SAVE FOR INDEXING DATA

510D:AD

05

50

44

LDA

ARRAYl

5U0:C9

FF

45

CMP

3$FF CHECK FOR FIRST TIME THRU

5112:F0

2 2

46

3EQ

CLR IF BYTE =FF, CLEAR

5114:A9

47

ST1

LDA

fOO

5116:3D

CH

50

48

STA

CTR ZERO COUNTER

5119:20

8D

51

49

JSR

CALC ADJUST INPUT DAT*

51LC: 20

43

51

50

LOOP

JSR

ERASE ERASE OLD LONE

511F: 20

60

51

51

JSR

DRAW DRAW NEW LINE SEG

5122:AD

03

50

52

LDA

CTR GET OUTPUT PTR

5125:C9

FF

53

CMP

»255 IF NOT POINTING TO LAST BYTE

5127:90

F3

54

BCC

LOOP LOOP

5129:AE

04

50

55

RTS1

LDX

CTR1 INCR POINT

512C:AC

03

50

56

LDY

CTR GET OLD DATA POINTER

512F:BD

OD

40

57

LDA

ARRAY2,X

5132:99

05

50

58

STA

ARRAYl, Y

5135:50

59

RTS

5136:

60

* CLEAR ARRAY

513G:A2

FF

61

CLR

LDX

#3FF SET UP LOOP COUNT

5138:A9

00

62

LDA

soo

51 3A: 9D

05

50

63

CLRLP

STA

ARRAYl, X ZERO ARRAY

513D:CA

64

DEX

POINT TO NEXT LOCATION

513E:D0

FA

65

BNE

CLRLP

5140: 4C

14

51

66

JMP

ST1 RETURN TO MAIN LINE

5113;

67

* ERASE OLD

LINE

5143:A9

7F

68

ERASE

LDA

1127 SET WHITE

5145:85

E4

69

STA

SETHCOL

5147:AE

03

50

70

LDX

CTR

514A:A0

00

71

LDY

»$00 ZERO Y REG

514C:BD

05

50

72

LDA

ARRAYl, X GET DATA

5 1 4 F : 20

57

F4

73

JSR

HPLOT

5 1 5 2 : A E

03

50

74

LDX

CTR

5155:E8

75

INX

POINT TO NEXT DATA P3 INT

5156:BC

05

50

76

LDY

ARRAYl, X GET DATA

5159:8A

77

TXA

515^:A2

00

78

LDX

»00 ZERO X REG

515C:20

3A

F5

79

JSR

HLIN DRAW LINE RTS

515F:60

80

RTS

51<50:

8L

* DRAW NEW LINE

5160:49

00

82

DRAW

LDA

10 SET BLACK

5162:85

E4

83

STA

SETHCOL

5154:AE

04

50

84

LDX

CTR1

5167:AC

03

50

85

LDY

CTR READY TO SAVE NEW AS OLD

516A:BD

OD

40

86

LD4

ARRAY2,X GET NEW DATA

516D:99

05

50

87

STA

ARRAYl, Y STORE AS OLD

5170:A0

00

88

LDY

*00

5172:AE

03

50

89

LDX

CTR GET CURRENT POS

5175: 20

57

F4

90

TSR

HPLOT

5178:EE

04

50

91

INC

CTR1 POINT TO NEXT INPUT 3YTE

517B:AE

04

50

92

LDX

CTR1 POINT TO NEXT 3YTE

517E:BC

OD

40

93

LDY

ARRAY2,X GET NEXT DATA

518l:EE

03

50

94

INC

CTR POINT TO NEXT POSITION

5184:AD

03

50

95

LDA

CTR GET X COORD

5137:A2

00

96

LDX

too

5189: 20

3A

F5

97

JSR

HLEN

5 1 3C : (SO

99

RTS

51 8D

99

* CAL

Z U LATE

159-3* (INPUT DATA)/13

Call for MTI's late
price reductions.

Ask about our " QE D " d iscounts.
VISA and MasterCard orders accepted.

VIDEO TERMINALS ^

VT100 DECscope $ 1595"

VT 18X Personal Computing Option 2395

VT 101 DECscope 1 195

VT131 DECscope 1745

VT132 DECscope 1995

ADM 3A (dumb terminal) 595

ADM 5 (dumb with visual attributes) 645

ADM 31 (two page buffer) 1095

ADM 21 (full editing/visual attributes) 690

ADM 32 (ergonomic ADM 31)

ADM 36 (DEC system terminal). *

ADM 42 (8-page buffer available) *

Tl 940 (high performance, 1-page buffer)1650

Hazeltine Esprit 575

Hazeltine Executive 80 Model 20 1345

Hazeltine Executive 80 -Model 30 1695

Hazeltine 1500 (dumb terminal) 825

GRAPHICS TERMINALS

VT125 (DEC ReGIS firmware) 3280

VT100 (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 3250

ADM 3A (Tektronix 4010 emulation) 1795
ADM 5 (tektronix 4010 emulation) 1845

VT 100 w/TI 810 plot. (Tektronix emu.) 5920

300 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

LA 34-AA DECwriter IV 1095

Diablo 630 RO (letter quality) 2295

Diablo 630 KSR (letter quality) 2695

Tl 743 (portable thermal printer) 1190

Tl 745 (port. /built-in coupler) 1485

Tl 765 (port./bubble/b-i coupler) 2595

600 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-80 645

Tl 825 KSR impact 1570

Tl 825 KSR pkg. 1795

1200 BAUD TELEPRINTERS

Epson MX-100 895

LA 120 RA (receive only) 2095

LA 120 AA DECwriter III 2295

LA 100 RO letterprinter 1937

LA 1 2-A (port. /modem/coupler) 2840

Tl 783 (portable thermal printer) 1645

Tl 785 (port/built-in coupler) 2270

Tl 787 (port. /internal modem) 2595

Tl 810 RO impact 1545

Tl 810 RO pkg 1795

Tl 820 RO impact 1850

Tl 820 RO pkg 2025

Tl 820 KSR impact 2025

Tl 820 KSR pkg 2195

LearSiegler 310 ballastic 1945

2400 BAUD

Dataproducts M 200 (2400 baud) 2910

DATAPRODUCTS LINE PRINTERS

B 300 (300 Ipm Band Printer) 5455

B 600 (600 Ipm Band Printer) 6930

B 1000 (1000 Ipm Band Printer) 1 1330

BP 1500 (1500 Ipm Band Printer). 19700

(Controllers available for most minis & micros)

ACOUSTIC COUPLERS

A/J A242-A (300 baud orig.) 242

A/J 247 (300 baud orig.) 315

VadicVA3413 (300/1200 orig.) 845

MODEMS

GDC 103A3 (300baud Bell) 395

GDC 202S/T (1 200 baud Bell) 565

VA 3213 (Bell 212-A comp.) 825

VA 3451 (orig./ans. triple modem)..... 885

VA3455 (1200 baud orig./ans.) 770

VA 2450 ( Bell 201 comp.) 725

VA 103 (300 baud modemphone) 235

•Please call for quotation.

mti

Listing 1 continued on page 526

Applications Specialists & Distributors
Computer Terminals, Peripherals & Systems

New York:

516/621-6200, 212/767-0677, 518/449-5959

Outside N. Y.S.: 800/645-6530

New Jersey: 201/227-5552

Ohio: 216/464-6688
^ ^

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 525

Listing 1 continued

f.

518D:

100

* SCALING FOR THE DISPLAY

518D:

101

CALC

EQ'J

*

518D:ftE

04

50

102

LDX

CTR1

POINT TO ST\RT OF

INPUT DAT\

5190:A0

00

103

LDY

#$00

LOOP 256 TIHE3

5192:BD

OD

40

104

L00P1

LDA

ARRAY2,

, X GET D\T\

5195:8D

05

51

105

ST A

OUTA

SET UP FOR CALC

5198:20

C9

51

106

JSR

DIV13

DIV BY 13

519B:20

B9

51

107

JSR

MULT8

MULT RESULT BY 9

5 1 9 E : 20

E3

51

108

JSR

DIV1

51A1:AD

06

51

109

LDA

OUTA

GET REMAINDER

51A4:C9

07

110

CMP

»07

51A6:90

03

111

BCC

CALC1

51A8:EE

05

51

112

INC

OUT LI

INCR OUTPUT

51AB:30

113

CALC1

SEC

51AC:A9

9F

114

LDA

»159

SUBTRACT RESULT FROM 159

51AE:ED

05

51

115

S8C

OUT LI

51B1:9D

OD

40

116

STA

ARRAY 2,

X

5134:E8

117

INX

5135: 88

118

DEY

5186:D0

DA

119

BNE

LOOPl

LOOP 255 TIMES

51.88:60

120

RTS

51B9:98

121

MULT8

TYA

518A:48

122

PHA

SAVE Y ON STACK

51B8:A0

03

123

LDY

If 03

SET UP LOOP COUNT

518D:0E

05

51

124

MULTL

ASL

OUTLl

MULT BY 2

51C0:0E

06

51

125

ASL

OUTA

MULT BY 2

51C3:88

126

DEY

DECR LOOP COUNT

5 1 C 4 : DO

F7

127

BNE

MULTL

51C6: 68

128

PLA

GET Y

51C7:A8

129

TAY

RESTORE

51C8: 60

130

RTS

51C9:

131

* DIVIDE BY

13

51C9:A9

00

132

DIV13

LDA

#00

ZERO RESULT

51CB:8D

05

5L

133

STA

OUTLl

51CE:AD

06

51

134

LDA

OUTA

GET DIVIDEND

51D1:C9

82

135

CMP

»130

COMP«iRE AGMNST 10*13

51D3: 90

OE

136

BCC

DIV1

JUMP IF <130

51D5:AD

06

51

137

LDA

OUT%

51D8: 38

138

SEC

51D9:E9

82

139

SBC

1130

SUBTRACT 130 FROM

INPT

51DB:8D

06

51

140

STA

OUT\

51DE:A9

OA

141

LDA

110

51E0: 3D

05

51

142

STA

OUTLl

SAVE P>\RT OF RESULT

51E3:98

143

DtVl

TYA

5 1 S 4 : 48

144

P4A

5125:A0

00

145

LDY

«oo

51E7: 38

146

DIV2

SEC

5 1 E 8 : AD

06

51

147

LDA

OUT^

GET INPUT

51EB:C9

OD

148

CMP

#13

CHECK IF DIVIDEND

TOO SMALL

51ED: 90

08

149

BCC

DIV3

EXIT IF DCV<13

51EF:E9

OD

150

SBC

#13

51F1:8D

06

51

151

STA

OUTA

51F4:C8

152

INY

51F5:10

FO

153

BPL

DIV2

ALWAYS JUMP

51F7: 98

154

DIV3

TYA

51F8: 18

155

CLC

51F9: 6D

05

5L

156

ADC

OUTLl

ADD LOOP COUNT TO

RESULT

51FC:8D

05

51

157

STA

OUTLl

SAVE RESULT

51FF:68

158

PLA

RESTORE Y REG

5200:A8

159

TAY

5201:60

160

RTS

5202:

161

LST

ON

*** SUCCESSFUL

ASSEMBLY:

NO ERRORS

5005 ARRAY1

400D

ARRAY2

51A8 CALC1

519D CALC

5136 CLR

51 3A

CLRLP

410F COUNTl

5003 CTR

5004 CTR1

51E3

DtVl

51C9 DIV13

51E7 DIV2

51F7 DIV3

5160

DRAW

5143 ERASE

F53A HLIN

F457 HPLOT

5192

LOOP1

51 1C LOOP

5189 MULT8

51QD MULTL

5106

OUTA

5105 OUTLl

?5129 RTS1

E4 SETHCOL

5114

ST1

5107 START

language routines for interrupt han-
dling and graphics display functions,
respectively.

The Adcode program has two en-
try points. You call the routine com-
mencing at the label Start to initialize
buffers used by the interrupt subrou-
tine and set up the interrupt vector
and all registers controlling the opera-
tion of timer 1. The label Intserv in-
dicates the start of the interrupt-
service routine. This is the point to
which program control eventually
passes when an interrupt occurs. A
flowchart for this program is shown
in figure 3; key labels are indicated.

The overall purpose of Adcode is

to read converted analog data and
store it in a 256-byte array (Array2).
Start of the data-record period is in-
dicated by the Ready indicator byte.
Once this byte is set to hexadecimal
80, the interrupt routine will store
converted data in Array2 on future
interrupts until the input signal
satisfies the trigger requirements.
When the trigger occurs, more data is
stored in the array to allow display of
the data following the trigger. This is
done by collecting a number of data
points equal to 256 minus the pretrig-
ger count.

This interrupt-service routine
allows a maximum sampling rate of

approximately 8 kilohertz (kHz),
which leaves about 50 percent of the
processor time for execution of the
Scope program.

Scope is an Applesoft BASIC pro-
gram that provides a method for
altering the controls of the display. It
provides for input of certain func-
tions by way of single-letter com-
mands:

T: (sweep-time setting) indicates the
number of milliseconds (ms) per
horizontal display division;
ranges from 2.5 to 1000 ms/divi-
sion.

P: (pretrigger amount) a number be-
tween and 255 that indicates the
number of samples to be displayed
before the trigger event occurs.

L: (level and slope) a number be-
tween 1 and 254 that indicates the
level and slope at which the trig-
ger occurs (the slope is either + or
— , to indicate which way the in-
put singal should pass through the
level to indicate a trigger).

S: (settings) a display of the present
sweep time, pretrigger amount,
trigger level, and polarity.

H: (help) provides a list of commands
and a brief description of each.

R: (run) starts the recording process.

M: (mode) allows the selection of a
variety of triggering modes, in-
cluding continuous, automatic,
and single sweep. (Continuous
mode will display the contents of
the storage buffer as it is filled; no
attempt is made to trigger on the
input signal. Automatic mode will
attempt to trigger on the input
signal and display the data using
the pretrigger information; once
another trigger occurs, the process
is automatically repeated. In the
single-sweep mode, only one trig-
gered recording of the input data
will be made and displayed; the
program then returns to input
command mode.)

C: (channel) allows the user to
change the selection of the input
A/D channel for recording; the
user can select from channels to
15.

E: (end) will end execution of the
Scope program, returning control
to the Applesoft monitor.

526 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

f 6522 \
^ INTSRV J

SAVE
REGISTERS

READ A/D
CHANNEL

(IND2 INDICATES
THAT ENOUGH PRE-
TRIGGER DATA HAS
BEEN STORED)

YES

(IND1 INDICATES THAT
INPUT HAS BEEN BELOW
OR ABOVE TRIGGER
LEVEL DEPENDING ON
SLOPE)

INCREMENT POST
TRIGGER COUNT

V

SET TRIGGER
INDICATOR

SET IND 1
INDICATOR

SET IND2

V

INT03

SAVE SAMPLE
INDEXED USING
STORE POINTER

INCREMENT
STORE POINTER

RESTORE
REGISTERS

( RETURN J

Figure 3: Flowchart of the interrupt -service routine within Adcode (see listing lb). This routine stores data in Array! until the trigger
conditions are met and the post-trigger samples are accumulated.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 527

A

\

Figure 4: Examples of printed output of the Scope program (the same image is seen on
the Apple Us screen). The vertical divisions along the leftside of the display represent 1
volt per division. The horizontal scale is indicated on the text line of the display.

When the RUN command is given
and automatic mode has been
selected, the timer is set and enabled,
and the message WAITING FOR
TRIGGER appears on the screen.
The ready indicator is also set, allow-
ing the Intserv routine to start storing
converted data and look for a trigger
at the appropriate time. If, during the
recording process, any key of the
Apple keyboard is depressed, control
is passed back to the command por-
tion of the program to allow decoding
of the character entered. When the
recording cycle is finished, the ready
indicator is reset, and the message
DISPLAYING SWEEP = xx is dis-
played on the video display. The
number xx is the horizontal time-scale
factor in milliseconds per division.
Control now passes to the Trace sub-
routine.

The other commands are processed
in a straightforward fashion. The first
action performed by the Trace sub-
routine is scaling of the input data for
display within the 160 vertical divi-
sions of the Apple's screen. Since the
data can have one of 256 levels and
the display screen is only 160 pixels
high, the input data must be appro-
priately scaled for display. The Trace
program uses two 256-byte data buf-
fers, one containing the data just
recorded and the other containing the
data last displayed. Applesoft graph-
ics subroutines are called to erase the
old data on the screen and display the
newly acquired data on a point-by-
point basis. Once all 255 lines have
been drawn on the screen, control
passes back to the Scope control pro-
gram.

It is possible to write an Applesoft
BASIC program to scale and display
the data; however, display of a single
trace would take several seconds.
This assembly-language version takes
less than a second to trace the stored
waveform on the Apple's monitor.

Application

The Apple II storage oscilloscope is
best suited for display of low-fre-
quency, transient signals. To use the
program, simply enter RUN
SCOPE. Scope will be loaded and it,
in turn, will load the object files for

528 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

.

The MICR0MINTZ8 BASIC
COMPUTER/CONTROLLER board repre-
sents a milestone in microcomputer price-
performance. It is cheap enough to be
programmed directly in a high level lan-
guage, and efficient enough to be battery
operated if required. The entire computer
is 4" by 4 1 /2" and includes a tiny BASIC
interpreter, 4K bytes of program memory,
one RS-232 serial port and two parallel
ports, plus a variety of other features. Us-
ing a powerful Z8 microcomputer chip and
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Listing 2: Sample execution of the Scope
program.

:jrun scope

slot number for a/d 4
recording channel i
input command

P

PRETRIGGER- 110
INPUT COMMAND
L

TRIGGER LEMEL 165
POLARITV( + / - ) = -
INPUT COMMAND
T

SWEEP TIME 3
INPUT COMMAND
H

H=HELPrT=SWEEP TIME , P= PRETRI GGER
L=LEVEL,S=SETTINGS,R=RECORD
M=MODE

T,P,L.M ARE FOLLOWED BY ARGUEMENT REQUEST
ENTER 2.5 TO 1000 FOR T

TO 255 FOR P
S, C, OR A FOR" M

1 TO 254 FOR L

FOLLOWED BY
INPUT COMMAND
N

SINGLE S, CONTINUOUS
INPUT COMMAND
S

SUEEP= 3

PRETRI G= 110
TWIG LOL= 1B5
INPUT COMMAND
R

WAITING FOR TRIGGER
DISPLAYING, SUJEEP =

OR

FOR SLOPE

the two 6502 assembly-language pro-
grams, Adcode and Trace. Listing 2
shows a sample run of the Scope pro-
gram. Examples of the display are
shown in figure 4.

Further Improvements

The major advantage of the system
is the software triggering. You can
make trigger-point determination as
complex as necessary. It is possible,
for instance, to arrange a trigger at a
sudden peak or trough of the input
signal simply by saving two previous
samples and indicating a trigger when
the last data point is larger or smaller
than the present sample and the sec-
ond-to-last point. With some soft-
ware changes, you can also store
more than 256 bytes of information,
allowing display of data long before
or long after the trigger event. How-
ever, increasing the complexity of the
interrupt-service routine may mean

increasing its execution time, which
will decrease the maximum sampling
rate possible.

Data can be written to disk or tape
for later recall, display, or analysis by
special routines (e.g., spectral
analysis). You can get a multitrace
facility by altering Adcode and Trace
to handle multiplexing of input data

and displaying multiple lines.

To improve the vertical resolution
of the scope display, the time and
voltage axes can be interchanged.
This will provide a total potential
vertical resolution of 280 pixels
(although only 256 points will be
used), but only 192 sample points can
be displayed at a time using high-res-
olution graphics page 2.

Conclusion

The program and hardware de-
scribed above will convert an Apple
II computer into a digital storage
oscilloscope. This system provides a
scope useful for capturing low-fre-
quency, transient signals (maximum
sampling rate of 8 kHz). Higher-
frequency periodic signals can be
displayed; however, the input-fre-
quency range must be known before
recording the signal. Many changes
are possible using the present pro-
gram structure to tailor the instru-
ment to a user's particular need. ■

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530 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 514 on inquiry card.

Software Review

Pickles & Trout CP/M
for the TRS-80 Model II

Hal Smith

Smith Micro Enterprises

POB 439

Monett, MO 65708

Pickles & Trout has come up with an implementation
of CP/M for the TRS-80 that leaves all others far behind.
Our firm purchased a Model II because of its local service
availability. We quickly found that TRSDOS (the stan-
dard operating system for the Model II) was not adequate
for our needs. Looking for an alternative, we discovered
Pickles & Trout CP/M 2.2, an adaptation of Digital
Research's CP/M for the TRS-80 Model II. (For a com-
parison of TRSDOS vs. CP/M features, see table 1.)

Documentation

The package comes with the usual seven manuals from
Digital Research Corporation as well as Pickles & Trout's
own 150-page manual, which is concise and well written.
(At this writing, Pickles & Trout is preparing a new
manual.) All of the major stumbling blocks of getting a
CP/M-based system started up are covered in Pickles &
Trout's manual. It also provides useful examples of actual
programs.

In the area of user interface with CP/M, the Pickles &
Trout manual is fairly complete and refers those who
need more information to the appropriate section of the
Digital Research manuals. As well, the Pickles & Trout
manual explains the exact function of each peripheral
device and specifies the control codes that operate the
screen functions, the characters that the keyboard sends,
the details of the serial port drivers, and the Centronics
parallel port drivers.

The concern that Pickles & Trout has for the
new CP/M user is obvious. The section "Getting on the
Air" (i.e., getting started) takes the first-time user from
turning the computer on to making a working master
system disk. Pickles & Trout manuals are a joy to read.

At a Glance

Name

Pickles & Trout CP/M 2.2 for the TRS-80 Model 11

Type

CP/M operating system

Manufacturer

Pickles & Trout
POB 1206
Goleta, CA 93 1 1 6
(805) 685-4641

Price

Standard version $ 1 85

Double-sided version $220

Cameo hard-disk version $250

Corvus hard-disk version $250

Manuals only $ 35

(cost may be applied to purchase of Pickles & Trout

CP/M 2.2 for a 6-month period)

Format

8-inch disk.

soft sector

Language

Z80 and 8080 assembly

Computer

Radio Shack TRS-80 Model II. 32 or 64K bytes of memory

Documentation

Standard 7 CP/M manuals; more than 1 50 pages of bound
manual and supplements from Pickles & Trout

Audience

TRS-80 Model II CP/M users

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 531

They explain the underlying concepts in terms that the
beginning user can understand, but with enough detail so
that the sophisticated user can use the full features and
functions of the Model II.

TRSDOS2.0a

Pickles & Trout
CP/M version 2.2

Comments

AGAIN
ANALYZE

none
STAT

partial equivalent
(note 1)

APPEND

PIP

ATTRIB

AUTO

BUILD

STAT

AUTOEXEC

ED

ED more powerful
than BUILD

CLEAR
CLOCK
CLS

none

various TIME functions

none

COPY

CREATE

DATE

PIP, FASTCOPY

none

various DATE functions

DEBUG

DO

DUAL

DDT

SUBMIT, XSUB
Control-P

printer echoes
display

DUMP
ECHO
ERROR

SAVE
none
none

FORMS

FREE

HELP

SETMISC

STAT

none

HOST

1

KILL

PIP

Control-C

ERA

(note 2)
warm boot

LIB

LIST

LOAD

none

TYPE, DUMP

DDT

MOVE

PAUSE

PRINT

PIP, FASTCOPY

none

TYPE, PIP

PROT

PURGE

RECEIVE

none
ERA
PIP

(note 2)

RENAME

RESET

SCREEN

REN
none
none

SETCOM
SPOOL

SETUP
DESPOOL

output from disk
text file only

STATUS

none

TIME

T

VERIFY

various TIME functions

none

none

(note 3)

Notes

1 . FCBS from PL/I User's Group adds remaining features.

2. Subject to certain limitations in data format and flexibility.

3. Normally always verify after write; may be enabled in PIP at
user option.

Table 1: A comparison of the functions of TRSDOS 2.0a
(Model II) to its nearest analogs in Pickles & Trout CP/M.

Hardware Options

Pickles & Trout has provided some things that Tandy
did not. An option (at $175) is a board called the CCB-II,
which supports a clock, a calendar, and a bell tone, and
fits into the Model II card cage. For an additional $5,
Pickles & Trout provides a TRSDOS disk with support
routines for the CCB-II for both CP/M and TRSDOS.

The system features are listed in table 2. In addition to
the standard Radio Shack configuration, Pickles & Trout
supports double-density double-sided drives and the

Disk Storage
596K bytes on single-sided disks
1.2 megabytes on double-sided disks
10-80 megabytes on hard-disk controller
automatic density select on floppy drives
multidrive emulation on single-drive system
floppy head step times of 3, 6, 10, and 15 milliseconds, by
drive

System
8K-byte system, leaving up to 56K bytes for transient pro-
grams
system size can be changed to leave area for special

routines
27 additional special functions
provision for real-time clock service routines
full compatibility with existing CP/M software
over 20 additional utilities for the Model II

Input/Output
full-function video-display control, including:
carriage return, linefeed, tab, backspace, delete
clear screen, clear to end of line, clear to end of screen
insert and delete line
cursor left, right, up, and down
reverse video and graphics
wrap or nonwrap at end of screen line
direct cursor addressing, direct access to screen
read cursor x-y location, read character at cursor
scroll protect top of screen (0 to 23 lines)
set size and blink of cursor, set blink rate of cursor
set cursor off or on

Serial Ports

normal CP/M access

special application direct access

handshaking: ETX/ACK, XON/XOFF, clear-to-send and data-
carrier-detect

data rates: 110, 134.5, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800,
9600 bps

stop bits: 1, 1 1 / 2 , 2

parity: even, odd, none

word length: 5, 6, 7, 8 bits

RS-232C status line RTS and DTR: high or low

Keyboard
64-character type-ahead buffer
"Break" key enable/disable
Hold key functional for standard console I/O

Clock/Calendar
standard system functions
0.01 second resolution
hardware date and time support available (CCB-II option)

Centronics Port
formfeed emulation
automatic linefeed emulation

automatic linefeed after carriage return may be software
suppressed

Table 2: An overview of the features available in Pickles &
Trout CP/M for the TRS-80 Model II

532 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Cameo hard-disk or Corvus hard-disk systems with up to
four drives. They are currently examining implementa-
tion of support for the Radio Shack hard disk as well.

Using Pickles & Trout CP/M, the system can be set up
for from one to four drives in a normal configuration.
After the sign-on message with the copyright notices, it
asks you how many drives the system has. If the answer
is one, the system lets you use four logical drives, even
though there is only one physical drive, and it prompts
you whenever a change is needed. This is the simplest
method I've seen to support multiple-disk operation on
one drive.

In addition to the (often cryptic) BDOS (basic disk op-
erating system) error message, Pickles & Trout's error in-
terface returns a status byte, which directs you to the
manual for additional information about the error.

Utilities

Pickles & Trout has made its utilities as goof-proof as
possible without making them difficult to use. The utili-
ties are uniform in approach to operation and are all well
prompted.

The RESIZER utility, which Pickles & Trout supplies
instead of SYSGEN and MOVCPM, generates a CP/M
system that can vary from 20 to 64K bytes in 256-byte in-
crements. This allows you to set aside space above CP/M
for special drivers, patches, applications, or other rou-
tines. A 64K-byte system gives a 56K-byte transient pro-
gram area. Also, Pickles & Trout provides the informa-
tion that makes it possible for you to find the amount of
space between the end of the operating system and the
end of memory. Short routines may reside there; the only
shortcoming is that whenever the system changes, the
available address space changes.

RESIZER will run only from the licensed issue disk. It
will not run if it is not on the original systems disk. This
prevents you from backing up the operating system with-
out the original systems disk and makes it difficult for a
pirate to make a copy. And with the serial number buried
in the operating system, tracing pirated copies is easy.

The FORMAT utility lets you format either a standard
single-density CP/M disk or a double-density disk. The
double-density disk holds 600K bytes, of which 596K
bytes are user-accessible; 4K bytes are used for the direc-
tory maximum of 128 entries. The double-density format
is the standard for Pickles & Trout CP/M. This gives
Model II users at least 60 percent more usable disk space
than they would have with the TRSDOS 2.0a.

Along with the FORMAT utility are the disk test and
certification routines. DENSITY lets you check a disk for
a specified density and change the density flag if needed.
DDTEST and SDTEST are destructive tests of the media.
They write several patterns of bits to all tracks of the
disk, recording hard and soft errors on the screen as well
as displaying the progress of the test. DDCHECK and
SDCHECK are similar, but nondestructive, tests of the
media which also notify you of potential media-related
errors.

Other Utilities

The SETUP utility is a useful tool for working with the
serial ports. It can be used to change the data rate, num-
ber of bits in a word, stop bits, parity, and handshaking
protocol for the serial ports. It also displays the current
serial port status without altering the values. In addition,
SETUP displays the current IOBYTE status and allows it
to be changed.

SETUP is the easiest utility that you can find. It uses
the keyboard arrow keys to move the cursor from option
to option. The current option is highlighted in reverse
video. An advantage of using reverse video is that it is
easy to identify the current settings. You can then press
Control-Q to exit, Control-S to change a parameter; or
you can press Control-X to set the parameters and then
exit SETUP.

STAT, PIP, ED, ASM, DDT, SUBMIT, and XSUB are
the standard transient programs furnished by Digital
Research. Pickles & Trout's explanations of them are the
most concise that I have seen, and this includes some of
the new CP/M books.

SETTIME, SETDATE, TIME, and DATIME are utili-
ties to set and return the system time and date. If you
have the CCB-II board installed, SETCCB allows you to
set that device also. I have found it advantageous for
some applications to set the system time and date to vir-
tual values, while the CCB-II maintains the actual values.

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September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 533

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This lets you "fib" to an application program and then
restore the proper time and date later. SYNCHRO is a
program that will synchronize the system clock and the
CCB-II. This ensures that the system clock will remain
accurate, even though there is some slippage (about 0.16
percent) between the system time and the actual elapsed
time. There is a provision in the time-of-day clock to roll
the system date forward if the system time goes past mid-
night, as well as a provision for leap years.

Another nice utility that Pickles & Trout offers in the
area of timekeeping is the information you need to per-
form a timer-interrupt routine. The system clock ticks in
intervals of 0.01 seconds. The interval to call the
interrupt-service routine can be from 1 to 65,535 ticks or
0.01 to 655.35 seconds. This makes polling functions,
response time limits, and other time-measurement func-
tions easier to implement at the CP/M system level.

SETMISC allows you to change all

of the system's miscellaneous I/O

parameters from the console.

Pickles & Trout hasn't forgotten overseas users, either.
A function called HERTZ allows you to set up the system
for 50 or 60 Hz operation.

Another Pickles & Trout utility, SETMISC, lets you
change all of the system's miscellaneous I/O (input/out-
put) parameters from the console. In the screen area, line-
wrap of the console can be set on or off, the cursor size
varied, or the cursor blink rate altered. In addition, the
cursor can be turned off and the Z80 I/O port of the
CCB-II can be set.

For disk drives, SETMISC allows the drive-head step-
ping times to be set individually, by drive, for a 3-, 6-, 10-
or 15-ms (millisecond) step rate. This lets you fine-tune
your system performance. We have a rare Model II that
can step all drive heads at 6 ms. Our local Radio Shack
dealer's Model II will step at 6 ms for the built-in drive,
but his outboard drives will not move faster than 10 ms.

SETMISC allows the Centronics parallel port options
to be configured very conveniently. Tandy printers sup-
ply an automatic linefeed (LF) after a carriage return
(CR). Many other printers do not, so most of the avail-
able software adds a linefeed after the carriage return. If
you are using a Tandy printer, it will give double-spaced
output. Pickles & Trout's Centronics driver can be set to
ignore that extra linefeed. One minor bug that exists
when you are suppressing the extra linefeeds is in
LLISTing MBASIC programs. Linefeeds in program lines
are reversed to LF/CR pairs instead of the normal CR/LF
pair. This confuses the printer driver, so the LLISTing of
MBASIC programs with the embedded linefeeds will in-
clude additional line spaces if the automatic linefeed sup-
pression is selected.

534 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc Circle 509 on inquiry card.

lircle 38 on inquiry card.

For printers that do not have the formfeed function,
Pickles & Trout's driver will count lines and perform a
formfeed emulation by generating the appropriate
number of linefeeds. The form length can be set for be-
tween and 254 lines. In addition, a second counter will
count the number of lines before an automatic formfeed.
This function can also be enabled or disabled for
automatic formfeed.

Both SETUP and SETMISC alter system parameters
temporarily. If you want to make these changes perma-
nent, Pickles & Trout CP/M provides a function called
IOFREEZE which permanently sets the I/O and system
parameters into the system disk. It also sets the number
of disks query to default to through 4. If you answer
from 1 through 4, the system assumes you have that
number of drives. If, however, is specified, the system
interrogates the console at a hard boot.

FASTCOPY copies all files of all

users and is much more efficient

than PIP for moving files.

Speaking of boots, I would define three types: warm,
cold, and hard. The warm boot is the standard one where
only the Console Command Processor (CCP) is reloaded
(i.e., a Control-C). The cold boot reloads the whole
CP/M system, including the CCP, the BDOS, and the
BIOS (basic input/output system). The difference be-
tween a hard boot and a cold boot is that a hard boot will
occur only if the boot ROM (read-only memory) in the
Model II is first enabled and then the CP/M system is
loaded and begins execution — typically upon pressing the
Reset button. A cold boot can be called by a standard
system function, but the boot ROM is not enabled as it
would be if the Reset button were engaged.

Pickles & Trout provides an automatic execution func-
tion called AUTOEXEC. This function provides for auto-
matic loading of a CCP command and invocation by the
system. The options are never, cold only, and warm and
cold boots, which is why I define Pickles & Trout CP/M
to have three types of boots. If the AUTOEXEC is
selected for warm and cold, the function is invoked at
either cold or warm boot. If the AUTOEXEC time is set
to cold, the only time that you see the function is at initial
start-up or after the Reset switch has been pressed. If
your application program performs a cold boot,
AUTOEXEC will not be invoked.

Another special feature is FASTCOPY, a utility that
will copy all files from one disk to another. It copies re-
gardless of the user number, the system/directory flag,
and the read/write status. FASTCOPY copies all files of
all users, unlike PIP, which must be forced to read a
system file or the file of another user and will not over-
write a read-only file. FASTCOPY uses the standard
CP/M calls, so that if the extents in the source disk are

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Circle 513 On inquiry card. September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 535

Function

^^^^^^^^^™

Number

Name of Function

Description

Set up serial ports

Sets all serial port parameters

1

Read character from port A

Reads data from and status of serial port A

2

Read character from port B

Reads data from and status of serial port B

3

Output character to port A

Outputs a character and returns status — serial port A

4

Output character to port B

Outputs a character and returns status — serial port B

5

Read serial port A status

Makes status of serial port A available

6

Read serial port B status

Makes status of serial port B available

7

Read Centronics port status

Reads status of hardware, Centronics parallel port

8

Send character to Centronics port

Bypasses CP/M input/output routines — parallel port

9

Set Centronics port options

Sets linefeed and formfeed options — parallel port

10

Set Centronics page length

Sets form length for software control — parallel port

11

Set Centronics printed lines per page

Sets number of lines before automatic linefeed — parallel port

12

Set Centronics top of page

Sets current physical line to top of page — parallel port

13

Set all drives to unknown density

Forces density determination at next disk access

14

Read real-time clock

Returns 4-byte tick count clock value

15

Read time-of-day clock

Returns time of day in 24-hour format

16

Set time-of-day clock

Resets current value of time-of-day clock

17

Read x-y of cursor

Returns current row and column of screen cursor

18

Read character at current cursor location

Reads character at row/column and bit 7 on if reverse video

19

Set size and blink of cursor

Sets to 9 pixels high, off, nonflashing, slow or fast flash

20

Set cursor blink and on/off

Sets as above, without altering cursor size

21

Enable access to screen

Switches screen into Z80 address space

22

Disable access to screen

Switches normal memory back in

23

Set split screen mode

Protects top of screen from line to 23

24

Read system date

Returns day of week, day of month, month, and year

25

Set system date

Resets current system date

26

Set console Control-C trap

Enables/disables break function filter in console handler

Table 3: Special system calls offered in the Pickles & Trout

version of CP/M. These functions can be called from within high-level

languages.

fragmented and scattered all over the disk, FASTCOPY
will lay the copied file down sequentially on a clean disk.
If you are copying to a partially full disk, some fragmen-
tation may occur because FASTCOPY deletes the name
of a destination file from the destination disk before
writing the copy. Still, FASTCOPY is extremely useful in
both single-drive and multiple-drive systems because it is
so much more efficient than PIP for moving files.

TRS2CPM is handy for files and programs that run
under TRSDOS. TRS2CPM allows you to move a file
from a TRSDOS disk to a CP/M disk. It displays the files
on the TRSDOS disk and allows you to choose the ones
to move. If the file is a text file, you have the option of
supplying a linefeed after each carriage return. If the file
is an executable file, the load and execute addresses are
displayed. If the file is a data file, the size is displayed.

For programmers writing application programs that
access the BIOS, Pickles & Trout has provided complete
implementation of the normal CP/M BIOS jump vector
and included five additional BIOS calls. The additional
calls support I/O to the serial ports and user I/O func-
tions, with the addition of a supplemental user I/O
device table.

Another feature I particularly like about Pickles &
Trout CP/M is that it has a very good implementation of
the Hold key, which can be used to start and stop execu-
tion and scrolling. You don't have to press a Control-S to
stop scrolling or program execution, then press any key
to resume, as with standard CP/Ms.

The area where Pickles & Trout really stands head and
shoulders above all other Model II CP/Ms is special sys-
tem calls. It has an interface at hexadecimal 40 on page
that is called in a manner similar to the BDOS entry point
at hexadecimal 05. Parameters are passed to the special
system calls for 26 functions in a manner similar to
CP/M. The special system calls can be invoked at the as-
sembly-language level or from a high-level language. I
found it very easy to interface in BASIC and PL/I. The
functions available are listed in table 3.

Conclusions

Pickles & Trout gives the information necessary for
users of CP/M packages such as Magic Wand and
Wordstar, which allow them to be used effectively. It
also provides hexadecimal files and data files so beginners
can set up these and other packages with a minimum of
effort.

Pickles & Trout provides the kind of vendor support
that everyone dreams of. The company's technical people
can answer most questions immediately, and if you have
a complex problem they will generally get back to you in
short order with a solution or suggestion.

Pickles & Trout CP/M is indeed the Cadillac of Model
II CP/Ms. It has all of the features that a serious Model II
user looks for in addition to being well documented and
supported. I have not found an application package that
cannot run under it. We do indeed have a gourmet
delight in Pickles & Trout CP/M.B

536 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Software Review

TRS-80 Disk
Editor/ Assemblers

T.A. Daneliuk

4927 North Rockwell

Chicago, IL 60625

Assembly-language programming is an exacting skill
that can try the patience of even the best programmer. A
good editor/assembler package can make this difficult
and tedious procedure more efficient, but a poorly
thought-out package can discourage the novice from ever
really trying to learn assembly language. Presented here
are two assembly-language packages implemented on the
TRS-80 Models I and III. They differ substantially in
price, but each offers features sure to appeal to particular
programming tastes.

Series I Editor/Assembler

From the beginning, Radio Shack offered Disk Editor/
Assembler, a moderately priced assembly-language pack-
age for the Model I, but it was restricted to saving source

At a Glance

Name

Language

Series 1 Editor/Assembler

Z80 machine-language

Type

Computer

Assembly-language program-

TRS-80 Model 1 or \\\ with

ming package

one disk drive or cassette

recorder.

Format

5 'A -inch disk

Documentation

255 pages in a 3-ring binder

Manufacturer

Radio Shack

Audience

Division of Tandy Corp.

Present and would-be

One Tandy Center

assembly-language program-

Fort Worth, TX 76102

mers

(817) 390-30! I

Price

S34.95 for disk, S29.95 for

cassette

and object files on cassette. The user of the disk-based
system was offered only the vastly more complex macro
assembler. Then Radio Shack introduced the Model III,
and unfortunately neither of these packages would work
with the new computer. The Series I Editor /Assembler is
Radio Shack's answer to these problems and is available
for either the Model I or the Model III in disk or cassette
version.

If you're familiar with the TRS-80 BASIC editor, you
should be right at home with the Series I editor. The line-
editing subcommands are virtually identical to those of
BASIC. The editor also provides all the necessary com-
mands to manipulate and display whole groups of lines.
Lines of source code may be listed on the screen, deleted,
printed, and renumbered. Also available are commands
to insert new lines, load source files from disk, display
memory status, replace lines, write source files to disk,
and find a particular string of text within a group of lines.
The latter command facilitates the editing of extremely
long source files. The editor is easy to use, and the docu-
mentation is sprinkled with helpful examples. One rather
nice feature of this editor is that it will automatically
renumber the lines involved if a "line-collision" occurs;
i.e., if you try to write a source statement to a line
number that already exists, the lines will be renumbered
to accommodate both the original line and the addition.

The Series I assembler appears to be a disk version of
the older Model I cassette editor/assembler. All the Z80
mnemonics are supported and the following pseudo-op-
erations are implemented: ORG, EQU, DEFL, END,
DEFB, DEFW, DEFS, and DEFM.

The assembly itself is controlled by a set of "switches"
that control the following: output of assembled code to
the line printer, waiting on errors, creating a symbol
table, and establishing whether to list the assembly to the

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 537

At a Glance

•

Name

Language

EDAS

Z80 machine-language

Type

Computer

Assembly-language program-

TRS-80 Model 1 or III with

ming package

one disk drive

Format

Documentation

5/4 -inch disk

Approximately 50 pages in a

3-ring binder

Manufacturer

Misosys

Audience

5904 Edgehill Drive

Present and would-be

Alexandria, VA 22303

assembly-language program-

[703] 960-2998

mers

Price

S 79.00

screen and whether to output object code. The assembler
also recognizes the LIST ON and LIST OFF commands to
control the listing of the file during assembly. Finally, ad-
dition, subtraction, negation, logical AND, left shift, and
right shift are all allowed in a source statement. Symbolic
labels up to six alphanumeric characters in length are also
allowed.

On the Model I, the disk version runs under TRSDOS
2.3B (supplied with the assembler) which is incompatible
with the older TRSDOS 2.3. Provision is made to trans-
fer files from the older TRSDOS to version 2.3B, but not
to transfer files back to TRSDOS 2.3. Object code can be
saved to the older DOS by using the DUMP command.
Provision is also made to transfer source and object pro-
grams generated from the tape editor/assemblers to disk.
The Model III version runs under TRSDOS 1.3.

The documentation of this package is very good, and
the index is especially thorough and helpful. Included are
many examples of the various editor/assembler com-
mands, as well as in-depth discussions of each Z80 in-
struction. However, the documentation itself is not a
tutorial in assembly-language programming, and novice
assembly-language programmers will need supplemental
study material.

EDAS

The EDAS editor/assembler is destined to become a
real favorite with both the novice and the expert pro-
grammer. It offers tremendous power and ease of use,
and has all the features of the Series I Editor /Assembler
described above and many more.

When EDAS is first loaded three options are available
that, to my knowledge, are not available in any other
package. Memory size may be specified, as in BASIC, to
protect high memory from EDAS. You may request a
prompt at the end of each printed page; this option, im-
portant when using single-sheet-fed printers, causes
EDAS to wait for your signal to resume printing. Finally,

EDAS may be run under a job control language such as is
used with LDOS. This permits complete "hands-off" as-
sembly of source files.

As with the Series I package, EDAS has an editor that
is almost identical to the Level II BASIC editor. But while
the EDAS editor includes those features found in Series I,
many capabilities have been added to make the EDAS
version an extremely powerful editor. These include
direct branching to a memory location to begin execu-
tion, globally changing an existing string of text to a new
string of text, finding a specified string of characters, kill-
ing a file on a disk, moving a block of text from one loca-
tion to another, displaying a directory of a drive while in
EDAS, sending source code without line numbers to a
printer, viewing a file on a disk without loading it into
the text buffer, and altering the lines and page of the line
printer listings. EDAS also supports labels up to 14 char-
acters long.

The assembler itself also has all the features of Series I
but adds many of its own. Using the assembly "switches,"
it is possible to assemble the code directly into memory
and execute a program by means of the branch com-
mand. It is also possible to specify a switch that sup-
presses the object listing of DEFM, DEFB, and DEFW
pseudo-operations, which makes the listings a little
neater. Finally, a switch to generate a cross-reference file
is provided. EDAS comes with a cross-reference utility
which generates a listing of symbols used in the source
program. This greatly aids the debugging and writing of
documentation for long programs.

In addition to the arithmetic and logical operations
described above for Series I, EDAS supports multiplica-
tion, division, modulo, logical OR, and logical XOR. The
pseudo-operations have also been augmented with the
following:

1

TITLE: to title listing pages

SUBTTL: for subtitles on the listings

PAGE: to force a new listing page

COM: to generate comment blocks in the listing

SPACE: to force line spacing in listings

ERR: to generate error messages during assembly

IF and ENDIF: to generate conditional assemblies

One other pseudo-operation of interest is *GET. This
command allows source files to be called from the disks
during assembly. In effect, *GET handles assembling of
source files that are too long to reside in memory. In fact,
it is possible to put nothing but *GET commands and an
END statement into the text buffer and initiate assembly.
This allows all the memory space available to be used as a
huge symbol table.

In addition to the cross-reference utility, EDAS comes
with a CMDFILE utility, a general-purpose tape-to-disk,
disk-to-tape, and disk-to-disk transfer utility. Among its
many features, CMDFILE has the ability to take multiple
SYSTEM tapes and append them together to create one
large system tape or disk /CMD file. Also included is a

538 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

tape-to-disk utility called TTD that allows transferring
files created under Radio Shack's EDTASM or Micro-
soft's EDTASM + to disk for manipulation by ED AS.

ED AS runs under TRSDOS 2.3 and LDOS. It does not
work under NEWDOS 80. Misosys claims that the prob-
lem is in NEWDOS 80, which doesn't have a certain vec-
tor that is in TRSDOS 2.3 and LDOS. Consequently,
EDAS cannot be patched to run under NEWDOS 80.

The documentation for EDAS is excellent, although it
doesn't have the detailed discussion of the Z80 op codes
that Series I has, and there is no index. However, there is
a discussion of the technical aspects of the file formats of
EDAS source and object files, as well as how to link to
the debugger in the DOS. Each major command is pre-
sented with a description of its function and several ex-
amples of its use.

Conclusions

It is almost impossible to draw direct comparisons be-
tween the Series I and EDAS packages because they differ
considerably in price and complexity. Instead, I intend to
comment on each in terms of its own merits.

I found the Series I package to be somewhat disap-
pointing. While it has all the essentials for programming
in assembly language, it really doesn't exploit the features
of a disk-based system as fully as it could. The inability
to use DOS commands such as DIR and KILL from within

the editor is particularly inconvenient. I also miss an in-
memory assembly feature, which is a real time-saving
tool. Nevertheless, when you consider the price, Series I
is extremely attractive for the occasional user of assembly
language. The documentation is excellent and the ex-
amples profuse. (However, users of the cassette-based
system would do much better with Microsoft's
EDTASM + , which supports macros and includes ZBUG,
an excellent debugger. Best of all, the price is the same as
that for the Series I cassette package.)

EDAS is rapidly becoming my favorite editor/assem-
bler package. Although it does not support many ad-
vanced pseudo-operations and macro capabilities, it is
nonetheless very powerful. It is very easy to use and, in
my estimation, is the best choice for the beginning pro-
grammer who intends to seriously pursue assembly-lan-
guage programming. The advanced programmer is by no
means constrained by EDAS, however. With commands
like *GET and the conditional assembly, even the largest
source files can be handled easily. The in-memory assem-
bly greatly assists the programmer, as does the ability to
use the DOS commands from the editor environment.
The utilities which come with EDAS are also very useful.
CMDFILE is particularly valuable for a great variety of
tasks. The documentation for EDAS is excellent, though
a summary of Z80 operations as found in the Series I
package would be helpful. ■

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Circle 536 on Inquiry card.

Circle 535 on Inquiry card.

Circle 537 on Inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 539

Desk-Top Wonders

Getting the Most from Your TI Programmer

Robert L Patton Jr, 1713 Parkcrest Terrace, Arlington, TX 76012

HEX

Enter number.

STO

Pn 64 [T] ]DEC

Write result as the initial digits of the answer.

hex] r><n 64 ' r+7^i rn [rcei r=i ii^o

Write result as the last 2 digits of the answer.

in place of Q~| 64 and |SHF | 8 [=] in place of [IT] 64.

Note: You can use SHF 8 +/-

Figure 1: j4?i algorithm for the TI Programmer which converts 7- or 8-digit hexadecimal integers to decimal numbers.

DEC

Enter last 2 digits (press 1 +/- | if negative)

STO

Enter first n - 2 digits (press ! + /-"! if negative).
HEX] fxl 64 [T) |RCL| f=1

Note: You can use [SHF | 8 [=] in place of [x] 64.

Figure 2: j4rc algorithm which will convert a 9- or 10-digit decimal integer to a hexadecimal number on the TI Programmer. The
decimal integer may be in the range from —2147483648 to 2147483647.

HEX

Enter exponent.

If exponent is greater than 80 then ] 80 1 = 1 and remember that the final answer will be negative.

If current value is greater than 40 then [- | 40 \=^\ | + /- I (For IBM 360/370 format, use this entry line regardless of the

displayed value.)

I DEC 1 fxl 1.20412 [£\
Note: If result is positive, the integer part is the base 10 exponent. Subtract from the result before continuing. If result is negative,
the base 10 exponent is negative with a magnitude one greater than the integer part of the number displayed. Add the magnitude
to the result before continuing.

[x~\ 3919 Q 3404 []T] | STO I

E E_S 42 980000

fxl [rcl] \+\ [RcTirn 20 QT| [rclI

050iQBE]B0S0i00SiTo

[HEX 1
Enter the 6 hexadecimal fraction digits.

[pisi m 256 m m E] B B E3B

This is the mantissa of the answer.

Figure 3: An algorithm which converts floating-point decimal numbers to hexadecimal numbers. It is assumed that the leftmost byte is
the exponent, the three other bytes are the fraction, the high-order bit is the sign of the number, and the next to high-order bit is the
sign of the exponent.

540 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

One of Texas Instruments' most
unusual pocket calculators is called
the Programmer. It does instan-
taneous arithmetic and base conver-
sions in hexadecimal, octal and
decimal. It also does logical functions
in hex or octal.

Although it is a very handy instru-
ment, you may run into difficulties if
you are working with 4-byte
arithmetic on your computer. You
will not be able to convert 8-digit
hexadecimal numbers to decimal
because they overflow. Trying to
convert a floating-point representa-
tion to its decimal equivalent seems
impossible.

A solution is available. The
keystroke algorithms shown here will
let you make the conversion with a
minimum of effort. ■

Convert floating-point E8765432 to decimal.
[HEXl

E8 Qj ] 80 [X| - 68 (final answer will be negative)

rn 4 n^i 1+/-1 - ffffffcjs

[DEC] r~xl 1.20412 f=1- - -48.1648 (exponent will be -49) 049
r~x1 3919 [T] 3404 [=] ISTOl - .96155958

SES0 42 98QE0E]- 2.2830733
px] ["RCLl \T\ fRCLl Q 20 [x] [rcl]
ED 40 [±] 1 GD H [=] El] - 1.6803667

01D010ES

I HEX I 765432

STO - 6.8422664

DEC

g 2560 B B [Reg \z\ - 3.1626475

Final answer is -3.16265 X 1 0" 49 (to 6 digits).

Figure 4: An example showing use of the algorithm in figure 3.

[SUM] FH [RCL] 0] [SUM~l !+/- I

Figure 5: A short algorithm which will exchange the display and memory contents (pro-
vided the result does not cause overflow). This algorithm can be used with any memory
calculator which has SUM and M+ keys.

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PROGRAM SO THAT IT CAN RESPOND EASILY TO

DYNAMIC REQUIREMENTS AND YOUR DEVELOPMENT

IS EASY AND ACCURATE.

CO-SORT is a general-purpose high-speed sort/merge co-routine for
all CP/M based applications. The routine Is accessible from all
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September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 541

Powerful. ..

because it's Relational

The new RL-1 Database® from ABW Corporation gives you the power of a sophisticated relational
database management system for your IBM Personal Computer*, Cromemco*, or CP/M* computer.

Why a Data Base Management System?

Whether your business is accounting, engineering,
or production your main use of a computer is to
maintain and process information. A Data Base
Management System allows that information to be
maintained independent of a particular application.
Different programs can easily process the same data
without modification or data re-entry.

Why Relational?

The relational model presents data in simple, easy to
use tables. The simplicity and power of this tabular
form allows the user to answer complicated ques-
tions by learning only three operations: Selection,
Projection, and Join.

The RL-1 System Includes:

Relational Data Base

A complete implementation of a relational data base.

Query Language

An interactive high level query language, similar to SQL.
This query language uses simple English phrases for the
operations selection, projection, and join. Thus, even the
novice user can easily ask sophisticated questions.

Relational Editor

A screen oriented editor to create, delete, and update your
data files.

Program Interface

Allows you to access the data base through high level
language programs.

File Transfer Programs

Utility programs to assist the user in transferring to/from
existing programs and other machines.

These five packages allow you to create and maintain a sophisticated data base system for many diverse applications.

Application Packs

To assist the user several application packages will soon be available for use with the RL-1 system.

Report Generator

Automatically formats data from multiple files for report
generation.

Input Processor

Allows user to input data via custom designed "forms" for
easy operator entry.

General Ledger

Includes General Journal, Posting to Accounts, Trial
Balance, Balance Sheet, and Income Statement.

Accounts Receivable

Generates invoices and statements. Handles aging of
accounts receivable.

Accounts Payable

Handles checks, check register, vouchers, and vendor files.

Payroll

Processes 940, 941, and W-2 forms,
files and payroll register.

Maintains employee

Inventory and Production Control

Maintains inventory status and current price lists. Gener-
ates reorder report, bill of materials, etc.

Executive Planner

Assists in the generation of business plans and projec-
tions. Allows for optimization of key parameters.

Graphics Processor

Allows data to be displayed graphically. Compatible drivers
for the IBM Personal Computer, Cromemco SDI, Tektronix*
4010, Houston Instruments DMP* plotters, and many
others.

RL-1 is available for IBM DOS, Cromix, CDOS, and CP/M system for only $495. t Application Packs at additional costs.

Copyright 1982 by ABW Corporation
■IBM Personal Computer is a registered trademark ol
International Business Machines.
SDI, Cromix. COOS, and Cromemco are
registered trademarks or Cromemco. Inc.
CP/M is a registered trademark ot Digital Research. Inc.
Tektronix is a registered trademark of Tektronix. Inc.
DMP is a registered trademark ol Houston Instrument
fMfgr's suggested retail price.

ATIONAI^.DATA BASE

RELATIONAL

For further information contact:
ABW Corporation
P.O. Box M1047
Ann Arbor, Ml 48106
(313) 971-9364

CORPORATION

542 BYTE September 1982

Circle 6 on inquiry card.

What's New?

SYSTEMS

1 6-Blt Computer from NEC

NEC Information Sys-
tems' Advanced Personal
Computer (APC) uses the
CP/M-86 operating system
and is based on a 16-bit
NEC-manufactured
8086-compatible micro-
processor. Features in-
clude I28K of user mem-
ory expandable to 256K
bytes, color or mono-
chrome displays, up to 2
megabytes of 8-inch
double-sided double-
density thin-line floppy-
disk storage, detached
keyboard with 22 user-
definable dual-mode func-
tion keys, user-definable
character sets, and high-
resolution 8 by 19 dot-
matrix characters.

A wide variety of soft-
ware for the APC has
been announced, in-
cluding Microsoft's MS-
DOS operating system,
Accounting Plus from Sys-
tems Plus, the Benchmark
word processor and Mail-
ing List Manager from
Metasoft, and Chang Lab-
oratories' Microplan. Hard-
ware options include the
NEC 7220 processor for

line-drawing graphics with
a screen resolution of 640
by 475 pixels. The basic
APC, which includes 1 28K
bytes of RAM, one 8-inch
drive, and a green-phos-
phor 80-character by
25-line 12-inch monitor,
has a suggested retail price
of $3298. Complete details
are available from NEC In-
formation Systems Inc., 5
Militia Dr., Lexington, MA
02173, (617) 862-3120.
Circle 600 on inquiry card.

Commodore Markets

Business Computer

Series

The B128 microcom-
puter is the vanguard of a

new series of business
computers from Commo-
dore Business Machines. It
offers 1 28K bytes of RAM
(random-access read/write
memory) and 40K bytes of
ROM (read-only memory).
The 6509-based BI28 is
equipped with a tilt-and-
swivel 80-column by
25-line green-phosphor dis-
play, a built-in dual
5/4 -inch disk drive, and a
detachable 94-key key-
board with numeric key-
pad, double-zero and clear
keys, a double-sized enter
key, 10 function keys, and
editing and cursor-control
keys. Both RS-232C and
IEEE-488 interfaces are
built into the B I 28, which
also comes with a real-time
clock and a three-voice,
nine-octave music synthe-
sizer chip. Other standard
features include the BASIC
4.0 language, output ports
for direct connection to ex-
ternal sound systems, and
a cartridge slot for plug-in
software.

Among the expansion
capabilities is the ability to
accommodate a maximum
of 256K bytes of internal
RAM with as much as
640K bytes externally. Op-
tionally, the B128 can be
outfitted with a Z80 pro-
cessor board to provide
CP/M compatibility. In ad-
dition, CP/M-86 and UCSD
Pascal are available. The
B 128 costs $1695. Further
specifications are available
from Commodore Busi-
ness Machines Inc., Com-
puter Systems Division,
The Meadows, 487 Devon
Park Dr., Wayne, PA
19087, (215) 687-9750.
Circle 601 on inquiry card.

Sanyo Unveils
Desktop Computer

The MBC-1 000 desktop
computer from Sanyo Busi-
ness Systems Corporation
uses an 8-bit Z80 micropro-
cessor and comes with 64K
bytes of RAM (random-ac-
cess read/write memory). It
features a green-phosphor,
high-impact display screen
and a detachable keyboard
complete with number pad,
cursor-control keys, and
five programmable-func-
tion keys. Its single
5 /4-inch double-sided
double-density floppy-disk
drive can be augmented
with three more drives, or
it can handle up to four
8-inch double-sided
double-density drives for a
total storage capacity of
5.2 megabytes. Standard
software includes the
CP/M operating system,
Sanyo BASIC, diagnostics,
and utilities. The
MBC-1 000 will support all
CP/M-compatible software
and will run CBASIC,
MBASIC, FORTRAN,
COBOL, and FORTH pro-
grams when equipped
with the appropriate inter-
preter or compiler. Addi-
tionally, the MBC-1 000
can be used in the Corvus
Omninet network.

Software options include
a word processor and elec-

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 543

What's New?

tronic spreadsheets. A
hard disk is also available.
The MBC-IOOOhasa sug-
gested list price of $ 1995.
Further specifications -can
be obtained from Sanyo
Business Systems Corp.,

Computer Division, 51
Joseph St., Moonachie,
NJ 07074, (800) 526-
7043; in New Jersey,
(201) 440-9300.
Circle 602 on inquiry card.

Inexpensive Personal
Computer from Cromemco

Cromemco's C-10 SP
(Super Pak) personal com-
puter is supplied with a
1 2-inch display, detachable
keyboard, 5/4 -inch disk
drive with 390K bytes of
storage, and three soft-
ware packages. The C-10
SP features a 4-MHz Z80
microprocessor, 64K bytes
of internal user-accessible
RAM (random -access
read/write memory), and
24K bytes of ROM (read-
only memory). Its display
produces 25 lines of 80
characters and has four
character sets, including
graphics, supplied in 4K
bytes of ROM. Data com-
munications capabilities
consist of an RS-232C serial
port, a parallel Centronics-
type printer port, a serial
printer interface, and the

ability to emulate many dif-
ferent terminals and data
protocols. Supplied soft-
ware includes a CP/M-
compatible operating sys-
tem, a word-processing
program, a financial
spreadsheet calculator, and
32K bytes of structured
BASIC.

The CP-10 SP costs
$1785. Optionally, the
CP-10 can be purchased
without the disk drive and
software for $995, or it can
be obtained with a letter-
quality printer, a tilt-and-
swivel ergonomic stand,
and the software for
$2875. Full specifications
are available from Cro-
memco Inc., 280 Bernardo
Ave., Mountain View, CA
94043, (415) 964-7400.
Circle 603 on inquiry card.

Voyagers

Information Support Sys-
tems' Voyager \\ and III
desktop microcomputers
use 8085 microprocessors
and have 64K bytes of
RAM (random-access
read/write memory). The
Voyager H's dual floppy-
disk drives provide 2
megabytes of storage,
while a hard-disk subsys-
tem gives the Voyager III 6
megabytes of storage. As
CP/M-compatible systems,
the Voyagers are sup-
ported by Information Sup-
port Systems' word pro-
cessing, medical patient
billing, and accounting
packages. The accounting
package features accounts
payable and receivable,
general ledger, inventory
control, payroll and per-
sonnel, and job order-
control capabilities.

The suggested price for
the Voyager \\ is $7745.
The Voyager III costs
$9990. Both systems are
distributed by Hollander
Office Products, Suite B, 4 1
Duesenberg Dr., Thou-

sand Oaks, CA 91362,
(800) 235-3524; in Califor-
nia, (805) 496-2533.
Circle 604 on inquiry card.

1 6-Blt Personal

Computer from

Hitachi

Hitachi's 16-bit 8088-
based Personal Computer
comes with 1 28K bytes of
RAM (random-access read/
write memory), expand-
able to 384K bytes. The
system features a display
screen, a detachable key-
board, a built-in double-
sided double-density flop-
py-disk drive, and inter-
faces for other monitors,
Centronics-type printers,
light pens, and RS-232C
communication devices.
The screen can display 80
by 25 or 40 by 25 formats
using 15 colors or in
monochrome, and a large-
capacity video RAM pro-
vides 640-dot horizontal
by 400-dot vertical

544 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

graphics resolution in
eight colors. The ability to
overlay text and graphics
is also supplied. The
Hitachi Personal Com-
puter runs under Micro-
soft's MS-DOS operating
system and is supplied
with a BASIC interpreter.

Optional equipment
available for the Hitachi
Personal Computer in-
cludes an 8087 mathemat-
ics processor and Pascal,
FORTRAN, COBOL, and
assembler languages. For
marketing and pricing in-
formation, contact Hitachi
Sales Corp., The Hitachi
Atago Building #15-12,
Nishi-Shimbashi 2-chome,
Minato-ku, Tokyo 105,
Japan; tel: Tokyo (03)
502-2 111; Telex: J24492,
J22391, J24114.
Circle 605 on inquiry card.

Low-Cost
Desktop Systems

Datamac Computer Sys-
tems' 1200 Series of self-
contained, portable desk-
top microcomputers are
CP/M-compatible. Based
on the Z80 processor, each
system has 64K bytes of
RAM (random-access

read/write memory), two
RS-232C ports, a parallel
port, display screen, and
one or two 514 -inch flop-
py-disk drives. Drive for-
mats can be single- or
double-sided, single- or
double-density, or 96
tracks per inch. The series
features simultaneous use
of hard disk and 5/4- and
8-inch floppy disks, local
networking and multiuser
capabilities, intelligent ter-
minal emulation, RAM
memory expansion up to
320K bytes, multiple-disk
formats, and remote diag-
nostics. Also provided are
1 2 programmable-function
keys, up to 58K bytes of
user memory under CP/M,
and a Help key capability.
Options include an
EPROM (erasable program-
mable read-only memory)
burner and a System Activi-
ty Monitor that lets you dis-
play or alter memory and
registers, set breakpoints,
and single-step through a
program as it runs.

The basic Datamac
1 200, excluding disk drives
but with a disk controller,
costs $2650. The $4195
Datamac 1255 has two
5 /4-inch double-sided
double-density floppy-disk
drives, each with 409K
bytes of storage. The Data-
mac 1 265, which has two
5 /4-1'nch double-sided
96-track-per-inch drives
each capable of storing
788K bytes of data, has a
suggested list price of
$4670. Full details on the
1200 Series are available
from Datamac Computer
Systems, 680 Almanor
Ave., Sunnyvale, CA
94086, (408) 735-0323.
Circle 606 on inquiry card.

Portable Computer
Handles Any Application

The M6000P portable
computer lets users con-
figure for virtually any ap-
plication, according to
Micro Source. The unit fea-
tures 368K bytes of stor-
age per 5/4 -inch floppy-
disk drive, a modular de-
sign using STD-bus boards
with an 8-slot card cage
that can be expanded to
12 slots, a 9-inch green-
phosphor cathode-ray
tube with an 80-character
by 24-line display format,
and a VT-100-style de-
tachable keyboard. The
M6000P uses the Z80 pro-
cessor, but it's upgradable
to 68000 operation by vir-
tue of the STD bus. The
M6000P can use single-
and double-sided single- or
double-density disks under
the CP/M 2.2 operating
system. A rear connector
for an optional 8-inch disk
drive is provided. Standard
software includes the
Superfile database man-
ager and Micropro's
Wordstar, Calcstar, Spell-
star, and Mailmerge pro-
grams.

Optional equipment for
the M6000P includes a
1 0-megabyte Winchester

hard disk, battery backup,
printer, an 8-inch floppy-
disk drive, add-on memory
cards, and a 6809 card
running Flex. Prices start at
$3900. Complete details
are available from the
Micro Source Inc., POB
319, New Lebanon, OH
45345, (513) 687-1395.
Circle 607 on inquiry card.

1 6-Blt Supermlcros

Molecular Computer
now offers 1 6-bit process-
ing power on its multiuser
Supermicro 8 and Super-
micro 32 systems. The
16-bit capability, which is
based on the 8086 micro-
processor from Intel with
up to 1 megabyte of mem-
ory, will coexist in the
same system with 8-bit
Z80 processors running
under the CP/M-compat-
ible n/Star operating sys-
tem. This arrangement lets
each user have a dedi-
cated 8-bit Z80 and 64K
bytes of memory for
CP/M-compatible applica-
tions, while the 16-bit
CP/M-86-compatible capa-

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 545

What's New?

bility gives all users a
shared resource with more
addressing space. The in-
crease in addressing space
means that large applica-
tions such as complex
modeling, graphics, large
spreadsheets, and statis-
tical packages are possible.
Other features of the
16-bit Supermicros include
up to 1 megabyte of RAM
(random-access read/write
memory) in 256K-byte in-
crements, an Intel 8089
I/O DMA (direct memory
access) processor, an
8-MHz system clock, and

parity for error detection.

Options include error
correction circuitry, the
8087 mathematics proces-
sor, and up to 1 28 mega-
bytes of Winchester-disk
storage. A 1 6-bit processor
with 256 K bytes of RAM
for both Supermicro 8 and
32 costs $2795. Each ad-
ditional 256K-byte incre-
ment, up to I megabyte,
costs $ 1495. For complete
details, contact Molecular
Computer, 1841 Zanker
Rd., San Jose, CA 95112,
(408) 995-5440.
Circle 608 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

, l %-

Carbonless Forms
for Small Computers Detailed

A free eight-page color
catalog detailing carbon-
less forms for small com-
puters is available from the
Delmart Company. The
catalog presents a line of
carbonless checks, in-
voices, and statements,
plus a description of Del-
mart's custom-design ser-
vice for variations in for-

mat, typefaces, and choice
of different logos. Direct-
mail prices for quantities as
low as 500 are provided.
Call or write Delmart Co.,
530 North Wheeler St.,
POB 43495, St. Paul, MN
55164, (800) 328-9697; in
Minnesota, call (612)
483-7888.
Circle 609 on inquiry card.

^^THANBASC

TRS-80: More
Than BASIC

The most recent addition
to the Blacksburg Continu-
ing Education Series,
TRS-80: More Than BASIC,
by John Paul Froehlich,
shows you how to convert
your TRS-80 Model I or III
into a development system
for programming in Z80 in-
struction-code mnemonics.
It shows you how to con-
vert the TRS-80 by loading
object code from cassette
or floppy disk or by replac-
ing the BASIC ROM (read-
only memory). It explains
how you can obtain writ-
ten text useful in tracing
system development, and
descriptions of the hard-
ware for programming
EPROMs (erasable pro-
grammable read-only
memories) are provided.
Appendices in TRS-80:
More than BASIC furnish
the command sequence
table, references, a list of
hardware and software
suppliers, and source-code
listing for the monitor pro-
gram and for programming
2708, 2716, and 8755
EPROMs.

Available in softcover,
the 220-page TRS-80:
More Than BASIC costs
$10.95, plus $1 shipping
and handling. Order yours
from Group Technology
Ltd., POB 87, Check, VA
24072, (703) 651-3153.
Circle 610 on inquiry card.

Logical Database
Design Explained

Logical Data Base
Design by Robert M. Cur-
tice and Paul E. Jones has
all the information you
need to develop a realistic
working knowledge of ef-
fective logical database
design, according to the
publisher. Logical database
design is organized as a set
of rules and techniques
within the bounds of a
single methodological
framework. Numerous il-
lustrations and detailed
descriptions of the prob-
lems and choices designers
must face lead you beyond
elementafy principles and
provide insight into the real
issues encountered during
the design process. Curtice
and Jones supply extensive
examinations of data ele-
ments, including the tax-
onomy of data, examples
of elements that you're
most likely to face, and a
real database. The analysis
of user requirements is
covered, as well as the
identification of entities and
their representations, and
the sorting out of relation-
ships among entities. Other
topics addressed include
procedures for checking
and preserving the integrity
of logical data structure,

546 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

how to document a logical
design, notational conven-
tions, how to use the nota-
tion, fundamental rules of
logical database design,
and guidelines for logical
design.

Logical Data Base
Design is available for
$29.95 from Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 135 West 50th
St., New York, NY 10020,
(212) 265-8700.
Circle 61 1 on inquiry card.

Structured COBOL
Programming

Structured COBOL Pro-
gramming by Morris
Pollack and Harry Geist
can be used as a textbook
in a one- or two-semester
course or as a self-instruc-
tion guide. Its exercises pro-
vide you with practice in
writing program segments,
and its problems develop
several programs, step-by-
step, so that you can apply
what you have learned in
an orderly fashion. Each
chapter is complemented
by a concise outline of the
concepts presented. Other
features of Structured
COBOL Programming in-
clude appendices covering

keypunching, BIMOSJCL,
COBOL reserved words,
and the Environment Divi-
sion. A glossary of COBOL
and computing terms, a se-
lected bibliography, and an
index supplement the text.
Structured COBOL Pro-
gramming has a suggested
list price of $17.95. An ac-
companying instructor's
guide costs $3.33. Contact
Bobbs-Merrill Educational
Publishing, 4300 West
62nd St., POB 7080, In-
dianapolis, IN 46206, (3 1 7)
298-5400.
Circle 612 on inquiry card.

Newsletter Focuses

on TCS Accounting

Software

Rocky Mountain Soft-
ware Systems produces a
quarterly newletter for
users of the TCS (Technical
Systems Consultants) ac-
counting software sytem.
TCS Debits and Credits
has bug reports and fixes,
potential enhancements to
make the system more
powerful or easier to use,
new products and new
version announcements,
news on TCS-compatible
products or services, and
helpful ideas.

Subscriptions to TCS
Debits and Credits are
available to any TCS user
for $20 a year. A low-cost
floppy-disk update service
is available to subscribers.
Contact Rocky Mountain
Software Systems, POB
3282, Walnut Creek, CA
94598, (415) 625-1592.
Circle 613 on inquiry card.

J^&£lei

*°* J" J?

Electronic Products Catalog

Electronic Specialists has
produced a 40-page cata-
log that presents its entire
line of microcomputer in-
terference-control cards.
Also included are protec-
tive devices, line-voltage
regulators, and AC power
interrupters. Descriptive
sections outlining particular

problems and suggested
solutions are provided, and
typical applications and
uses are highlighted.

Request catalog 821
from Electronic Specialists
Inc., 171 South Main St.,
POB J89, Natick, MA
01760, (617) 655-1532.
Circle 614 on inquiry card.

Magazine for
Heath/Zenith Users

Sextant is an indepen-
dent magazine designed
for Heath/Zenith users. Its
articles cover a wide varie-
ty of topics, including color
graphics applications, ad-
vice on choosing program-
ming languages, analyses
of H/Z89 interface hard-

ware, software reviews,
and game programs.

Annual subscriptions
cost $9.97 (four issues).
Contact Sextant, 7 1 6 E St.
SE, Washington, DC
20003, (202) 544-0900.
Circle 615 on inquiry card.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 547

What's New?

Quarterly Probes Voice
Synthesis and Recognition

Speech Technology is a
quarterly magazine de-
voted to the latest technical
developments and applica-
tions in voice synthesis and
speech recognition. De-
signed for engineers, scien-
tists, educators, managers,
and users, this journal
probes all areas of speech-
technology research from
semiconductors to speech
science. Other topics
covered include digital sig-

nal processing, computer-
processing architecture,
and effective applications
of human factors.

A year's subscription to
Speech Technology costs
$50 in the U.S., $58 in
Canada and Mexico, and
$67 elsewhere. Speech
Technology is published
by Media Dimensions Inc.,
525 East 82nd St., New
York, NY 10028.
Circle 616 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

FORTH CP/M and CDOS Cross-Compiler

Inner Access Corpora-
tion's 8080/Z80 Meta-
FORTH cross-compiler runs
under CP/M or Cro-
memco's CDOS disk oper-
ating systems. MetaFORTH
has both 8080 and Z80 as-
semblers and produces
code that can be down-
loaded to any Z80- or
8080-based computer or
put into ROM (read-only
memory). It uses a built-in
79 Standard FORTH under
CP/M or CDOS to create
79 FORTH code with an
application on the target
machine. Optionally, the
target FORTH and applica-

tion can be written with-
out headers and link words
for space savings on the
order of 25% to 30%.

MetaFORTH requires an
8080- or Z80-based system
with 48K bytes of memory
and CP/M or CDOS. It's
available on a single-sided
single-density 8-inch IBM-
format floppy disk and on
two 5 /4-inch CDOS-for-
mat disks. The price is
$450. Contact Inner Ac-
cess Corp., POB 888, Bel-
mont, CA 94002, (415)
591-8295, for details.
Circle 617 on inquiry card.

Powertext for IBM

Beaman Porter's Power-
text word-processing sys-
tem for the IBM Personal
Computer has sophisti-
cated editing and compre-
hensive text-formatting
capabilities. Automatic
copy-placement styles in-
clude margins, indents,
spacing, super- and sub-
scripts, justification, center-
ing, variable pitch, pagina-
tion, and table of contents.
Complementing this are
features such as form let-
ters, automatic headers
and footers, and unlimited
documentation length.
Other standard Powertext
abilities include 132-char-
acter lines, vertical and
horizontal border lines,
boxed copy, print macro
instructions, up to 14 col-
umns, automatic footnote
numbers, boiler-plate inclu-
sion, and automatic title
page, envelope, and label-
ing.

Powertext for the IBM
Personal Computer is a
run-time bootable system
requiring a minimum of
64K bytes of memory, two
disk drives, and a serial or
parallel printer. It can ac-
commodate 200K bytes
per disk and, If your sys-
tem has more than 64K
bytes of memory, Power-
text can provide extended
memory for the program
environment and RAM
(random-access read/write
memory) disk. Powertext
costs $399, including disk
and a manual. The man-
ual alone is $25. Contact
Beaman Porter Inc., Plea-
sant Ridge Rd., Harrison,
NY 10528, (914)967-3504.
Circle 618 on inquiry card.

H/Z89 Circuit-
Analysis Program

Pressure Applications is
marketing a circuit-analysis
program for Heath/Zenith
89 computers. The pro-
gram features steady-state
circuit analysis of R-L-C ele-
ments, bipolar and junction
FET transistors, and opera-
tional amplifiers. Its easy-to-
use format and extensive
function keys allow data
files to be loaded and
saved from disk. Also pro-
vided are element addition
or deletion and listing to a
printer functions.

The program, available
for 5/4 -inch hard-sectored
disk only, requires the
CP/M 2.2 operating sys-
tem, MBASIC, and a mini-
mum of 48K bytes of mem-
ory. It costs $30. A version
with screen-plotting capa-
bilities sells for $40. Order
from Pressure Applications,
2478 Briarwood Dr., San
Jose, CA 95125, (408)
269-6107.
Circle 619 on inquiry card.

Vlsischedule
for the Apple III

Visicorp has released a
more powerful version of
its Visischedule interactive
project-management pro-
gram for the Apple III com-
puter. The number of tasks
that can be performed with
this Visischedule are nearly
double that of the Apple 11
version because of the
Apple Ill's larger internal
memory. A 128K-byte
Apple III will support from
145 to 215 tasks per pro-
ject, and a 256K-byte

548 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Apple III will handle 300
tasks.

A minimum of I28K
bytes of memory and an
external disk drive are re-
quired. A printer is recom-

mended. The suggested re-
tail price is S300. Contact
Visicorp, 2895 Zanker Rd.,
San Jose, CA 95134, (408)
946-9000.
Circle 620 on inquiry card.

$$Sl

nu3r e oo80

r<p3

CP/M Applications Run
Faster Under TurboDOS

TurboDOS, a Z80-based
operating system, is a Soft-
ware 2000 product said to
be fully compatible with
the CP/M 2.2 operating
system, but three times as
fast and capable of storing
25% to 35% more data on
each disk. Available for
single-user and networking
configurations, TurboDOS
supports hard disks to 1000
megabytes and features
automatic file and record
interlocks, high-per-
formance print spooling,
the ability to handle as
many as 1 6 printers simul-
taneously, multiple com-
mands per line, and nest-

ing of command files.

Software 2000 has de-
signed versions of Turbo-
DOS for the TRS-80 Model
II, Xerox 820, Televideo
TS-800, Digilog 1000 and
1 500, IMS International
5000 and 8000 series, and
most S-100 bus systems.
An adaptable version for
any Z80-based microcom-
puter can be obtained.
Complete TurboDOS speci-
fications will be furnished
by Software 2000 Inc.,
1 1 27 Hetrick Ave., Arroyo
Grande, CA 93420, (805)
489-1977.
Circle 621 on inquiry card.

Flexible Programmer
Tool

Digital Research's Access
Manager programmer tool
gives you a common
method of data-access
management for data files.
Basically a general-purpose
"keyed" file-access meth-
od, Access Manager lets
you use meaningful key
values, such as account
number or customer name,
to directly access data
records on disk files. In-
dexes can be created to
provide multiple keys to
end-user files. It provides a
common access method to
the database, regardless of
which Digital Research
compiler language you are
using, through its link to
the run-time system of ap-
plication programs running
under the CP/M or MP/M II
operating system. Data will
be accessible through pro-
grams incorporating Ac-
cess Manager and written
in PL/1-80, Pascal/MT + , or
the CBASIC compiler,
CB-80.

Access Manager has a
suggested single-user price
of $300. Contact Digital
Research, 160 Central
Ave., Pacific Grove, CA
93950, (408) 649-3896, for
full details.
Circle 622 on inquiry card.

Easy-to-Use Real
Estate Software

Simple Soft's Quikcalc
Real Estate Investor is de-
signed for prospective
homeowners, real estate
brokers, and investors. It
has four separate files that
can help evaluate potential

real estate sales or pur-
chases. Basically a template
for 64K-byte microcom-
puters using either Visicalc
or Supercalc, Quikcalc is
provided with separate
models for individual
residences and for income
properties. Both models
analyze purchase price,
financing structure, tax im-
plications, cash flow, and
profitability after sale. All
analyses are summarized
into an inclusive internal
rate of return.

Quikcalc has a sug-
gested retail price of
$ 1 29.95. Versions are avail-
able for most popular com-
puters, including the Apple
and the IBM Personal Com-
puter. Address inquiries to
Simple Soft Inc., Suite 101,
480 Eagle Dr., Elk Grove,
IL 60007, (312) 364-0752.
Circle 623 on inquiry card.

Milestone

Milestone is a project-
management and time-
scheduling program from
Digital Marketing. It's writ-
ten in Pascal and runs on
CP/M, UCSD, and Apple
Pascal systems. For CP/M
systems, it is compiled us-
ing Pascal/M and is
delivered, ready-to-run,
with the Pascal/M run-time
package. For UCSD Pascal
systems, Milestone comes
as an executable p-code
file. Milestone will run on
an 8086-based machine
with CP/M-86, a Z80 sys-
tem with Cromemco's
CDOS operating system,
an Apple II running Apple

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 549

What's New?

Pascal or equipped with a
Z80 softcard, a TRS-80
Model \\ running CP/M,
and a Z80-, 8080-, or
8085-based machine run-
ning CP/M. Additional re-
quirements include 56K
bytes of RAM (random-ac-
cess read/write memory),
one disk drive, an 80-col-
umn printer, and a terminal
with a 24-line by 80-col-
umn display, absolute cur-
sor positioning, and a
home-and-clear function.

Complete specifications
are available from Digital
Marketing, 2670 Cherry
Lane, Walnut Creek, CA
94596, (415) 938-2880.
Circle 624 on inquiry card.

CBASIC-2
Screen Handler

Screenmaster from Mar-
keting Essentials is a
CBASIC-2 module in
source-code form for inclu-
sion in CBASIC-2 programs
requiring screen input
with automatic validation.
CBASIC-2 code can be in-
serted to affect any degree
of editing and control,
overriding Screenmaster \f
necessary. Screenmaster
provides such commands
as GOTO (field) n, BACK-
WARD and FORWARD n
fields, NEXT and PRIOR
(screen), as well as SUB-
MIT and ABORT. Its out-
put is an in-memory array
of user responses for fur-
ther use by the program-
mer. The Screenmaster
disk includes utilities to test
and create screens.
Screenmaster can be used

with any dumb terminal.

Screenmaster is distri-
buted on an 8-inch single-
density CP/M-format disk;
other formats are available.
It costs $ 1 95, the manual
alone is $25, and a demon-
stration disk can be pur-
chased for $\0. Order
Screenmaster from Market-
ing Essentials Inc., 206
Mosher Ave., Woodmere,
NY 11598, {800) 645-
2622; in New York, (516)
569-4533.
Circle 625 on inquiry card.

Legend Slide Select

Legend Industries de-
signed the Slide Select Pro-
gram for use with its 64KC
and 1 28KDE memory cards
and the Apple \\ computer.
The program, a combina-
tion of two pieces of soft-
ware, lets you rapidly
retrieve a high-resolution
picture. One part of Slide
Select is an Applesoft pro-
gram that gives you con-
trol of high-resolution pic-
tures. For the BASIC pro-
grammer, a machine-lan-
guage interface is available
for easy access to the
Legend cards. Slide Select
lets you flip back and forth
between high-resolution
pictures, resulting in the
functional equivalent of a
slide projector. Control
over displayed pictures is
user-selectable by means
of the keyboard or game
paddles, or it can be set to
run automatically. Up to
eight pictures can be
stored in a 64KC card, and
the 128KDE can store
twice as much.

Slide Select comes stan-

dard when you purchase
Legend 64KC or 128KDE
memory cards, which cost
$349 and $650, respec-
tively. The program is also
available as an $8 update
for users who already
have Legend cards. Con-
tact your local Apple
dealer or Legend Industries
Ltd., 2220 Scott Lake Rd.,
Pontiac, Ml 48054, (313)
674-0953.
Circle 626 on inquiry card.

Citation-
Management
Program

The maintenance of
your personal reference file
of scientific and academic
citations from journals,
books, and conference
proceedings can be simpli-
fied with Bibliotek version
2.0 from Scientific Software
Products. Bibliotek auto-
mates the process of biblio-
graphy management from
citation entry through
printing a finished refer-
ence list. Citation entry,
modification, deletion,
searching, sorting, and
printing are controlled
through prompted key-
board entries. Searches can
be made by keyword,
source title, author and
editor, title phrases, and
date in any combination.
Equipped with extensive
facilities for editing and
altering responses, Bibliotek
can store approximately
500 references in a single
bibliography, which con-
sists of two disks.

Bibliotek version 2.0 re-
quires an Apple \\ computer
with 48K bytes of RAM

(random-access read/write
memory), Applesoft BASIC,
two disk drives, and a
printer. A single-user li-
cense costs $300, including
an extensive reference
manual. The manual alone
is $25. Full details are avail-
able from Scientific Soft-
ware Products Inc., 3171
Donald Ave., Indianapolis,
IN 46224, (317)299-0467.
Circle 627 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERALS

Color Display

The ECM-1301 from
Electrohome Limited is a
1 3-inch general-purpose
color display monitor. The
ECM-1301 has six user
controls and is directly
compatible with the IBM
Personal Computer. The
ECM-1301 provides a
broad bandwidth, and it
has separate modules for
connection to other com-
puters, including 8- and
16-color modules and an
RS-1 70 module for separate
red-green-blue inputs.

The EMC- 1 301 comes in
both medium- (580 by 235
pixels) and high-resolution
(720 by 512 pixels) ver-
sions. It is FCC Class A ap-
proved. For details, contact
Electrohome Ltd., 809
Wellington St. N, Kit-
chener, Ontario N2G 4J6,
Canada.
Circle 628 on inquiry card.

550 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Portable Communications
System for the Disabled

Omni is a portable com-
munications system for
nonvocal, vocally im-
paired, or dexterity im-
paired individuals from
Communications Research
Corporation. A complete
Omni system includes a
display board, an LCD
(liquid-crystal display) read-
out, hard-copy printout
facility, 16K bytes of pro-
grammable memory, a
remote environment con-
trol, audible alarm, type-
writer interface, and com-
puter access. With the
Omni system, disabled in-
dividuals can switch lights
and electrical equipment
on and off, summon an at-
tendant, and select mes-
sages in the form of printed
words, phrases, symbols,
or pictures. Omni is
equipped with an RS-232C
port that provides interface
capabilities with com-
puters. The system also can
substitute for the com-
puter's keyboard, which
provides access to pro-
gramming and data input.
Its reader/printer attach-
ment provides alphabetic
interpretation of symbols or
pictures.

The Omni System ranges

in price from $1275 to
$2975. For a brochure de-
tailing optional equipment
and ordering information,
contact Communications
Research Corp., 1720
130th Ave. NE, Bellevue,
WA 98005, (800) 426-
8075; in Alaska, Hawaii,
and Washington, call (206)
881-9550.
Circle 629 on inquiry card.

VIC Timesharing
with Printout

RVR Systems' MDM-1 is
a modem driver module
that plugs directly into the
user port of the Commo-
dore VIC-20. It's supplied
with two serial ports for a
modem and a printer and a
terminal program that per-
mits telephone line connec-
tions to large timesharing
computers and computer
networks, such as Dow
Jones, The Source, and
CompuServe. Additionally,
the MDM-1 has two in-
dicators that show trans-
missions to and from the
VIC. All transmissions are
simultaneously recorded
on the VIC's screen and

the serial printer. An exter-
nal power source is not re-
quired.

The MDM-1 is available
for $59, plus $3 shipping.
For details, contact RVR
Systems, POB 265, Dewitt,
NY 13214.
Circle 630 on inquiry card.

Intelligent Interface

Warn Electronics' intelli-
gent printer interface for
use with daisy-wheel print-
ers, such as Hy-type I and
Qume, lets you download
data from the computer in
either serial or parallel form.
The interface, which uses a
Z80 processor, relieves the
host computer from con-
trolling the printer so that it
can perform more useful
tasks. Data is stored in a
software FIFO (first-in/first-
out) buffer, using a space-
compression technique.
Data input can be accom-
plished by either a Cen-
tronics-compatible parallel
port or a simplified RS-232C
port (transmit data and re-
ceive data only). The
parallel input has a variety
of handshaking signals, in-
cluding busy, printer fault,
paper out, and ribbon out.
Standard features include
16K bytes of storage,
switch-selectable serial port
data rates from 50 bps (bits
per second) to 19,200 bps
in 16 common rates, and
selectable stop bits and
parity.

The intelligent printer in-
terface is available in an
assembled and tested ver-
sion or as a bare board
and operating software.
Both versions can be ob-

tained with software al-
lowing basic features such
as a full 16K-byte buffer,
setting of form length, and
reprinting of buffer.
Cabinets, front panels,
cables, and a variety of
PROMs (programmable
read-only memories) are
available. The price for the
intelligent interface ranges
from $125 to $525. Con-
tact Warn Electronics Ltd.,
POB 526, Knightdale, NC
27545, (919) 266-9411.
Circle 631 on inquiry card.

Run IBM Programs
on the Apple II

The 88Card from Copro-
cessors lets Apple \\ owners
run programs designed for
the IBM Personal Com-
puter. The card contains a
5-MHz 16-bit Intel 8088
processor, 64K bytes of
RAM (random-access read/
write memory), and con-
trol functions. Users merely
plug the card into a vacant
slot in the Apple, turning it
into a 1 6-bit personal com-
puter with 128K bytes of
memory. The card is fully
compatible with Apple pe-
ripherals such as printers
and disk drives. The
88Card has the ability to
switch between normal
Apple programs and IBM
programs, using the IBM's

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 551

What's New?

operating system. It op-
erates from the Apple's in-
ternal power supply.

The 88Card costs $899,
including documentation.
Further information is avail-

able from Coprocessors
Inc., Suite 64, 50 West
Brokaw Rd., San Jose, CA
95110, (408) 947-4616.
Circle 632 on inquiry card.

Low-Cost Printer
Has Expensive Features

Integral Data Systems'
Microprism produces fully-
formed characters at 75
cps (characters per second)
in a single pass of the print
head. Standard features in-
clude a data mode for
high-speed printouts at 1 1
cps, programmable charac-
ter densities, an enhanced
type mode, proportional
and fixed spacing, auto-
matic text justification,
backspace and overstrike
capabilities, and vertical
and horizontal tabbing.
Operator controls incor-
porate a fault and paper-
out indicator and switches
for power-up parameters,
parallel or serial interfaces,
and Xon/Xoff protocols.
Dot-graphics features in-
clude 84 by 84 dots per
inch resolution in a single
pass, the ability to generate
charts and drawings, and

bit-mapped architecture for
control over the output.

Microprism is compatible
with other Prism series
printers. It has a suggested
retail price of $ 799 and can
be ordered from Integral
Data Systems, Milford, NH
03055, (603) 673-9100.
Circle 633 on inquiry card.

Apple II
Hard-Disk Kit

A 5-megabyte Win-
chester hard-disk system kit
for the Apple \\ computer is
available from Xebec. Ac-
cording to the manufac-
turer, the kit can be assem-

bled in less than 10 min-
utes and does not require
technical expertise. The kit
consists of a 5!/4 -inch
5-megabyte Winchester-
disk drive and Xebec's
S-1410 intelligent disk con-
troller. Standard features in-
clude up to 22-bit error
detection, up to 1 1 -bit error
correction, a full-sector
data buffer, and single-
command disk initializa-
tion. Supplied with the
system is an Apple \\ Host
Adapter Personality Card
that supports Apple DOS
(disk operating system), the
CP/M operating system,
and the Pascal language; a
1 15/230-volt power
module; cable set; cabinet-
DOS or CP/M software;
and installation instructions
and documentation.

The 5-megabyte hard-
disk system for the Apple \\
costs $1299. Individual
components can be pur-
chased separately. Full
specifications are available
from Xebec, 432 Lakeside
Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086,
(800) 538-1644; in Califor-
nia, (800) 627-1842.
Circle 634 on inquiry card.

Omega 99G
Printer from MPI

Micro Peripherals' Model
99G Omega is a bidirec-
tional impact matrix printer.
It can print on letterhead,
bond paper, or multipart-
cut forms because it has
both a front-load, single-
sheet feeder and a stan-
dard sprocket feed. With a
maximum speed of 100

characters per second, the
99G can format printouts
in 80-, 96-, or 1 36-column
lines using a 7 by 9 dot
matrix. High-quality print-
outs can be produced us-
ing an 1 1 by 9 matrix and a
serif -style type font in an
80-column format. Double-
wide characters are soft-
ware-selectable from any
of four print selections and
can be intermixed on a line
for message highlighting.
Standard print features in-
clude full uppercase and
lowercase ASCII (American
Standard Code for Informa-
tion Interchange) set, ad-
justable tractors for paper
widths of 1 to 9 inches, 1 6
selectable forms lengths,
skip-over perforation, user-
selectable line spacing of 6
to 8 lines per inch, and a
dot-addressable high-reso-
lution graphics capability
for plotting, printing of
screen graphics, and gen-
erating special fonts, il-
lustrations, and characters.
Other standard features in-
clude a Centronics-type
parallel interface, an RS-
232C serial interface with
Busy handshake and data
rates ranging from 1 1 to
1200 bits per second, a
1 K-byte buffer, and a con-
tinuous-loop ribbon car-
tridge.

A variety of options are
available for the 99G, in-
cluding a 2K-byte buffer,
an IEEE-488 bus interface,
and a 20-mA current loop.
The 99G has a suggested
retail price of $849. Details
can be obtained from
Micro Peripherals Inc.,
4426 South Century Dr.,
Salt Lake City, UT 84107,
(801) 263-3081.
Circle 635 on inquiry card.

552 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Universal Printer Buffer

Microfazer from Quad-
ram Corporation \s a uni-
versal printer buffer that
can be used with most
popular microcomputers
and parallel printers. It uses
standard Centronics signals
and can draw its power
from most printers. Data \s
received from the com-
puter at rates of up to 4000
characters per second, and
Microfazer \s user-expand-
able from 8K bytes to 64K
bytes using standard
64K-byte 200-nanosecond
chips. It's designed to at-

tach directly to the input
port of Epson and similar
printers.

Microfazer \s available in
four models that offer buf-
fering of 8K, 16K, 32K, and
64K bytes. Prices range
from $159 to $299. Sepa-
rate voltage power sup-
plies are available where
necessary. For complete
details, contact Quadram
Corp., 4357 Park Dr., Nor-
cross, GA 30093, (404)
923-6666.
Circle 636 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

Allenbach to Market
OEM-quality Disks

Allenbach Industries,
best known for its high-
quality disk-duplication ser-
vice, has set up a dealer
network for its line of blank
OEM- (original equipment
manufacturer) quality flop-
py disks. Previously avail-
able only to software pro-
ducers, the 5 ] A- and 8-inch
disks can be purchased in
single- or double-sided for-
mats and double-density.

When Allenbach dupli-
cates your software, each
disk is copied and verified
bit-by-bit. Guaranteed to

exceed ANSI (American
National Standards Insti-
tute), ECMA (European
Computer Manufacturers
Association), and ISO (In-
ternational Standards Or-
ganization) standards,
Allenbach disks and dupli-
cation services carry life-
time warranties.

For complete details on
the disks and disk-duplica-
tion services, contact Allen-
bach Industries, Suite A,
2101 Las Palmas, Carlsbad,
CA 92008.
Circle 637 on inquiry card.

Plug-In
Power-Line Monitor

MCG Electronics' AC
Line Transient Monitor will
determine whether your
AC line power contains
transients and surges that
could cause your computer
to lose data or garble infor-
mation. The Monitor has
f\\/e LEDs (light-emitting
diodes) that indicate
power-on and that the line
current has reached 200,
400, 600, and 800 volts or
more. Also provided \s a
memory feature that re-
tains transient data for 24
hours, even \f the Monitor
has been accidentally
unplugged.

The Monitor fits into
any standard 120-volt AC
outlet and can be moved
from outlet to outlet so
that you can determine
which is best. The Monitor
\s also helpful in determin-
ing whether a newly in-
stalled machine will cause
damage before it has a
chance to do so. The AC
Line Transient Monitor
costs $ 189 and \s available
from MCG Electronics

Corp., 160 Brook Ave.,
Deer Park, NY 1 1 729,
(516) 586-5125.
Circle 638 on inquiry card.

New Products
from MPC

Apple II users can burn
EPROMs (erasable pro-
grammable read-only
memories) with MPC Pe-
ripherals Corporation's
PROM-lt EDS (EPROM De-
velopment System). The
device can program 8K-,
16K-, and 32K-byte
EPROMs such as the
2508, 2516, 2532, 2716,
and 2732 with the change
of a personality module. Its
disk-based software helps
you manipulate blocks,
disk files, and EPROM
code. Downloading hexa-
decimal files from any
computer that's equipped
with an RS-232C port \s
possible. Memory-mapped
space permits execution of
EPROM routines directly
from PROM-lt by means of
the Apple's 6502 micrpro-
cessor. A switch-selectable
write-protect feature en-
sures EPROM-code stabili-
ty . PROM-lt costs $ 1 29.50.

Also available for the
Apple II is an asynchro-
nous serial I/O interface
card, known as AP-SIO. It
has driver firmware that
follows the Apple's periph-
eral card convention,
which ensures compati-
bility with all present and
future operating systems.
Switch-selectable firmware
options include automatic
linefeed/no linefeed, strip
incoming linefeeds, half-
and full-duplex, lower-

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 553

What's New?

case-to-uppercase conver-
sion/no conversion, and
crystal-controlled data
rates from 50 to 19,200
bits per second. The AP-
SIO costs SI 29.50. For fur-
ther specifications on
these products, contact
MPC Peripherals Corp.,
9424 Chesapeake Dr., San
Diego, CA 92123, (714)
278-0630.
Circle 639 on inquiry card.

Hlgh-Performance
Logic Analyzer

Sage Enterprises' Model
PI 1 1 60 Logic Analyzer is a
high-performance device
designed for digital system
testing and development.
Tne 1 1 60, nicknamed the
Owl, \s a 16-channel,
1 0-MHz logic analyzer that
can be used with a stan-
dard dual-channel oscillo-
scope to obtain a 1 6-chan-
nel timing diagram display.
When connected to a
microcomputer, such as
the Apple II, the Owl can
provide video displays of
timing diagrams, state
tables in user-selectable
binary, octal, or hexadeci-
mal formats, and, with its
Vector Graphic mode, an
X,Y picture of digital infor-
mation on the 1 6 channels.

The Owl costs $950. For
additional details, contact
Sage Enterprises Inc., 1080
Linda Vista Ave., Moun-
tain View, CA 94043,
(415) 969-5111.
Circle 640 on inquiry card.

Minicassette

Encode/Decode

Circuit

Braemar Computer De-
vices Is marketing an op-
tional encode/decode cir-
cuit for its CM-600 Mini-
Dek cassette drive. The
data encode/decode
capability eliminates the
need for host hardware or
software features to pro-
vide data timing and verifi-
cation. Integral en-
coding/decoding also does
away with costly en-
gineering time that's re-
quired to interface the
CM-600 to various digital
applications.

The CM-600 uses mini-
cassettes to record up to
90K bytes of data on a
50-foot cassette at a stan-
dard rate of 2400 bits per
second. Power require-
ments are 1 watt at 5 volts
DC. The encode/decode
option adds $25 to the
CM-600's $100 price tag.
Complete details are avail-
able from Braemar Com-
puter Devices, 1 1950 12th
Ave. S, Burnsville, MN
55337, (612) 890-5135.
Circle 641 on inquiry card.

Bubble Memory
for LSM 1

Bubbl-Tec Is marketing a
single-board magnetic-
bubble mass-storage mem-
ory system for DEC
(Digital Equipment Cor-
poration) LSI- 1 1 com-
puters. The QSB- 1 1 Bubbl-
Board Is made up of a
1 -megabit bubble device
and a controller that
emulates DEC'S RX01
floppy-disk system. The
controller handles bubble-
device formatting and
control, interfaces the
bubble-memory system to
the LSI's bus structure, and
provides both soft- and
hard-error protection and
correction. Built on a dual-
height LSI- 1 1 module, the
QSB- 11 has 128K bytes of
nonvolatile storage, an
average access time to first
data byte of less than 41

milliseconds, and data-
transfer rates exceeding
68,000 bits per second.
Power consumption \s less
than 15 watts, and only
+ 5-volt and + 12-volt
power is required, both of
which come directly from
the LSI- 11 bus.

The QSB- 11 Bubbl-Board
is fully compatible with all
DEC LSI- 11 systems, in-
cluding the LSM 1/02 and
-11/23, the SBC- 11/21
Falcon, and the LSM 1/23
Plus. The price Is $1614,
quantity ten; OEM (origi-
nal equipment manufac-
turer) discounts are
available. Contact Bubbl-
Tec, 6800 Sierra Court,
Dublin, CA 94566, (415)
829-8700.
Circle 642 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is
obtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by the
promoters of new products. If in our judgment the information
might be of interest to the personal computing experimenters and
homebrewers who read BYTE/ we print it in some form. We
openly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and sup-
pliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or less
as a f irst-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority modifica-
tions. WJiile we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccurate
data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluate
the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?"
feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible
for product quality or company performance.

554 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SPECIALS on INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

6502

7.45

10/6.95 50/6.55

100/6.15

6502A/6512A

8.40

10/7.95 50/7.35

100/6.90

6520 PIA

5.15

10/4.90 50/4.45

100/4.15

6522 VIA

6.45

10/6.10 50/5.75

100/5.45

6532

7.90

10/7.40 50/7.00

100/6.60

2114-1200

2.45 25/2.30

100/2.15

2114-L300

2.25 25/2,10

100/2.00

2716 EPROM

4.90 5/4.50

10/4.00

2532 EPROM

8.90 5/8.45

10/7.90

6116 Hitachi 2KX8 CMOS RAM 8.90 5/8.45

10/7.90

4116-200 ns RAM

8 for 15

Zero Insertion Force 24 pin

Socket

2.00

S-100 Wire Wrap Socket

2.40

A P Products 15% OFF
A P Hobby-Blox 15% OFF

MODEM SPECIAL $89

SIGNALMAN Mk1 from Anchor Automation

DIRECTCONNECTModemwithRS232CableandConnector
included. Fully compatible with all Bell 1 03 modems. to 300
bps. full duplex, frequency shift keyed modulation, auto-select
of ANSW/ORIG. direct connect, audible tone carrier detect
indicator, self-contained battery powered
Anchor ATARI Modem 89

Anchor PET/CBM Modem 169

COMPACK Intelligent Terminal Package 1 1 5

Combines intelligent RS232 port hardware from cgrs Micro-
tech with EHS Intelligent Terminal software to allow you to
connect any RS232 Modem to PET/CBM
DC HAYES Smartmodem 230

RS232 MODEM - Accoustic 119

We carry Apple 11+ from
Bell & Howell

16KRAM Card v - =5= ^ for Apple

Apple LOGO

Video Recorder Interface

Super Serial Card

Thunderclock Plus

Z80 Softcard and CP/M

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable

Integer BASIC Card

Grappler Interface

Apple Paddle Pair

T G Products Joystick for Apple

T G Paddles

DC Hayes Micromodem II

Videx 80 Column Card

fullFORTHH- for Apple (fig-Forth)

Silentype Printer and Card

Graphics Tablet and Card

Apple PASCAL Language

Apple FORTRAN

We stock EDUWARE Software

GENIS I Courseware Development System

Unicom Grade Reporting

Unicom School Inventory (resource mgmt)

Executive Breifing System with fonts

65

150

545

149

119

295

85

150

139

29

48

32

299

259

69

310

645

195

160

185
250
250
225

Q commodore

We stock the complete
Commodore Line. Come see
us for Personal, Business, and
Educational requirements.
Educational Discounts available.
Some used Commodore
equipment available.

PETSCAN I $345 base price"

Allows you to connect up to 20 CBM/PET Computers to
shared disk drives and printers Completely transparent to the
user Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con-
figurations Base configuration supports 3 computers.

VIC 20 239

VIC 1515 Printer 335
VIC 3K RAM 32

VIC 8K RAM 53

VIC16KRAM 99

VIC 1540 Disk Drive 500
VIC Avengers (Invaders) 24
VIC Jupiter Lander 24
Spiders of Mars (UMI) 39
VICTORY Software for VIC
Street Sweepers 36

Night Rider 1 1

Treasurers of Bat Cave 1 7
Games Pack I 12

VIC Superslot 24

VIC Super Alien 24

Meteor Run (UMI) 39

VIC Radar Ratrace 24

Amok (UMI) 20

Snakman 13

Rubik's Cube 13
Programmers Reference 15

Renaissance (UMI) 39

Maze in 3-D 12

Cosmic Debris 9
Grave Robbers Adventure 1 1

Games Pack II 12

TNW 488/103 with DAA 450

Compute's First Book of PET /CBM 1 1

WordPro 3 Plus - 32K CBM. disk, printer 195

WordPro 4 Plus - 8032, disk, printer 300

VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or APPLE 190

SM-KIT • PET ROM UtIHttis 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover for PET 8

IEEE-Parallel Printer Interface for PET 110

IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET 120

The PET Revealed 17

Library of PET Subroutines 1 2

SADl Intelligent IEEE-RS232 or parallel 235

Programming the PET/CGM (Compute!) 20

Compute: First Book of VIC 1 1

Best of Midnight Gazette 8

4 Part Harmony M usic System for PET 60

FL¥x-nTE^rPEf/CBM $80

Very comprehensive and easily used Data Base, Report Writer
with calculation capability, and Mailing Label system

FORTH for PET by Cargile/Riley $50
Full FIG model with all 79 Standard extensions.

Metacompiler for FORTH for independent object code 30

KMMM PASCAL tor PET/CBM
EARL tor PET/CBM - disk assembler
Editor, Assembler. Relocator, Linkeditor.

85
65

SuperGraphlcs - BASIC Language Extensions 40

Fast Machine Language Graphics routines for PET/CBM.

DISK
SPECIALS

SCOTCH (3M) 5" 10/245 50/235 100/2.30

SCOTCH (3M) 8" 10/2.60 50/2.45 100/240

WE STOCK VERBATIM DISKS

Try the new Verbatim Head Cleaner Kits
BASF 5" or 8" 10/2.00 20/1.95

Wabash 5"
Wabash 8"

10/1.80 50/1.75
10/2.25 50/2.20

100/1.85

100/1.70
100/2.10

WE STOCK MAXELL DISKS

Diskette Storage Pages 10 tor 3.95

Disk Library Cases
Disk Hub Rings 8"

8"-
- 50 @ 7.50

2.85 5" -2.15
5" - 50 @> 6.00

CASSETTES- AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housings.

C-1 1 0/56 50/.50

C-30 10/73 50/68

100/.48
100/66

SPECIALS

EPSON MX-BO Printer with Graftrax-f- S

EPSON MX-BO F/T Printer with Graftrax+
EPSON MX-1 00 Printer with GraftraxH-

Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 109

OKIDATA 465

STARWRITER Daisy Wheel Printer F10 1445

D C Hayes Smartmodem 230
We Stock AMDEK Monitors

Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 990 6- Pen 1240

BMC BM12A Green Phosphor Monitor 85

MEMORY for IBM 256K+ parity 500

Staticide anti-static spray 6

dBASE II 445

ALL BOOK and ToF^A^TmSYlm^TjTED

Synertek Systems

SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 189

SYM BAS-1 BASIC or RAE 1/2 Assembler 85

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349

KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385

'g&iW I data

I systems

Z90-80 64 K 21 70

Z90-82 64 K, 1 double dens, drive 2395

Z67 10 Megabyte + Floppy Drive 4495

Z37 1.3 Megabyte Dual Floppy 1495

Z25 High Speed Printer 1195

Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible) 695

ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 109
All Zenith Software discounted

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 550

Z100 16-bit/B-bit System CALL

ATARI*

SPECIALS

800 Computer
400-16K
810 Disk Drive
825 Printer
850 Interface
Inside Atari DOS
Paddle Pair
Joystick Pair
16K RAM
32K RAM
Pilot

Write for

675

269

440

629

170

18

19

19

69

99

68

Microsoft BASIC
MISSILE COMMAND
ASTEROIDS
STAR RAIDERS

Space Invaders

Music Composer

Chess

Anchor Modem-Atari

PAC-MAN

CENTIPEDE

First Book of Atari

7 2
29
32
37
32
45
30
89
36
36

prices on other Atari items

252 Bethlehem Pike
Colmar PA 18915

215-822-7727

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add S1.25 per order for shipping. We pay balance of UPS surface
charges on all prepaid orders. Prices listed are on cash discount
basis. Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change.

Circle 4 on Inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 555

*ADDS*

VIEWPOINT TERMINALS
$495

In addition EPl carries printers DEC &
DG compatible terminals and modems.
Items in stock are shipped within 24 hours.
ALL orders shipped COD. All items are
new and in factory cartons with manufac-
turers warranties.

ECONOMY
PERIPHERALS INC.

(404)952-0213

ANALOG «» DIGITAL
DIGITAL** ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARE
CAIN CONTROL

omplifier - custom board test - S-100 - 2 to 15 ^h
:onversiontirne - mixablc high and low inputs - gain
from 1 to 1024 - 12-btr - sample one) hold omplifier
8-chonnsl differential ■• 16-chonncl — analog to digital!
high occuracv - programmable gain instrumentation
— nplificr - custom board test - 5-100 - 2 to 15 khz
inversion time - mixobb high and low inputs — gam
om 1 to 1024 - 12 -bit - sample and hold omplifier
B-diannel differential - 16 chonnel - analog to digital
high accuracy - progr rnmoble gam instrumentation
amolfe - custom boord test — S-100 - 9 to 15 Vhi

For additional details about the AD-100-4 and other
fine California Data corporation 100% individually
tested, high reliability products, circle the reader
service card number below or for faster response
write or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATA
CORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C-10
Newbury Park, CA 91320

(805) 498-3651

Diagnostics and
Treatment

for your
CP/M* Computer

TINYDOC™ 29.95 p.p.

|8'75W" CP/M Disk)

Tests and diagnoses I/O, Memory, Disk-System, CPU;
reads file parameters and mends files under software con-
trol; pinpoints bad chips, etc. llf 5V4 disk, specify]

MICRO SERVICE GUIDE I

"CP/M Computer System Servicing" 7.95 p.p.

MICRO SERVICE GUIDE II

"SA800/801 Disk Drive Servicing" 9.95 p.p.

MICRO SERVICE GUIDE books are written for anyone
with basic electronic knowledge and ability to use screw-
drivers. The appendix provides detailed repair techniques
for people with soldering iron and an oscilloscope.

US Funds only. Foreign orders add $8.00. Personal checks
take 3-4 weeks. California residents add 6% tax. All orders
are confirmed by mail. Write for technical details.

R. F. & ASSOCIATES

1930 Purdue Ave.

Los Angeles, California 90025

{213} 477-8310

'Trademark of Digital Research

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

Circle 75 on inquiry card.

Circle 201 on inquiry card.

Design Line
Micro Work
Stations

■ ' -i -

ry

v ,yS re

y $1

RETAIL
PRICE

85

i

• A complete range of work stations designed
specifically to house a// micro-computers.

• Delivered heavily packed, in self-assembly
form needing only a Phillips screwdriver and
a few minutes of your time to assemble.

• Manufactured from 1" all wood particle board
surfaced with hard-wearing melamineveneer,
in either Oak or Walnut.

• Dealer and Distribution prices on request.

• For more information on our full rangeof work
stations write or call 301-223-8900.

ATLANTIC CABINET CORPORATION

P. O. Box 100. Williamsport. Maryland 21795

$GOLD DISKS

CP/M® Compatible

Z-80 Software

Z-80 DISASSEMBLER
An easy to use
program to create
source (.ASM) files
from executable
(.COM) files ppQ

EZ-TEXT WORDPROCESSOR
EZ-TEXT will format $
your text file the
way you want It

5-8" SD/DD PPD

Bower-Stewart
& Associates

POST OFFICE BOX 1389
HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250

213-532-1237

Trademark Digital Research

MBLER

PPD

ESSOR

75

Got a computer?

\\\\^\\s\v\v^ xx

V\Vs\^^^^^'

Get a Giltronix Selector
Switch.

Eliminate unplugging and re-plugging your CPU's,
peripherals, and modems. Eliminate expensive
duplication of interconnection hardware. Connect
three components to Giltronix Selector Switch
#S8AB. Then select your connection with a simple
turn of the dial. Only $79 in OEM quantities.
Monitoring options available. Full 5 year warranty
on all Giltronix units.
SWITCH TO GILTRONIX.

UNIVERSAL INTERFACE PRODUCTS

970 San Antonio Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94303

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

Circle 62 on Inquiry card.

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Disks
with maximum quality.

Dealer inquiries
invited. C.O.D's
accepted. Call
FREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San Luis
San Luis Obispo. CA 93401.
InCal. call (800) 592-5935 or
(805)543-1037.

&1-EAP7

Build and Enhance

your Apple * software library

at affordable prices.

For the FIRST time — PACKED

disks with 60 outstanding

programs.

Your Apple * needs programs!

At last you have an opportunity

to use your Apple* to its fullest

capacity!

FlrrLElUnnE ll^lC. offers on each disk an
extensive variety of programs including:

Business

• Printer

• Graphics

Games

• Text

• Music

Utilities

• Data Base

• Finance

Science

• Engineering

• and many

otherswith 3.3 DOS for easy demuffining.

First 3 disks available at $59.95 each
Order all 3 for a free bonus disk.
Call now toll free: 1 —800-327-8664
Fla. Residents: 305—584-7004
Please add $3 for postage & handling.

6400 Hayes St.
Hollywood, FL 33024 ^^ m

"TM Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Co.

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

Circle 37 on inquiry card.

Circle 31 on inquiry card.

40x24 VIDEO +
6502 MICROCOMPUTER

6502 MICROPROCESSOR

4KRAM
6116's

6522 VIA

2 PARALLEL
I/O PORTS

44 PIN EXPANSION
CONNECTOR

CRYSTAL CLOCK

4 MOUNTING HOLES

2716 CHARACTER
GENERATOR

HORIZ. & VERT.
SYNC

9 1 /4x5 3 /4" BOARD
SIZE

COMPOSITE VIDEO
OUTPUT

"MINI VIDEO" 82-140

This board can be used to add a video display to your AIM or other computer. It can also, with
the addition of a parallel keyboard, 5V power supply and video Monitor, be used as a home
computer. It will run Tom Pittman's Tiny Basic. The 2716 character gen. will produce 256 8x8
characters, ASCII upper and lower cas6 (and graphic characters. The 44 pin expansion
connector can be used to add up to 6K of memory or extra I/O ports.

Documentation includes schematic, parts list, connector pin outs, and source listing for video
display and Monitor. Control character response: H-back space, I-up one line, J-line feed,
L-clear screen and home, M-carriage return, U-forward space non destructive. The cursor is
flashing underline type. Power requirements: 5 volts 600 MA 3 watts.

Price:

Assembled video board without EPROMS #82-1 40A $149.95*

EPROM 2532 with Monitor + Tiny Basic . . . . $ 39.95*

EPROM 2716 character generator . $ 19.95*

EPROM 2716 parallel input .... .. . . . ...... ......... ...... . . ... .... $ 19.95

Bare board with documentation #82-140B $ 79.95

*Three items if purchased together — save $9.90. $199.95*

Johiv Bell Eivgiiveeriivg, live.

MC

all products are available from john bell engineering, inc. • 1014 center st., san carlos, ca 94070
add sales tax in california • add 5% shipping & handling 3% for orders over $100

(41 5) 592-841 1 10 % outside u.s.a.

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am ■ 4pm

VISA

SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG

BYTE September 1982 557

LOOK TO THE FUTURE...

EPROM -32

The only EPROM programmer you need!

■ IEEE-696 (S-100) EPROM programmer for single supply
(+5V)EPROMs.

■Programs current 1K through 16K (byte) EPROMs plus future
32K EPROMs.

■ EPROM can be verified through a poit or located in memory
space for verification and use.

■ Personality Modules adapt board to different EPROM types:
PM-1 -2508, 2758 PM-3-2732, 2732A PM-6-68764

2516,2716 PM-4-2564 PM-7-2528

PM-2-2532 PM-5-2764 PM-8-27128

■ Single zero-insertion-pressure socket accommodates both 24-
pin and 28-pin EPROM packages.

•On-boardDC-to DC converter with adjustable regulator for pro-
gramming voltage.

• Double sided PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and
□Dld-plated contact fingers.

• 8080/Z80 control software includes commands for program-
ming, verification, disk I/O and editing.

■ Comprehensive user's manual contains source listing of con-
trol software.

MUro Dynamics

$269.95

(assembled & tested)

Corporation Price includes EPROM-32, documen-

PD Rm 17S77 ta tion and two Personality Modules

MpmnhkTW qmi7 < s P eci M Additional Modules-$7.95.

""W^rJ?! 1 Control software on 8 inch single densi-
(901 )-7 55-061 9 ty CP/M-compatible diskette -$9,95.

MasterCard & Visa TN residents add 6% sales tax.

NEW 23K
PERSONAL
COMPUTER

$ O Q QOO FACTORY SALE
4U9 PRICE

You get the NEW APF-IM-1 Full Size Powerful
Computer: Includes 14K ROM with Level II BASIC
built in, 9K User RAM, Color, Sound, Professional
53 keyboard, Two controllers, Two 10 key numer-
ic pads, High speed cassette, A.C. adapter, RF
modulator, T.V. switchbox. Accepts TAPE-DISK-
PLUG IN CARTRIDGES. It is PLUG IN EXPAND-
ABLE at lowcost. 90 day parts and labor warran-
ty, owners guide, BASIC language manual. All
this in a beautiful black and white console case
for only «239 M .

15 DAY FREE TRIAL Return within 15 days com-
plete and undamaged for refund of purchase
price.

PROTECTO ENTERPRIZES
BOX 550, BARRINGTON, IL 60010
TO ORDER PHONE 312/382-2192

FEEL TRAPPED

BETWEEN
CAPACITY AND
COST?

Processor Interface introduces the Cartridge Disk Con-
troller for the S-100 bus. Configurable for 12 sector
2315 and 5440 type disk drives (1.25- 10 Mbytes per
drive) Complete with CPM* CBIOS. disk formatter
diagnostics and technical manual low cost S595.00

m

Manual only S25.00
The performance
you need at
a cost you can
afford

Processor Interlaces. Inc. P.O.Box 154A Elm Grove. Wl 53122
414-785-1245

Circle 316 on Inquiry card.

Circle 385 on inquiry card.

Circle 382 on Inquiry card.

Ifs Now Available!
The Light Pen For The
IBM Personal
Computer

Ideal For: ■ Program In-
terface and menu selec-
tion. ■ Interactive graph-
ics for engineering, business and CAD.
■ Very effective educational programs,
without keyboard problems. ■ SUPER
games, exciting demonstrations and just
plain fun. Professional Quality and Dur-
able Construction, yet Inexpensive. Fully
Supported Under IBM Basic for Color/
Graphics Adapter with Monochrome or
Color Displays or TV's. (Not for use with
IBM Monochrome Display). Introductory
Pricing: FT-156 Light Pen — $159.95;
Demo/Games Diskette — $39.95. Call or
write us, or see your participating IBM®
dealer.

FTG DATA SYSTEMS

10801 Dale Street, Suite M-2

P.O. Box 615

Stanton, California 90608

(714) 995-3900 VISA & M/C Accepted

n^N n Hi Resolution Color

nUD RGB Displays

' Full Documentallon
■ 110/220 VAC, 80w.
1 90 Day Warranty
• Analog inputs

13" ■ $359 00

420pixfllsx 525/625 lines. 32lbS

19" ■ $389 00

640 pixelsx 525/625 lines. 46 lbs.

IBM Cable - $49°°

Active Circuit displays 16 Colors

Bezels 13" - $17 95

tt^ 19" - $24 95

Note: Enclosed Models Now Available

NEW! "Big Board Box" $89"

Enclosure lor Ferguson Board
from Digital Research Computers (And Sim

Accommodates Two lull sue 8' Flops. BIG
Supply. Cooling Fan.'D"

s (or 5

Circle 196 on Inquiry card.

!l, CRT ar

nd "BNC" culouls

Deatin' Electronics

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

m

PC/FORTH

Complete FORTH program development systems
for the IBM® Personal Computer. Packages
include interpreter /compiler with virtual memory
management, line editor, custom screen editor,
assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and record
access modules, and many demonstration pro-
grams. I 00 page user manual .... $100.00

Floating point arithmetic extensions and cross
compiler available at additional cost.

Ready to run under PC-DOS or CP/M-86®
Standalone version available soon. 64 kbytes
RAM and two disk drives recommended. (IBM
is a registered trademark of International
Business Machines Corp. CP/M is a registered
trademark of Digital Research, Inc.)

Laborator Microsystems

4147 Beethoven Street

Los Angeles, CA 90066

(213) 306-7412

Circle 262 on Inquiry card.

a basf SET.

SAVE 40% £&£££

51/ n Specif y soft, Price/ 10
»T 1 or 1 6 sector

1 side/single density $26.70

1 side/double density 31.90

2 sides/double density 37.10

8i i Specify soft
or 32 sector
1 side/single density 26.70

1 side/double density 31.90

2 sides/double density 41.60

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D.
(373) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

■CPU"

©PR

the Vital Link

C PR Is an advanced text formatter offering

fast, flexible word processing for the

UCSD p-System.

CPR functions Include pagination, underlining,

proportional spacing and a lot more.

CPR is available now on 8" diskettes for p-Sys-

tem versions II and IV including 175 page users'

manual . .. $199.00.

Users' manual alone . . . $30.00

Chopin

J ASSOCIATES

SOFTWARE FOR
SYSTEMS AND
APPLICATIONS

Circle 273 on Inquiry card.

11568 Sorrento Valley Rd San Diego, CA 92121
Suite 11 (714) 452-9340

Circle 83 on Inquiry card.

C compilers

and

Cross compilers

Available for:
PDP-11 RT-11/RSX-11
6809 SDOS/FLEX

8080 CP/M

8085 CP/M
Z80 CP/M

8086 CP/M86
8088 MSDOS CP/M86

OTHERS PENDING

The full C language, as described in "The

C Programming Language" by Kernighan

and Ritchie.

UNIX version 7 compatible.

Starting at $200.00

UNIX is a trademark of Bell labs. RT11/
RSX11 are trademarks of Digital Equip-
ment Corp. SDOS is a trademark of Soft-
ware Dynamics. CP/M is a trademark of
Digital Research. FLEX is a trademark of
Technical Systems Consultants

TELECON SYSTEMS

90 E. Gish Road, Suite 25

San Jose, California 951 1 2

408-275-1659

Circle 456 on Inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

SOFTWARE

APPLE SOFTWARE

COMPUTERS

MICROPRO

Wordstar

Mailmerge

Customization Notes

Spellstar

Datastar

Calcstar

MICROSOFT

Basic Interpreter

Basic Compiler

Fortran 80

Cobol 80

DATA BASE

FMS80

dBase II

$269.00
89.00
$359.00
$239.00
$199.00
$199.00

$349.00
$389.00
$499.00
$695.00

$595.00
$599.00

NEW! IBM PC SOFTWARE NEW!

INFORMATION UNLIMITED

Easy Writer

Easy Speller

Easy Filer

VISICORP

Visicalc256K

VisiDex

VisiFile

VisiTrend/VisiPlot

MICROPRO

Wordstar

MISCELLANEOUS

Supercalc by Sorcim

Superwriter by Sorcim

Home Accountant Plus

ENTERTAINMENT

Deadline

Temple of Apshai

Curse of Ra

$289.00
$149.00
$319.00

$190.00
$199
$229
$229

$299.00

$229.00
$289.00
$139.00

$39.00
$29.00
$15.99

Call For More IBM Software And Accessories

DISK DRIVES

CCI 100 for the TRS-80 Model 1

5 1 A 40 track $299.00
CCI 189 for the Zenith Z-89

5 1 A 40 track $379.00

CORVUS 5M with Mirror $3089.00

CORVUS 10M with Mirror $4489.00

CORVUS 20M with Mirror $5389.00

CORVUS Interfaces CALL
RANA SYSTEMS add-on Disc Drive for the Apple II

Elite One 40 Track CALL

Elite Controller CALL

Elite Two 80 Track CALL

Elite Three 80 Track double-sided CALL

DISKETTES

Maxell 5 1 A single side
Maxell 8 single side
Maxell 5 1 A double side
Maxell 8 double side
BASF 5 1 /4
BASF 8
Verbatim 5 1 /4
Verbatim 8
Wabash 5 1 /4
Wabash 8

$39.00
$49.00
$45.00
$55.00
$26.95
$36.00
$26.95
$36.00
$24.95
$29.95

IBM PC ACCESSORIES

64K Card by Microsoft

Joystick by T & G

128KCard

192K Card

256K Card

Combo Card by Apparat

Call for more IBM PC add-ons

$435.00
$49.00
$579.00
$629.00
$699.00
$249.00

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money
orders, or call to arrange direct bank wire
transfers. Personal or company checks require
one to three weeks to clear. All prices are
mail order only and are subject to change
without notice. Call for shipping charges.

MICROPRO

Wordstar

Mail Merge

Spellstar

DataStar

Calcstar

Supersort I

VISICORP

VisiCalc

VisiTerm

VisiDex

VisiPlot

VisiFile

VisiSchedule

VisiTrend/Plot

VisiPac

MISCELLANEOUS

Micro Courier

Screen Director

Executive Briefing System

Supercalc

Personal Filing System

PFS Report Writer

Word Handler

CP/M Power

ENTERTAINMENT

Wizard and Princess

Twerps

Beer Run

Zork I, II

Deadline

Chop Lifter

Pinball

Cannonball Blitz

Knights of Diamonds

Midnight Magic

Wizardry

Time Zone

Tuesday Morning Quarterback

Crush, Crumble & Chomp

Datestones of Ryn

Morloc's Tower

Star Warrior

Snack Attack

Star Blazer

Kabul Spy

Cyclod

$269.00
$99.00
$149.00
$199.00
$189.00
$159.00

$199.00
$79.00
$199.00
$169.00
$199.00
$259.00
$239.00
$539.00

$219.00
$129.00
$169.00

$!99.00
$115.00

$75.00
$169.00

$59.00

$29.00
$28.00
$28.00
$26.95
$39
$24.95
$24.95
$29.95
$29.95
$32.00
$45.00
$79.00
$24.95
$24.95
$1 5.99
$15.99
$31.99
$23.95
$24.95
$29.95
$23.95

APPLE ACCESORIES

ADVANCED LOGIC

Add-Ram16K Card

$99.00

Z-Card CP/M for the Apple II

$225.00

Smarterm 80 Column Board w/Sof tswitch

$249.00

The Synergizer

All of the above plus "The CP/M Handbook"

$545.00

Z-80 Card by Microsoft

$319.00

16K Card by Microsoft

$159.00

32K Card by Saturn

$199.00

Keyboard Enhancer II by Videx

$125.00

Videoterm by Videx

$259.00

Game Paddles by TG

$49.00

Joystick by TG

$49.00

Numeric Keypad by Keyboard Co.

$139.00

ALF 9 Voice Board

$159.00

ALF 3 Voice Board

$229.00

System Saver by Kensington

$75.00

Versacard by Prometheus

$229.00

8088 Card by Coprocessor

$789.00

Microbuf f er II 1 6K w/graphics

$259.00

Microbuffer II 32K w/graphics

$299.00

APPLE INTERFACE CARDS BY CCS

Serial Asynch. #7710

$139.00

Serial Synch.#7712

$149.00

Call for other CCS cards

RAM

16K Ram Kit for Apple II; TRS80
200 nano seconds, 41 16 chips

$17.50

$485.00
$265.00
$569.00
$359.00

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEM

Mainframe 2200a

Z-80 CPU 2810a

64K RAM 2065

Floppy Controller 2422a

ZENITH

Z-89 48K CALL

Z-90 64K CALL

Call For Prices On The Complete Zenith Line

CASIO FX702P Pocket Computer $179.00

Sanyo MBC1000 64K $1 649

Call Fa Prices On Complete Sanyo Computer Line

PRINTERS

NEC 7710 Serial

NEC 7720 KSR

NEC 7730 Parallel

NEC 3510 Serial

NEC 3530 Parallel

NEC 8023 Dot Matrix 100cps

Olivetti DY211 Letter Quality

Daisy Wheel Printer

Parallel Only
Epson MX-80
Epson MX-80FT
Epson MX-100
IDS 580
IDS Prism 80
IDS Prism 1 32
Okidata Microline 80
Okidata Microline 82A
Okidata Microline 83A
Okidata Microline 84
Centronics 739
Datasouth 1 80 cps
Zenith Z-25 1 50 cps

$2395.00
$2749.00
$2395.00
$1850.00
$1850.00
$539.00

$1095.00
$995.00
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
CALL
$675.00
CALL
CALL

MONITORS

Amdek 12" B& W
Amdek 13" Color
Sayno 9" B&W
Sanyo 9" Green
Sayno 1 2" B&W
Sayno 1 2" Green
Sanyo 13" Color
Zenith 12" Green
Zenith 13" Color
Electrohome 13" HI-RES

Color Monitor
Electrohome 13" Color
Electrohome 1 2" B&W
Electrohome 1 2" Green
Electrohome 9" B&W
Electrohome 9" Green

$109.00
$329.00
$135.00
$140.00
$179.00
$189.00
$359.00
$99.00
$339.00

$829.00
$349.00
$179.00
$189.00
$149.00
$159.00

SPECIAL OF THE MONTH
RANA SYSTEMS
add-on disk drive lor Apple II
Elite One 40 track CALL

TERMINALS

ADDS Viewpoint
Zenith Z-1 9
Televideo 910
Televideo 925
Televideo 950

$495.00
$679.00
$595.00
$779.00
$969.00

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Prentice Star Modem
Novation Cat Modem
Novation D-CAT
Novation AUTO-CAT
Novation APPLE CAT
Hayes Smart Modem
Hayes Micro-Modem
Hayes Chronograph

$129.00
$139.00
$149.00
$199.00
$299.00
$249.00
$295.00
$225.00

master charge

The CPU Shop

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1 -800-343-6522 *^

420-438 Rutherford Ave., Dept. B09M , Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129

Hours 9 AM - 9 PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 6)
Technical information call 617/242-3361

Circle 135 on inquiry card.

TWX- 710-348-1796

Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361
Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax

BYTE September 1982 559

■ 8086/8087/80881

CROSS SOFTWARE PACKAGES

1C cross compiler for the 8086. All facilities of the
complete C language, including floating point
for the 8087, are supported. Optionally, memory
can be allocated for use with the 8088. Output is
symbolic assembly language. The compiler is suita-
ble for use in porting UNIX to the 8086.
2 Cross assembler/linker/librarian/downline
loader for the 8086. Assembler input is an ex-
tension to that used by Intel. Loader output is a file
in standard Intel hex format.

3 Simulator/debugger for the 8086. Capabilities
include display, breakpoints, interpretive execu-
tion, as well as many others.
Host System: PDP-I I running RT-11, RSX-I IM,
UNIX/V6, UNIX/V7; or VAX- 1 J r nning VMS.
UNIX/32V.
For additional Information:

dvanced

igital Products, Inc.

1701 21st Ave. S., Suite 222 • Nashville, TN 37212
Phone (615) 383-7520

Intel Is a trademark ot Intel Corporation; UNIX and UNIX732V are
trademarks of Bell Laboratories; RT-I I , RSX-1 IM. PDP-I 1 , VMS, and
VAX-! I are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.

Circle 11 on inquiry card.

B4K Expansion
Memory for

"f^^^t® Personal
^^rJ-=; Computer

ALL THE MEMORY YOU'LL EVER NEED

• Maximize Advanced BASIC
Program Capacity

• Increase VisiCalc* Worksheet
space to 4 times

• Compile Pascal Programs

RELIABLE PERFORMANCE THAT'S GUARANTEED

• Parity Generate and Check

• Gold Plated Edge Connector

• Fully Tested and Burned In

• Full One Year Warranty

INTRODUCTORY Q? 1 ~7R 00
OFFER m I / *J

DCT Corporation

P.O. BOX 14734

MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55414-0734

PHONE (612) 379-9236

5y 4 " DRIVES SUBSYSTEMS
F OR APPL E®, TRS-80® & IBM®

Reg. trademarks of Apple & Tandy Corp.

C DUALS 1 //' DRIVE ENCLOSURE $79.00

(aluminum chasis, w/baked paint)
Q POWER SUPPLY FOR THE ABOVES43.00

(with switch & power card)
H CONVERSION KIT FOR 5V-" STD. DRIVE
INTO APPLE DRIVE (with cable).. ..$79.00

CABLES FOR TRS-80 DRIVES $35.00

SINGLE SIDED 5V4 " DR.(48TPI).... $225.00

J 5V," DRIVE REPAIR $75.00

(if beyond repair will replace for $135.00)

Shipping & Handling add $10.00
California Residents add 6% Sales Tax

COMPUWARE PRODUCTS

4 Caraway • Irvine, CA 92714

(714) 557-2190 • (714) 551-6324

Circle 125 on Inquiry card.

Cables

EIA RS 232-C

Quality cables with immediate
delivery and low prices.

Conductor

Price

1-4

$11.50 + .15/ft.

5-7

12.00 + .25/ft.

8-12

1 3.00 + .30/ft.

13-16

1 4.00 + .40/ft.

17-25

16.00 + .50/ft.

Circle 167 on inquiry card.

Specify; Male or female connectors, length of
cable and pins to be connected. OEM &quantity
discounts available to qualified customers. On
prepaid orders add $4.50 tor shipping/h and ling.

We also supply DEC
and I8M Compatible cables.

Communication
Cable Company

319 Louella Ave. Wayne, PA 1 9087
\^ 215-964-9404 ^/

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

Pascal /MI + * Usersl

Our Cross Module Identifier Checker traps
mismatching declarations of global constant,
type, and var Identifiers, and routine head-
ings made In different source files. Handles
entire release 6.6 language, uses SI, $E, $@,
SP compiler directives. Symbol table sizes are
user modifiable. Comes with test data, docu-
mentation. $99.00

dBASE-8* Vers 8.3B Users!

Superb, user tested mailing list program.
Last, First name, Street, City, State, Zip, 2
extra fields, < 160 bytes per record. Enter,
edit data. Generate labels, reports, Wordstar*
form letters. User enterable record selection
expression. Name, zip, append access orders.
Comes with documentation, source code.
$99.00

ATARI' 400/800 memory I

16 KB RAM Board, A&T, $ 75.00
64 KB RAM Board, A&T $199.00
64 KB add-on RAM kit $124.00

Haldo Products Inc.

86 Camilla Ln. obaseiitm AshtonTate

E. PatChOgUG, Wordstar TM MICROPRO

NY 11772
(816) 289-9682

ATARI TM ATARI Inc.

Pascal/MT+ TM Digital Research

Circle 212 on Inquiry card.

I8085 - Z80

Structured Assembler

Get the benifits of high level
programming with the efficiency
of assembly language

Features:

PASCAL-LIKE STATEMENTS
AUTOMATIC INDENTING
RELOCATABLE ASSEMBLER
LINKER GENERATED LISTINGS

A vail able for-.

CP/M

$149

TRS-80

$149

ISIS

$329

Specify disk size/density

CPU make/model

Check - Money Order • Master Card • Visa

BLACKBEARD ASSOCIATES
13534 PRESTON ROAD
SUITE 443
DALLAS, TX 75240
(214) 255-9347

Circle 57 on inquiry card.

AUTOMATE YOUR OFFICE
WITH

ASCI* SOFTWARE

CONTROLLABLE

SWITCHES

■ User selectable/software controllable

• Switches computers and peripherals

• User determined control words

• Supports 150 to 19200 baud

• Totally portable with AC option

• Features manual override operation

Advanced Systems Concepts, Inc.

P.O.Box Q

Altadena, California 91001

(213) 684-5461 or 7942308

OMEGA

The Last Disassembler
You Will Ever Need!

Mnemonics Externally Defined

Zilog, Intel, PASM Supplied

ASCII/HEX Preconditioner

Can Externally Def. Equates

Optional Address Listing

ASM/PASM/M80 Compatible

DB statements forcible over user
specified range

$150. complete/$25. manual only
for further information contact

COMPUTER TOOLBOX, INC.

1325 East Main St.

Waterbury, Ct. 06705

Phone (203) 754-4197

Circle 13 on inquiry card.

TYPESETTING

from your own

COMPUTER

Type your manuscripts, catalogs, or
other text into your word processing com-
puter.

Send it to us on a diskette or via- a
modem transmission and we'll send you
camera ready film copy.

Computer typesetting provides high
quality, easy to read copy at a fraction of
the cost of conventional typesetting.

Call or write for instructional brochure
that includes typestyle selections, format-
ting instructions, and examples.

Dream Electronics

131 N.W. 2 nd. St. 1-503-7524833
Corvallis, Oregon 97330

Circle 170 on inquiry card.

■ ■■■■■■■■■■rHiiiiiaimiii ■■■■iiiiin in ■■■

FOR ONLY $129.95 Learn Computing :
From The Ground

Build a Computer kit that grows
with you, and can expand to 64k
RAM, Microsoft BASIC, Text Edi-
tor/Assembler, Word Processor,
Floppy Disks and more.

EXPLORER/85

Here's Ihe low cost way lo learn Ihe fundamentals of com -
puling, the all-imporlant basics you'll need more and
more as you advance in computer skills. For just $129.95
you gel the advanced-design Explorer/85 motherboard,
with all Ihe features you need to learn how to write and
use programs. And it can grow into a system that is a
match for any personal computer on Ihe market. Look at
Ihese features: 6065 Central Processing Unit. Ihe
microprocessor "hearl" of the Explorer/85, (join the
millions who will buy and use Ihe B080/B0B5 this year
alone!). . . Poor B.bitpfusone6-bil input/output porls from
which you can inputand oulput your programs, as well as
control exterior switches, relays, lights, etc. . a cassette
interface thai lets you store and reload programs you've
learned lo write deluxe 2,000 byte operotin^
syslcm/mnnilor makes it easy lo learn computing in
several important ways: • It allows simpler, faster writ-
ing and entering of programs • It permits access by you
to all parts of the system so you can check on the status of
any point in the program • It allows tracing each pro-
gram step by slep, with provision for displaying all Ihe
contents of Ihe CPU (registers, flags, etc.) • . , , and it
does much more!

You get all Ihis in Ihe starting level (Level A) of the
Explorer/fl5 for only SI 29.95. Incredible! To use. iusl
plus in your BVDC power supply and terminal or
keyboard /display — if you don't have them, see our
special offers below.

D Level A computer kit (Terminal Version) . . . S129.95
plus S3 P&I.'

□ Level Ak it {Hex Keypad/Display Version) . . . $129.95
plusS3P&l.'

LEVEL B — This" building block' converts the mother-
board into a Iwo-slol SlOO nus (industry standard) com-
puter. Now you can plug in any of the hundreds of SlOO
cards available.

D Level B kil . . $49.95 plus $2 P&I.*
D SlOO bus connectors (two required) . . . $4.85 each,
postpaid.

LEVEL C — Add still more
computing power this "build-
ing block" mounts directly on
the motherboard and expands
the SlOO bus to six slots,
D Level C kil... $39.95 plus $2 J

D SlOO bus connectors (five
required) . . . $4.85 each,
postpaid.

LEVEL D — When you reach Ihe point in learning that re-
quires more memory, we ufffrfwo choices; either add 4k
of a memory directly on lh»; mutherboaid. or add 16k to
64k of memory by means of a single SlOO card, our famous
"JAWS."

Level D kit: [CHECK ONE) . . . D 4k onboard . . . $49.95
plus $2 PA! : □ 16k SlOO "JAWS"; . . . $149.95 plus $2
PAI'-.D 32kS100"|AW3". ..$19955 plusS2P&r:D 48k
SlOO "JAWS" . . . $249.95 plus S2 P&I*; D 64k SlOO
"LAWS" . . $299.95 plus S2 P&I*.
LEVEL E — An important "building block:" it activates
IheBk ROM/EPROM spaceon Ihe motherboard. Now just
plug in our 6k Microsoft BASIC or your own custom
programs.

O Level E kil . . $5.95 plus 50C P&I.*
Microsoft BASIC — It's the language lhal allows you lo
Inlk English to your computer! It is available ihree ways:
D ekcnssetleveision of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level
FJ and 12k of RAM minimum: we suggest a 16k SlOO
"JAWS" — see above) . . . $64.95 postpaid,
D 8k ROM version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B
& Level Eand4k RAM; just plug into your Level E sockets
We suggest either the 4k Level D RAM expansion or a 16k
S100 "JAWS.") . . $99.95 plus$2 P&l.*
O Disk version of Microsoft BASIC: (requires Level B.
32k of RAM. floppy disk controller, fi" floppy disk drive)
. . $325 postpaid.

TEXT EDITOR/ASSEMBLER — The editor/assembler
isa software tool (a program) designed to simplify the task
of writing progmms As ynur programs become longer
and more complex, the assi^nbler can save you rrwny
hours of programming tirru! This software includes an
editor program that enters the programs you write, makes
changes, and saves Ihe programs on cassettes. The assem-
bler performs the clerical task of translating symbolic
code into the computer-readable object code. The editor/
assembler program is available either in cassette or a
ROM version.

D Editor/Assembler (Cassette version: requires Level
"B" and Bk (min.) of RAM— we suggest 16k "|AWS" —
seeabove) . . . $59.95 plus $2 P&1.*
D Editor/Assembler (ROM version, supplied on an SlOO
card: requires Level B and 4k RAM (mm.) — we sugge I
either l^vel Dor 16k "JAWS") $99.95 plus $2 P&L*
8" FLOPPY DISK — A remarkahlr "building block."
Add our 6" floppy disk when you need faster operation,
moreconvenienl program storage, perhaps a business ap-
plication, and access lo Ihe literally thousands ofprograms
and program languages available loday. You simply plug
them into your Explowsr/es disk system _ j| accepts all
IBM-formaited CP/M^rograms.
D 6" Floppy Disk Drive ... $499.95 plus $12 P&I.*
D Floppy Controller Card . . . $199.95 plus $2 P&I. '
D Disk Drive Cabinet & Power Supply .. . $6&.95plus
$3 P&L*

D Drive Cables (set up for Iwo drives) . . . $25.00 plus
$1.50 P&I.'

D CP/M 2.2 Disk OperatingSyslem: includes Text
Editor/ Ass embler. dynamic debugger, a nd other features
lhal give your Explorer/65 access lo thousands of existing
CP/M-based programs . . . SI 50 00 postpaid.
NEED A POWER SUPPLY? Consider our AP-1. It can
supply all the power you need for a fully expanded Ex-
plorer/85 (note: disk drives have their own power supply)
Plus Ihe AP- 1 fits neatly into Ihe attractive Ex plorer steel
cabinet (see below).

D AP-1 Power Supply kil (BV @ 5 amt w) in d eluxe steel
cabinet . . . $39.95 plus $2 P&L*
NEED A TERMINAL? We
offer you choices: Ihe least ex-
pensive one is our Hex
'Keypad/Display kit thai dis-
plays the information on a
calculator-type screen. The
olher choice is our ASCII
Keyboard/ Computer Terminal
kit. thatcan be used with either

cents Microsoft BASIC org

1. P/uj? in Nelronic's H<;x EilUnr/AsMimhlm in HOM r
K 1 1 . | . i ! i JispJm/ 5. Add I wo SlOO boards ; :

2. Add Level B in mnveti to B. Add you own custom r.ir- {,
SlIKJ a/its (proliAypinK rrrcn) ■
.7. Add 4l( HAM 7. Connect lurminni ■

a CRT monitor or a TV set (if you have an RF modulator). J
O Hex Keypad/Display kit ... $69.95 plus S P&l * I

■
O FASTERM - 64 TERMINAL KIT - Featuring a 56 key J
ASCII Keyboard. 128 character set upper and lower case. ,
75 ohm output. 8 baud rates: 150 to 19.200 (switch select- (
able), RS232/C or 20 MA output. 32 or 64 character by 16 i
line lormals. complete with
Deluxe Sieel Cabinei and
Power Supply . .. Si 99.95 \
plus S3P&I *

D RF Modulator kit (allows you lo use your TV set as a

monitor) . . . $8.95 postpaid.

D 12" Video Monitor (10MHz bandwidth) . . . $139.95

plus $5 P&L*

D Deluxe Steel Cabinet forthe-

Explorer/85 . . . $49.95 plus S3 1

P&L*

D Fan for cabinet .

plus $1.50 P&L*

. S1S.00

ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE

EXPLORER/85 PAK— THERE'S

ONE FOR EVERY NEED.

D Beginner Pik (Save $26.00) — You get Level A (Ter-
minal Version) with Monitor Source Listing (S25 value)
AP-1. 5-amp. power supply, Intel B0B5 Users Manual . . .
(Reg. $199.95) SPECIAL $169.95 plus $4 P&L*
D Eijxrimenter Pak (Save $53.40) — You get Level A
(Hex Keypad/Display Version) with Hex Keypad/
Display. Intel 8085 User Manual. Level A Hex Monitor
Source Listing, and AP-li5-amp. power supply . . , (Reg.
S279.95) SPECIAL $219.95 plus $8 P&L*
O Special Microsoft BASIC Pak (Save $103.00)— You get
Levels A (Terminal Version). B. D (4k RAM). E. 8k
Microsoft in ROM. lnlelB085 User Manual. Level A Moni-
tor Soun:e Listing, and AP-1. 5-amp. power supply . . .
(Reg. S439.70) SPECIAL $329.95 plus S7 P&L*
O Add a Rom-Version Text Editor/ Assembler (Requires
levels Band Dor SlOO Memory). . .$99.95 plus $2 P&l'.

Slaner8" Disk System -Includes Level A. B floppy disk
controller, one CDC 8" disk-drive, two-drive cable, two
SlOO connectors: just add your own power supplies,
cabinels and hardware . . . D (Rt'g. $1065.00) SPECIAL
$999.95 plus S13 P&L * . D 32k Starter Syslem. $1045.95
plus S13 P&L* D 48k Starter Syslem. $1095.95 plus $13
P&L* O 64k Starter System. $1145.95 plus $13 P&L*
D Add to any of above Explorer sleel cabinei. AP-1 fivn
amp. power supply. Level C with Iwo SlOO connectors,
disk drive cabinei and power supply, two sub-D connec-
tors for connecting your printer and terminal . . . (Reg.
$225.95) SPECIAL $199.95 plus $13 P&I. *
D Complete 64K System . Wired & Tested . $1650.00
plus $26 P&I, *

G Special! Complete Business Software Pak (Save
$(525.00)— Includes CP/M 2.2 Microsoft BASIC. General
Ledger. Accounts Receivable. Accounts Payable. Payroll
Package . . . (Reg. $1325) SPECIAL $699.95 postpaid.

"Pfrf siund.s for "postdge fr insurance
tiers. iWn (his rimount.

' For Cunridirin or-

Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut:

TO ORDER

Call Toll Free:

800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut,

or For Technical Assistance,

Call (203) 354-9375

CP/M is a reg. trademark of Digital Research

**rk

(Clip tmd mail entire rn

SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED ABOVE

Total Enclosed (Conn. Residents add sales tax): $

Paid by:

O Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order
D VISA D MASTERCARD (BankNo. )

l i*** : Address

J5|NETRONIC S Research & De velopmentLtd. \

ANNOUNCING TWO
NEW TERMINALS

Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer

Netronics announces a state of the art
breakthrough in terminals. Now at prices you
can afford, you can go on-line with data-bank
and computer phone-line services. It's all
yours: "electronic newspapers," educational
services, Dow-Jones stock reports, games,
recipes, personal computing with any level
language, program exchanges, electronic bul-
letin boards . . . and more every day! ! !

Netronics offers two new terminals, both
feature a full 56 key/126 character typewriter-
style keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, a
rugged steel cabinet and power supply. The
simplest one, FASTERM-64. is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serial
printer port for making hard copy of all incoming data, and optional provisions for block and
special character graphics. The "smart" version, SMARTERM-80, features either 24 line by 80
characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, it offers on-screen editing with pageata-
time printing, 12,000 pixel graphics, line graphics, absolute cursor addressing, underlining,
reverse video, one-half intensity and much more . . . simply plug them into your computer or
our phone modem and be on-line instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or our
delux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer.

Price breakthrough!!! Own the FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit, ready to plug in for
just $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit for just $299.95, (both available wired and tested.)
Be on-line with the million-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply the
necessary subscription forms.

More good news: All the components in our terminals are available separately (see
coupon), so you buy only what you need!!!

FASTERM-64 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 8 4 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 displayable
ASCII characters (upper & lower case) ... 8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200,2400, 4800, 9600,
19,200, (switch sel.) . . . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop ... VI DEO OUTPUT: 1V
P/P (EIA RS-170) . . . CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of line, erase cursor
line, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling . . .
REVERSE VIDEO ... BLINKING CURSOR .. . PARITY: off. even or odd. ..STOP BITS: 1. 1.5,
2 . . . DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5. 6. 7 or 8 . . . CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrix
in a 7 by 12 cell . . . PRINTER OUTPUT: prints all incoming dat a . . . 1K ON BOARD RAM . . .
2K ON 80ARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY . . .
OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphics
characters . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 characters.

SMARTERM-80 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characters by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines
128 displayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) 8 baud rates: 110. 300,600, 1200, 2400,
4600, 9600, 19, 200 .. . LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop . . . VIDEO OUTPUT: 1V
pp (EIA RS-170) . . . EDITING FEATURES; insert/delete line, insert/delete character, for-
ward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT . . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSI-
TIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back . . . VISUAL
ATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, half Intensity, & blank . . . GRAPHICS: 12,000
pixel resolution block plus line graphics . . . ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR . . . PARITY: off,
even or odd... STOP BITS: 110 baud 2. all others 1 ... CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 11 character in
a 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT ... 60 OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH . . . BLINKING
BLOCK CURSOR . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . 2K ON BOARD RAM . . . ASCII ENCODED
KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER
SUPPLY.

TELEPHONE MODEM 103 O/A . . . FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED . . . DATA RATE: 300 baud
. . . INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY . . . CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect and
disconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel ... NO POWER SUPPLY RE-
QUIRED.

ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII-3 ... 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCII
EN CODED . . . UPPER & LOWER CASE . . . FULLY DEBOUNCED ...
2 KEY ROLLOVER . . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH POS STROBE . . . *SmL fffj

REQUIRES + 5 & -12 V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS)
PRINTER COMET I . . . SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 80
CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) . . . 10" TRACTOR FEED *
. . . UPPER/LOWER CASE . . . INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS . . .
4 CHARACTER SIZES ... 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX . . . BI-DIRECTIONAL
PRINTING

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375

NETRONICS R&D LTD. D . P t.

333 Litchfield Road, New Mllford, CT 06776

Please send the items checked below:

D COMPLETE FASTERM-64 TERMINAL (includes FASTVID-64 video board
ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&I
. . . wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&I . . . graphics option: add $19.95 to

D COMPLETE SMARTERM-80 TERMINAL (includes SMARTVID-80 video

board, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $299.95 plus

$3 P&I . . . wired and tested $369.95 plus $3 P&I

D FASTVID-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires + 5 & -12V DC] . . . kit $99.95 plus $3

P&I . . . graphics option add $19.95 . . . wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&I . . .

graphics option add $19.95

D SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & +/-12V DC) . . . kit $199.95

plus $3 P&I . . . wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&I

D DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET . . . $19.95 plus $3 P&I

□ ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires +5 & -12VDC) ... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&I . . .
wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&I

D POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCII-3 keyboard & video boards) ... kit only

$19.95 plus $2 P&I

D ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor) . . . wired &

tested $149.95 plus $6 P&I

D TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A . . . wired & tested $189.95 plus $3

P&I

D DOT MATRIX PRINTER Comet I . . . wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&I

DRF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&I

□ 3 FT-25 LEAD MODEM/TERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTOR
CABLE . . . $14.95 ea plus $2 P&I

For Canadian orders, double the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax.

Total Enclosed $

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order

□ VISA □ MasterCard (Bank No. )

Acct. No Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address .

City

B YTE September 1982 561

BOTH FEATTORtK^

BOSS CPU -• '

CRYSTW-TltAE B^E _

.TIMER COUNTER
BC85-1

*Has2K/lK KOM/EPKOM (KOM'sarc nul supplied ),
& 16 1/0 Lines (Parallei/Series/HaJicbliake) and
■fc 5 levels of i n lerrupl I'rire: gl20 (A&T)

SBC8.V2
*Has2 K ROM/EPROM (ROM's are nut supplied)
-fc22 I/O Lines- I'arallel/Series/Handsliake) and
^■2 levelsof inter rupt I'rire: S99

6020 Doniphan 3B El Paso, Tx 79932 (915) 581-6697
ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURING SINCE 1975

NEED CP/M SOFTWARE?
CONTINENTAL HAS IT!

CP/M software is available now

For: Apple • Commodore CBM/PET • DEC
RAINBOW • DEC VT180 • Heath • Hewlett-
Packard • IBM PC • NEC PC-8001 •
Televideo • TRS-80 Model II • Wangwriter •
Xerox 820

Applications: Accounting • Languages •
Micro to Mainframe Communications • Office
Aids • Spread Sheet/Financial Modeling •
Word Processing

Send today for a free catalog or call toll-free
1-800-343-4688 (Mass. residents call
617-275-6563) Dealer inquiries invited.

CONTINENTAL RESOURCES.INC

175 MIDDLESEX TPK., BEDFORD, MA 01730

H Dysan

^CORPORATION

Solve your dfcc problem* buy 100% surface
tested Dysan ^-^T* AD orders shipped
from stock, wftrhsi 24 hours. Call toO FREE
(800) 235-4137 for prices and tw rorma t ksx
Vfea and Master Card accepted

PACIFIC
EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.
San Luis Obispo. CA
93401. (InCai. call
(805)543-1037.)

Circle 82 on Inquiry card.

Circle 131 on Inquiry card.

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

^ IEEE-488 \

GENERAL PURPOSE PARALLEL INTERFACE

LINKS PRINTERS, TEST EQUIPMENT
AND EXPERIMENTS TO THE IEEE-488 BUS

• CENTRONICS INTERFACE COMPATABLE

• CONVERTS 488 PROTOCOL TO TTL I/O

• SUPPORTS ALL TALK / LISTEN FUNCTIONS

• EIGHT POWER DRIVERS CONTROL DC. LOADS

• PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES INCLUDED

• CABLES AVAILABLE FOR MOST APPLICATIONS
■ PRICED FROM S195 / Sl5 FOR MANUAL ONLY

CALL OR WRITE FOR DETAILS

ISEITgJ SEITZ TECHNICAL PRODUCTS, INC
P.O. BOX 76 NEW LONDON, PA 19360
PHONE (2 15) 255-51 11

BOTHWARE

HARDWARE, „|» ' , M^ SOFTWARE

*** ANNOUNCING THE BOTHWARE 8073 •**

The Botliwate S073 ii
SemlcontJuclor INS8073
and hardware design eas

BASIC ocwmaaa «

* s ._:

I MICnDBABICS, INC. . R Dl

telecommunications?
use SOFTCOM®

SOFTCOM is a CP/M based commu-
nications utility which can be used as
an intelligent terminal program and as
aCP/MtoCP/M file transfer utility.
Intelligent terminal mode supports
300/1200 baud modems. Data sent to
the host computer can be entered at
the terminal or it can be sent directly
from disk files. Data received from
the host can be saved in disk files
and/or printed.

File transfer mode supports transfers
of text and binary files with error
detection and automatic retry. Three
license options are available: single
CPU ($150), dual CPU ($250) and
multi CPU ($450). Call our software
HOT LINE 906/228-7622.

The Software Store

706 Chippewa Square • Marquette Mi 49855

Circle 421 on inquiry card.

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

Circle 430 on Inquiry card.

IPP100

L/Togrammabte/ GSBj

(JUrray / pal takes the bus

EMULATOR

DIGITAL (6m MEDIA

INTRODUCING IPP100

INTELLIGENT-PAL PROGHAMMERC4P BLEOI

AND 2716/2732/2764 UV EPROMS. BUILT ON

BOARO MC68705P3 MICROCOMPUTER UNIT

IPP100 HAS THREE BASIC MODES OF OPERATION:

. INTERFACES DIRECTLVWITH S100BUS

. WITH OUR S100EMJLATORWILL IN1ERFACE RS?3 2c

OR PROGRAMS PAL RECTLYFROM USERS UV E FROM ;

a// THE

MICRO
CAD

THE IPP100IS __

(PAL ASSEMBLER] .IF

TY OF THE PAL APPUCATION AND ITS DE-
VELOPMENT. WE RECOMMEND THAT YOU CONSULT "
"PAL PROGRAMMABLE ARRAY LOGIC HANDBOOK"
AVAILABLE FROM DIGI TAL MEDIA.

ITEM AVAILABLE FRICE

IPP100 Oct 31 S7SS

S 100 Emulator Sept 30 $195

IPP1O0 ^/Emulator Ocl 3 1 S955

MANUAL DOly Oct3 1 $25

PAL rfcn dbook Currently S15

PALASM FortSoutce Cucrenlly S7S

CUSTOM FIRMWARE IS AVAILABLE TO YOUR SPEC NEED

TOORDERANY OFTHE ABOVE. WRITETO: D.M.I.
6440 W . 84TH STR.. LOS ANGELES, CA. 90045
OHCALL: 213/670-1085 STANLEY Fl ALA

RELATIONAL DBMS
IN CB-80 SOURCE

FOR SYSTEM INTEGRATORS

• CB-80 & RMAC Source & REL Files for easy
development of Turnkey Systems

• Separate overlays perform: RETRIEVE. STORE
OPEN. DELETE. REPLACE & MODIFY opera-
tions, leaving more memory for application
programs

• RETRIEVE dynamically joins more than one
relation and sorls the results; no secondary
links to reconstruct after storing data

• Numeric data is maintained in Binary format
providing more capacity and flexibility than
typical all-ASCII systems

• 24 BIT internal record numbers allow up to
16 MILLION DBMS records per relation

CB-80 Trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Basic System & Administration Pkg - $350
Query & Aggregation Languages - $150
Manual for All Software -$25(refundable)
Telephone for Complete Brochure

Applied Business Concepts, Inc.

PO Box 22664 / Rochester. NY 14692

(716) 425-1271

Verbatim®
Diskettes

Top-quality Verbatim® Diskettes
from Tech* Data, your complete
word and data processing supply
center. Dealer inquiries invited.

Call Toll Free ^\
1-800-237-8931.
In Florida, call
813-577-2794.

V

Tech* Data Corporation

3251 Tech Drive North
St. Petersburg, FL 33702

Circle 78 on Inquliy card.

Circle 14 on Inquiry card.

Circle 526 on inquiry card.

FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS

P.O. Box 4430X
Santa Clara, CA 95054
'Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave.
(408)988-1640

Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteed
money back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196

fELECTRONICS

7430771

7400N

7404N
7409N
7410N
7414N
7420N
7430N
7442N
7445N
7447N
744BN
7474N

7485N
7489N
7490N
7495N
74I0ON

74123N

74145N
74150N

74154N

74t57N
74161N

:

74163N
74174N
74175N
74190N
74192N
74193N
74221N
74298N
74365N
7436&N
74367N

74LS0OTH

74LS00N
74LS02N
74LS04N
74LS05N
74LS0BN
74LS10N

741SMN

74LS28N
74LS30N

m.

74LS3BN
741.S74N

74LS90N

74LS95N
74LS107N
74LS112N
74LSI13N

74LSI32N 75

74LSI36N .49

74LSJ51N 75

74LS155N 79

74LS157N 75

74LS162N .95

74LS163N 95

74LSI74N .95

74LS190N I 00

74LS22IN 1 19

74LS25BN 69

74LS367N 63

LINEAR

CA3045 .90

CA3046 1 10

CA3081 1.80

CA3082 1 90

CA3089 3.40
LM301ANAH .34

LM305H .87

UM307N 35

LM308N .98

IM309K 1.25

LM311KN 64

LM317T

LM3>7K

LM318

LM320K-5

LM320K-12

LM3?0K-15 ■

LM3Z0T-S

[M'rll a

LM3ZOT-12

LM320M5
LM323K5
LM324N
LM339N

l.U.'JWj
LM340K-8

'. ES CDJ019

3 75 CO4020
1 49 CD4021
1 35 CD4022

:: CO4023

1 35 CO4024

" CO4025

„ C04026

85 C04027

" CD4028

4 95 CD4029
59 CD4030
99 CD4035

1 35 CD4Q40

1 35 C04042

LM340K-12 1 35 C04Q43

LM340K-15 1 35 CO4044

LM340K-24 1 35 C04046

LM340T-5 75 CO4049

45 IMS. MEMORY RAM UART.FIFO

-"5 AYS- 1013 3 95

5 AY5-1014A'!612 6 95

210M

2102AL-4

2102AN-2L

2104A-4

2I07M

2112-2 2 99

2114 2 24

2114L300ni 2 50

2114L 450ns 237

4115200ns 225

:.■'.: ;■■■■■■;<■!>-, - ':,

wnetsom 18 50

MM5280

LM3401-B

IM.viOI 12

LM3401-15

LM340I 18

LM3407-24

LM350

LM377

i

LM381

LM382

LM709H

LM723KN

LM733N

LM741GH

LM741N

LM747HN

LM74BN

LM1303N

LM1304

IMKio;

,•." iic

„....,

LM1812
LM1B89
LM2I11
LM2902

i 1 ' ■ r,

i m vm

LM3909N

■

NES56A
NE565A

NEOGi.V
NE-S67V
NE5706
78L05

mm
reins

75108
75491CN
7S492CN
75494CN

75 CD4050

75 CD4051

75 CD4060

75 CO4066

75 CO406B

5 50 C04069

2 29 CDWO

100 CD4071

1 60 CD4072

1 60 C04073

59 CO4075

49 CD4076
85 CD4Q78
35 C04081
35 CD4082
75 CD4I16

50 CD4490
I 75 CD4507
1.10 CO450B
1 27 CO4510

1 10 C04511

2 75 C04515
55 CD4516

8 25 C04518

2.49 CU4520

1 75 CD4527

2.25 CD4528

59 CD4553
I 25 CD4566

95 C045B3

55 C04585

1 30 CO40192

39 74C00

65 74C04

l 00 74C10

150 7«M

1 00 74C20

4 75 74C30

60 74C48
60 74C74
65 74C76

1 49 MC90

50 MC8S

55 ?"*C154

89 74C160

i MM5321

; '.'V : .--)l

i P5101L

» 4200A

i 936B

! 410D

416

I TMM2016

i HM6116P3

i HM6116LP3

1 4164 200ns

) MK4816

CLOCKS

'.:'! ■.!■

4Mb

■•"

1 ' •

'.n.i :,i,:-.;

195

'

14 .\~.

MM586S

r+~.

CT7010

CT7015

, 5

MM5375AM

•■• l

V,m ■ '. '

1

7205

If, si!

:?;::

! mi

7209

MSM5832

1 ■••

MICROPROCESSOR

6502

fa.Ub

PROM

■ ;■
;">■>,?

2716TI
2716 5 Will
B27165WI
2732
27S8
'"
3748
8755

NB2S126

: .-.'.;
N82S131

; ■■:■■ ■ ■:■

NB2S137
OM8577
2716-1

CONNECTORS

30 pin edge 2.50
44 pin edge 2 75
86 pin edge 4 00
100 pin edge 3 95
100 pin edge w,A 4 95

IC SOCKETS
Solder Tin Low Profile
PtN 1UP PIN 1UP

DE9S I 95

OAI5P 2 10

DA15S 3 10**?^^

Complete Sel 9 50 aw
S, D pw„chKI, 26.95 C0 "^ TER
Aula Clock KM 17.95 HW
Digital Clock Kll 19.75 I7J5
RESISTORS It will IK ^TT!^
10 pet lype 05 '*«

100 per type 015 '<•

1000 per type 012 H t ^ T n E „ R
5000 per type 0085 W7.GD

350 piece pack. o^^^^B

5 pet type 8 95 MONITORS

V, w*l 5* per type 05 %^ H

dip switches irivi

4-posilion BS SH5.00

5-position 90 ^^^^"

6position 90

7-posilion 95

8-posilton 95

KEYBOARDS

56 key ASCII Keyboard kn S74.95

fully assembled B4 50

Enclosure Plastic 1 9 9S

Metal Enclosure 69 95

LEDS

RedTOIB 15

Green. Yellow 101 B 20

Jumoo Red 25

Gteen, Orange. Yellow Jumbo 25

Cllplite LED Mounting Clips 4 BO
[spec red. amber, green, yellow clear)
CONTINENTAL SPECIALTIES In slock
Complete Bin °' breadboard tesl equip

E'.'.f.'JA
8085A
Z80A

I IS

74C175
A to CONVERTER 74C192
B038B 4 50 74C22I

8700CJ 1395 74C90S
B701CN 2200 74C914
8750CJ 13 95 74C922
940CCJV/F 7 40 74C923

9 50 74C925 6 75

14 2b

CMOS
C04000
CD4Q01
CD4002
CD4006
CD4007
CO40O8
C04O09
CO401O
CD401I
CO40I2
CD4013
CD4014
CD4015
CO4016
CD40I7
C0401B

74C927
INTERFACE

8095

280 P10

Z80AP10

280 CTC

Z80AC1C

Z80 PART

280AOART

Z80 DMA

Z8QADMA

Z80SI0

280AS10

Z80S101

28OAS10 1 23 90

280S10 2 23 95

2B0AS10 2 28 95

Z80BCTC 15 50

18 75
! i SO

2 1 't

WIRE WRAP LEVEL 3

2 MHz

4 MH:

SMHi
1 10 MHl
[ IB MHi.
1 20 MHi
( 32 MHi
! 32768 Hz

1 8432 MHi
:■• :,,'-;:■ mmi

'■■(,,> V.!i;

2 097152 MHi

2 «7G Mil!

3 2768 HHl
5 0688 MHi
5 185 MHz

5 7143 MHz

6 5536 MHz
I4 31B1BMHI
IB 432 MHz
22 1184 MHz

SPECIAL PRODUCTS

• , , ,,q CotinletKil 37.50
30MHiFteq. Counler Kil 47.75

I AC TRANSFORMERS

FRAME WALL PLUG

6V 500 ma S4 00 10V 2 amp S7 95

6 3VCT600ma 4 60 12V 250 ma 2 95
, 12V 250 ma 195 12V CT 250 ma 3 75

12.6V CI 600 ma 4 95 12V 500 ma 4 50
• 12.6V CT 2 imps 5 95 12V 1 amp 5 95
i 12.6V CT 4 amp B 60 12V 2 amp 7 95
I 12 6VCTBamp 10 80 6.9, 12VDC
, 24V CT 100 ma 3 95 300 ma 6 95
{ 24V CI 600 ma 4 95 9 VDC 500 ma 3.75

. .

1802CEplis
1802E0US
1861P

3 95

KEYBOARD ENCODERS
: . • 11 95

■ JPRO 11 95
74C922 5 49

74C923 550

HO0165-5 7 95

Connector! H5232
DB25P 2.95

D825S 3 50

OE9P 1.95

Cover 1 25

OISPLAY LEOS
MAN72/74
0L704
DL707DL707B

DL727;728

'i -■■•..■'
FNQ359
FND5O0 507

FN0800 807
10 dign display
7520 Danen pnot'
TIL311 Hei
MAN4610

•:■,-■ f'v
,< - "

. ■, ■; • ;
MAN6640
MAN6710
MAN6740

CACA 300 75

CC 300 1 25

CA 300 1 00

CACC 500 1 90

CA CC 600 1 49

CC 357 70

CCCA 5O0 99

CCCA 500 90

CC CA 600 2 20

1 25

Mils 39

9 50

CA .40 99

CC 40 1 20

CA 40 95

CC 40 1.20

CC 56 99

CA 60 99

CC 60 99

]395 4116 2Q0ns Dynamic RAM 8/S13.75

Apple Peripheral Kits

SERIAL I/O INTERFACE to 30,000 baud,
O.T.R., Input & output from monitor or basic, or
useApple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2)
$14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N
2C) $62.95.

PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95.
PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs,
each can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N
210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55.
APPLE II GAME PADDLES Adam and Eve $38.00.
Interface Kits

SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional,
Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K, sw selectable
polarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 3 data
bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none,
all characters contain a start bit, +5 & -12V
required.Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N
101A) $42.89.

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, re-
quires ± 12V, Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95.
RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional. 2
passive opto-isolated circuits, Kit (P/N 7901 A)
$14.95.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet,
assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (with
timer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL ver-
sion $83.00 (with timer $119.00).

Z80 Micro Professor $149.00

Single board computer. Learning, teaching, pro-
totyping. 2K RAM, keyboard, displays; cassette
interface. Tiny BASIC $19.00. All fully
assembled.

Z80 Microcomputer Kit $69.00

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Bread-
board space. Excellent for control. Bare Board
$28.50. Full Kit $79.00. Monitor $20.00. Power
Supply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning neces-
sary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive
acoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only
$17.00. Article in June, July, Aug. Radio
Electronics, 1981.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to
crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set into a high quality monitor w/o
affecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp. -5v
.5 amp, 12v .5 amp, -12v option. ±5v, ±12v
are regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassis
and all hardware $51.95. Add $5.00 shipping. Kit
of hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00.
$1.50 shipping.

Type-N-Talk by Votrax

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabu-
lary, built-in text to speech algorithm, 70 to 100
bits per second speech synthesizer, RS232C
interface $359.00. Speech IC $72.00.

Direct Connect Modem $99.00

Fully assembled in case with RS232 cable.
Orig/answer, 103 compatible, 9V battery or
wallplug.

INTRODUCING A BRAND NEW MICROCOMPUTER

VENTURE is a single
board computer that is an
adventure for the hobbyist. It
is a learning, training com-
puter as well as just plain fun
for anyone who wants to get
into a state-of-the-art com-
puter at reasonable cost.

VENTURE comes in kit
form or fully assembled and
tested. You can get it in its
minimum configuration for
as little as $195.00 or take it all the way to floppy
disks and voice. It can be expanded as a kit or fully
assembled, at your own pace and choice.

VENTURE is a 16" by 20" main board with
separate ASCII and HEX keyboards. It runs fast,
almost 4 MHz, and has the capability of putting
almost 1 megabyte of RAM and ROM on the board
along with a variety of inexpensive options.

A 16-channel analog-to-digital conveiter allows
use of joysticks, control functions, instrumenta-
tion, temperature sensing, etc. T1 sound
generator, software controlled music, Votrax
voice synthesizer and real time clock calendar add
to its versatility.

A standard 60-pin bus with 5 slots, parallel
ports and 2 serial ports with full handshaking (75
to 9600 BAUD) allow expansion into floppy disks,
color.EPROM programmer, printer, modem of your
choice. Later expansion will add a light pen, a
universal user programmable music sound board.
General Purpose Instrument Bus, and a high
resolution color/grayscale pixel mapped video
board.

VENTURE connects directly to a monitor or to
your TV set through an RF modulator. And now for
the heart of VENTURE ... its video display. VEN-
TURE has a high resolution programmable video
display with up to 4096 user-defined characters,
alphanumeric symbols, special graphics or ob-
jects, such as space ships, etc. Each character is
8 pixels wide by 15 pixels high, with 2 grayscale

Wenture

maps; It has 64 levels of
grayscale plus video in-
vert/compliment and hidden
screen update for a "snow"
free display. The display is
512 x 512 pixel mapped with
2 planes of video RAM per
display. VENTURE video is in
short . . . astounding!

VENTURE has complete
software support with full
BASIC, 3 ROM monitors,
disassembler/assembler/editor. It will run real-
time video games, all RCA chip 8 programs and all
current Quest 1802 software. VENTURE DOS will
accommodate up to three 5 1 /4" double density
floppies. A complete 1802 programming book is
available. All versions of VENTURE are shipped
with a set of manuals written to be understood by
the inexperienced as well as experienced user.
On-Board Options

16 channel A to D; 5 slot 60 pin bus, 2 serial
ports, parallel ports; 3 video options, 48K RAM,
Votrax voice synthesizer, sound generator,
EPROM; full BASIC dissassembler, editor, assem-
bler; metal cabinet, additional power supply,
ASCII keyboard real time clock calendar.
Expansion Options

Floppy disk, EPROM programmer, light pen,
universal user programmable music, sound board
high resolution color/grayscale pixel mapped
video board, General Purpose instrument Bus.
Minimum VENTURE System $195.00
Kit includes CPU and control with 4K of RAM, 1K
of scratchpad, 2K monitor, 1B61 video graphics,
cassette interlace and separate HEX keyboard
with LED displays for address and output. Power
supply is included along with 2 game cassettes.
The main board is 16" x 20" and includes space for
all of the previously discussed on-board options.
Full on-board expansion can be completed for
under $1000.00. Call for further details, option
prices, etc.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

The Super Elf is a tremendous value as it combines
video, digital displays, LED displays, and music,
all on a single board for $106.95.
The Super Elf expansion capability is virtually un-
limited and you can do it inexpensively one step at
a time. Expansion includes casstte interface, addi-
tional memory, color video, Basic, ASCII key-
board, printer, floppy, S-100 bus, RS232, etc.
The Super Elf comes complete with power supply
and detailed 127 page instruction manual which
includes over 40 pages of software, including a
series of lessons to help get you started and a
music program and graphics target game. Many
schools and universities are using the Super Elf as
a course of study. OEM's use it for training and

R&D. A monthly newsletter. Questdata is devoted
exclusively to software for the Super Elf and there
are many software books available at low cost.
The Super Elf computer system is now available as
a series of bare boards as well as full kits and
assembled.

Bare Boards: Super Elf $35.00. Super Expansion
$35.00. Power Supply $10.00. S-100 Color
$35.00. Dynamic RAM $40.00. Manuals $10.00.
Super Basic $45.00.

Free 14 Page Brochure

Send or call for a "free brochure on all
details and pricing of the Super Elf and its
expansion. We will get it right out to you!

Voltage Mate $18.50

$1.25 shipping. Switching regulator kit with
adjustable AC/DC voltage conversion. 3 modes
of operation; step up, step down, inversion.
Jumper selectable modes of operation. Input
voltage 5-15 VDC, output voltage -24 to +30
VDC.currentdraw30-250ma.

UHF Preamplifier Kit $34.95

$2.00 shipping. Improves uhf reception dra-
matically, 25 db gain assem. version $57.50.
Articles Radio Elect. Mar, May, 1981.

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII key-
board and 20 column thermal printer. 20 char,
alphanumeric display ROM monitor; fully ex-
pandable. $439.00. 4K version $454.00. 4K
Assembler $35.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00.

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V .5A
assem. in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclo-
sure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply
$52.50. AIM 65 1 K in cabinet with power sup-
ply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $571.00. 4K
$586.00. A65/40-5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAM
and monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K.
$195)(32K, $215). VD640 Video Interface Kit
$119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 in
thin briefcase with power supply $532.00.
Special Package Price: 4K AIM, 8K Basic, power
supply, cabinet $615.00.

AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Elf 44 pin expan-
sion board; board with 3 connectors $22.95.
'Send for complete list of all AIM products.

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs intoElf II providing SuperElf44and50 pin

plus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Ex-
pansion). High and low address displays, state
and mode LED's optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.00

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color
graphics. 6847 with all display modes computer
controlled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expand-
able to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085, Z80,
etc. Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/margin
program.

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax. Prices

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional. subject
Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%. to change

FREE: Send for your copy of our NEW 1982
QUEST CATALOG. Include %H stamp.

Circle 396 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 563

AUDEC-1

the EAR & MOUTH for

APPLE & AIM-65

•Recognition and Response in One Unit
•You can make your own vocabulary

• Good-Speech Quality

•Up to 98% Recognition Accuracy
•Ina3'/ 3 " x SV*" x I 1 /*" Box

• Assembled and Fully Tested

• EPROM Version avoids cassette loading

$169.00 68. plus shipping and handling
charge: U.S. $5.00 Overseas, 10%

N J Residents, add 5% sales tax.

— VISA, Mastercharge Welcome —

AUDEC CORPORATION (Dept. LA)

728 Larch Avenue

Teaneck, NJ 07666 (201)692-1729

8086/8088

FIRMWARE DESIGNERS

SYSTEMS

PROGRAMMERS

Now you have the choice between
PL/M or assembler. Use the

c-systems
C COMPILER

on the IBM PC (MSDOS).

• Outputs assembler source code.

• All byte and integer operators.

• PL/M compatibility mode.

• Price S195.

Contact:

c-systems Fullerton, CA 92631

221 N. Berkeley Ave. 71 4-879-1 1 23

Get Serious About

Computing

PROFESSIONAL KEYBOARD. Makes your ZX81 easier to
use. Enter programs quickly and error-free. Plugs
straight into your ZX81 without any soldering. Has 47
keys and a full space bar. S85.00

32K RAM. Expand the memory capacity of your ZX81
with this direct-plug-in module. Fully compatible with
Sinclair's 16K RAM (to give your ZX81 system a full
48K}. S99.95

64K RAM. Expand your ZX81 memory capacity to its
maximum. Plugs in directly to your ZX81 . S149.95

Softwareon Cassette
MULTIFILE PLUS.

Data storage system lor 16K to
64K systems flexible, user-
defined setup Includes pro-
gram tape, detailed instruction
manual, 3 data tapes, storage
case.

GAMES
MAZOGS

Amaze-adventure
INVADERS

10 levels ol play
STAR TREK

Zap the Klmgons
DICTATOR

Call (716) 874-5510 for Visa, MC Orders.

GLBDSTOflE E °

Mail order to 1585 Kenmore Ave.. Buffalo N.Y. 14217
Checks or money orders. No CODs. Add shipping.

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

Circle 74 on inquiry card.

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

REAL TIME SOFTWARE

We offer professional, proven soft-
ware expertise in the following real
time areas.

- multi tasking executive

- pipeline/ industrial control

- remote data acquisition and

control

- instrumentation/ communications

interfaces

- specialized computation packages

Micros our specialty

L R. Schneider, MSEE

CALTA

r Computer
Systems Ltd

P.O. Box 815, Station "T,
Calgary, Alberta T2H 2K3
(403) 252-5094

\ferbatirrr

Floppy Discs

SAVE 40% 2S&SZ

51/ f/ Specify soft, Price/ 10
/4 1 or 1 6 sector

MD525 1 side/dbldens $27.30

MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 40.30

MD577 1 side/77 track 37.10

MD557 2 sides/77 track 47.50

8ii Critically Certified
Soft sector

FD34-9000 1 side/sgldens 33.80

FD34-8000 1 side/dbldens 39.00

FD34-4001 2 side/dbl dens 46.20

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D.
(313) 777-7 780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

5V4" Floppy Disk Drives

(Direct IBM® Plug-in)

TANDON Model TM 100-1 . $199* ea.
TANDON Model TM 100-2 . . $299* ea.

12" Green Phospher Zenith Monitor . . S109* ea.

Also available - TM 602S. 603S. and
603E Winchester Drives. '

For info or orders

Call — 316-683-9225
or 316-685-9445
MC / VISA or COD. with certified check
or money order. Kansas residents add

3% sales tax.

* Plus shipping.

G-H Computer Systems, Inc.

923 Longfellow Street
Wichita. KS 67207

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

Circle 274 on inquiry card.

Circle 203 on Inquiry card.

FORTH -32

IBM' PC

The FORTH- 32"' DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM features inter
mixed 16 a nd 32 bit addressing modes with lig -
FORTH compatibility. DOS interlace, lull screen editor,
assembler, disassembler, giaphia and debug. The
powerlul QUEST CASE statement with single, multiple and
range labeling is also included

In addition to FORTH-32"" you will receive the QUEST
PACKAGE BUILDER UTILITY which transforms user de-
veloped programs into marketable software packages
by building on disk a condensed executable image with
only thoseFORTH words needed.

User oriented sell-teaching documentation! All software is
lully backed and updated tor one year

SlOO F0RTH32 (SPECIF/ PCDOS. CP/M-86'*")

S50 FLOATING POINT LIBRARY (SPECIFi' SOFTWARE

OR 8087)

Quest

QUEST RESEARCH, INC. Call Toll Free

(SCO) 558-8086
In Alabama Call:
HUNTSVILLE, AL 35804 (205)5339405

P.O. BOX 2553

FREE

POCKET SOLAR CALCULATOR W/$500 ORDER*

up to TO

DISCOUNT OFF RETAIL

COMPLETE LINE OF

MICRO & CP/M SOFTWARE

ALTOS-DYNABYTE-XEROX-SANYO-NEC-ATARI

PIICEON-TELEVIDEO-STAR-OLIVETTI-VIC-

C.ITOH-IDS-APPLE-MAXELL-DIABLO-EPSON

COMREX-TALLY-ADDS-T I -MON I TORS-CORVUS

M0DEMS-TRS-80-SCM-X-C0MP-ZENITH-DEC-

3M-CHANG LAB-LIFE BOAT-COMPUTER PAPER

HOME* OFFICE 'INDUSTRY

SEND FOR A FREE CATALOGUE

DATAWARE inc.

BOX, 1122, 1615 WILCOX AVE.

HOLLYWOOD, CA. 90028

(213) 465-9751

*WHILE SUPPLIES LAST

5 'A" Tandon Drives

TM 100-1

SI99

(single sided, 40 TRK, single

Free

or double density)

Shipping

TM IOO-2

S279

(double sided, 40 TRK/side

Free

single or double density)

Shipping

TM 1 00-4

S359

(double sided. 80 TRK/side

Free

96 TPI. double density)

Shipping

r

ORDER - TOLL FREE

800-531-5255 (If outside of Texas)
1-800-252-9146 (If in Texas)

ask for extension 811.
For info call 1-512-250-1523

Master Card/Visa or check.
Texas Residents add 5% sales tax.

CompuAdd Corp.

13010 Research Blvd - #207
Austin, Texas 78750

n

Circle 397 on Inquiry card.

Circle 151 on inquiry card.

Circle 99 on Inquiry card.

INCREDIBLE? believe m

Washington Computer Services

an affiliate o, (((WflSHlNCTON))) est . 1912

* ELECTRIC COAftPrtNY'

BMCORPOOAIEtl

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960

97 Spring Street, New York, New York 10012

TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800) 221-5416 In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121

HOURS: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Monday- Friday TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHCOMP NYK

PRINTERS

rrzr\ Teletype 40, 300 LPM-typewriter quality, RS-232 from Only

J£2L interface. This quality printer is available in many $3200
configurations including forms access, quietized case, etc.

Teletype 43 from $995

Teletype AP-200, 340 cps dot matrix (similar to Data Prod. M-200) $2799

Qantex 7030, 180 cps, Download fonts, OCR Bar, NLQ Graphics $1795
NEC Spinwrlter35 cps & 55 cps, bidirectional, letterquality from $1875

DIABLO 630-40 cps, bidirectional, daisy wheel, plot/ graph $2349

QUME Sprint 9/35 cps, daisy wheel $1944

C. ITOH Starwriter, 40 cps, daisy wheel, F10 $1550

EPSON MX-80, 1 00, 80 cps, 9x9 dot matrix $CALL

ANADEX 9500/9501A, up to 200 cps, high resolution dot $1451

OKIDATA Microline 82A $480 Microline 83A $770

Tl— 810, 150 cps, Basic $1449 Package-CP.VFC $1630

MANNESMANN MT 1705 200 cps, 7x9, 132 col SCALL

TALLY MT 1805 200 cps, 7x9 + NLQ 40x18 matrix $CALL

CENTRONICS 739 100 cps, nx9 dot matrix, Full Graphics $567
122 120 cps, International set, Full Graphics, 15"paper $987

DEC LA-34

IDS PRISM, 132 col. .color

Similar savings for our C. ITOH, NEC, QANTEX,

TERMINALS pmmi modem

AMPEX DIALOGUE 30, 80, 81 Lowest Prices
TELEVIDEO 910 C (multi-terminal)

925C AMPEX

9500 Dialogue 8T tt

S0R0CIQ120
HAZELTINE ESPRIT
DEC VT-100

Visual 50— Multi-terminal, Detached Keyboard
Zenith ZT-1, 80x24, autodial modem, VT-52 compatible

Similar savings for our ADDS, HAZELTINE and LEAR SIEGLER lines

SOFTWARE

$1085
$1785
DATA GEN. lines

$359

$CALL

$610

$795

$985

$799

$618

$1575

$CALL

$669

8" DISK DRIVE SALE NOW!

B"SHUGARTSA801R $385 B"SHUGART SA 851R $540 2for$1025

QUMEDATATRACK8 $550 2for$1050

Enclosure, power supply for 2 8" drives A & T $350

MORROW DISCUS 2D + CP/M® , MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT. $950

HARD DISK SPECIALS

CORVUS 5MB, 10MB, 20MB Constellation Multiplexer and Mirror Backup
MORROW 26MB + controller + CP/ M 2.2®, M basic $3821

controller, CDC Hawk Drive (5 fix, 5 rem) $6795

controller. Western Dynex (5 fix, 5 rem) $5099

5V4 ", 8" and ^"Winchester/tape subsystems
SIxcomp available

FULLY CONFIGURED RUSINESS SYSTEMS

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business
and scientific computer systems which we offer.

The Premier Multi-User Computer System
\ 8000 SX, multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS $CALL

CPM 2. 2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY!
' On-Site Service Contracts Available
^ t w ^ r % APC-8086, 16 bit, 128K, 8" DRIVES, 1024x1024 Color
/Vfc/W Graphic, 32 bit F.P.Proc, MS DOS, CP/M 86 from $3295
r ^ PC-8000The Professional's Work Station. $CALL

CORVUS.Concept-68000, 32 bit, 256k, network. 15 " 120x56
+ HiRes screen, W.P. software, CP/M Emulator from less than $5000

fO^V fiROO0 16 bit multi-user, S-100, UNIX V.7 $CALL

INTERNATIONAL

DBASE II

$525

MBASIC-80

$275

MBASIC COMPILER

$316

FORTRAN-80

$349

C0B0L-80

$574

PL/1-80

$425

PASCAL MT+V5. 5

$398

WHITESMITH'S C

$660

CB-80

$420

PEARL(LEVEL3)

$549

LIFEBOAT SOFTWARE

$CALL

PEACHTREE

$CALL

GRAHAM-DORIAN

$CALL

STRUCTURED SYST.

$CALL

WORDSTAR

MAILMERGE

DATASTAR

CONDOR III

MILESTONE

SUPERCALC

FMS-80

SELECTOR V

SPELLGUARD

SUPERSOFT

$300
$110
$230
$716
$235
$221
$649
$396
$236
$CALL

8086 16 bit, 128K RAM, S-100, Syst. #2 $3499

.- — — | Call us for best prices on these high quality 2nd ■
I roup l generation boards and systems.

a |™ California These high quality, reliable products have made CCS
|™j Computer defacto industry standard for S-100 products
™ J ?J stems Assembled and tested: $CALL

OODfeO%refeO[M Fast 6 Mhz, Cache Bios Computers $CALL

advanced Mtcfto otciTAL Single Board S-100 Computers $749

fj^fol^BdQIJIf 3 We °^ er 9 ener o us discounts on the Compupro line of
(JJI electronics ItjTMfast, quality 8 and 16 bit boards

J^. ADVANTAGE G raphics computer
NorthStar^ & HORIZON S-100 computer
ALTOS single and multi-user systems

, CP/M Microsoft Basic, UNIX

$CALL

MORROW npri<iinn1
DESIGNS uecislon '.

$CALL
$CALL

AMERICAN BUS. SYST.$CALL
ACCOUNTING PLUS $CALL
BSTAM.BSTMS $200

VANDATA/OSBORNE $500

8" SDSS; Call For Other Formats

YCDHY 820 Deskt °P computer-64K, 2 floppys. (CP/M avail.)
AtKUA. List $2995 $CALL

SCION MicroAngelo Hi Res Graphics systems $CALL

Similar savings on SSM, DELTA, DYNABYTE, TELEVIDEO, DIGIAC, ZENITH,
ADDS, DEC, DATA GEN., ATARI, TECMAR AND MANY OTHERS

PI FAQFI ^° not confuse us with ma '' 0rcjer dealers. We are a
iLLnuL. f U || service distributor serving the data processing &
installation needs of business & industry from micros to mainframes.
System houses, Educational institutions & governmental agencies given
special consideration. Leasing available.

N.Y. State agencies, municipali-
ties, and schools — call us for
information on our O.G.S. term
contracts on hardware & software.

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three weeks
to clear. Prices subject to change without notice; call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N .Y. residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trade-
mark of North Atlantic industries, Inc. Radio Shack® is a trademark of the Tandy Corp. CP/M® is a trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to
our standard sale conditions (available on request). Call for shipping charges. Above prices do not include customization or installation.

Circle 483 on inquiry card. BYTE September 1982 565

daisTtuperHO

PRINTER - II TYPEWRITER

NOW SYSTEMED OFFERS THREE!

• Model D30 • Model D35

And Introducing The Model 40

it's an olivetti praxis 40 full-size
electronic typewriter with a 13 inch
carriage/ anti-glare acoustic cover,
steel drawband & our new combination
serial/parallel ksr terminal inter-
face, this one's really sturdy!!!

(models begin at $789.00)

call or write for free brochure

systewed corporation

P.O. Box 18, Shinglelown Road _^^^_

Mountain City, Tennessee 37683 VISA'

(615) 727-6000 H^HV ,

price or quality?

Get both . . .

with a MICRO CONNECTION,
the quality, direct connect, Bell
103 modem. Independent
reviewer writes, "When the
going gets rough, \f a MICRO-
CONNECTION can't make it,
then nothing will. In the area
of sensitivity and noise elimina-
tion, it will perform as good or
better than my $995" modem.
An excellent value for $ 1 59.
Autodial/Autoanswer for $ 1 99.

the niicropenpheraf corporation

2643' 151 st Place N.E.,
Redmond, WA 98052
(206)881-7544 ^

BIG STEPPER

Stepping-Motor Driver Box

Apple

IBMpc

Control precise motion
in the "real world"!

Drives 1 to 4 Stepping-Motors
(up to 2 amps/winding, 4 to 28 volts)
Cptoisdated for your computer's safety

PRICE: $350

SteppingMofor Cookbook: $5j00

Centre Computer Consultants

Post Office Dox 739

State College, PA 16801

(814) 237-4535

Circle 447 on Inquiry card.

Circle 318 on Inquiry card.

Circle 81 on Inquiry card.

YOU'VE JUST
FOUND

THE MISSING LINK!

Computer Shopper is your link to indivi-
duals who buy, sell and trade computer
equipment and software among themselves
nationwide. No other magazine fills this void
in the marketplace chain.

Thousands of cost-conscious computer en-
thusiasts use Computer Shopper every month
through hundreds of classified ads. And new
equipment advertisers offer some of the
lowest prices in the nation.
Subscribe to Computer Shopper with a

6 month trial for $6 or 12 months

for only $10. MasterCard & VISA accepted.
COfTTPUTSR SHOPPSR

P.O. Box F-310 • Titusvilie, FL 32780
305-269-3211

TeleVidecf USERS!

Enhance your TeleVideo computer

capabilities with

OUR exclusive software!

COGITATE Fast Dump/Restore System for TS
802H, 806&1602H.

• Back-up files twice as fast as PIP.

• Double the storage, up to 600K/diskette, with
multiple diskette capability $90.00

COGITATE Keyboard Bufferf orTS800. 802 & 802H

• Never lose a keystroke.

• Interrupt driven 64 byte buffer

• Compatible with CP/M '* operating

system $40.00

COGITATE 2780/3780 Communications System.

• Communicates with most IBM systems.

• Many features for remote job

entry $700.00

CP/M* is registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.

COGITATE, Inc.

SPECIALISTS IN UNI0UE TELEVIOEO SOFTWARE

24000 Telegraph Road, Southfield, Ml 48034
(313) 352-2345

VISA/MASTER CARD Accepted

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDER-
SOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealer
inquiries invited and C.O.D.'s
accepted

PACIFIC
EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.
San Luis Obispo. CA
93401. InCaL call
(800)592-5935 or
{805)543-1037

Circle 115 on Inquiry card.

Circle 88 on Inquiry card.

Circle 356 on Inquiry card.

64 K

DYNAMIC RAMS and EPR0MS

TOSHIBA

HITACHI

FUJITSU

NEC

OKI

MITSUBISHI

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

Monarchy Engineering Inc.

380 Swift Avenue, Unit 2 1

So. San Francisco, CA 94080

Phone (4 1 5) 873-3055

WRITE OR CALL FOR OUR
LATEST INVENTORY LIST.

IEEE-488 TO TRS-80* INTERFACE

Everything needed to add powerful
BASIC GPIB-488 controller capability
to TRS-80 Model 1 or 3, Level 2 or
DOS with a minimum of 16K.

JEL

48880C
For Model 3
Operation

488-80B

For Model 1

Operation

j[ I' JEL

Model 488-80B or 488-80C Price: $375.

+ shipping, insurance & tax
WHEN ORDERING SPECIFY DISK OR TAPE

SCIENTIFIC ENGINEERING
LABORATORIES

11 Neil Drive • Old Bethpage, NY 11804
Telephone: (516) 694-3370
'Trademark of Tandy Corp.
There is no affiliation- between Scientific
Engineering Laboratories and Tandy Corp. or
Radio Shack.

THE MSTONE

THE PROGRAM THAT WRITES PROGRAMS

AVAILABLE FOR

CP/M

Apple II Plus

Sharp PC 3201

TRS - 80 MOD II

North Star Advantage

Still Only $600.00

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Send to KROWN COMPUTING

1282 Conference Dr., P.O. 66763

Scotts Valley, CA 95066

(408) 335-3133

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

Circle 415 on Inquiry card.

Circle 260 on inquiry card.

DoKOtU Computer

Products,

1702

2708

2716 <

2716-1

2532

2732

2764

EPROMS

(Ins'
(45ns
(5v 450ns
(5v 350ns
(5v 450ns
pv 450ns,
J5v 450ns!

STATIC RAMS

3.00
2.99
3.95
8.50
8.95
8.95
Call

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE ■

AND RECEIVE A 5% DISCOUNT!

3250 KELLER STREET, #9 • SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

DYNAMIC RAMS

4027 (250ns) 2.00

4116 (200ns 1.37

4116 150ns 1.75

4164 (200ns) Call

2101

21L02

2111

2114

2114L-3

2114L-2

TMM2016

TMM2016

HM6116

HM6116

HM6116

(450ns)

(250ns LP

(450ns)

(450ns)

(300ns LP)

(200ns LP)

(200ns)

(150ns)

(200ns)

(150ns)

(120ns)

1.85
1.55
2.49
1.95
2.25
2.30
9.00
11.00
Call
Call
Call

LP - Low Power

8000

8035

8039

8080A

8085A

8088

8155

8156

8185

8741

8748

8755

8202

8205

8212

8214

8216

8224

8226

8228

823 7

8238

16.00

19.00

3.90

8.50

39.00

11.00

11.00

29.00

39.00

29.00

44.00

44.00

3.45

1.80

3.75

1.75

2.45

1.80

4.50

19.00

4.75

8239

8243

8250

8251

8253

8253-5

8255

8255-5

8257

8259

8272

8275

8279

8279-5

8282

8283

8284

8286

8287

8288

8289

4.75

4.75

14.90

4.50

8.75

9.75

4.50

5.20

8.50

6.85

39.00

29.00

9.25

10.25

6.50

6.50

5.50

6.50

6.50

25.00

49.00

16K APPLE
RAM CARD

Upgrade your 48 K Apple II
tofull64K

BARE BOARD 24.00

KIT 49.00

ASSEMBLED & TESTED 69.00

LEDS

Jumbo Red
Jumbo Green
Jumbo Yellow

10/1.00
6/1.00
6/1.00

CONNECTORS

RS 232
RS 232
RS 232

Male

Female

Hood

3.00
3.50
1.20

74LS00 SERIES

74LS00

74LS01

74LS02

74LS03

74 LS04

74LS05

74LS08

74LS10

74LS11

74LS12

74LS13

74LS14

74LS15

74LS20

74LS21

74LS22

74LS26

74 LS27

74LS28

74 LS30

74LS32

74 LS33

74LS37

74LS38

74LS40

74LS42

74LS47

74 LS48

74LS49

74LS51

74LS54

74LS55

74LS63

74LS73

74LS74

74LS75

74LS76

74LS78

74LS83

74LS85

74LS86

74LS90

74LS91

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74 LS96

74LS107

74LS109

74LS112

74LS113

74LS114

74LS122

.24
.24
.24
.24
.24
.24
.24
.24
.30
.30
.40
.89
.30
.24
.30
.24
.30
.24
.30
.24
.36
.55
.55
.35
.30
.49
.75
.75
.75
.30
.35
.35
1.20
.39
.44
.49
.39
.49
.75
.95
.39
.65
.79
.65
.59
.79
.79
.39
.39
.39
.39
.49
.45

74LS123
74LS124
74LS125
74LS126
74LS132
74LS136
74LS137
74LS138
74LS139
74LS145
74LS147
74LS148
74LS151
74LS153
74LS154
74LS155
74LS156
74LS157
74LS158
74LS160
74LS161
74LS162
74LS163
74LS164
74LS165
74LS166
74LS168
74LS169
74LS170
74LS173
74LS174
74LS175
74LS181
74LS189
74 LSI 90
74LS191
74LS192
74LS193
74LS194
74LS195
74LS196
74LS197
74LS221
74LS240
74LS241
74LS242
74LS243
74LS244
74LS245
74LS247
74LS248
74LS249
74LS251

.95

2.90

.95

.79

.75

.49

.95

.75

.75

1.10

2.20

1.20

.75

.75

1.75

.89

.89

.75

.75

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

1.95

1.69

1.69

1.69

.75

.89

.89

1.99

9.50

.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

.79

.79

1.10

.95

.95

1.79

1.79

.95

1.89

.79

1.20

.89

1.25

74LS253
74LS257
74LS258
74LS259
74LS260
74LS266
74LS273
74LS275
74LS279
74LS280
74LS283
74LS290
74LS293
74LS295
74LS298
74LS324
74LS352
74LS353
74LS363
74LS364
74LS365
74LS366
74LS367
74LS368
74LS373
74LS374
74LS377
74LS378
74LS379
74LS385
74LS386
74LS390
74LS393
74LS395
74LS399
74LS424
74LS447
74LS490
74LS668
74LS669
74LS670
74LS674
74LS682
74LS683
74LS684
74LS685
74LS688
74LS689

81LS95
81LS96
81LS97
81LS98

.80

.80

.80

2.80

.60

.49

1.60

3.25

.49

1.95

.95

1.20

1.79

.99

.99

1.75

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.95

.89

.89

.69

.69

.99

1.69

1.40

1.15

1.35

1.89

.59

1.79

1.79

1.59

1.59

2.89

.75

1.89

1.65

1.85

2.10

9.50

2.99

2.39

2.39

2.39

2.39

2.39

1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65

Z80

Z80 A CPU 5.45
Z80 A PIO 5.45

Z80 A CTC 7.00

Call for Complete List

MICROPROCESSOR

REAL-TIME CLOCK

MSM 5832

6.90

6500

6502

6502A

6504

6505

6507

6520

6522

6532

6551

6.90
9.45
6.90
7.65
9.90
4.35
9.90
13.95
11.75

6800

6800

6802

6808

6809

6809E

6810

6820

6821

5.65
8.65
8.45
24.00
29.00
3.50
3.50
3.50

6828
6834
6840
6843
6845
6847
6850
6852

14.90

16.90

7.95

41.95

16.90

15.90

3.50

3.50

6860 10.90

6862 11.90

6875 6.90

6880 1.80

68B00 10.00
68B21 12.00
68B50 12.00

UPGRADE
YOUR
APPLE

or
TRS-80

4116 200ns
8/10.95

CRYSTALS

32.768 KHZ

1.0 MHZ

1.8432

2.0

2.097152

2.4576

3.2768

3.579545

4.0

5.0

5.0688

L.90
4.50
4.50
3.90
3.90
3.90
3.90
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.90

5.185

5.7143

6.5536

8.0

10.0

14.31818

18.0

18.432

20.0

22.1184

32.0

3.90
3.90
3.90
3.00
3.00
3.90
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.90

MISC.

Disc Controller

1771
1791
1793
1797

18.95
34.95
34.95
49.95

(800)538-8800

ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100% GUARANTEED

Uarts

AY3-1014

5.85

AY5-1013

3.90

AY5-2376

12.00

TR 1602

4.25

Interface

8T26

1.65

8T28

1.95

8T95

.95

8T96

.95

8T97

.95

8T98

.95

DM8131

2.90

DS8836

1.25

DISKETTES

ATHANA

SSSDSoft
WABASH

SSSDSoft
VERBATIM
SS DD Soft

23.95
23.95

28.95

IC Sockets ST W/W

8 PIN
14 PIN
16 PIN
18 PIN
20 PIN
22 PIN
24 PIN
28 PIN
40 PIN

.10
.12
.15
.20
.25
.25
.25
.35
.40

.49

.50

.57

.85

.99

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.80

ST = Soldertail
W/W= Wlrewrap

LINEAR

LM301

LM308

LM309K

LM311

LM317T

LM317K

LM318

LM323K

LM324

LM337K

LM339

LM377

LM380

LM386

LM555

LM556

LM565

LM566

LM567

LM723

LM733

.32

.75

1.25

.64

1.65

1.70

1.49

4.75

.59

3.90

.79

2.25

1.25

1.00

.38

.65

.95

1.45

.99

.49

.95

LM741

LM747

LM748

LM1310

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

LM1414

LM1458

LM1488

LM1489

LM1800

LM1889

LM3900

LM3909

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

75451

75452

75453

.29

.75

.49

2.45

1.69

1.25

1.69

1.49

.55

.95

.95

2.45

2.45

.59

.95

3.70

3.70

3.70

.35

.35

.35

CMOS

4000
4001
4002
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4034
4035
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4046
4047
4049
4050
4015
4053
4060
4066
4068
4069
4070

.25
.30
.30
.90
.25
.90
.45
.45
.30
.30
.45
.90
.90
.45

1.15
.90
.45
.90
.90

1.10
.35
.75
.35

1.60
.60
.75
.90
.45

2.90
.85
.90

1.20
.75
.75
.75
.90
.90
.50
.50
.90
.90

1.39
.75
.39
.30
.35

4071
4072
4073
4075
4076
4078
4081
4082
4085
4086
4093
4098
4099
4502
4503
4508
4510
4511
4512
4514
4515
4516
4518
4519
4520
4522
4526
4527
4528
4531
4532
4538
4539
4543
4555
4556
4581
4582
4584
4585

80C07
80C95
80C96
80C97
80C98

.30

.30

.30

.30

.90

.30

.30

.30

.90

.90

.90

2.49

1.90

.90

.60

1.90

.90

.90

.90

1.20

2.20

1.50

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.20

1.90

1.20

.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

2.70

.90

.90

1.90

1.90

.90

.90

.90
.90
.90
.90
1.15

DoKau

/ lYvAU Computer Products, Inc.

13250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538-8800

Calif. Residents (408) 988-0697

STORE HOURS:

MON--FRI 8:30 A.M. -6:00 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M. -3:00 P.M.

BankAmericard

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS
Ground. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00
minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6%% Sales
Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We
reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute
manufacturer. Prices subject to change without
notice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

B YTE September 1982 567

1 5 / 1 6"x3 Vz " white pressure

1 up - pin feed sensitive

PRICE INCLUDES SHIPPING

Packed 5M per box - Min. order 1 box -$14.95
Check with order - Mass Residents add 5% Sales Tax

5CCHECR-MATE ™

t^^j P.O. Box 103, Randolph, MA 02368
Vy Telephone: 617-963-7694

CALL TOLL FREE 1 -800-343-7706

maxell

Floppy Disks

SAVE 40% ™-'°,lz:

5Va " SjpecKy soft, Prlce/10

'*• 10or16seclor

MD1 or MH1 SS/DD $33

MD2 or MH2 DS/DD 47

MD1-DDM SS/QD/96 TP1 43

M D2-DDM DS/QD/96 TP1 53

8 J 'specify soft
or 32 sector

FD1 or FH1 SS/DD 43

FD2 or FH2 DS/DD 53

CHECKS — VISA —MC — C.O.D.
(313) 7777780 ADO $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 46061

=©*

MORROW DE5IGN5

DECISION 1
$3795

W/5 MEG HD
QUANTITY 3" "" %D\J § ^\J FLOPPY DISK

First lime computet users add S750 lo all prices. Our Warranty, 4 Factory Warranty
CALL US 9:00 AM to 10:00 PM (Central) « problem.

Decision 1. 14 Slot S-100.2-8a.65K Static. 1 to tGuser (Needmore memory. Software.
& 1 for 1 6 users) Desk top, with CP M • . Wordstar ■ & Vtaosott Basic 80 V 3 Serial & t
Parallel pod Both Disk controllers D A, all (loppy disks are double density

Mfg's Retail Your Price
D1 ComputerOnly, NoDisk
D2WilhTwo5 1 /.DSDDFloppyDisk
D3AWith0ne5MegHD&0ne5ViDSDD
D3C With One 16 Meg & One 5V, Fl DSDD
Rack Mount. Decis. 1. 19" X 25" X 8.5". 80 Lbs. 1 2 Slol MB i
8" (loppy disks, Otherwise, as above.

R2AWithOne10MegHD&One8"SSDD 6895 5149

R2BWilhOne10MegHO&One8"DSOO 7195 5449

R2CWilhOne20MegHD&One8"SSDD 7795 5795

R2DWithOne20MegHD&One8"DSDD 8095 6195

SV4 Winchester Hard Disks with OMAconlroller, power supply, cabinet,
fan, CP M 2.2, and Microsoft Basic 80.
5 Meg(lormated)HardDisk 2195 1749

lOMeg(lormated)HardDisk 2795 2195

16Meg(lormaled)HardDiSk 3795 2895

TERMS: All prices are net to seller, and include cash discount. Certified
check, M/O & bank transfer accepted same as cash, Add 3% lor other lorms
Allow 3 weeks lor personal check loclear. 15% restocking or 1 0% cancellation
charge. Add 2% handlmg.and freight to and Irom Ala. Ala residenls add

S2395 SI 895

3495 2695

5295 3795

6495 4849

I" Hard and

CostPlus

sales lax, CALL US for exacl calculation of your net price.
Price ssubjecl to change,
mostly downward.
CALLUS 9AMtolOPM.

18794735 COMPUTERS

205879-4735 of Alabama

P.O. Box 61 1 4 'Birmingham. AL 35259-61 1 4

Circle 540 on inquiry card.

Circle 275 on Inquiry card.

Circle 271 on Inquiry card.

Beautiful Plots with

PL0TPAK™

PLOTPAK is a complete plotting
library that runs under FORTRAN-80
and includes drivers for the following
screens and plotters:

• Micro Angelo MA 512

• ADM + Renographies

• TEK 4010 compatible terminals

• Houston Intruments DMP-4

■ HP plotters 7225B and 7470

•Radio Shack Printer/ Plotter

PLOTPAK (REL file): $275.

PLOTPAK source code
plus two drivers: $365.

Computer Company

DIVISION OF Sea Data Corporation

One Bridge Street, Newton, MA 02158
TEL (617) 244-8190 TLX: 951107

A word for this Punch/Reader Combo is

Speed! Model 510 punches paper tape a t 1 1 0cps,
reads at 150cps. This rugged machine is computer
compatibleoffering RS232C, current loop, parallel
inputs. The ASCII-to-Baudot code conversion per-
mits direct keyboard entry forTelex/TWX transmis-
sion. Plus: 256 character storage, 75-9600 baud
rate,5-8level tape, stock. ADDMASTER CORP. 416
Junipero Serra Dr., San Gabriel, CA 91776 * 213/
285-1121.

28K

Commodore VIC Computer

(60% more powerful thanVIC-20;

$

299

SPECIAL
SALE
PRICE

We add 60% more programming power to the
VIC-20 computerl This gives you a full sized
extra featured computer with 20,000 bytes
ROM, 16K extended level II BASIC, 8000 bytes
RAM, that expands to 60K total memory! 66
typewriter keyboard, graphics keys, 16 colors,
sound, music, real time, upper/lowercase, full
screen editing! $109 modem, printer, disks,
cassette plugs in direct. We have over 400 pro-
grams! 90 day immediate replacement war-
ranty! One day express mail delivery! Write for
free catalog!

15 DAY FREE TRIAL- IMMEDIATE REFUNDS

PROTECTO ENTERPRIZES

BOX 550

BARRINGTON. IL 60010

PHONE ORDERS 312/3B2-5244

Circle 64 on Inquiry card.

Circle 9 on inquiry card.

Circle 386 on inquiry card.

68000 Systems & TRS-80 Model 16
Database & File Software

relational database system

easy to use, powerful, 6c efficient

menus & English subset query language
68OOO code

sequential. Indexed. & direct files
(incl. features never seen before

such as: always single access on
random records: sequential update
without rewrite)

multlkey

report generation

data validation on entry

repetitive batch update

multi-extent files

reentrant code for shared usage

multiple precision St floating point

access security

separate file and sort (core/disk)
packages available

Send for catalog:

Data Management Systems

211 N. El Camlno Real. 101C

Enclnltas. CA 92024

or phone: (714) 942-0744

iSnJr SUPER 1 " iJnV
ISA's DATABASE

The only DBMS with all these features:

* PROVEN in one year of test marketing

• TOUGH, reliable file structure

* MENU driven for simplicity and easy use

• ARITHMETIC with stored calculations

* FAST set-up and report formating

* CLEAR user-oriented documentation

• PRINTS totals & subtotals - mall labels

• REFORMATS and merges data files

• MULTI-DISK files: Up to 1 28K records

• SORTS full disks on up to 40 fields

• PRODUCTION input of repetitive data

* USE existing data files

* COUPLES to word processors

* POSTS transactions to master file

* SEARCH by strings, ranges, comparisons

• DATA COMPRESSION: Over twice as
many labels as the other system

ForTRS-80* Models I
CP/Mt -

II, III, & 16 -
295.00

250.00

Ask your Dealer or Write:

Institute for Scientific Analysis, Inc.

P. O. Box 7186, Dept. B-2

Wilmington, DE 19803 (215)358-3735

*T.M. Tandy Corp.

t T.M, Digital Research

MARliHL LI J%KI

800 COMPUTER (16K) $635.00

800 COMPUTER (48K) S724.00

400 COMPUTER (16K) S265.00

410 PROGRAM RECORDER ... S74.00

810 DISK DRIVE S429.00

NEC 8023A-C PRINTER $475.00

PERCOM D/D DISK DRIVE .... $589.00

AXIOM GP-100PTR $269.95 A I0M IMP-4 PTR 5489.95

ENTERTAINER $66.95 32K RAM (INTEC) $891

EDUCATOR $114.95

PROGRAMMER $52.00

COMMUNICATOR $299.00

BOOKKEEPER (KIT) $169.95

32K RAM (MICROTEK) . $99.95
32K RAM (MOSAIC) ....$118.95

48K RAM (INTEC) $189.95

TYPENTALK $319.00

Macro Assem. & Edit
Microsoft Basic (D)

Pac Man (fl)

Centipede(R)

Assemble Editor(fl) .
Crush Crumber & Ch
Invasion Orion (C/D)

Star Warrior (CID)

voyager(D)

Visicalc (D)

D = DISK

ATARI SOFTWARE

. 165.95 Andromeda |D)

$65,95 Letter Perlect(D)

$32 95 HI RES Wtz & Princess ID)

$32.95 HI RES Ulysses (O) .... .

$44 95 Crossfire{C/DI

S20 95 Frogger(C/D)

J7.95 Survival Advenlure(C/D)

$28.95 Action Quest (C/DI

$17.95 Bug Attack (C/D)

$189 95 K.Razy Shootoul (R>

C a CASSETTE R = ROM (CARTRIDGE)

$24 95
S108 95
$2395
$25 95
$20.95
$24.95
$17 95
$20 95
$20.95
$3595

COSMIC
COMPUTERS

PRICES FOR PREPAID ORDERS
WRITE FOR FREE CATALOG
Add $2 00 Shipping per soltware order Hardware
228 N PROSPECTORS RD Snipping, call for cost Calil residents add 6V>V,

DIAMOND BAR. CA. 91765 " IBS ta * A,a " ,s a " 30efn3,k 0| A,a "- lnt
ORDER LINES OPEN l"9M A\ QCH A OCC

SEVEN DAYS 8 am - 9 pm \ I I H) OD I ■ I ZOO
ttHTimTIIlMIlIlllTllllTl

Circle 144 on inquiry card.

Circle 234 on Inquiry card.

Circle 134 on Inquiry card.

We Have It!. . At the best prices.

Call For Super Value

On S-100 System With

Dbl. Dens. 8 ff Drives!

INTERTECSUPERBRAIN II
Free ! Microsoft Basic 80
Self-contained computer with dual disks and
two RS232C ports. Complete with CP/M 2.2.

64K Double Density $2099

64K Quad Density $2495

64K Super Density $2949

10 Meg. DDS Hard Disk $2995

VIDEO TERMINALS

INTERTEC INTERTUBE III 749

ZENITH Z-19 729

SOROC IQ 120 649

SOROCIQ130 595

SOROC IQ 135 749

SOROC IQ 135G 799

SOROC IQ 140 1149

HAZELTINE ESPRIT CALL

1420 CALL

1500 CALL

1510 CALL

1520 CALL

TELEVIDEO910C CALL

912C CALL

920C CALL

925C CALL

950C CALL

TEXAS INST. 940 BASIC 1599

940 Package 2079

745 Portable Terminal 1399

745 Portable Terminal w/U/L/Case. 1495

PRINTERS

ANADEX DP-9500 $1349

DP-9501 1349

PAPER TIGER IDS-560G 1 139

PRISM PRINTER IDS-80, w/o color. . . Call

IDS-80, w/color Call

IDS-132, w/color 1695

NEC 3510, RORS232C35CPS 1945

NEC 3530. RO. Centr. Inter. 35CPS 1945

NEC 7710, RO RS232C 55CPS 2395

NEC 7720, KSR, RS232C 55CPS 2999

NEC 7730, RO, Centr. Inter. 55 CPS 2395

QUME

Sprint 9/45, ltd, 45CPS. RS232C 2119

C.ITOH Pro Writer, Parallel 549

Serial and Parallel 629

DIABLO 630, RS232C, 55 cps 2299

CENTRONICS 730-1 , Parallel 399

730-3, RS232C 489

739-1 w/Graphics, Parallel 525

739-3B w/Graphics, RS232C 639

704-11, Parallel 1695

704-9, RS232C 1595

122G, Parallel, 120 CPS 949

EPSON

MX80 489

MX80FT 589

MX100FT 789

RS232 Serial Interface 65

RS232/2K Bufferlnterface 125

Graftrax II 90

Apple Printer Interface 75

TI810 Basic, RS232C 1349

810 Basic, RS232C &■ Parallel 1 395

810 w/full ASCII, vertical forms

control compressed print, 1599

820 RO, Basic 1645

820 KSR, Basic 1839

OKIDATA

Microline 80 $465

Tractor-feed option 59

Microline 82A 519

Microline 83A 849

Microline 84 1199

MONITORS

ZENITH-ZYM-121, 12" Green Phos., . . $125

AMDEK100, 12" 139

100G, 12" Green Phosphor 149

300, 12" Green Phos., Hi. Res 199

Color, 13" 359

Color II, 13", R.G.B. Hi Res 799

Apple adapt, for R.G.B 159

BMC, 12", Green Phosphor 169

NORTH STAR
Call For Prices

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

MORROW DESIGNS

Discus 2D, single drive DD $$898*

Dual Discus 2D, dual drive DD 1549*

Discus 2 + 2, double sided DD 1239*

Dual Discus 2 + 2 2139

"Includes CP/M 2 + 2 and Microsoft Basic

HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

MORROW DESIGNS

Discus M-5 5Meg $1849*

Discus M-10 10 Meg 3095*

Discus M-20 20 Meg 4069*

Discus M-26, 26 Meg 3795*

CORVUS 5 Meg 3185

10 Meg 4545

20 Meg 5499

KONAN David 5 Meg 2499

10 Meg 3049

15 Meg 3295

INTERTEC 10 Meg SPECIAL $3195

*S 700 only w/CP/M 2 + 2 & Microsoft Basic

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER
BOARDS

CROMEMCO 16FDC DD $499

NORTH STAR DD 479

MORROW Disk Jockey 2D, A&T 329

SD SYS. Versafloppy I, A&T 319

SD SYS. Versaflopppy II. A&T 429

DELTA DD Disk Cont., A&T 345

CONDUCTOR DD, A&T 8 9

INTERSYSTEMS, FDC-2, A&T 439

TARBELL DD, A&T 445

SYSTEMS GROUP DD DMA 439

ESCON CONVERSION FOR
IBMSELECTRIC

Complete with microprocessor controller and
power supply. Factory built. User installs
solenoid assembly or it can be done at
ESCON Factory.

RS232 Serial & Parallel $534

Cable for above 25

PROM PROGRAMMERS

SSM PB1 Kit $152

SSMPB1. A&T 225

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT Acoustic Modem $149

D-C AT Direct Connect 1 55

AUTO-CAT Auto Ans 219

APPLE CAT 329

USD 103 LP Direct Connect 175

103 JLP Auto Answer 209

DC HAYES MICROMODEM || (Apple).. 299

MODEM 100 (S 100) 339

Smart Modem ( RS 232) 239

Potomac Micro Magic (S 100) 339

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER
SYSTEMS

Z80 CPU Board $$269

Disk Controller 2422, w/CP/M 359

16K Static, A&T 259

32K Static, A&T 399

64K Dynamic RAM 335

System 2210 w/64K, CP/M 2.2 1495

CPU BOARDS

(assembled unless noted)

NORTHSTARZ-80A(ZPB-A/A) $269

INTERSYSTEMS (MPU-80) 349

SSM CB1 8080, A&T 214

CB2, Z-80, A&T 289

CB2, Z-80, Kit 219

DELTA Z-80 with I/O 289

SD SYSTEMS, SBC-100, A&T 349

SBC-200, A&T 399

SYS TEMS GROUPZ-80 with I/O 419

MEMORY BOARDS

NORTHSTAR 16KRAM $299

HRAM64K 589

HRAM32K 419

CROMEMCO 16KZ 419

CROMEMCO 64KZ 595

MEMORY MERCHANT

16K Static, 4MHz 159

64K Static, 4MHz 549

SYSTEMS GROUP
(Measurement Systems & Controls!

DM4800 48K Board 499

DM6400 64K Board 529

DMB6400 64K Board 595

INTERSYSTEMS 64K Dynamic. . 845

GODBOUT(A&T)

CPUZ $$249

CPU 8085 88 359

RAM 2030 359

RAM 17 64 675

RAM 21 1439

Interface 1 210

Interface 2 210

Disk 1 419

System Support 1 335

Enclosure 2 (Desk) 699

Enclosure 2 (Rack) 760

VIDEO BOARDS I/O Mapped

SD SYSTEMS

VDB-8024, A&T $469

SSMVB2I/0. Kit 169

VB21/0, A&T 229

MEMORY MAPPED

VB1C, 16x64, Kit 152

VB1C, 16x64, A&T 206

VB3, 80 Char. 4MHz, Kit 359

VB3, 80 Char. 4MHz, A&T 419

APPLE BOARDS
CALIFORNIA COMPUTER
7710A Asynchronous Ser Interface.
7712A Synchronous Der Interface . .

7424A Calender Clock

7728A Centronics Printer Interface .

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

CPS Multifunction Board

SupertalkerSD200

Romplus w/ keyboard filter

Romplus w/o keyboard filter

Keyboard filter ROM

COPYROM

Music System

ROMWRITER

Apple Clock:

A/DD/A

Expansion Chassis

VISTA

8" Disk Controller (Apple II)

$129

149

99

99

, $199
259
179

, 130

49

49

459

149

239

. 295

. 625

$495

All prices, F.O.B. shipping point, subject to change. All offers subject to withdrawal without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid
prior to shipment). C.O.D.'s and credits cards are 2% higher.

MiniMicroMart, Inc.

943 W. Genesee St. P.O. Box 2991 B Syracuse, N.Y. 13220 (315) 4224467 TWX 710-542-0431

Circle 326 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 569

WANT HELP?

COBOL PROGRAMMER'S AIDE |CPA]

Provides extensive assistance in CODING,
DEBUGGING. MAINTAINING and DOCUMENTING
your Cobol programs - Improve your efficiency
and productivity - EASY TO USE - MENU
DRIVEN - A PRACTICAL SET of TOOLS - An
INVALUABLE AIDE.
CPA features:

• SOURCE ANALYZER & CROSS REFERENCE

• SOURCE EDITOR & REFORMATTER

• SOURCE OVERVIEWER

• DOCUMENTATION PRINTER

• PARAMETER FETCHER SUB-PROGRAM

• COMPREHENSIVE MANUAL and more
Available for CP/M 2 , CDOS 3 or CROMIX 3 users
utilizing COBOL-80' or Cromemco Cobol.
Satisfaction guaranteed or full refund!
For Program Samples and information call or write:

Automated Programming
Methods, Inc.
22 1 2 Dupont Dr.,
(714)851-8686 Irvine, CA 9271 5

Trademarks: 'Microsoft. 'Digital Research. 3 Cromemco

A .XV

Now... You Can Monitor

7 Most Important
RS-232 Interface Lines

it"

Made in America

RS-232-INTERFACE TESTER

connects in series with any RS-232 interface. LED's
clearly display status of 7 functions: transmit data, re-
ceive data, request to send, clear to send, data set
ready, carrier detect, data terminal ready. Requires no
power; may be left in permanently. Satisfaction
guaranteed. ORDER NOW! Only S39.95. Purchase
Orders from rated Corps accepted. FREE: illustrated
catalog of problem detecting equipment. We also do
custom desion work. 815/539-5827.

Q&Q electronics

Box 475-EDN, MENDOTA, IL 61342

TRACK YOUR OWN
PORTFOLIOS

by using the

PROGRAM OF THE

SECURITY PROFESSIONALS

Thla Portfolio management System Has:
'Capacity: 10 Portfolios 1500 Transactions

Capability: * Portfolio Evaluation

* Profit/Loss Statement
Short-Term I-ong-Term
Realized Unrealized

* Total Position
Open & Closed

* Handles Stocks. Bonds, Options

* Handles Splits and Stock Dividends
Configuration: Requires—

Apple II Plus Computer
Apple language Card
Two 5>/«" Disk Drives
Printer-Will Run On 3 Printers-
Epson MX80UO0)/
Qume Letter Quality/
Nee Dot Matrix
Cost: SlOO (N.C. residents add \% sales tax)

mall check to:

BROKERSOFT. INC.

Post Office Box 1762

Wilmington, N.C. 28402

The 52 Broker is a trademark of BROKERSOFT. INC.

Circle 46 on inquiry card.

Circle 66 on inquiry card.

MULTI- USERS

• Do several persons use your system?

• Do you have infoimation you'd rather not have
everyone see?

MicroCrypt- will encrypt your files quickly and
easily with any password you choose. No lengthy
key generation process. Mo long encryption or
decryption process.

Use for letters, salaiy schedules, key documents,
or programs. Can even call from dBase II* to keep
your data bases private.

MicroCrypt®: 125.00 Disk and Manual
Requires CP/M" or MP/M" Z80/8080

Order Line: 800-368-3359

From the MicroSheli'® developers.

NEW 2 1 53 Golf Course Dr.

GENERATION Reston.Va 22091
SYSTEMS, inc. (703) 476-9 143

V1SA/MC/COD

Foreign Add $ 1 0.00 Air Mail

TM ♦Ashton-Tate

"Digital Research

IMS

IMPERIAL |

MICRO
SUPPLY LTD. I

Scotch

DISKETTES

DISKS SCOTCH 3M

5Va" *2.30 each

Reinforced Hubs, Any Quantity
Save more on 100 or more boxes *2.25ea.

MEMORY

RAM

4116-200NS 8/H6

4164-200NS MO each

EPROMS

2716 (5V) *5.50each

X-TALS MHZ *2.25 each

1.0 3.579545 5.0686
2.0 4.0

10.0
5.7143 14.31818

18.0
20.00

E3

IMPERIAL MICRO SUPPLY LTD.

P.O. BOX 831, DIPT. M, PONTIAC, Ml 460S6

Mid *2.00 Shipping — Michigan add 4'X, Tdx

**10K Available from Hytor —
W* for

Color Computer Disc System

owners.
A software development
system for onlv $60. 00
includes 6809 Assembler
Program Editor Loader
and Memory Dump.

j Mh /*«*/§ the /w««n of
>""<• Wrjfe Qr CaM j oday ,

B=flVtOH^

™ INC.

P.O. Box 4996 ™
Scottsdale, Az. 85261
(602)863-3122

Circle 123 on Inquiry card.

Circle 229 on Inquiry card.

Circle 224 on inquiry card.

BREAKTHROUGH

Originate/Answer UDS 212 LP Modem

$420

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

» Compatible with Bell 212 modems 11200 bps only)
» Telco powered— no AC connection required
» Simplified controls— talk/data and originate/answer only
• Direct-connect to dial-up network

JOTfflBJttlflfitt SIMP.

1111 W. Dundee Road
Wheeling. IL B0090
Sales-1312) 459 0868
Sorvice-012) 4598874

"ELF" interface.
Converts Your
Typewriter Into Printer

• Finest print quality • Low cost

• Easy Installation • Quick delivery

• Fits IBM selectrlc® and Electronic
Typewriters

• Models for all popular computers

• call or write for more Information,
today!

We export to all countries -

ffi

INTERNATIONAL INC.

EjC 5115 Douglas Fir Rd.
™^^ Calabasas, CA 91302 U.S.A.

\jet: (213) 710-iqqq TLX/TWX: 910 494 2100^

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealer
inquiries invited. C.O.D. and
charge cards accepted.

VISA'

PACIFIC
EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.
San Luis Obispo, CA
93401. inCal. call
(800) 592-5935 or
(805) 543-1037.

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

Circle 247 on inquiry card.

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

Why use their flexible discs:

BASF, Control Data, Dysan, IBM, Kybe, Maxell,
Nashua, Scotch, Syncom, Verbatim or Wabash

when you could be using

MEMOREX

high quality error free discs?

Product Description

8" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)
8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector
8" SSSD CPT 8000 Compatible, Soft Sector
8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)
8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)
8" DSDD Soft Sector (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)
8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors)
8" DSDD Soft Sector (51 2 B/S, 15 Sectors)
8" DSDD Soft Sector (1 024 B/S, 8 Sectors)
5 1 /4" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring
5 1 /4" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring
5 1 /4" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring
5 1 /4" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring
5 1 /4" DSDD 1 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring
5 1 /4" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring
5 1 /4" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)
5 1 A" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density
DSDD = Double Sided Double Density; TPI = Tracks per i nch

Memorex Flexible Discs.. .The Ultimate in Memory Excellence

Free Memorex Mini-Disc Offer - Save 1 0%

Every carton of 1 Memorex 5V4 inch mini-discs sold by
Communications Electronics, now has a coupon good
for a free Memorex mini-disc. For every case of 100
Memorex mini-discs you buy from CE, you'll get 1 free
mini-discs directly from Memorex. There is no limit to
the number of discs you can purchase on this special
offer. This offer is good only in the U.S.A. and ends on
December31, 1982.

Quality

Memorex means quality products that you can depend
on. Qualitycontrol atMemorexmeansstartingwiththe
best materials available and continual surveillance
throughout the entire manufacturing process. The ben-
efit of Memorex's years of experience in magnetic
media production, resulting, for instance, in proprietary
coating formulations. The most sophisticated testing
procedures you'll find anywhere in the business.

100 Percent Error Free

Each and every Memorex Flexible Disc is certified to be
1 00 percent error free. Each track of each flexible disc
is tested, individually, to Memorex's stringent standards
of excellence. They test signal amplitude, resolution,
low-pass modulation, overwrite, missing pulse error
and extra pulse error. Rigid quality audits are built into
every step of the manufacturing process and stringent
testing result in astandard of excellence that assures
you, our customer, of a quality product designed for
increased reliability and consistent top performance.

Customer-Oriented Packaging

The desk-top box containing ten discs is convenient for
filing and storage. Both box labels and jacket labels
provide full information on compatibility, density, sec-
toring, and record length. Envelopes with multi-lan-
guage care and handling instructions and and color-
coded removable labels are included. A write-protect
feature is available to provide data security.
Full One Year Warranty— Your Assurance of Quality
Memorex Flexible Discs will be replaced free of charge
by Memorex if they are found to be defective in materials
or workmanship within one year of the date of purchase.
Other than replacement, Memorex will not be respon-
sible for any damages or losses(including consequential
damages) caused by the use of Memorex Flexible
Discs.

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

Quantity Discounts Available

Memorex Flexible Discs are packed 10 discs to a carton
and 1 cartons to a case. Please order only in increments
of 1 00 units for quantity 1 00 pricing. We are also willing to
accommodate your smaller orders. Quantities less than
1 00 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 1 0%
surcharge. Quantity discounts are also available. Order
500 or more discs at the same time and deduct 1%; 1 ,000
or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you 3%; 5,000
or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more saves you 5%;
25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or more saves you
7% and 1 00,000 or more discs earns you an 8% discount
off our super low quantity 1 00 price. Almost all Memorex
Flexible Discs are immediately available from CE. Our
warehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you the
quality product you need, when you need it. If you need
further assistance to find the flexible disc that's right for
you, call the Memorex compatibility hotline. Dial toll-free
800-538-8080 and ask forthe flexible disc hot line extension
0997. In California dial 800-672-3525 extension 0997.
Outside the U.S.A. dial 408-987-0997.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Memorex
Flexible Discs, send or phone your order directly to our
Computer Products Division. Be sure to calculate your
price using the CE prices in this ad. Michigan residents
please add 4% sales tax. Written purchase orders are
accepted from approved government agencies and most
well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All
salesare subject to availability, acceptance and verification.
All sales are final. Prices, terms and specifications are
subject to change without notice. Out of stock items wi II be
placed on backorder automatically unless CE is instructed
differently. Minimum prepaid order $50.00. Minimum
purchase order $200.00. International orders are invited
with a $20.00 surcharge forspecial handling in addition to
shipping charges. All shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor,
Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certified and foreign
checks require bank clearance.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002,
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. Add $8.00 per case or
partial-case of 100 8-inch discs or $6.00 per case or partial
case of 100 5V4-inch mini-discs for U. P.S. ground shipping and
handling in the continental U.S.A. If you have a Master Card or
Visa card, you may call anytime and place a Credit card order.
Order toll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521-4414. If you are
outside the U.S. or in Michigan, dial3l 3-994-4444. Orderyour
high quality, error free Memorex discs today.

Copyright * 1 932 Communications Electronics' Ad#05l7fl2

Part#
3062
3015
3045
3090
3102
3115
3103
3114
3104
3481
3483
3485
3491
3493
3495
3504
3501

CE quant.

1 0O price

per disc ($)

2.09
2.09
2.99
2.74
3.34
3.34
3.34
3.34
3.34
2.34
2.34
2.34
3.09
3.09
3.09
2.99
3.99

Free disc offer
Save 10%

■nwti

[MosfetOora

Order Toll- Free!
(800)521-4414

In Michigan (313) 994-4444

For Data Reliability — Memorex Flexible Discs

a

COMMUNICATIONS
ELECTRONICS™

Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix O Box 1002 O Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.
Call TOLL- FREE (800) 521 -4414 or outside U.S.A. (313) 994-4444

BYTE September 1982 571

/ %Aoxscoia

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

ketone

$70 Each
(5 or more,
$55 each)
Order in Ones or Thousands

The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely self-
contained solid state device. This single chip phoneti-
cally synthesizes continuous speech of unlimited
vocabulary.

The SC-01A contains 64 different phonemes which
are accessed by a 6-bit code. Computer interfaces
and text-to-speech algorithms also available for prod-
uct development.

Votrax is a trademark of Federal Screw Works

Call 1-800-645-3479, in N.Y. 1-516-374-6793

MICROMINTINC.

917 Midway

Wood mere, N.Y. 11598

Call for
quantity pricing.

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

AND FILE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM

FOR THE APPLE /r» MICROCOMPUTER

As a Subset Language of P-STAT* 78...

A-STA"H 79 computes:

FREQUENCIES

BI-VARIATE TABLES

CHI SQUARE and 14 MEASURES OF ASSOCIATION

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

CORRELATION MATRICES

MULTIPLE REGRESSION

RESIDUALS

APPLE PLOT INTERFACE

APPLE FILE CABINET INTERFACE

FILE SORT

AGGREGATION

REPORT WRITING

COMPLETE TRANSFORMATION LANGUAGE

READS VISICALC FILES

A-STAT" 79

Uses Standard DOS Text File and EXEC'S

Capacity: up to 100.000 Data Points per File

48K Version — All programs in Applesoft'"

Now Fully Compiled at no additional cost

A-STAT" 79 is available from:

ROSEN GRANDON ASSOCIATES

7807 Whittier Street

Tampa, Florida 33617

(813)985-4911

A-STAT" 79 on disk with 100-page manual . $175.00

Apple llcsa (raa?marii o'll
P-STAT' 7fl,s a trademark _.
A-STAT" 79is copynghicd b

SUPER SALE

EPROM's

1-7 8 up 50 up

2716 (5V. 450nS) $3.95 $3.55 CALL
2732 (5V-, 450nS) 7.85 6.95 CALL
2532 (5V. 450nS) 8.25 7.95 CALL

STATIC RAM

6116P-3(150nS) 7.50 7.20 CALL
2114L-2 (200nS) 2.10 1.70 CALL

DYNAMIC RAM

4164(200nS) 7.90 7.49 CALL

MISC

CPU Z80A $5.29 ea.

CDP-1854ACE (UART) $5.29 ea.

16K RAM Expansion Kit

for TRS-80 Mod III $12.95/8

ife SUNTRONICS CO., inc.

■ 12621 CRENSHAW BOULEVARD

^g^j HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250

— i STORE HOURS- m<... y<. <* 0O*..u. 6 JUi..- ».• >a.rni..bt».
IN CALIFORNIA OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FREE

(21 3) 644- 1 149 1-800-421-5775

Mm Order: $10. P/H: $2, Accept VISA. Mastercard. Check cr MO.

Circle 246 on inquiry card.

Circle 410 on Inquiry card.

Circle 528 on Inquiry card.

VIDEO
OUTPUT
for

H/Z '1 9
or '89

Display the CRT image on

Projection TV or other

monitor. Great for classroom

or group applications.

Only $79.00

MAGNOLIAS

MICROSYSTEMS

2264 -15th AVE. W • SEATTLE. WA 981 1 9

[206] 285-7266 [800] 426-2841

MEMOREX
Flexible Discs

SAVE 40% SJMKf

5"\/ A " Specify soft, Prlce/10

,t * 1&or 16 sector

1 Side, double density $24.70

2 Sides, double density 36.40

1 Side, 80 track, double density 32.50

2 Sides, 80 track, double density 44.20

(All 5Vi" have Hub-rings)

8 "specify soft
or 32 sector

1 Side, single density 23.40

1 Side, double density 30.60

2 Sides, double density 35.80

CHECKS — VISA — MC— C.O.D.
(313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

SIGMATEK INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

327 Clarkin Ct.. Walnut Creek. CA 94598

(415) 93B-5097

MICROPROCESSOR CRYSTALS (MHz)

1B432

1 000 1 2288. 1 6896

2 000. 2 097152 2 4576

3 2768 3 579545 4 000
5.000. 50688,
6.144. 6400.
8 000. 10 000.

18 000

4 9152

6 000.

7 3728

14 31818 15 575.
19 6608 20 000.

4.00eich
3 OOeach

4 194304. 4 433619 Z.OOeach

5 185. 5 7143 Z.OOtich

6 5536. 7 000 200 each
11000. 12000 2.00 each
18 432

221184 32 000. 48 000 2 50each

TUNING FORK CRYSTALS |3 x B Minalurei

32768KHZ
30KHz1o50KHz

EPROMS

253215V 450 ns)
2732<5V.450nsl
276415V. 450 nst

DYNAMIC RAMS

4164 (150ns)

8 00 each
7.50 each
1400 each

10.00 each

BOOKS PUBLISHED BY HAYDEN. OSBORNE/MCGRAW HILL
SAMS. SYBEX

15% off list price Please add Si 00 for each book lor 4th class delivery
Mimmiim order S1000 For shipping include S2 00 for UPS ground £3 00
for UPS Blue Label Air California residents add sales tax

Circle 279 on Inquiry card.

Circle 276 on Inquiry card.

Circle 426 on Inquiry card.

6800 Micro Modules

.,&*««

.... ■■»'~lllfl ,i

*%* immm%

■S3

FOR INTERFACING TO: sensors,
transducers, analog signals, sole-
noids, relays, lamps, pumps, AC
motors, DC motors, stepper motors,
keyboards, displays, 488 GP1B.

ADDITIONAL FEATURES: 6800 MPU,
counter/timer, fail safe battery back up

WIKTEK

Lafayette. IN 47904

SOFTSPOOL®

The Software Spooler Program for the IBM PC*

• Spools data to printer in background while
executing any program

• MSDOS 1.0 and 1.1 compatible

• Easy to use— (can be invoked automatically
at power-up)

• Operation transparent to user

• Program execution no longer linked to
printer speed

• Spool buffer sizes user modifiable

• Requires minimum 48K w/disk

• Greatly increases productivity

• Ideal for business or software development

• Requires NO additional hardware

• 30 Day money back guarantee

Price: $49.95"" (includes disk & documentation)
Dealer and Distributor Prices on Request
FOR ORDERS CALL— (617) 662-0856

OR SEND CHECK TO:
Rickerdata
P.O. BOX 288
Burlington, MA 01 803

• Registered Trademark Rickerdata

• Registered Trademark IBM
*" Mass. Residents add 5% Sales Tax

MC and VISA
accepted

Circle 427 on Inquiry card.

Circle 491 on Inquiry card.

Circle 529 on Inquiry card.

Circle "lite on inquiry cara.

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

SPECIAL!!!!!!!! QUME DATATRAK 8

Virtually the industry standard. High quality/
reliability. Full featured, double sided, double
density.
Tandon TM 848 $545

$525 quantity 1, $499 quantity 2 up.

TANDON DOUBLE SIDED, DOUBLE DENSITY MINIS

TM100-2 48 TPI (500 KBYTES)

Compatible with Northstar, Cromemco, TRS-80

TM100-4 96 TPI (1000 KBYTES)

Compatible with Zenith, Heath, etc.

TANDON 5 1 /a" HARD DISKS

TM 602 (5MB)

TM603(10MB)

$325
$425

.$1195
.$1295

CONTROLLERS

Tarbell single density kit ... .
Tarbell single density A & T .
Tarbell double density A & T

CCS 2422 w/CPM 2.2

Godbout Disk 1

MDA MXV-21 LSI-11 controller (RX-01
MISCELLANEOUS

2 Disk drive enclosure $ 95

(fits Siemens, Shugart, Qume)

CP-206 power supply $110

(powers two floppies)

$1050

Cable Kits 2 drives $ 35

3 drives $ 40

4 drives $ 45

Diskettes ss $39/10 - ds $59/10

Mini-Enclosure with power supply

1 drive $ 85

2 drives $120

CPU

CCS 2810

Godbout Z-80A .
Godbout 8085A .

MEMORY

$ 275
$ 275
$ 295

CCS 2065 64K dynamic $ 595

CCS 21 1 6 32K static $ 625

Godbout RAM 1 7 64K $ 675

I/O

CCS 2710 4 SIO $ 325

Godbout Interfacer 1 $ 225

Godbout Interfacer 2 $ 225

Electrolabs

POB 1608, Palo Alto, CA 94302 (415) 965-7040

NEW !!!!

Qume Sprint 9
DAISY WHEEL PRINTER . . $2395

45 CPS, RO. Available in KSR version.
Call for further particulars.
Ribbons: $125/case
Bidirectional tractor feed $225

NEW !!!!

ABM 85 Video Terminal . . $ 895

— Detachable keyboard

— Televideo 920, ADM 3A compatible

— High resolution green phosphor (23 MHZ)

— Extra multi-bus or S-100 slot for stand-alone
capability

Terms of sale: cash or checks, MC/
VISA. Min. order $25. CA residents
add 6% tax. Prices subject to change
without notice. All goods subject to
prior sale.

SUNNY LOW LOW COST

POWER SUPPLIES

(LINEAR & SWITCHING)
FOR S-100, DISK°DRIVES

KIT 1, 2 & 3 For S-100 R3For3x8" (or 5 1 / 4 ") Disks S3 For S-100 & Two Disks

S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLY "S3" open frame, assy. & tested, 6 outputs, size: io m (W) x 6" (D) x 5" (H) 102.95

REGUL OUTPUTS FOR DISKS: +5V @ 5A OVP, -5V @ 1A, +24V (OR +12V) @ 5A-7A PEAK. ADJUSTABLE AND
UNREGUL OUTPUTS FOR S-100: +8V @ 14A, ±16V @ 3 A. FUSES PROTECT ALL REGUL OUTPUTS.

IDEAL FOR THE MAINFRAME WITH 12 SLOTS & 2 x 8" or 5V4" FLOPPY (OR 1x FLOPPY & 1x HARD DISK).

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect.

ITEM IDEAL FOR +5VOVP -5V(or-12V) +24V(or+12V) +8VUnreq. SIZE W x D x H PRICE

5"x4" x4" 49.95

2A 8" x 4" x 3%" 54.95

1 . 8V2" x 5" x 4%" or 2. 1 0" x 4%" x 3%" 69.95

1 . 9" x 6V4" x 4%" or 2. 9" x 5 1 /4 n x 5Va" 69.95

R o

2x8" SLIMLINE

2.5A

2.5A - 5A Peak

R 1

2 x 8" or 2 x 5Va" DISK

3A

1A

3A - 5A Peak

R ?

[3x8"(or5 1 /4")FLOPPY|
[or 1x Floppy & 1x Hard]

6A

1A(or2.5A)

6A - 8A Peak

R3

6A

1A

6A-8APeak

OPTION: +12V @ 1A CAN BE ADDED TO ITEM "R 3 " SIZE 1. ONLY, COSTS $12.00 MORE.

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

(IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V +16V -16V +28V SIZE: WxDxH PRICE

ITEM
KIT1
KIT 2
KIT 3

15 CARDS

20 CARDS

DISK SYSTEM

+8V
15A
25A
15A

1A

2.5A
3A
3A

2.5A
3A
3A

5A

12" x 5" x 47/b"

12" x 5" x AW

13V 2 " x 5" x 4 7 /8"

54.95
61.95
69.95

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEM PRIMARY SECONDARY # 1 SECONDARY #2 SECONDARY #3 SIZE WxDxH

T2
T3
T4
T5

PRICE

110/120
110/120
110/120
110/120
110/120

2x8 Vac, 15A
2x8 Vac, 25A
2x8 Vac, 15A

2x8 Vac, 6A
16 Vac, CT, 3 A

28 Vac, CT, 2.5A
28 Vac, CT, 3.5A

28 Vac, CT, 3A
28 Vac, CT. 1.5A

28 Vac, CT, 2A

48 Vac, CT, 2.5A

48 Vac, CT, 3 A

(48 Vac, If specified)

3%" x 3%" x 3V8"
3%" x 4%" x 3V 8 "
3%" x 4%" x 3V 8 "
3%"x3%"x3 1 /8"
3" x 3" x 2V2"

22.95
28.95
30.95
23.95
15.95

SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY:
$5.50 IN CALIF; $8.00 IN OTHER STATES;
$18.00 IN CANADA. FOR EA. TRANS-
FORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES; $12.00
IN CANADA. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD
6% SALES TAX.

ATTENTION O.E.M.'S
YOUR SPECIAL NEEDS OR
DESIGNS OF TRANSFORMER,
LINEAR & SWITCHING PWR
SUPPLY WILL BE MADE TO
ORDER AT SUNNY LOW LOW
COST & FASTEST DELIVERY.

MAILING ADDRESS:
P.O. BOX 4296
TORRANCE, CA 90510

TELEX: 182558

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)

(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS:
22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE
TORRANCE, CA 90502

Circle 442 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 573

Y ZXCQ/VLPUTER

MICROPROCESSORS

16K Apple™ Ramcard

LIST 195

ACP
Sgg95

» Full 1 year warranty
• Top quality — gold fingers
Expand Apple II 48K to 64K
Compatible with Z-80 SoftcarcT
• Allows system to run with CP/M'", PASCAL,
DOS3.3,COBAL ( Visicalc, etc.
Supplied with extra 1 6K RAM & has (2) LED's

32K STATIC RAM

2 or 4 MHz
Expandable

Uses
2114LS

16K 4 MHz Kit
16K4MHZA&T
32K 4 MHz Kit
• 32K 4 MHz A&T
BARE BOARD

$159.95

• 339.00
39.95

BareBdw/allp'artslessmem. 99.95

BARE BOARDS

S-100 Sound Board
8080A CPU
32K Static RAM {21 14)
8K EPROM (2708)
2708/271 6 EPROM
ACP Proto Board
Vector 8800 Proto
Vector 8803 1 1 slot MB
ACP Extender with connector
13 Slot Mother Board (WMC)
9 Slot Mother Board (WMC)
8 SlotMotherBd (Expandable)
Floppy PCB (8" SHUGART)
S 1 00 (AY5-89 10) Sound Board
Apple Sound Board

S34.95
34.95
34.95
24.95
34.95
22.95
22.20
29.95
18.95
32.95
29.95
34.95
39.95
34.95
24.95

"EPROM"

ERASER

Model
UVS-11E
$79.95

Holds 4 EPROMs
at a time.
$325.00

16K Memory
Expansion Kits

for Apple/TRS-80
$12.95

8 pes 4116 16K
200/250nS
Specify computer
CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING

D" SUB CONNECTORS

Xf

Unreal price. DB37
male. DB25 female.
Gold PC mount with
mounting holes.
Mfg. AMP.
Specify 25 or 37 pins.

BD37 $2.50 DB25 $1 .95

Astec RF Modulator

••C&r^w. for

f^ii' "^ COLOR
•1 &

:' b/w

P/N 1 082 Channel 3 or 4 $6.95

1200 BAUD MODEM IC

^^^^ Features:

^^^^HBIP * 1 200 Baud
•■WPP^ *40 Pin
•^Hlll'" 1 •5VoltsOnly

SL1200 $129.00

64K CMOS RAM

S100(200nS)

Uses 271 6's $Q/IQ00
or6116's 0*+C/

Assembled & Tested $399.00

MOSTEKra 4 5s

290ea

200,000 pieces in
stock — priced to move.
Same as MK4027 except 1mS
refresh. MK4015 4Kx1 RAM.

PMI "Super Beta'

LOW POWER
AMPLIFIER

INTERNALLY

COMPENSATED

P/N OP1 2GJ

Voffset = 1 .0 mV
[bias = 5.0mA
Gain = 40V/mV
(quantity limited)

4K STATIC RAM
iELL-OFF

10/S9.90

Same as TMS4044
but designed specifically
for Z-80 based systems. This
is a full-spec 4Kx1 RAM, 450nS.
Order P/N Zitog 61 04-4 while supply lasts.

Zilog

Z8CPU

with
TINY
BASIC
Debug prog.

Plus 6132 companion
quasi-static RAM 29.95

l 4?

irog. $49.95

Stepper Motor

USED IN

DATA

PRODUCTS

PRINTER
$19.95ea.

CONNECTORS

DB25P (RS232)

DB25S Female

Hood

Set with Hood. Sale

22/44 S/T. KIM

43/86 S/T, MOT

50/100 S-100 ConnectorW/W

50/100 S-100 Connector S/T

S3.25
3.75
1.25
7.50
2.95
6.50
4.95
3.95

PARALLEL ALPHA NUMERIC
PRINTER

19 Column Printer prints 1 6 numerical columns plus 3
columns which have math, alpha and other notations.
Each wheel has 12 positions with position 1 2 blank.
Position 1 1 on numerical columns have decimal point or#. Utilizes 2.75"
wide adding machinetape and a dual color ink ribbon. Input data parallel
with four bit BCDcomparatorcircuit(schematic provided). Print rate, 3 lin
per second. Operating voltage 22-28VDC with typical cycle time
340mS. Size 6V2 n W x 3Va"H x 5%"Dp. New. 81 7.50 ea. 3/$*

574 BYTE September 1982

Z8001 S99.00 8003-1 S14.9S 6802P 14.95

Z8002 69.00 2901 9.90 8035 14.95

Z80 9.95 2901A 14.95 8039 12.95

Z80A 11.95 9900 JL 49.95 8073N 34.95
F-8 (3850) 16.95
2650 16.95

1802 9.75 IM6100 29.95 6809 ' 30.00

4.75 6800 11.75 8086 49.95

4 95 6300B 19.95 68000 129.95

8080A
8085

c*£^V s

6116/2016 $7.95

8264-64K 8.50

4116-2 1.99

1 6-2 8/12.95

2101

2102

21L02-2

21 L02-4

2111

2112

2114

2114L-2

2114L-4

2125

3.99
.79
1.49
1.29
3.49
3.49
1.99
3.25
2.29

2147 S

411

414

1101

1103

4027

4044

4050

4060

4096

4115

4.69
3.99

3.99
1.49
7.95

6.99 5280 4.60

HllJiM;.!

8155 $9.95

8156 9.95
8202 29.95
8205 2.69
8212 2.75
8214 4.95
8216 2.75
8224 2.95
8226 2.95
8228 3.95
8243 9.50

8250 14.95

8251 6.50
8253 11.95
8255 4.50
8257 9.50

8259 $8.95
827519.95
8279 9.50
6810 4.75

6820 6.50

6821 6.50
6828 10.50
6834 16.95
6845 22.95
6847 27.95
6850 5.25
6852 5.25
6860 10.95
68621095
6875 5.95
6880 2.49

68047 $22.95

68488 19.95

46505 22.95

6520 6.95

6522 9.95

6530-X 24.95

6532 17.95

6551 19.95

Z80-PIO 6.50

Z80A-PIO 9.50

Z80-CTC 6.50

Z80A-CTC 9.50

Z80-DMA 19.95

Z80A-DMA 27.95

Z80-SIO 24.95

Z80A-SIO 29.95

MOS PROMS

2764 (8Kx8) TS S69.95 2708(450nS) $5.75

2732(4Kx8)TS 12.95 2708(650nS) 5.25

2716/2516; 5V 1702 A 5.75

(2Kx8)TS 7.95 MM5203AQ 14.50

TMS2716.5V.12V 17.95 MM5204Q 9.95

2758. 5V, (450nS> 3.50

m s ..=m i

251 3-0QU5V) Upper S9.S0
2513-005 |5V)Lr««f 10.95
2513-A0M3(5V) Lower 14.95
MCM66710 ASCII ShiUed 12.95
MCM6G740 Malh Symbol 13.95
MCM66750AlphaControM3.45
1771-01 a" & Minifloppy 24.95
1781 Dual Floppy 29 95

1791-01 Dual Floppy 36.95
1 79 1 -02 Dual Floppy 44.95
1793 00, DS Floppy 44.95
1797 00, OS Floppy 54 95
1691 Data Separator 18.95
2143 Clock Generator 1895
B700 8 tut Binary
8701 10 btt Binary
8703 8 bit TS
9400 Volt to FreqConv.
B750 3ft Digit BCD
1408L66bit
1408L8 B bit
DAC01 DtoA

TfTTTTr

1350

22 03

i&se

7.25

13.95

(JACOB

S9.95

DAC100

9.95

B03H Furm Hon Generator

4.50

MC4024 VCO

2.95

LM5GRVC0

1.95

XH.Z206 Function Generator 5.25

TMG0?H|5V.12V)

3.95

AYS 101315V, 12V)

< IS

AY5IOf4A/IQl2(5-t4V)

6.95

AY51Q15A/IB63I5V)

6.95

IM8402

7.95

IM6403

S5h

2350 USHT

935

16 7 19 Astros

2495

MC14411

11.95

4702

14 95

W01941

995

COM50I6

16 95

1NS8250

15.95

AY5-2376

13 75

AY5-3600

1375

LOW PROFILE
SOCKETS (TIN)

1-24 25-49

8 pin LP
14 pin LP
16 pin LP.
18 pin LP
20 pin IP
22 pin IP
24 pin IP
28 pin IP
40 pin IP

.22
.29

.34

.45
.60

.32
.27

3L WIREWRAP
SOCKETS (GOLD)

1-24
8 pin WW .55

10 pin WW (Tin) .65
14 pin WW
1 6 pin WW
18 pin WW
20 pin WW
22 pin WW
24 pinWW
28 pin WW

40 pin WW

.80
.95
1.15
1.45
1.35
1.60

2.20

.54
.63

1.08
1.35
1.26
1.53

1.23
1.14
1.38

SUPER IC CLOS

78H05K

78M06

78M.G.

LM108AH

LM300H

LM301CN

LM304H

LM305H

LM306H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309K

LM310CN

LM311D/CN

LM312H

LM317T

LM318CN

LM319N/H

LM320K-XX*

LM320T-XX*

LM320H-XX*

LM323K

LM324N

LM337K

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-XX*

LM340T-XX*

LM340H-XX*

LM344H

LM348N

LM350K

LM358CN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

LM380CN/N

LM381N

LM383T

LM386N

LM387N

LM390N

NE531V/T

NE555V

NE556N

NE561T

NE565N/H

NE566H/V

NE567V/H

NE592N

LM702H

LM709N/H

LM710N/H

LM711N/H

LM715N

LM723N/H

LM733N/H

LM739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14

LM747N/H

LM748N/H

LM760CN

LM1310N

MC133D

MC1350

MC1358

74S00$ .39

74S02 .43

74S03

74S04

74S05

74S08

74S09

74510 .42

74511 .42
74S15 .42
74S20 .42
74S22 .42
74S30 .42
74S32 .49
74S38 1.19
74S40 .49
74S51 .42

74564 46

74565 .46
74S74 .69
74S86 .72

745112 .72

745113 .72

745114 .72

$5.95
1.49
1.49
2.95
.99
.35

1.75
1.70
1.49
1.25
1.35
1.39
1.25
4.95
.95
5.95
6.95

1.25
1.95
1.20
5.60

1.95
3.75
2.75
1.25
1.79
1.95
1.25
1.40
1.95
3.75

19.95
1.25
1.75
1.50
2.75
1.99
.29
.75
.39
1.95

2.95
1.90
1.95
1.95
1.75

LM1414N

LM1458CN/N

MC1488N

MC1489N

LM1496N

LM1556N

LM1820N

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901 N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046N

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080T

CA3081N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3410N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451 N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

TL494CN

TL496CP

$1.90
.49

.95
3.10

2.50
2.95
2.19

2.75
1.29
1.29
1.49
3.19
3.19
4.95
1.49
1.29
1.69
1.69
1.55
.80
2.99
3.49

1 49
3.95
3.95
3.39

3.75
3.95
3.75
2.95

5.40
1.25
1.50
.59

4.20
1.65

.49

74S124
74S133
74S134
74S135
74S136
74S138
74S139
74S140
74S151
74S153
74S157
74S158
74S160
74S174
74S175
74S188
74S194
74S195
74S196
74S240
74S241
74S242
74S243

3.69
.54

1.29
1.29
1.29
2.79
1.49
1.49
2.69

2.75
2.75
2.99
2.99

74S244 $2.99

74S251 1.35

74S253 1 .35

745257 1 .29

745258 1.29
74S260 .75
74S280 2.79

745287 2.99

745288 2.55

745373 3.10

745374 3.10
74S387 2.75

745471 7.95

745472 7.95

745473 7.95

745474 9.95

745475 9.95

745570 5.75

745571 5.75

745572 8.95

745573 8,95

745940 2,90

745941 2.90

DIP
SWITCHES

2 Position $ .99

4 Position 1.19

5 Position 1 .29

6 Position 1.35

7 Position $1.39

8 Position 1 .49

9 Position 1 .65
10 Position 1.69

MUFFIN® FAN

The dependable, low
cost, largest selling Ian
for commercial cooling
applications.

• 105cfmfree air delivery

• 4.68" sq. x 1 .50" deep.
Weight - 17 oz.

SPECIAL PURCHASE
#* $9.50ea.

EOUT SPECIALS

ULN2003 2/$1.99

74LS668 3/1.99

74LS377 2/1.99

74LS241 2/1.99

8259 6.95

6561 RAM 2.95

LM733CN 3/1.99

MC1414 3/1.99

2N6121 3/$1.00

SIG 2652 3.95

74S287 1 .95

2758EPROM 2.95
74173/8T10 5/1.99
Z80A CPU 4.95

6522 6.95

6502 CPU 5.95

8080A CPU

2102 RAM

4060 RAM

8X300 CPU

74S387

2708 EPROM 8/29.95

74LS93 3/1.00

2114 8/14.50

2.95
.75
1.49
14.95
1.96

5027 CRT $9.95

11C24 6.95

95H03

MM5320

9131 RAM

EMM4402

11 03 RAM 3/1.50

8700A/D 2/16.95

2.89
5.99

' TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

7402 .22

7403 .22

7404 .22

7405 .23

7406 .35

7407 .35

7408 .26

7409 .23

7410 .22

7411 .29

7412 .29
7413
7414
7416
7417
7420
7421
7422
7423
7425
7426
7427
7429
7430 .23
7432 .29

7437 .25

7438 .29

7439 .29

7440 .19

7441 .79

7442 .57

7443 .95

7444 .95

7445 .79

7446 .79

7447 .65

7448 .79

7450 .19

7451 .19

7453 .19

7454 .19

7459 .25

7460 .23
7470 .29

7472 .29

7473 .34

7474 .34

74LSO0$ .26

74LS01 .28

74LS02 .28

74LS03 .28

74LS04 .35

74LS05 .28

74LS08 .28

74LS09 .35

74LS10 .28

74LS11 .39
74L.S12
74LS13
74LS14
74LS15
74LS20
74LS21
74LS22
74LS26
74LS27
74LS28
74LS30
74LS32
74LS33

74LS37 .45

74LS38 .39

74LS40 .26

74LS42 .79

74LS47 .79

74LS48 .95

74LS51 .26

74LS54 .29

74LS55 .29

74LS73 .45

74LS74 .42

74LS75 .59

74LS76 .45

74LS78 .45

74LS83A .79
74LS85 1.19

74L.S86 .45

74LS90 .57

74LS92 .75

74LS93 .75

74LS95 .88

74LS96 .98

74LS107 .45

74LS109 .45

74LS112 .43

7479
7480
7482
7483
7465
7486

.75
1.75
.75

1.15
.85
.85

74161 $ .88

74162 .89

74163 .87

74164 .87

74165 .87

74166 1.20

74167 1.95
74170 1.69

74172 4.75

74173 .79
74174
74175
74176
74177
74179
74180
74181
74182

74184 2.25

74185 2.25

74186 9.95
74188 3,90
74190 1.15
74191
74192
74193
74194
74195
74196
74197

74198 1.39

74199 1.39
74221 1.19
74251 .95
74273 1.05
74276 1.89
74279 .75

74283 1 .40

74284 3.90

74285 3.90
74290 1.25
74298 95

74365 .68

74366 68

74367 .68

74368 .68
74390 1.45
74393 1.90
74490 1.90

74LS113$ .43 74LS245$2.20
74LS114 .43 74LS247 1.10

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100 2.9

74107 .32

74109 .37

74116 1.95

74121 .29

74122

74123

74125

74126

74128

74132

74136

74139

74141 .79

74142 2.95

74143 2.95

74144 2.95

74145 .62

74147 1.95

74148 1.20

74150 1.09

74151 .67

74152 .67

74153 .67

74154 1.19

74155 .78

74156 .78

74157 .69

74158 1.65

74159 2.49

74160 .88

.57

2.90

59

.75

74LS122
74LS123

74LS248 1.10
74LS249 1.19

74LS124 1.35 74LS251 1.40
74LS125 .89 74LS253

.33

.33

.33

74LS126
74LS132
74LS136
74LS138
74LS139

.52 74LS257 .85

.79 74LS258 .98

.49 74LS259 2.95

.85 74LS260 .65

.65 74LS261 2.49

74LS145 1.25 74LS266 .59

74LS148 1.49 74LS273 1.75

74LS151

74LS153 .79

74LS154 1.70

74LS155 1.19

74LS156 .99

74LS157 .85
74LS158

74LS275 4.40

74LS279 .59

74LS283 .99

74LS290 .99

74LS293 .99

74LS295 1.10

74LS298 1.19

74LS160 1.05 74LS324 1.75
74LS161 1.15 74LS347 1.95

74LS162 1.05
74LS163 1.05
74LS164 1.19
74LS165 .89
74LS166 2.48
74LS168 1.15 74LS366
74LS169 1.15 74LS367

74LS348 1.95

74LS352 1.19

74LS353 1.19

74LS363 1.49

74LS365 .69

74LS170
74LS173
74LS174
74LS175

74LS368 .6

74LS373 1.8

74LS374 1.8
74LS375

74LS181 2.20 74LS377 1.95
74LS190 1.15 74LS385 1.95
74LS191 1.15 74LS386 ,65

74LS192
74LS193

74LS390 1.95
74LS393 1.95

74LS194 1.15 74LS395 1.70

74LS195
74LS196
74LS197
74LS221 1.15
74LS240 1.1

74LS399 2.35
74LS424 2.95
74LS668 1.75
74LS670 2.29
81 LS95

4000 $ .35

4001 .35

4002 .35

4006 1.05

4007 .25

4008 1.39

4009 .45

4010 .45

4011 .35

4012 .25

4013 .45

4014 1.39

4015 1.15

4016 .59

4017 1.19

4018 .89

4019 .45

4020 1.10

4021 1.19

74LS242 1.69 81LS98 1.69
74LS243 1.69 81LS97 1.69
74LS244 1.49 81LS98 1.69

VOLUME PRICING
CALL
TOLL FREE

4089 $2.95

4093 .99

4094 2.95

4098 2.29

4099 2.25

14408 12.95

14409 12.95

14410 12.95
14412 12.95
14415 8.95
14419 4.95
4501

1.25

4041
4042

4043 .85

4044 .85
4046 1.75

.25

4024
4025
4027
4028

4029 1.29

4030 .45

4031 3.25

4032 2.15

4034 3.25

4035 .95

4049 .45

4050 .69

4051 1.10

4052 1.10

4053 1.10

4055 3.95

4056 295

4059 9.25

4060 1 .39
4066 .75
4069 .35
4070
4071
4072
4073 .35

4075 35

4076 1.29
4077
4078

4081 .35

4082 .35
4085 1.95

.35

.35

4502

4503

4505

4506

4507

4508

4510

4511

4512

4515

4516

4518

4520

4555

4556

4566

80C95

80C97

1.65

MallOrten P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713

Retail: 131 OB E. Edlnger, Santa Ana C A 92705
(714) 558-8813

542 W. Trimble, San Jote, CA 95131
(408) 948-7010

TERMS: MO. Cashiers Check Bank Wire Personal
checks allow 2 weeks tor processing Include Ortvers
License and credit card «s Visa AMEX. CB add 3°w
service charge Add 3%Shipping& handling 01 S2 50
whichever is greater Add ^0^ tor foreign orders or
US Parcel Post Include Telephone number NO CODs
Prices subject to change without notice Some items
subjecttopriorsafe Wereservethfi righttosutisrilute
manufacturer Retail prices may vaiv

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

V ^-COMPUTER

Vista

Vision 80

^ as reviewed in
' v May BYTE pg. 266

v*»?i This is the widely discussed

* " Cadillac80columncardforthe

Apple II. TheVision80responds to more Appletextscreen commands than
any other board. It supporlsPASCAL, MicrosoftsZ80Softcard and can be
used as an intelligent terminal.

List Price. . . . $395.00 Special Low Price. . . . $269.00
The Vision 80 can also be used in conjunction with the Vision 40 (allows
enhanced character sets) and the Vision 20 for lower case.

° UNBEATABLE

• memory ADD-ON PRICESI

VISTA 576K Expandable In 64K Increments

• W/256K populated only $999

• W/512K populated only 1 599

• W/576K populated only 1 799

VISTA/SUPERCALC/SUPERCACHE"

• 192Kwith IBM SUPERCALC 799

MICROSOFT RAMCARD

• 64K w/RAMDRIVE (expandable) 41 9

• 256K w/RAMDRIVE 899

AST MEMORY CARD

• 64K EXPANDABLE 499

• 256K w/PARlTY 899

AST "COMBO CARD"

• MEMORY, ASYNCHCOMM, PARALLEL

• 64K SP 525

• 256K SP 1 049

• INTERFACE CARDS

AST ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS

• 2 RS232 PORTS 269

• BABY BLUE Z80 CARD 550

• PROTOTYPE CARD 69

• EXTENDERCARD 29

• DISKDRIVES- ADD-IN (Compatible) 239

• EPSON ADD-ON PRINTER 429

• SUPR'MODVRF MODULATOR 49

• EPSON TO IBM CABLE 49

- a J

MX80 S429.00

MX80FT 529.00

MX100FT 725.00

Apple I/O w/cable 54.95

Serial I/O w/cable 95.00

Serial I/O w/2k & cable 1 29.00

Grapf Tax 89.00

Printer Pal <P80) 29.95

Printer Pal (P100) 39.95

C.ltoh

| STARWRITERF-10

40 CPS Daisy Wheel $1 475

PRO-WRITER 851 OA

120 CPS Dot Matrix Parallel 599

DIABLO 630

Letterquality Daisy Wheel Typewriter in-
terfaces to Apple, Atari, NEC, TRS80 and
RS232 Serial ports.

ESIOOROComp. Print.
ES1 00 Typewriter Print
GQIOApple I/O card
GQ11 Olherl/0's
I/O Cable

• 1 20 cps
M^ & • Logic

- * M seeking

■ m • Double

width &
condensed
print • Font
seletion, char-
acter pitch & line spacing program cont-
rollable* Bi-directional printing

82A 120 cps w/tractor $499.00

83A 120 cps 136 columns .... 740.00

84A-P 200 cps 136 col 999.00

84A-S Serial w/2K Bufler 11 99.00

Apple Card 49.95

Apple Cable 19.95

Serial Card w/2K 1 29.95

Graphics ROM (82A/83A) 75.00

IDS PAPER TIGER

Dot Resolution Grap-
hics* 9-wire stag.
printhead
• Lowercase
decenders
' • Over 1 50cps
• Bi-directional,
FTogic seeking* 8
character sizes* 80-132 col* Hi-res
dot graphics • Proportional spacing
• Tex. justification. L|ST ACp

Prism 80 $899 $ 699

IDS Paper Tiger 560G 1395 1099
Prism 132 (color) 1995 1 875

• 144 x 160 dots/inch* Proportional spac-
ing • Lower case descenders* Nx9 dot
matrix* 8 char, sizes* 5 unique alphabets

• Greek character set* Graphic symbols

• 100 cps • Bi-directional logic seeking

• Adjustable tractors* Single-sheet friction
feed* Vertical & horizontal tabbing

NEC 8023 List $795 ACP $549

AATAR

MODEL
800 with 16K
800 with 48K
800wilh32K+ 128K
810 Disk Drive
825 Printer
830 Acoustic Modem
850 Interface Module
Atari Visicalc
Atari PAC-MAN
Microtek 16K RAM
Microtek 32K RAM
Axalon 128K RAM
400 with 16K

LIST ACP

$1080.00 $689.95
1280.00 789.95
1295.00
469.95
699.95
159.95
189.95
169.00
CALL
75.00
149.00
CALL
329.95

600.00
999.00
199.00
219.95
200.00

99.00
199.00

SVt" DISK DRIVES

TM1 00-1 SSDD. $21 9.95

SA400 SSDD 249.95

TM100-2 DSDD 298.95

TM1 00-3 SSDD 298.95

TM1 00-4 DSDD 419.95

B-51 SSDD 224.95

B-52 DSDD 334.95

B-91 SSDD 359.95

B-92 DSDD 459.95

5V4" Cabinets with Power Supply

Single cabinet w/power supply .... $69.95
Dual cabinet w/powersupply 94.95

SA801 R SSDD. $395.00

SA851B DSDD 549.00

TM848-1 SSDD 425.00

TM848-2 DSDD 575.00

DT-8 DSDD 525.00

FDD1 00-8 SSDD 299.00

FDD200-8 DSDD. 399.00

V1000 Case/Power Supply. .... 375.00

Dual 8" Power Supply. ,., S99.00

Surge Suppressor Fan. §70'

Double Outlet Receptacle IW

^SANYO

FCC CLASS 2 APPROVED

MODEL

LIST ACP

4509 9" B/W

$210 8169

5109CX 9" Green

220 179

B012C 12" B/W

250 219

8012CX12"Gfeen

260 229

6013 13" Color

470 422

6113 13" RGB

995 889

NEW Down & Dirty

2012 12" B/W

145 139

2112 12" Green

169 155

-USI-

USl Computer Products

SANYO
EQUIVALENT

MODEL LIST ACP

Pi I 9" Green $199 $159
Pill 12" Green 199 149
Pilll 12" Orange 249 199

Q

TERMINALS

TELEVIDEO

910C $599

920C 769

925C 749

950 969

SOROC

tQ 120 $695

IQ130 595

|Q 140 999

^^'JjJJ'jJa «ippkz computer

rm^mwfWWwA «■?« Authorized Dealer

DIMENSION

• Truly Portable 18 lbs.

• Includes; CP/M",
Wordstar-plus"" Basic 80,
Valet & Charton.

• Includes: (2) Double
Density, Double Sided thin
drives. • 380K Bytes each.

price $3595.00

m KAYCOMPII

• Full 9" Green Screen

• CP/M Based

• Portable Business
Computer

• Complete w/CP/M 2.2 M BASIC. Magic Work-
sheet, Selec Word Processing, and Teach.

ACP Price only $1 775 I

APPLE System Saver FAN

n^^M Apple II

U H Compatible

^| mm Disk Drive

Totally compatible to Apple Drives.

$00000

only 0^*7

Controller $99.00

Just plug in and run.

Computer Company

Add 8" Disk Drives
To Your Apple II

Up To 2.4 Megabyte!

Now "TRIMLINE V1 1 00" with
Tandon Thinline DS DD Drives.

Tandon Dual DS DD S1 995.00

Qume Dual DS DD 1895.00

Shugart Dual 801 R 1 495.00

KiPPte computer

^^» Authorized Dealer

ON DISK FOR APPLE

SAVE UP TO 40% OFF

ACP

Visicalc 3.3 $189

Supercalc , 189

Visi Trend/Visi Plot 235

Visi Dex 1 99

VisiFile 1 99

Visi Plot. .159

Desk top Plan ll/lll 1 99

Visi Schedule 239

Visi Term 89

Zork 34

Versa Form 287

dBase II Ashton-Tate 489

Wordstar .....235

MailMerge 82

Spell Star 1 59

Data Star 1 89

Calc Star 189

Super Sorl 132

Spellguard 21 9

OB Master (new) 1 78

08 Utility 72

PFSII/ill 69

Report ll/lll 69

Locksmith 4.0 74

Accounting Plus 1 1 95

Microcourier 229

Microtelegraph 229

1

HEWLETT
PACKARD

HP85A Computer S1 985

HP87 Computer 1 945

• 82907A 32K Model 239

• 82908A 64K Model 349

• 82909A 1 28K Model 599

• 82900A CP/M with 64K 425

HP125 Computer 1 985

7470 Low Cost Plotter 1 265

9895A 8"Dual Floppy 5135

HEWLETT
PACKARD

CALCULATORS

HP41C Prog. Scientific S189

HP41CV W/2.2K Memory 256

HP41 Memory Module. 26

HP41 Quad RAM 83

HP41 Card Reader 1 69

HP41 Printer 292

HP41 Optical Wand 99

HP-IL Interface Loop 119

HP1 1 C Advanced Scientific 119

HP12C Financial 1 29

HP34C Prog. Scientific 1 1 2

HP38C Prog. Business 116

TOLL FREE

Apple II Plus w/48K
Apple II Plus w/64K
Apple II System Special W/64K,

Z80 Card, Vision 80 251 9.00
Apple III W/128K
Apple III W/256K
ProFite Hard Disk Drive
Vista Apple III Timecard

LIST ACP

$1530.00 $1099.00

1729.00 1199.00

1775.00
3495.00 2895.00
4295.00 3495.00
3499.00 2899.00

195.00
"Apple Products Available In-store Only"

MICROSOFT

Z80 Softcard

16K Ramcard

The Premium Package
SSM

AIO-II 4 Function Serial/
Parallel

AIO Serial/Parallel
KEYBOARD COMPANY

Numeric Keypad

Apple II Joystick

Apple II Handcontrollers
PROMETHEUS

VERSAbox Spool/Buf r

VERSAcard Four-in-1

AUTO-DOC diagnostics
VISTA COMPUTER CO.

Vision 80 80x24 Card

Vision 40 40 cot.
enhance

Vision 20 Lo case ROM

A8008"DS.DD
Controller

PROM Development Bd 595.00

GB75 IBM typewriter I/O 195.00

40 Char Type-ahead
Buffer
VI DEX

Videoterm 80x24 Card

Keyboard Enhancer II

Softswitch

Function Strip Keys

ACP
$258.00
129.00
579.00

124.95
44.50
25.95

199.00
166.00
82.00

225.00
195.00

1 49.95
49.95
29.95

249.00
199.00
99.00

395.00 269.00

199.00
29.95

595.00

49.95

345.00
149.00
35.00
79.00

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

16K Microbuffer 259.00

32K Microbulfer 299.00

Snapshot Option 69.00

VOTRAX

Type n' Talk Speech 375.00

SCOTT INSTRUMENTS

Voice Recognita VETBO 799.00
CORVUS

5 Mb Hard Disk 3750.00

10 Mb Hard Disk 5350.00

20 Mb Hard Disk 6450.00

ORANGE MICRO

The Grappler I/O 1 95.00

SATURN SYSTEMS

32K RAM Card 239.00

64K RAM Card 425.00

128K RAM Card 599.00

NOVATION

Appte-Cat II
HAYES MICROCOMPUTER

Hayes Chronograph 249.00

Micromodem II 349.00

Smartmodem 299.00

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

CPS Multifunction 239.00

RAM Pius 189.00

Expansion Chassis 750.00

Music System

100.000 Day Clock

The Clock

A/D plus D/A

Supertalker

lntrolX-10 Controller

ROM Plus

Keyboard Filter ROM

Copy ROM

ROM Writer
M&R ENTERPRISES

Sup'rterm 80x24 Card

Sup'rSwitcher 6 Amp
Power Supply 295.00

Sup'rMod II RF
Modulator 35.00

Apple Fan 55.00

ALS

The "Z" Card Z80 card 295.00

Smarterm 80x24 Card 349.00

The Synergizer Package 699.00

149.00
25.00

499.00
399.00
169.00

35.00

279.00
1 29.00
30.00
69.00

220.00
253.00
59.00

2995.00
4325.00
5240.00

1 89.00
355.00
505.00

389.00 329.00

229.00
289.00
229.00

169.00
139.00
699.00
335.00
325.00
249.00
299.00
169.00
175.00
129.00
44.00
44.00
1 59.00

395.00
375.00
280.00
350.00
199.00
200.00
1 55.00
55.00
55.00
1 75.00

395.00 279.00

219.00
279.00
549.00

16K RAM CARD

Apple II 16K

Compatible with
Z80 Softcard" ... PASCAL CP/M™

Full 1 year Warranty. Top Quality by COEX

NEW
LOW
PRICE

Also from COEX NEW EPSON
Parallel Interface for Apple.

With cable $54.95

69

95

Mailorder P.O. Box 17320 Irvine. GA 92713

800-854-8230 "* ,3,GBE E s:«».3 ,CA9Z705

910-595-1565

542 W. Triable, See Jose. CA 95131
(406) 940-7010

TERMS: MO Cashier's Check Bankwire Personal
checks allow 2 weeks lor processing Include Drivers
License and credit card ss Visa. AMEX. CB add 3°<>
service charge Add 3%shipping & handling or S2 50
whichever is greater Add ICt^i tor foreign orders or
US Parcel Post. Include Telephone number NOCODs
Prices subject tochange without notice Some items
subject topriorsale. We reserve thenghttosubstitute
manufacturer Retail prices may vary

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 575

I

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS

(214)271-3538

32K S-100EPROM CARD
NEW!

USES 2716s

Blank PC Board - $34

ASSEMBLED & TESTED
ADD $30

SPECIAL: 2716 EPROM's (450 NS) Are $9.95 Ea. With Above Kit.

KIT FEATURES:

1. Uses +5V only 2716 (2Kx8) EPROM's.

2. Allows up to 32K of software on line!

3. IEEE S-100 Compatible,

4. Addressable as two independent 16K
blocks.

5. Cromemco extended or Northstar bank
select

6. On board wait state circuitry if needed

7. Any or all EPROM locations can be
disabled

8. Double sided PC board, solder-masked,
silk-screened.

9. Gold plated contact fingers

10. Unselected EPROM's automatically
powered down for low power.

11. Fully buffered and bypassed.

12. Easy and quick to assemble.

64KS1 00 STATIC RAM

$34000

\J"TW KIT

NEW!

LOW POWER!

RAM OR EPROM!

BLANK PC BOARD
WITH DOCUMENTATION

$55

SUPPORT ICs + CAPS
$17.50

FULL SOCKET SET

$14.50

FULLY SUPPORTS THE

NEW IEEE 696 S100

STANDARD

(AS PROPOSED)

FOR56K KIT $299
ASSEMBLED AND
TESTED ADD $40

FEATURES:

• Uses new2Kx8(TMM2016orHM6116) RAMs.

• Fully supports IEEE 696 24 BIT Extended
Addressing.

• 64K draws only approximately 500 MA.

• 200 NS RAMs are standard. (TOSHIBA makes
TMM 2016s as fast as 100 NS. FOR YOUR HIGH
SPEED APPLICATIONS.)

• SUPPORTS PHANTOM (BOTH LOWER 32K
AND ENTIRE BOARD).

• 2716 EPROMs may be Installed In any of top 48K.

• Any of the top 8K (E000 H AND ABOVE) may
be disabled to provide windows to eliminate
any possible conflicts with your system monitor,
disk controller, etc.

• Perfect for small systems since BOTH RAM and
EPROM may co-exist on the same board.

• BOARD may be partially populated as 56K.

16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

64K SS-50 STATIC RAM

lftl ^A r ] if, rrf^rfc"Aiimtri fWh.WlftJ

$ 149 9 k 5 , t

I till II HE II I III

aMi,lil v liiiiiii t ilii l

$25900

KIT FEATURES

1 Addressable as four separate 4K Blocks.

2 ON BOARD BANK SELECT circuitry. (Cro-
memco Standard 1 ). Allows up to 512K on line!
3. Uses 2114 (450NS) 4K Static Rams

4 ON BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES.

5 Double sided PC Board, with solder mask and
silk screened layout. Gold plated contact fingers

6 All address and data lines fully buffered

7 Kit includes ALL parts and sockets

8 PHANTOM is jumpered to PIN 67.

9 LOW POWER: under 15 amps TYPICAL from
the +8 Volt Buss

10 Blank PC Board can be populated as any
multiple of 4K.

BLANK PC BOARD W/DATA-S33
LOW PROFILE SOCKET SET-S12

SUPPORT IC'S & CAPS-S19.95
ASSEMBLED & TESTED-ADD $35

OUR #1 SELLING
RAM BOARD!

(48K KIT)

NEW!

LOW POWER!

RAM OR EPROMI

BLANK PC BOARD

WITH

DOCUMENTATION

$52

SUPPORT ICs + CAPS
$18.00

FULL SOCKET SET
$15.00

56K Kit $309

64K Kit $359

ASSEMBLED AND

TESTED ADD $40

FEATURES:

* Uses new 2K x 8 (TMM 2016 or HM 6116) RAMs.

* Fully supports Extended Addressing.

* 64K draws only approximately 500 MA.

* 200 NS RAMs are standard. (TOSHIBA makes
TMM 2016s as fast as 100 NS. FOR YOUR HIGH
SPEED APPLICATIONS.)

* Board is configured as 3-16K blocks and 8-2K
blocks (within any 64K block) for maximum
flexibility.

* 2716 EPROMs may be installed anywhere on
Board.

* Top 16K may be disabled in 2K blocks to avoid
any I/O conflicts.

* One Board supports both RAM and EPROM.

* RAM supports 2MHZ operation at no extra
chargel

* Board may be partially populated In 16K
Increments.

STEREO! %n,,

S-100 SOUND COMPUTER BOARD

COMPLETE KIT!
$8495

{WITH DATA MANUAL)

At last, an S-100 Board that unleashes the full power of two
unbelievableGeneral lnstrumentsAY3-8910NMOS computer
sound ICs. Allows you under total computer control to
generate an infinite number of special sound effects for
games or any other program. Sounds can be called in BASIC.
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE, etc.
KIT FEATURES:

* TWO Gl SOUND COMPUTER ICS.

* FOUR PARALLEL I/O PORTS ON BOARD.

* USES ON BOARD AUDIO AMPS OR YOUR STEREO,

* ON BOARD PROTO TYPING AREA.

* ALL SOCKETS, PARTS AND HARDWARE ARE INCLUDED.

* PC BOARD IS SOLDERMASKED. SILK SCREENED. WITH GOLD CONTACTS,

* EASY. QUICK. AND FUN TO BUILD. WITH FULL INSTRUCTIONS.

* USES PROGRAMMED I/O FOR MAXIMUM SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY.
Both Basic and Assembly Language Programming examples are included.

SOFTWARE:

SCL'" is now available! Our Sound Command Language makes writing Sound Effects programs
a SNAP! SCL™ also includes routines forRegister-Examine-Modify, Memory-Examine- Modify,
and Play-Memory. SCL™ is available on CP/M" compatible diskette or 2708 or 2716. Diskette -
$24.95 2708 - $19.95 2716 - $29.95. Diskette includes the source. EPROM'S are ORG at
E000H. (Diskette Is 8 Inch Soft Sectored)

BLANK PC

BOARD W/DATA

$31

SPECIAL PURCHASE!

UART SALE!

TR1 602B - SAME AS TMS601 1 ,
AY5-1013, ETC. 40 PIN DIP

TR1602B

$2

95

EACH

4 For $ 10

00

CRT CONTROLLER CHIP
SMC #CRT 5037. PROGRAMMABLE FOR 80 x 24, ETC. VERY RARE
SURPLUS FIND. WITH PIN OUT. $12.95 EACH.

4K STATIC RAM

National S^% y*|5257. Arranged 4K x 1. +5V, 18 PIN DIP. A
Lower Poi^Bull R*^enp^t for TMS 4044. 450 NS.
Several Boards ammm^^Wim^Mpt^mmgiAfns. SUPER
SURPLUS PURCHASE! PRIME m|#r| If
8 FOR $16 32 FOR $59.95**

NEW! G.l. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP

AY3-8910. As featured in July, 1979 BYTE! A fantastically powerful Scund & Music
Generator. Perfect for use with any 8 Bit Microprocessor. Contains: 3 Tone Channels,
Noise Generator, 3 Channels of Amplitude Control. 16 bit Envelope Period Control, 2-8
Bit Parallel I/O. 3 D to A Converters, plus much more! All in one 40 Pin DIP. Super easy
interface to the S-100 or other busses. $11.95 PRICE CUT!

SPECIAL OFFER: $14.05 each Add $3 for 60 page Data Manual.

Digital Research Computers

** (OF TEXAS) ■

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Add $2.00 postage. We pay balance. Orders under $15 add 75<t
handling. No C.O.D. We accept Visa and MasterCharge. Tex. Res. add 5%
Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H. Orders over $50, add
85$ for insurance.

♦TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

WE ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.

"THE BIG BOARD"
INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

<&> ° EM

^SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

**H*

</>

j

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— 1 t/> -Q

m C 73

UJ -S-o

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c^

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3

U.

THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: Three years i n the works, and maybe too good to be true. A tribute to hard headed,
no compromise, high performance, American engineering! The Big Board gives you all the most needed
computing features on one board at a very reasonable cost. The Big Board was designed from scratch to run the
latest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can be run on the Big Board without any
modifications needed! Take a Big Board, add a couple of 8 inch disc drives, power supply, an enclosure, CRT.,
and you have a total Business System for about 1/3 the cost you might expect to pay.

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

*399

f\f\ (64KKIT

Y* BASIC I/O)

FULLY SOCKETED!

SIZE:8V*x

13% IN.

SAME AS AN 8 IN.

DRIVE.

REQUIRES

: +5V @

3 AMPS

* - 12V @

5 AMPS

64K RAM

24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

Uses industry standard 4116 RAM'S. All 64K is available to the user.ourVIDEO
and EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, veryspecialcare
was taken in the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noiseand glitches.

Z-80 CPU

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on small
monitors. Hardwarescroll and full cursor control. Composite video orsplit video
and sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customized
fonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may be
inverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2
INTERUPTS. Fully buffered and runs 8080 software.

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels usingtheZ80 SIOandtheSMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULL
RS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronous
mode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels can
be set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int.
Price for all parts and connectors: $49

Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhanced
reliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly
compatible with standard Shugart drives such as the S A800 or SA801. Drives can
be configured for remote AC off-on. Runs CP/M* 2.2.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. User selectable hand
shake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95

BASIC I/O

Consists of a separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encoded
keyboard for input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of all
parts: $9.95

BLANK PC BOARD — $149

The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full documentation
(including schematics), the character ROM, the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM,
and a diskette with the source of our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M* D.O.S. to run on Big Board is
available for $159.00.

PRICE CUT!

PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power of theBig Board lies in its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M*, Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, Go To,
Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive, Track, Sector), and Search. PFM occupies one of the four 2716 EPROM locations provided.
Z-80 is a Trademark of Zilog.

Digital Research Computers

** (OF TEXAS) ■

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we

receive your order, VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD's (for the

Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add $4.00 shipping.

USA AND CANADA ONLY

♦TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE
"1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

PALOMAR TAKES A BIG

But you still get expert technical advice,

in-house service repairs and

EPSON

Feature disposable print heads and
the new GRAPHTRAX PLUS. All
models print bidirectionally and 80
CPS. Mx-80F/T and Mx-100 both have
friction and tractor feed. Unsurpassed
dot placement accuracy.

MX-80 (80 col.) CALL

MX-80 F/T (80 col.) CALL

MX-100 (136 col.) CALL

Interface Cards CALL

Cables CALL

C. ITOH

Pro-Writer

Offers 8 character sizes, 5 different alphabets,
proportional spacing, bidirectional, uert and
horiz. tabs, high resolution graphics, nx9
matrix, 100 CPS 136, col. max. Friction and
tractor feed.

8510 Serial $645.

8510 Parallel 495.

NOVEL

Image 800

Take advantage of the rock bottom price on
this rugged 9x9 dot matrix printer now.
1 50 CPS, bidirectional tractor feed, 6 or 8
lines per inch. 10,13.6 16.5 CPI. Serial or
parallel interface. 80, 136, 224, col. to a
wide 15". 12 different printing modes. Im-
pressive print head life of 200 million char.
1 1 VFCJ channels for forms flexibility. Front
or bottom feed. Hurry! Priced to sell quickly.
IMAGE 800 $995.

PREMIUM PRINTERS

COMRITER

CR-l Daisy Wheel

Typewriter quality printing for your word
processing computer system. Wide 16.5"
paper width, serial or parallel interface. Full
control panel MTBF 2,500 hours. Designed
with few mechanical parts so high reliability.
17 CPS, 10, 12 and 15 CPI. Bidirectional 132,
158, 198 col. Incredibly low priced.
CR-l-C List $ 1 195 CALL

C. ITOH

F10 Daisy Wheel

Letter quality printer. Friction feed or
bidirectional tractor. 40 or 55 CPS. 136, 163
and variable col.
F10 List $1795 CALL

ADLER

Printer Typewriter

7 7 or 17.5 CPS, 10, 12, 15 CPI and
propoitional spacing. 2 line correcting
memory, interchangeable print wheels.

SE 1010 List $1295 $995.

Interface Card ADD 350.

OLYMPIA

Printer Typewriter

Letter quality daisy wheel interfaces to Apple,
Atari NEC, TRS80 and RS232 Serial ports.
17.5 CPS., 10, 12 CPI.
ES 100KRO Computer printer

List$1690 $1150.

ES 100 Typewriter Only

List $1195 $895.

Interface Card Only $250.

(specify serial or parallel)

I/O Cable (specify serial or parallel) 25.

Apple Seiia! Card $99.

SMITH-CORONA

TP-l Daisy Wheel

Letter quality price breakthrough! Serial or
parallel data interface, 12 CPS, 10 or 12 CPI.
Smith-Corona TP-l List $895 $695

NEC

Spinwriters

Letter quality printers: 7700 serial print 55
CPS, 3500 series print 33 CPS. Both series
offer up to 128 char., take paper up to 16 in.
wide. 7700 series: 136 col. at 10 CPI, 163 col.
at 12 CPI. Same for 3500 series plus 204 col.
at 15 CPI.

7710/7730 RO w/tractor $2475.

7720 KSR w/tractor 2850.

3510/3530 RO 1695.

Bidirectional tractor 200.

Push tractor 350.

New at Palomar!

STAR
MICRONICS

DP-8480FT

This new, high powered dot-matrix printer is
packed with features to give you
unbelievable flexibility, yet Idok at the low
cost! 80 CPS, bidirectional printing, 10, 12,
16.5 CPI, 6, 8, 12 lines per inch. Friction
feed and tractor feed. Printing options in-
clude block graphics, block and double-
width printing and 80, 96, 132 col. Parallel
or serial interface. Long life print head: 1 00
million char, life expectancy.
DP-848FT List $465 CALL

II: -V'Jll

w

MPI

88G
99G
150G

High resolution dot-addressable graphics for
Apple. Enhanced "correspondence quality"
printing. Tractor and friction feed. Serial and
parallel input. Bidirectional printing. 88G,
99G have 10, 12, 16.5 CPI 150G has 10, 12 17
CPI. 88G: 100 CPS, 80, 96, 132 col. 99G: 100
CPS, 80, 96, 136 col. 150G: 150 CPS, 136,
163, 226 col., 16" wide.

88G List $749 $519.

99G List $849 569.

150G List $1095 995.

Apple parallel I/O Card/Cable/Disk

with Graphics Prom (Ap-Pak) 145.

IEEE I/O Card 55.

Single Sheet Feeder 25.

QT Cover 30.

NEC

8023-A Matrix

High resolution dot graphics. Proportional
spacing. Correspondent quality printing.
Bidirectional tractor and friction feed. 80,
136 col. Greek and math symbols, 100 CPS
matrix printer.
8023A Parallel List $780 $499.

OKIDATA

Microline 82A— 80/132 col., 120 CPS, 9x9
dot matrix, friction, pin feed or tractor feed
(optional) rear and bottom feed. Includes
bidirectional/logic seeking and serial
parallel or IEEE interfaces. Double width and
condensed characters, true lower case
descenders and graphics.

82A $519.

Microline 83A— 132/232 col., 120 CPS,
handles forms up to 15 inc. wide, plus all the
features of the 82A.

83A....... $745.

Microline 84SP— 132/232 col., 200 CPS with
full dot graphics built-in. Takes forms up to
15 in. wide, plus all the features of the 83A
84SP $1150.

a m palomar

^ or call (7 14) 744-7314

910-105 W. San Marcos Blvd., Dept. 9B,San Marcos, CA 92069

~ fcj v Computer Products ^^ *^ ™. ^«.t t - mw * *«„„., ^ CF l. 9Df w«. .-. a . wa , v^ **. w *

ilFifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

578 BYTE September 1982

Circle 362 on inquiry card.

BYTE OUT OF PRICES

fast response on orders,
guaranteed satisfaction

APPLE

AND ACCESSORIES

Apple D Plus &48K.. .CALL
DiskU
w/control. DOS 33 . . CALL

Disk AddOn CALL

ZBOSofteand $299.

16K RAMcard 99.

Par. Printer Card 39.

Serial Card 109.

Ckxk Calendar Card 99.

IEEE Card 249.

APPLE

BUSINESS

Financial Partner $191.

Pascal Tutor 97.

Pro Easy Writer 137.

Easy Writer 40 Col 78.

Word Star (Req. SQ 220.

Stper Sort(Req. SQ 118

Mail Merger 75.

Data Star (Req. SQ 170.

Spell Star (Req. SQ 115.

Caic Star (Req. SQ 115.

Super Text D 117.

The Address Book 38.

Form Letter Module 78.

Visifile 229.

Desktop Plan ID 275.

Desktop Plan D 229.

Vsipbt 185.

Visitrend / Vtsiplot 275.

Vetex. 229.

Visiterm 89.

Veicalc 33 229.

Infotory 198.

Superspdl (Req. SQ 435.

Word Processor (Req. SQ255.

PEfCONAL/HOME

Typing Tutor $19.

Elementary Math 31.

Personal Filing System. . . 74.
Personal Report System. . 74.

Algebra 1 31.

GompuMath: Arith. Skill. 39.
CompuMath: Fractions. .31.
Compu-Math: Oecimals. .31.
QjTcuSpdls: (Req. Data
Disk) 23.

M1SC
Applesoft Compiler. . . $144.

Basic Computer 27.

Apple-Doc 41.

DB. Master 189.

D.B. Utility Pack 81.

E-Z Draw 33 40.

Pascal Graph. Ed 79.

A-DCard $99.

ROM Plus 129.

Keyboard Filter ROM 49.

CPS Muttifcrxtion Card. 179.
Paymar L/C Adapt. . . 19/32.

Videx Videotex™ 299.

Dana Fan 39.

TG Game Paddles 3Z

TG Joy Stick 47.

Select A Port 47.

SOFTWARE

GAMES

Raster Blaster $24.

Air Traffic Controller 9.

Temple of Apshai 31.

Datestones of Ryn 15.

Modoc's Tower 15.

Rescue at Rigel 23.

HeU Fire Warrior 31.

Gash, Cn*nb!e & Chomp. 23.
C^per Reaches of Apshai. 15.
The Keys to Acheron. ... 15.

Snack Attack 23.

The Prisoner 23.

Zonkl 31.

Zonk D 31.

Robot Wars 31.

Th/be Mile Island 31.

ABJA. 19.

Castle Wotfenstein 23.

Wizard and Princes 25.

Missile Defense 23.

Cranston Manor 27.

Warp Oestroyer 23.

CyberStrike 31.

Star Warrior 31.

Phantoms Five $24.

Space Eggs 24.

Pulsar D 24.

Autobahn 24.

Orbitron 24.

Gamma Goblins 24.

Gorgon 32.

Sneakers 32.

Epoch 2a

Cops and Robbers 28.

Outpost 24.

Dark Forest 24.

BeerRun 24.

Hadron 28.

Twerps 24.

Snake Byte 24.

Borg 24.

Computer Foosball 24.

Minoteur 28.

Kabul Spy 28.

Cydod 24.

Jelyfish 24.

Bandits 2d

Lemmings 24.

Fry Wars 24.

ATARI SOFTWARE

Adventure # 1,2,3(D) .. $32.
Adventure # 4.5,6(D) ... .32.
Adventure # 7,8,9(D) ... .32.
Adventure # 10.1 1.12(D) 32.

Atari Mailing Ust(D) 19.

Text Wizard 79.

Compu-Math/Frac.(D) . . .32.

Compu-Math/FracfQ ...24.
Compu-Math/Dec.(D) ... .32.
Compu-Math/Dec.(C) ... .24.

Letter Perfect(D) 119.

Mall Merger/CJtDily(D) ... .24.

APPLE

GRAPHICS

CARD

Better Than Grappler!

• Dump Screen 1 or 2

• Double size • Emphasize

• Inuerse or normal • Rotate

• Set left margin or center image.

This improued intelligent printer interface

card enables you to print either of the Apple's

hres. screens with just a few keystrokes.

Compatible with Epson, Nee, C. Itoh,

Anadex, Centronics, Okidata, IDS. 15

commands.

Genie Interface Card 99.

NEC

PC-8000 Series
Microcomputer M

• Z-80ACPG4MHz

• 5 user programmable function keys

• 82 keys with numeric keypad

• 160 x 100 resolution

• 80 character screen

PC-800 1A Microcomputer w/32K
RAM $750.

PC-8012A I/O Unit with 32K RAM
Expansion slots 480.

PC-8031A Dual Mini-Disk Drive Unit . . 750.

MODEMS

UDS, HAYES
NOVATION CAT

CDS 103 LP, direct $169.

103 JLP Auto Answer 209.

202 LP 1200 BAUD 259.

NOVATION CAT, acoustic 145.

D-Cat, direct 155.

Auto Cat 219.

HA

Apple Cat 275.

WES SI 00 Micromodem 349.

Apple Micromodem 299.

Smart Modem 245.

ANCHOR

Automation
Signalman Mark 1

only

$99.

RS232 300 BAUD, Bell 103 compatible,

Automatic selection of originate or answer

modes.

Signalman Mark 1 $99.

RIBBONS

NECT700 $77/Doz.

Qume 45/Doz.

Diablo 66/Doz.

Anadex 1 35/6 ea.

Tritel 95/Doz.

TI/DEC/TTY 45/Doz.

Epson 80/FT 12.99

MPI/ Axiom/Base 2 1 3.95/ea.

CENTRONICS AND I
OSBORNE CABLES

Centronics to Osborne 6ft $30.

Centronics to Centronics 6 ft. 30. '

CENTRONICS AND
IBM CABLES I

C ntronic to IBM 10 ft $30. "

RS232 CABLES j

4 wire male-male 10 ft $25. i

9 wire male-male 10ft 30. |

4 wire male-female 10ft 25. i

9 wire male-female 10ft 30. |

RS-232 SWITCH BOX \

RS232 Switch Box (Use 2 terminals or |
printers from one output port) ... 109. '

VIDEO TERMS, MONITORS j

COMREX||| |

CR-5 500— Monochrome Display Monitor — i

12" green screen, 80 char wide x 24 rows. I

CR-5500 List $179. $129. I

CR-6500 Color Display Monitor— 13" in-line \

color. Hi-Resolution 260 H x 300V.

CR-6500 List $445 $339. ,

CR-6600 Color Display Monitor— 73" in-line I
color with RGB signal for higher resolution
graphics. 380H x 240V.
CR-6600 List $619 $439. |

Ampex Dialog 80 $995. J

Ampex Dialog 30 795.

Televideo 920C 845.

Televideo 950 995. ,

SOROC IQ 120 499. |

Zenith 12" Green 119. ,

NEC 12" Green . . . . , 169. i

9#C

^Just arrived^

Just arrived

TAJC/Krl Video Monitors

KG-12N — Monochrome Display Monitor — 12"
green screen, 2000 char, display. 800 line
horizontal resokjfion. Better than 18 MHz band-
width
KG-12N. Li t $169 CALL

RGB Vision 1 — Cobr Display Monitor — 12"
screen 380 lines horizontal resolution, 2000 char,
display. 16 cobrs for Apple HI and IBM, no inter-
face modules needed Compatible with Apple U
using Taxan RGB-fl card 18MHz bandwidth
RGBVi ion 1 Li t$399 CALL

FAN FOLD PAPER

(Prices F.O.B. S.P.)
9'/ 2 xl l-20 # Bond White (2700 ct.) . . . $29.
14%xll-20 # Bond White (2400 ct.) . . .37.
14%xll-20 # Bond 1/2" Green Bar
(2400 ct.) 37.

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, check, money order, bank wire transfer, credit
card or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions. Please in-
clude telephone number with order and expiration date on credit card
orders. California residents add 6% sales tax. Advertised prices are for
prepaid orders F.O.B. shipping point Add 3% or $3 minimum for ship-
ping in U.S. Pricing and availability subject to change without notice.

WE CARRY

LOTS MORE THAN

LISTED HERE!

INQUIRIES WELCOME.

PALQMAft m =

Computer Products

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Circle 362 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 579

16K DYNAMIC 250NS

smm* 2114

1KX4 STATIC !

LOW POWER 200NSf

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

STATIC RAMS

2101

5101

2102-1

2102L-4

2102L-2

2111

2112

2114

2114L-4

2114L-3

2114L-2

2147

TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMS4044-2

MK4118

TMM2016-200

TMM2016-150

TMM2016-100

HM6116-4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

HM6116LP-4

HM6116LP-3

HM6116LP-2

Z-6132

256x4
256x4
1024 x 1
1024 x 1
1024 x 1
256x4
256x4
1024 x4
1024 x4
1024 x 4
1024x4
4096x1
4096 x 1
4096 x 1
4096 x 1
1024 xB
2048 x 8
2048 x 8
2048 x 8
2048 x 8
2048 x 8
2048 x 8
2048 x 8
2048 x 8
2048 x 8
4096 x 8

(450ns)
(450ns)
(450ns)
(450ns)
(250ns)
(450ns)
(450ns)
(450ns)
(450ns)
(300ns)
(200ns)
(55ns)
(450ns)
(300ns)
(200ns)
(250ns)
(200ns)
(150ns)
(100ns)
(200ns)
(150ns)
(120ns)
(200ns)
(150ns)
(120ns)
(300ns)

(cmos)

(LP)
(LP)

(LP)
(LP)
(LP)

(cmos)

(cmos)

(cmos)

(cmos)(LP)

(cmos)(LP)

(cmos)(LP)

(Qstat)

1.95

3.95

.89

1.29

1.69

2.99

2.99

8/14.95

8/15.25

8/15.45

8/15.95

9.95 I

3.49

3.99

4.49

9.95

5.95

6.95

7.95

6.95

7.10

9.95

8.75

8.95

12.95

34.95

LP - Low Power

Qstat = Quasi-Static

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4027

MK4108

MM5298

4116-300

4116-250

4116-200

4116-150

4116-120

2118

MK4816

4164-200

4164-150

1702

2708

2758

2716

2716-1

TMS2716

TMS2532

2732

2732-250

2732-200

2764

2764-250

2764-200

TMS2564

MC68764

4096 x 1 (250ns)

8192x1 (200ns)

8192x1 (250ns)

16384x1 (300ns)

16384x1 (250ns)

16384x1 (200ns)

16384x1 (150ns)

16384x1 (120ns)

16384x1 (150ns) (5v)

2048x8 (300ns) (5v)

65536 x 1 (200ns) (5v)

65536x1 (150ns) (5v)

5V = single 5 volt supply

EPROMS

256x8
1024x8
1024x8
2048x8
2048x8
2048x8
4096 x 8
4096 x 8
4096 x 8
4096 x 8
8192 x 8
8192x8
8192x8
8192 x 8
8192 x 8

(1us)
(450ns)
(450ns) (5v)
(450ns) (5v)
(350ns) (5v)
(450ns)
(450ns) (5v)
(450ns) (5v)
(250ns) (5v)
(200ns) (5v)
(450ns) (5v)
(250ns) (5v)
(200ns) (5v)
(450ns) (5v)
(450ns) (5v)(24 pin)

2.50

1.95

1.85

8/11.75

8/11.95

8/13.95 I

8/15.95

8/29.95

4.95

24.95

7.25

8.25

4.50

3.95

9.95

3.95

7.95

9.95

7.95

6.95

12.95

16.95

16.95

18.95

19.95

24.95

call

5v = Single 5 Volt Supply

EPROM ERASERS

PE-14
PE-14T
PE-24T
PL-265T
PR-125T
lPR-320

Capacity
Chip

6

6

9
20
16
32

Intensity

(uW/Cm ! )

5,200
5,200
6,700
6,700
15,000
15,000

83.00
119.00
175.00
255.00
349.00
595.00

DISC
CONTROLLERS

20.95
29.95
38.95
54.95
54.95
34.95
39.95
39.95
18.95
18.9*

Z-80
2.5 Mhz

8000

6800

1771

1791

1793

1795

1797

6843

8272

UPD765

1691

2143

INTERFACE

8T26

8T28

8T95

8T96

8T97

8T98

DM8131

DP8304

DS8835

DS8836

MISC.

3242

3341

MC3470

MC3480

11C90

95H90

2513-001 UP

2513-002 LOW

1.69

2.49

.99

.99

.99

.99

2.95

2.29

1.99

.99

7.95
4.95
4.95
9.00
13.95
7.95
9.95
9.95

SOUND CHIPS

76477 3.95

76489 8.95

AY3-8910 12.95

MC3340 1.49

CRT
CONTROLLERS

14.95
35.95
15.95
12.25
24.95
29.95
99.95
39.95
49.95
39.95

6845

68B45

HD46505SP

6847

68047

8275

7220

CRT5027

CRT5037

TMS9918A

BIT-RATE
GENERATORS

MC14411

BR1941

4702

COM5016

COM8116

MM5307

UARTS

AY3-1014

AY5-1013

PT1472

TR1602

2350

2651

TMS6011

IM6402

IM6403

INS8250

KEYBOARD
CHIPS

AY5-2376 11.95

AY5-3600 11.95

74C922 5.25

74C923 5.50

CLOCK
CIRCUITS

11.95
11.95
12.95
16.95
10.95
10.95

6,95
3.95
9.95
3.95
9.95

18.95
5.95
7.95
8.95

14.95

MM5314

MM5369

MM5375

MM58167

MM58174

MSM5832

4.95
3.95
4.95
8.95
11.95
6.95

Z80-CPU

Z80-CTC

Z80-DART

Z80-DMA

Z80-PIO

Z80-SIO/0

Z80-SIO/1

Z80-SIO/2

Z80-SIO/9

3.95
5.95
15.25
17.50
5.75
18.50
18.50
18.50
16.95

4.0 Mhz

Z80A-CPU

Z80A-CTC

Z80A-DART

Z80A-DMA

Z80A-PIO

Z80A-SIO/0

Z8QA-SIO/1

Z80A-SIO/2

Z80A-SIO/9

6.00
8.65 I
18.75
27.50 I

6.00
22.50
22.50
22.50
19.95

6.0 Mhz

Z80B-CPU 17.95 I

Z80B-CTC 15.50

Z80B-PIO 15.50 |

ZILOG

Z6132 34.95 I

Z8671 39.95 J

CRYSTALS

32.768 khz

1.0 mhz

1.8432

2.0

2.097152

2.4576

3.2768

3.579535

4.0

5.0

5.0686

5.185

5.7143

6.0

6.144

6.5536

8.0
10.0

14.31818
15.0
16.0
18.0
18.432
20.0
22.1184
32.0

1.95

4.95

4.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95 I

3.9S |

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95

3.95 ,

DATA
ACQUISITION

ADC0800

ADC0804

ADC0809

ADC0817

DAC0800

DAC0806

DAC0808

DAC1020

DAC1022

MC1408L6

MC1408L8

15.55
4.95 J
5.25

10.95
4.95
2.25
4.95 |
8.25
8.25
2.25 I
4.95

8035
8039

INS-8060
lNS-8073
8080
8085
8085A-2
8086
8087
8088
8089
8155
8156
8185
8185-2
8741
8748
k8755

7.25

7.95

17.95

29.95

3.95

7.95

11.95

29.95

CALL

39.95

89.95

7.95

8.95

29.95

39.95

39.95

29.95

32.00 J

8200

8202

8203

8205

8212

8214

8216

8224

8226

8228

8237

8238

8243

8250

8251

8253

8253-5

8255

8255-5

8257

8257-5

8259

8259-5

8271

8272

8275

8279
| 8279-5

8282

8283

8284

8286

8287
| 8288
L 8289

29.95

39.95

3.50

1.85

3.85

1.80

2.50

1.80

4.90

19.95

4.95

4.45

14.95

4.75

9.25

9.85

4.75

5.25

8.50

8.95

6.90

7.50

39.95

39.95

29.95

9.50

10.00

6.65

6.65

5.70

6.65

6.50

25.00

49.95 k

FUNCTION
GENERATORS

MC4024
LM566
XR2206
L8038

3.95
1.49
3.75
3.95 J

INTERSIL

ICL7103

ICL7106

ICL7107

ICL8038

ICM7107A

ICM7208

9.50
9.95

12.95
3.95
5.59

15.95 ,

| 68000
6800
6802
6808
6809E
6809
6810
6820
6821
6828
6840
6843
6844
6845
6847
6850
6852
6860
6862
6875
6880
6883
68047
68488

6800 ~-
68B00
68B02
68B09E
68B09
68B10
68B21
68B45
68B50
68B00 :

99.95

4.95

10.95

13.90

19.95

12.95

2.95

4.95

4.95

14.95

12.95

34.95

25.95

14.95

12.25

3.45

5.75

10.95

11.95

6.95

2.95

24.95

24.95

19.95

1MHZ

10.95
22.25
29.95
29.95
7.95
12.95
35.95
12.95
2 MHZ

6500

6502

5.95

6504

6.95

6505

8.95

6507

9.95

6520

4.35

6522

8.75

6532

11.25

6545

22.50

6551

11.85

2 MHZ

6502A

9.95

6522A

11.70

6532A

12.40

6545A

28.50

6551A

12.95

EXAR

XR 2206 3.75

XR 2207 3.85

XR 2208 3.90

XR2211 5.25

XR 2240 3.25 j

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

- 1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

[9000 SERIES

9316

1.00

9334

2.50

9368

3.95

9401

9.95

9601

.75

9602

1.50

I 96S02

1.95

HOURS:

M-F. 9-5: Sat.

11-3

VISIT OUR HOURS:

RETAIL STORE MF 9 5 Sat . 1 1 3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include S2 for UPS Ground or $3 tor UPS Blue
Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.
Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10
minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6Vi°/o Sales
Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the
right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical
errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or
beat any competitor's price provided it is not befo "

580 BYTE September 1982

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

2716

16K EPROMS

2732

32K EPROMS

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

74LS00

74LS00

.25

74LS86

.40

74LS169

1.75

74LS323

2.75

74LS01

.25

74LS90

.65

74LS170

1.75

74LS324

1.75

74LS02

.25

74LS91

.89

74LS173

.80

74LS352

1.55

74LS03

.25

74LS92

.70

74LS174

.95

74LS353

1.55

74LS04

.25

74LS93

.65

74LS175

.95

74LS363

1.35

74LS05

.25

74LS95

.85

74LS181

2.15

74LS364

1.95

74LS08

.35

74LS96

.95

74LS189

9.95

74LS365

.95

74LS09

.35

74LS107

.40

74LS190

1.00

74LS366

.95

74LS10

.25

74LS109

.40

74LS191

1.00

74LS367

.70

74LS11

.35

74LS112

.45

74LS192

.85

74LS368

.70

74LS12

.35

74LS113

.45

74LS193

.95

74LS373

1.75

74LS13

.45

74LS114

.50

74LS194

1.00

74LS374

1.75

74LS14

1.00

74LS122

.45

74LS195

.95

74LS377

1.45

74LS15

.35

74LS123

.95

74LS196

.85

74LS378

1.18

74LS20

.25

74LS124

2.99

74LS197

.85

74LS379

1.35

74LS21

.35

74LS125

.95

74LS221

1.20

74LS385

1.90

74LS22

.25

74LS126

.85

74LS240

1.29

74LS386

.65

74LS26

.35

74LS132

.75

74LS241

1.29

74LS390

1.90

74LS27

.35

74LS133

.89

74LS242

1.85

74LS393

1.90

74LS28

.35

74LS136

.55

74LS243

1.85

74LS395

1.65

74LS30

.25

74LS137

.99

74LS244

1.29

74LS399

1.70

74LS32

.35

74LS138

.75

74LS245

1.90

74LS424

2.95

74LS33

.55

74LS139

.75

74LS247

.75

74LS447

.37

74LS37

.55

74LS145

1.20

74LS248

1.25

74LS490

1.95

74LS38

.35

74LS147

2.49

74LS249

.99

74LS624

3.99

74LS40

.35

74LS148

1.35

74LS251

1.30

74LS668

1.69

74LS42

.55

74LS151

.75

74LS253

.85

74LS669

1.89

74LS47

.75

74LS153

.75

74LS257

.85

74LS670

2.20

74LS48

.75

74LS154

2.35

74LS258

.85

74LS674

9.65

74LS49

.75

74LS155

1.15

74LS259

2.85

74LS682

3.20

74LS51

.25

74LS156

.95

74LS260

.65

74LS683

3.20

74LS54

.35

74LS157

.75

74LS266

.55

74LS684

3.20

74LS55

.35

74LS158

.75

74LS273

1.65

74LS685

3.20

74LS63

1.25

74LS160

.90

74LS275

3.35

74LS688

2.40

74LS73

.40

74LS161

.95

74LS279

.55

74LS689

3.20

74LS74

.45

74LS162

.95

74LS280

1.98

74LS783

24.95

74LS75

.50

74LS163

.95

74LS283

1.00

81LS95

1.69

74LS76

.40

74LS164

.95

74LS290

1.25

81LS96

1.69

74LS78

.50

74LS165

.95

74LS293

1.85

81LS97

1.69

74LS83

.75

74LS166

2.40

74LS295

1.05

81LS98

1.69

74LS85

1.15

74LS168

1.75

74LS298

1.20

25LS2521
25LS2569

2.80
4.25

IC SOCKETS

, 8 pin ST
14 pin ST

| 16 pin ST
18 pin ST

■ 20 pin ST
22 pin ST
24 pin ST
28 pin ST
40 pin ST

7400

CMOS

1-99
.13
.15
.17
.20
.29
.30
.30
.40
.49

100
.11
.12
.13

.18
.27
.27
.27
.32
.39

j pin a i .43

ST= SOLDERTAIL
8 pin WW .59 .49
14 pin WW
16pinWW
I 18 pin WW
20 pin WW
22 pin WW
24 pin WW
28 pin WW
' 40 pin WW i.33 i.
WW = WIREWRAP
16pinZIF 6.75 call
24 pin ZIF 9.95 call

ZIF - TEXTOOL
(Zero Insertion Force)

.69
.69
.99
1.09
1.39
1.49
1.69
1.99

.52

.58 |

.90

.98
1.28
1.35
1.49
1.80

CONNECTORS

RS232 MALE
RS232 FEMALE
RS232 FEMALE

RIGHT ANGLE
RS232 HOOD
S-100 ST
S-100WW

3.25
3.75

5.25
1.25
3.95
4.95

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION .85

s 5 POSITION .90 |

6 POSITION .90 [

7 POSITION .95

t 8 POSITION .95 1

Prices Slashed!

74S00

74S00

.32

74S163

1.95

74S02

.35

74S168

3.95

74S03

.35

74S169

3.95

74S04

.35

74S174

1.09

74S05

.35

74S175

1.09

74S08

.35

74S181

3.95

74S09

.40

74S182

2.95

74S10

.35

74S188

1.95

74S11

.35

74S189

6.95

74S15

.35

74S194

1.49

74S20

.35

74S195

1.49

74S22

.35

74S196

1.49

74S30

.35

74S197

1.49

74S32

.40

74S201

6.95

74S37

.88

74S225

7.95

74S38

.85

74S240

2.20

74S40

.35

74S241

2.20

74S51

.35

74S244

2.20

74S64

.40

74S251

.95

74S65

.40

74S253

.95

74S74

.50

74S257

.95

74S85

1.99

74S258

.95

74S86

.50

74S260

.79

74S112

.50

74S274

19.95

74S113

.50

74S275

19.95

74S114

.55

74S280

2.25

74S124

2.75

74S287

1.90

74S132

1.24

74S288

1.90

74S133

.45

74S289

6.89

74S134

.50

74S301

6.95

74S135

.89

74S373

2.45

74S138

.95

74S374

2.45

74S139

.95

74S381

7.95

74S140

.55

74S387

1.95

74S151

.95

74S412

2.98

74S153

.95

74S471

5.45

74S157

.95

74S472

5.45

74S158

.95

74S474

7.95

74S161

1.95

74S482

15.25

74S162

1.95

74S570

4.25

74S571

4.25

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000
800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER
ELSEWHERE, LET US KNOW AND
WE'LL MEET OR BEA T THEIR PRICE!

(SEE TERMS BELOW}

• Computer managed inventory-
virtually no back orders!

• Very competitive prices!

• Friendly.staff!

• Fast service — most orders
shipped within 24 hours!

LED DISPLAYS WLED LAMPS

7400

7401

7402

7403

7404

7405

7406

7407

7408

7409

7410

7411

7412

7413

7414

7416

7417

7420

7421

7422

7423

7425

7426

7427

7428

7430

7432

7433

7437

7438

7440

7442

7443

7444

7445

7446

7447

7448

7450

7451

7453

7454

7460

7470

7472

7473

7474

7475

7476

7480

7481

7482

7483

7485

7486

7489

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100

74107

74109

74110

74111

74116

74120

74121

74122

74123

74125

74126

74128

.19
.19
.19
.19
.19
.25
.29
.29
.24
.19
.19
.25
.30
.35
.55
.25
.25
.19
.35
.29
.29
.29
.29
.29
.45
.19
.29
.45
.29
.29
.19
.49
.65
.69
.69
.59
.69
.69
.19
.23
.23
.23
.23
.35
.29
.34
.35
.49
.35
.59
1.10
.95
.50
.65
.35
4.95
.35
.40
.50
.49
.65
.55
.70
2.75
1.75
.30
.45
.45
.55
1.55
1.20
.29
.45
.55
.45
.45
.55

74132
74136
74141
74142
74143
74145
74147
74148
74150
74151
74152
74153
74154
74155
74156
74157
74159
74160
74161
74162
74163
74164
74165
74166
74167
74170
74172
74173
74174
74175
74176
74177
74178
74179
74180
74181
74182
74184
74185
74186
74190
74191
74192
74193
74194
74195
74196
74197
74198
74199
74221
74246
74247
74248
74249
74251
74259
74265
74273
74276
74279
74283
74284
74285
74290
74293
74298
74351
74365
74366
74367
74368
74376
74390
74393
74425
74426
74490

.45
.50
.65

2.95

2.95
.60

1.75

1.20

1.35
.65
.65
.55

1.40
.75
.65
.55

1.65
.85
.70
.85
.85
.85
.85

1.00

2.95

1.65

5.95
.75
.89
.89
.89
-75

1.15

1.75
.75

2.25
.75

2.00

2.00
18.50

1.15

1.15
.79
.79
.85
.85
.79
-75

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.85

1.95
.75

2.25 |

1.35

1.95

1.25
.75

2.00

3.75

3.75
.95

.75

.85
2.25

.65

.65

.65

.65
2.20
1.75
1.35
3.15

.85
2.55

4000

4001

4002

4006

4007

4008

4009

4010

4011

4012

4013

4014

4015

4016

4017

4018

4019

4020

4021

4022

4023

4024

4025

4026

4027

4028

4029

4030

4034

4035

4040

4041

4042

4043

4044

4046

4047

4049

4050

4051

4053

4060

4066

4068

4069

4070

4071

4072

4073

4075

4076

4078

4081

4082

4085

4086

4093

4098

4099

14409

14410

14411

14412

14419

4502

4503

4508

4510

4511

4512

4514

4515

4516

4518

4519

4520

4522

4526

4527

.35

.35

.25

.95

.29

.95

.45

.45

.35

.25

.45

.95

.95

.45

1.15

.95

.45

.95

.95

1.15

.35

.75

.35

1.65

.65

.80

.95

.45

2.95

.85

.95

1.25

.75

.85

.85

.95

.95

.55

.55

.95

.95

1.45

.75

.40

.35

.35

.30

.30

.30

.30

.95

.30

.30

.30

.95

.95

.95

2.49

1.95

12.95

12.95

11.95

12.95

4.95

.95

.65

1.95

.95

.95

.95

1.25

2.25

1.55

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.95

4528

4531

4532

4538

4539

4543

4555

4556

4581

4582

4584

4585

4702

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C76

74C83

74C85

74C86

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

740221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C910

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C927

74C928

74C929

74C930

1.25

.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

2.70

.95

.95

1.95

1.95

.95

.95

12.95

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

1.50

.35

.35

.50

1.75

1.20

.65

.85

.80

1.95

1.95

.95

4.50

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.00

5.75

2.25

3.25

1.75

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

2.25

5.75

2.25

2.75

2.75

.80

.85

.85

10.95

.95

1.00

2.00

2.75

9.95

10.00

10.00

1.95

2.00

2.75

17.95

15.95 J

5.59

5.95

6J5

7.95

7.95

7.95

19.95

19.95 J

TRANSISTORS DIODES

HP 5082-7760
MAN 72
MAN 74
FND-357 (359)
FND-500 (503)
LfND-507(510)

cc

CA

CC

1.29
.99

.10

.375" CC
.5" CC

Jumbo

Red
Jumbo

Green .18
Jumbo

Yellow .18

PN2222

NPN SWITCH

TO-92

10/1.00

100/8.99

pel

PN2907

PNP SWITCH

TO-92

10/1.25

100/10.99

rg ■

2N2222

NPN SWITCH

TO-18

.25

50/10.99

)0-up 1

2N2907

PNP SWITCH

TO-18

.25

50/10.99

2N3055

NPN POWER

TO-3

.79

10/6.99

H

3055T

NPN POWER

TO-220

.69

10/5.99

2N3904

NPN SWITCH

TO-92

10/1.00

100/8.99

.15 |

2N3906

NPN SWITCH

TO-92

10/1.00

100/8.99

IN4148 (IN914)

SWITCHING

25/1.00

1000/35.00

.15 ^H

L IN4004

RECTIFIER

10/1.00

100/8.99

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 581

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

LINEAR

RCA

VOLTAGE

LM301

.34

LM350K

5.60

NE570

4.75

LM1800

2.99

LM301H

.79

LM350T

4.60

NE571

3.95

LM1812

8.25

LM307

.45

LM358

.98

NE592

2.75

LM1815

5.20

LM308

.98

LM359

1.79

LM703

.89

LM1818

2.90

LM308H

1.15

LM376

3.75

LM709

.59

LM1820

3.50

LM309H

1.95

LM377

2.29

LM710

.75

LM1830

3.50

LM309K

1.49

LM378

2.50

LM711

.79

LM1871

5.49

LM310

1.75

LM379

4.50

LM723

.49

LM1872

5.49

LM311

.64

LM380

1.29

LM723H

.55

LM1877

3.25

LM311H

.89

LM380N-8

1.10

LM733

.98

LM1889

2.49

LM312H

1.75

LM381

1.60

LM741N-8

.35

LM1896

1.75

LM317K

3.95

LM382

1.60

LM741N-14

.35

LM2877

2.05

LM317T

1.95

LM383

1.95

LM741H

.40

LM2878

2.25

LM318

1.49

LM384

1.95

LM747

.79

LM2900

.85

LM318H

1.59

LM386

1.50

LM748

.59

LM2901

1.00

LM319H

1.25

LM387

1.40

LM1014

2.75

LM3900

.59

LM319

1.25

LM389

1.35

LM1303

1.95

LM3905

1.25

LM320(see

7900)

LM390

1.95

LM1304

1.19

LM3909

.98

LM322

1.65

LM392

.69

LM1305

1.49

LM3911

2.25

LM323K

4.95

LM394H

4.60

LM1307

.85

LM3914

3.95

LM324

.59

LM399H

5.00

LM1310

2.90

LM3915

3.95

LM329

.69

NE531

3.75

MC1330

1.89

LM3916

3.95

LM331

3.95

NE536

6.00

MC1349

1.89

MC4024

3.95

LM334

1.30

NE555

.39

MC1350

1.29

MC4044

4.50

LM335

1.40

NE556

.69

MC1358

1.79

RC4136

1.25

LM336

1.75

NE558

1.50

LM1414

1.59

RC4151

3.95

LM337K

3.95

NE561

19.95

LM1458

.69

LM4250

1.75

LM337T

2.95

NE562

6.00

LM1488

.99

LM4500

3.25

LM338K

6.95

NE564

3.95

LM1489

.99

LM13080

1.29

LM339

.99

LM565

.99

LM1496

.85

LM 13600

1.49

LM340 (see 7800)

LM566

1.49

LM1558H

3.10

LM13700

1.49

LM348

1.20

LM567

1.29

H = TO-5 CAN

T = TO-220

CA 30 10
CA3013

.99
2.00

CA 3081
CA 3082

1.65
1.65

REGULATORS

CA 3023
CA 3035
CA 3039

2.75
2.49
1.29

CA 3083
CA 3086
CA3089

1.55

.80

2.99

1 7805T
1 7808T

.89
.89

7905T
7908T

.99
.99

CA 3046

1.25

CA 3096

3.49

1 781 2T

.89

7912T

.99

CA 3053

1.45

CA 3130

1.30

1 7815T

.89

7915T

.99

CA 3059

2.90

CA3140

1.15

■ 7824T

.89

7924T

.99

CA 3060

2.90

CA3146

1.85

H 7805K

1.39

7905K

1.49

CA3065
CA 3080

1.75
1.10

CA 3160
C A 3401
CA 3600

1.19

.59

3.45

1 7812K
I 7815K

1.39
1.39

7912K
7915K

1.49
1.49

■ 7824K

1.39

7924K

1.49

T

1 78 LOS

.69

79L05

.79

Ti

fl I 78L12

.69

79L12

.79

TL494

4.20

75365

1.95

■ 78L15

.69

79L15

.79

TL496

1.65

75450

.59

1 78H05K

9.95

LM323K

4.95

TL497

3.25

75451

.39

■ 78H12K

9.95

UA78S40

1.95

75107

1.49

75452

.39

75110

1.95

75453

.39

:

T - TO-220

K " TO-3

75150
75154
75188

1.95
1.95
1.25

75454
75491
75492

.39
.79

^^

L =

TO-92

'.79

75189

1.25

75493

.89

75494

.89

STOP BY AND

TL071

Bl FET

.79 TL084

2.19

VISIT OUR

TL072

1.19

LF347

2.19

TL074
TL081

2.19
.79

LF351
LF353

.60
1,00

RETAIL STORE

TL082

1.19

LF355

1.10

TL083

1.19

LF356
LF357

1.10
1.40

HOURS:

MON.-FRI.9-5,SAT.11-3

££

55

2k x 8
1kx1

JDR SUPER SPECIALS

MEMORY CLEARANCE
STATIC DYNAMIC

TMM2016-200NS ?5 EA. 64k X 1 4164-200NS

2102L-450NS 1 00/*75 4k X 1 4027-250NS

$725
$-| 95

CPU SALE

8 BIT

Z-80 CPU 2MHZ $ 3 95 (10/ 3.75 EA)

6502 1 MHZ $ 5 95 (10/ 5.75 EA)

6809 INT. CLOCK $ 1 2 95 (10/11.25 EA)

16 BIT

8086 $29 95

68000 8mhz *99 95

BAUD-RATE
GENERATORS

MC14411 7.95

1.8432 CRYSTAL 4.95

4702 8.95

2.4576 CRYSTAL 4.95

10/7.25

10/7.95

TRANSISTORS

PN2222 1000/69.00

2N3904 1000/69.00

2N3906 1000/69.00

IC SOCKETS
LOW PROFILE
SOLDERTAIL

HIGH RELIABILITY
DUAL SIDE WIPE STYLE

100 pes

1000 pes

8 pin

.08

.075

14 pin

.09

.085

16 pin

.09

.085

18 pin

.12

.110

24 pin

.20

.150

40 pin

.22

.190

SALE ENDS SEPTEMBER 30, 1982

.. • '

IB

i

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

VISIT OUR
RETAIL STORE

HOURS:
M-F, 9-5; Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include S2 for UPS Ground or S3 for UPS Blue
Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.
Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10
minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6 1 y- Sales
Tax. Other California residents add 6 Sales Tax. We reserve the
right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical
errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or
beat any competitors price provided it is not below our cost.

582 BYTE September 1982

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

FOR YOUR APPLE* $ 299 95

IDC CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

SOLDER HEADER

RIGHT ANGLE
SOLDER HEADER

WW HEADER

RIGHT ANGLE
WW HEADER

RIBBON
HEADER SOCKET

RIBBON
HEADER

RIBBON
EDGE CARD

ORDER BY

IDHxxS

IDHxxSR

IDHxxW

IDHxxWR

IDSxx

IDMxx

IDExx

CONTACTS 10
20
26
34
40
50

1.20
1.90
2.75
3.20
3.75
4.75

1.20
1.90
2.75
3.20
3.75
4.75

2.60
4.15
5.35
6.25
7.35
9.20

2.60
4.15
5.35
6.25
7.35
9.20

1.88
2.75
3.50
4.50
5.40
6.50

5.50
6.25
7.00
7.50
8.50

3.95
4.35
5.00
6.05
6.90
8.50

ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: Insert the number of contacts in the position marked "xx" of the "order by" part number listed. Example: A 10 pin right angle solder style
header would be IDH10SR.

I

D-SUBMINIATURE

DESCRIPTION

SOLDER

RIGHT ANGLE
SOLDER

RIBBON CABLE

HOODS

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

BLACK

GREY

ORDER BY

DBxxP

DBxxS

DBxxPR

DBxxSR

IDBxxP

IDBxxS

HOOD-B

HOOD

CONTACTS 9
15
25
37
50

2.08
2.69
3.25
4.80
6 06

2.66
3.63
3.75

7.11

Q OA

4.83
5.82
7.44
9.39

5.04

6.27

8.49

10.95

4.80
6.57
8.61
9.30

5.22
5.22
9.42
11.50

1.25

2.25
2.25
1.25
2.95
3 50

For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" above.

DIP CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

AUGAT STYLE

TOOLED STIC

SOCKETS

COMPONENT
CARRIERS

RIBBON

CABLE

DIP PLUGS

ORDER BY

AUGATxx-ST

ICCxx

IDPxx

CONTACTS 8
14
16
18
20
22
24
, 28
40

.99
1.99

.65
.75
.85
1.00
1.25
1.25
1.35
1.50
2.10

1.45

2.50

4.15

V/S4

For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" above.

BOOKS — BEST SELLERS

SYBEX

Your First Computer 8.95

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II User's Guide 14.95

CRT Controller's Handbook 6.99

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99

CBASIC User Guide 15.00

The CP/M Handbook 14.95

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95

Microprocessor Interfacing ,

Techniques 17.95 J

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000
800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER

ELSEWHERE, LET US KNOW AND

WE'LL MEET OR BE A T THEIR PRICE!

(SEE TERMS BELOW}

* Computer managed inventory-
virtually no back orders!

* Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service — most orders
shipped within 24 hours!

RIBBON CABLE

CONTACTS

GREY

COLOR CODED

V

10'

r

10'

10

.50

4.40

.83

7.30

20

.65

5.70

1.25

11.00

26

.75

6.60

1.32

11.60

34

.98

8.60

1.65

14.50

40

1.32

11.60

1.92

16.80

50

1.38

12.10

2.50

22.00

BEST SELLING OK MACHINE & TOOL PRODUCTS

ID WRAP

A SMALL PLASTIC LABEL
THAT SLIPS OVER A WIRE
WRAP SOCKET THAT LABELS
THE PIN NUMBERS ON THE
WIRE SIDE OF THE SOCKET.
14 PIN 10/1.83

16 PIN 10/1.83

18 PIN 5/1.83

20 PIN 5/1.83

22 PIN 5/1.83

24 PIN 5/1.83

28 PIN 5/1.83

40 PIN 5/1.83

WRAP/UNWRAP/STRIP
TOOL

THIS TOOL WILL WRAP, UNWRAP
& STRIP STANDARD 30 GAUGE
SOLID WIRE WRAP WIRE. THE
MODIFIED VERVE10N WILL WRAP
1V2 TURNS OF INSULATION
BEFORE IT WRAPS THE SOLID
WIRE.

EXTRACTOR TOOLS

EX-1 14-20 PIN 2.11

EX-2 24-40 PIN 10.75

WIRE DISPENSER

CUTS & STRIPS TO ANY LENGTH
50 FT. SPPOL. CHOICE OF BLUE,
YELLOW, RED OR WHITE.

5.93

WSU-30

8.09

TRI-COLOR DISPENSER

WSU-30M

9.17

50 FT. EACH, RED, BLUE & WHITE

9.17

Circle 254 on Inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 583

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED! CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

WIREWRAP PROTOTYPE CARDS

FR-4 Epoxy Glass Laminate with Gold Plated Contact Fingers

S-100 BUSS

P100-1

Bare — No Foil Pads

15.95

P100-2

Horizontal BUSS

22.95

P100-3

Vertical BUSS

22.95

P100-4

Single Foil Pads Per Hole

23.95

S100-ST

Solder Tail Edge Connector

3.95

S100-WW

Wire Wrap Edge Connector

APPLE

4.95

P500-1

Bare — No Foil Pads

15.95

P500-3

Horizontal BUSS

22.95

P500-4

Single Foil Pads Per Hole

23.95

50P-ST

50 Pin Edge Connector

IBM

3.95

IBM-PR

BUSS Lines + Pads

55.00

GENERAL PURPOSE

22/44 PIN ( .156" SPACING)

P441-1

Bare — No Foil Pads, 4.5" x 6"

9.95

P442-1

Bare — No Foil Pads, 4.5" x 9"

10.95

P441-3

Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 6"

13.95

P442-3

Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9"

14.95

P441-4

Single Foil Pads Per Hole, 4.5"x6"

14.95

P442-4

Single Foil Pads Per Hole,4.5"x9"

15.95

44P-ST

Solder Tail Edge Connector

3.95

44P-WW

Wire Wrap Edge Connector

4.95

36/72 PIN ( .1" SPACING)

P721-1

Bare — No Foil Pads, 4.5" x 6"

9.95

P722-1

Bare — No Foil Pads, 4.5" x 9"

10.95

P721-3

Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 6"

13.95

P722-3

Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9"

14.95

P721-4

Single Foil Pads Per Hole, 4.5"x6"

14.95

P722-4

Single Foil Pads Per Hole, 4.5"x9"

15.95

72P-ST

Solder Tail Edge Connector

6.95

22P-WW

Wire Wrap Edge Connector

7.95

POWER SUPPLIES

MODEL 1 $ 29 95

OPEN FRAME STYLE
! MANUFACTURED BY SIGMA

+5 VOLT 4 AMP

MODEL 2 $ 39 95

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+5 VOLT 4 AMP

+ 12 VOLT 1 AMP

-12 VOLT 1 AMP

. FOR SHIPPING PLEASE INCLUDE S4. 00 FOR UPS GROUND; S 13. 00 FOR UPS BLUE LABEL

DISKETTES

5V 4 "

ATH AN A ss so soft 24.95

MEMOREXsssdsoft 26.95

VERBATIM sssd soft 29.95

VERBATIM 10 secton hard . . 29.95

8"

VERBATIM sssd soft 44.9

5 1 A" DISK DRIVES

TANDON

TM100-1 (POR IBM PC) 229.00

SHUGART
SA400L 199.95

CABINET FOR 5 1 A"
DISK DRIVE

• COLOR MATCHES APPLE

• FITS SHUGART

SPECIAL — 529^

MICROCOMPUTER
HARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP — $14.95
Over 800 pages of manufacturers data sheets |
on most commonly used IC's.
Includes:

* TTL — 74/74LS and 74F

* CMOS

* Voltage Regulators

* Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM

* CPUs — 6800, 6500, Z80, 8080, 8085, 8086/8

* MPU support & interface — 6800, 6500, Z80,
8200, etc.

WE NOW STOCK A

COMPLETE STOCK OF

DISC, ELECTROLYTIC,

MONOLITHIC AND

TANTALUM CAPACITORS

RESISTORS

% WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL

STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015 ,

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

VISIT OUR
RETAIL STORE

HOURS:
M-F, 9-5; Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include S2 for UPS Ground or S3 for UPS Blue
Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.
Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a S.10
minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6V-n Sales
Tax. Other California residents add 6°n Sales Tax. We reserve the
right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical
errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or
beat any competitor s price provided it is not below our cost.

584 BYTE September 1982

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

41 16 16K DYNAMIC RAMS 250 ns 8/ S 1 1

APPLE* II COMPUTER USERS
DISK DRIVE $299 95

I* Includes metal cabinet

• Color matches Apple s

* 35 Tracks/single side
I* Includes cable
I* Use with Apple II Controller

95

16KRAM CARD $ 69

I* Upgrade your 48K Apple II to full 64K of RAM.

|* Fully software and hardware compatible with the Apple

language card and microsoft Z80 card.
|* Eliminates the need for the Applesoft or Integer Basic

ROM card when used in conjunction with DOS 3.3.

• Allows you to run Apple Fortran or Pascal with no
difficulty.

|* Available as bare board, kit, or assembled and tested
board.

BARE PC CARD — $28.00 KIT — $59.95

COOLING FAN *69 95

I* Easy installation.

I* No modification of Apple required.

• Color matches Apple.

• Switch on front controls fan,
computer and monitor.

• Ultra-quiet, reliable fan.

• Completely eliminates problems
caused by overheating.

'Apple is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTER, INC.

EPSON
PRINTERS

MX-80

MX-80FT

MX-100

CALL FOR PRICE

WE HAVE APPLE AND TRS-80
IN TERFACE CARDS AND CABLES

MONITORS

NEC JB-1201M *169 00
ZENITH zvM-121 S 119 95 J

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000
800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER

ELSEWHERE, LET US KNOW AND

WELL MEET OR BE A T THEIR PRICE!

(SEE TERMS BELOW)

* Computer managed inventory—
virtually no back orders!

• Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

• Fast service — most orders
shipped within 24 hours!

IBM* PERSONAL COMPUTER USERS

MEMORY
EXPANSION CARD

• 64K- 192K.

• Full single-bit error correction
circuitry (ECC) assures reliable
memory.

• Fully IBM hardware and software
compatible.

• Highest quality PC card.

• Price includes: PC card, card
guide, ECC ROM, and manual

BARE PC CARD $120.00

DUAL SERIAL CARD
WITH GAME ADAPTER

• 2 Asynchronous RS232 Serial
Ports.

• Game adapter port.

• Fully IBM compatible.

• Replaces 2 IBM Asynchronous
Communication Adapter cards.

• Price includes: PC card, Prom,
Mounting Bracket and Manual.

BARE PC CARD $60.00

IBM is a trademark of INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES

DELUXE EXTENDER
BOARD®

• For designers, experimenters,
technicians, and service centers.

• Dip switches enable user to
isolate any I/O channel signal.

• Labeled test points for all signals.

• All voltage lines fused and
provided witrvLED indicators.

• Connector extends from IBM PC
chassis to allow easy access.

KIT $80.00

"Registered Trademark of Hurricane Labs

Circle 255 on Inquiry card.

B YTE September 1982 585

AlirORNIA UlGITAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

ISXITT

FREE PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE INCLUDED WITH
THE PURCHASE OF EVERY BOX OF DISKETTES

$

24?s

e labeled for California Digital by one of
I the most respected producers of magnetic media.
I Each diskette is certified double density at 40
I tracks. To Insure extended media life each dls-
I ketle is manufactured with a reinforced hub-hole,
1 And of course, a plastic library case Is included
I with every box of diskettes. MMD-CO5(01)<10)
I please specify computer or required sectors.

I Ten boxes '22.75 One hundred boxes '21.50

skettes

Soft Sector 11

5 l A" DISKETTES

WITH LIBRARY CASE

*26. 50

Your Choice

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

VERBATIM

Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744-0

744-10

744-16

s 26.50

MEMOREX

3401

3403

3405

26.50

VERBATIM

525-01

525-10

NA

26.50

DYSAN

104/1

107/1

NA

39.50

Single Side Double Density

| DYSAN 1 104/1D | 107/1D I NAT ]~45m

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH

745-0

745-10

745-16

42.50

DYSAN

104/20

107/20

NA

49.50

DYSAN 96

204/20

NA

NA

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH

740-0

29.50

SCOTCH

7410

39.00

MEMOREX

3060

29.50

MEMOREX

3090

35.00

DYSAN

3740/1

39.50

DYSAN

3740/D

57.50

Thirty Two Sector

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH 1 740-32 1 29.50

SCOTCH

743-0

47.50

Sect c N H 1 1 i tit i an j KB I 5 V. 1 1 " ' j 4 9 s
Fin- : L :•»■> Cttti (**r l.ii

MEMOREX

3114

39.50

Dak in ( Up Tub

Kl itn 1 Flp Tub

Mly Odettes SV."
1 fifty diskettes 1

H.M

2S.9J

DYSAN

3740/2D

65.00

/Av

AVERY

LABELS

*14?5

United State* Post Office approved. 5000 Labels per box, 3. 5" by
15/lb". AVY-40I3 6 lbs. Also available: three across (AVY -«11 I

and removable piggyback (AVY-4097).

SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY

$.

49

Manufactured by Datapuwer by use by Diablo in the Hyiype daisy u
IT. Triple outputs, 5 V, 3 Amp; U V 3 Amp; -U V 1 Am (
Input ll7/230v. DPR-15A 6 lbs.

MEMORY

2716EPR0M

4.50

450ns

64K DYNAMIC

6.95

4164 200ns

16K STATIC 16K DYNAMIC

7.00 1.95

6116 200ns i 4116 200ns

DYNAMIC MEMORY

4116-I50ns 16k

4116-200ns 16k

4164150ns 64k Japan 128 refresh

4164.150ns 64k Texas Insl. 256refresh

4164-200ns 64k Japan 128 relresh

41256-200 256K dynamic memory

21L02-200ns 1k

21L02-450ns 1k

2112.450ns 2k

214-300ns4k

2114-450ns 4k

4044-250ns4k

4044-450ns4k

5257300ns 4k

6116-P3 150ns 16k 24 pin

6116P4 200ns 16k24 pin

6167 / 2167 100ns l6k?0 pin

STATIC MEMORY

1702-450ns 2K
2708-450ns 8k
2716450ns 16k

2716TMS-450ns 16k tri-voltage
25l6-450ns 16k
2732350ns 16k
2732450ns 16k
2532-450ns 16k
2764450ns 64k
27128.450ns 128k

EPROMS

6 95
850
695
10 50
14.95

ISO-BAR

Noise Filter

$.

49

95

SWITCHES

IF SWITCHES

TOGCl.l.

7101 on/on

, 7103 on/off/or

] 7107 ir.ilt. on

/ 7108 inm.on

7205 dpdt tv.nl

1.19 .98

1.39 1. 19

1.39 1.19

1.39 1.19

CONNECTORS

MWWMUL

BEg m.^,,,,,,,^

GOLD EDGE CONNECTORS

S-100 .125"
Imsai solder .250" row
Imsat wire wrap {I'D
Sulllns Hl-Rel. . 250"
Sulllns tti-Rel. WAV
Sullins /.Altair .HO"

.156" Centers (stajidard)
22/44 Kim Eyelet
36/72 Digital" Group S/T
36/72 DiRital Group WAV
43/86 Motorola 6800 S/T
43/86 Moto. 6000 W/W

2.50
5.95
6.60
6.60
7.00

5.50
6.15
6.15

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SOCKETS

Low Profile Wlre Wrap

each 100*- each 100+

8 pin 5.10 S.09 $.46 $.41

14 pin .10 .09 .4S .41

15 pin .12 .11 .50 .45
IB pin .15 .13 .68 .61

$1.30
1.90
1.20
2.00
2.
1.30
2.25

DE9P male $1.60
DEHS female 2.25
Dt; hood 1 .50

DA15P ,nale 2.35
DA15S feiv.ale 3.25
DAhood2/P 1.60
DB25Pmale 2.50
DB25S female 3.35
DB hood 2/P 1.35
DC37P male 1.20
DC37S female 6.00
DC hood 2/P 2.25
DDSOPmale 5.50
DD50S female 9.10
DD50 hood 2/P 2.60

RIBBON CABLE CONNECTORS
17/34 5" disk 4.85 4.15 3,89
20/40 TRS-60 5.65 5.05 4.70
25/50 8" disk 5.90 5.15 4. WO

NEW ^

OLIVETTI 801 *295

ONE TWO , TEN

Eight Inch Disk Drive

• OLIVETTI 801

• OLIVETTI 802/851

SHUGART 801 /R

SHUGART851/R

single

double

single

double

QUME DATA TRACK 8 double 525 495 475

5319

425

395

525

309

419

385

495

295

410

375

475

* The 8" Olivetti drives are aprox. W wider than the Shugarts.

Five Inch Disk Drives

OLIVETTI 501/400

OLIVETTI 502/451

single

199

double 235 225 215

185

175

Upon request, all drives are supplied with power
connectors and one manual per order.

230 volt 50Hz. 8" add $50.00 per drive.

Eight Inch Subsystem

Two Olivetti 801 disk drives with power supply, 4" exhaust fan
complete in dual enclosure with all necessary power cables.
Documentation Included. 50 Lbs. CAL-2801
Signal cable add '35.00 WCA-650D

Same as above but with:
ShugartBOIR MSD2801 M195 Olivetti B02 CAL280Z s 1250

ShugartB51R MS02851 1450

QumeDTB MSD8DT 1450

SPECIAL

*895\

HH9

Volumn Pricing
Upon Request

Seagate Compatable
7.5 MEGABYTE

Winchester Hard Disk Drive

We have priced this so low that the manufacturer has asked not to use
their brand name in our advertising.

industry standard Seagate plug compatable. Drive fits Into the same space
as a 5V floppy disk drive. CAL-561/2

CONRAC
MONITOR

Nine $CQ
Inch W7

Requires separatr horizontal and vertical

ivnc. Single 12 volt supply. Factory new turpi
Composite video adaptor nvaUable (515) CON-I

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

California uigita

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

HEATH KIT H17

SUB-SYSTEM

SHUGART
SA4004

$ 995

I -1 Mr. K ,ibyti-Shui;.->ri SA-KI'l
Current SliURairl hinj.lr unit

container. SHU-iOOl 15 II

Rimini' '^

MICROSWITCH

ASCII
KEYBOARD

HALL EFFECT $7Q

SI KEYS Ml?

This Hom.yM.i-tl MicroswiUh kcybo*ir<
rece ntly purchnsrd from thr CRT div
Seizor. E.-.cti kc-yljo.ird contains H\ t
Hall F.iieci kcya. Outpuis

USDS

DEC

Q-Buss

'59

Four Slot
Backplane
Assembly

lor slnt r'ual height. This is the same backplane
<?<! with the DicitAl Equipment Corp PDP-11/21
mputer. Current DEC replacement price on this
it is SIS7. Each assembly is factory new and
Id with a 90-day warranty, DEC-DO. J81 3 lbs.

PRINTERS

MATRIX PRINTERS

Okidala 82A serial & parallel 9 5" paper 0KI-82A
Okidala 83A serial & parallel 15" paper 0KI-83A
Okidala 84A parallel only 15" paper 0KI-84AP
Okidala 84A serial & parallel 15' paper 0KI-84AS
Epson MX80 with graphics and traclor feed EPS-MX80
Epson MX80FT wilh graphics, friction & Iraclor leed

EPS-MX80FT
Epson MXIOOwilh graphics. 15" paper EPS-MX100
NEC 8023A parallel 95" paper, graphics NEC-8023A
AnarJex 9500A high speed dol matrix printer 15"

A0X-9500A
Anadex9501A 15" paper with graphics ADX-9501A
Texas Inslrumenls 810 serial 15" upper & lower case

TEX-810L
Oatasouth 0S180 high speed 180 char/sec 15" DSI-180
Prownter 8510 parallel 9 5" PRO-8510P
Prowrtter 8510 serial 9 5" PRO-B510S
Prownler n 15" paper PR0-2P
Printronix P300 high speed printer 300 lines/min

PTX-P300
Prmlronix P600 high speed prinler6001ines/min

PTX-P600
IDS prism 80 column, graphics, (non-color) 10S-P80G
IDS prism 132 COLOR wilh graphics 15" paper

I0S-P132CG
Mannesmann Tally 1805 200 cps serial MAN-1805

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

NEC7710 55 char/sec thimble, serial only NEC-7710

NEC7730sameas above parallel only NEC-7730

NEC3510 senal 15" NEC-3510

Oiabto 620R101 25 cps serial OBL-620

Diablo 630 40cps senai ODL-630

Smith Corona TP-1 ilaisy wheel parallel SCMTP1P

Smilh Corona TP-1 tiaisy wheel serial SCM-TP1S

Brother HR11 daisy wheel prmter parallel BTH-HR1P

Brother HRH serial interlace BTH-HRIS

0iablo63O DBL-630

Starwriler F10 serial PROP 10S

Slarwriter F10 parallel PROF10P

69500
1.07900
1.219 00

41900

53900
695 00

48900

1.279.00
1.279 00

1.29900
1.2<*500
49500

237900

2.379 00

1.775 00

1.270 00

2.25000

659 00

65900

85500

89500

2.095 00

V 475 00

1.475 00

MONITORS

Zenith Z121 green phosphor 12" 40/80column switch ZTH-Z121

BMC 12A green phosphor 15 MhA composil video BMC-12A

BMC 12EN green phosphor 20 Mhz. high resolution BMC-12EN

NEC JB1201 green phosphor 18 Mhz composil video NEC-JB1201

NEC JB1260 green phosphor commercial grade composil NEC- 1260

Motorola 23" open frame blk/while composil video MOT-BW23

Motorola 12" open frame blk/while reqires horz sync S powM0TBW12

Conrac 9" open Irame requires horz sync & power supply C0N-BW9

ICOLOfi]

NEC JC1201 composit color NEC-JC1201

NEC RGB monitor NEC-1202OM

BMC 13" Composit video BMC-14Q0CL

BMC 13" RGB color moniior BMC-1401RGB

BMC mlerlace card lor Apple II for above RGB BMC-81RGB

Comrex/Hilachi 13" RGB high res moniior COM-6600

Comrex/Hilachi 13" Composil color monitor COM-6500

Amdek color #1 composil video AMD-100

Amdek color n high res RGB color momlor AMD-200

Amdek color #3 commercial grade color RGB AMD-300

115 00
88 00
13900
169 00
129 00
15900

325 00
875 00
27300
329 00
14900
539 00
395.00
34900
739 00
475.00

Direct Connect

MODEMS

Hayes Micromodem 100 S-100 modem HYS-100 319 00

Hayes Smart Model RS232 BYS-232 229.00

Hayes Micromodem II Apple direct conned HYS-MM2 279 00

Hayes Chronograph lime & dale HYS-CHR232 19900

Novalion Cal acoustic conned N0V-CAT 14900

Novalion Cal direct connect via handsel NOV-OCAT 16900

Novalion 212 Aulocat Bell 212A N0V-212 59500

Novation Ado Cal 103 N0V-AUT0 219 00

Universal 103LP direct conned, line powered UDS-103LP 16900

Universal 103LPJ tfirect conned, ado answer UDS-103LPJ 209 00

Universal 202 direct connect 1200 baud, half duplex U0S-202LP 18900

Universal 212LP direct connect 1200 baud, full duplex U0S-212LP 45000

kSignalman Mark I direel connect with terminal cableSGL-MKI 8900

VISA

r^M3e '■■ ; i^.'" ,

[master charge

'^■P^NKi

TERMINALS

Ampex Dialogue 80 green screen, two page function keys APX-0B0C

Ampex Oialogue 80 amber screeh. two page. Iirndion keys APX-080A

Ampex Dialogue 80 green screen, Seleclnc keyboard APX-D81G

Ampex Oialogue 81 amber screen. Seleclrickeyboard APX-D81A

Ampex Touch Term screen command lor data entry APX-T80

Wysehorz & vert splil screen, metal case, detntch keybd. WYS-100

Tetevideo 910C emulator TVI-910C

Televideo 910 Plus block mode TVI-910P

Televideo 925C detachable keyboard. 22 function keys TVI-925

Televideo 950 graphic char., split screen. 22 functions TVI-950

IBM 3101-10 detachable keyboard, green I8M-3101

ZemlhZ-19 detachable keyboardZTH-Zl9

Adds Viewpomt A1 detachable keyboard ADDVP1

Adds Viewpoint A2 xy cursor, green screen A00-VP2

Adds Viewpoint A3 emulator. A00-VP3

82500
595 00
59500
795 00
98500
1.19500
76500

APPLE

48K Plus

$ 1195

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS

APL-48P Apple Plus 48K RAM

APL-DSK1 Apple disk wilh controller card

APL-0SK2 Apple disk wilhout controller card

XTN-G10 Wen lOMegabyle Gallium hard disk

XTN-16K 16K RAM card lor Apple II

RANA SYSTEMS

RAN-APL1 Apple add on disk drive with controller

RAN-APL2 Apple add on drive without controller

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

CCS-7710 Asynchronous Serial Interlace

CCS-7728 Centronics Parallel Inlerlace

CCS-7720 Apple Parallel Interlace

CCS-711-1 12K Rom/Prom Module

CCS-7424 Calendar/Clock Module

CCS-7440 Programmable Timer

CCS-7811B Arithmetic Processor for Applell plus

MTN-CPS

MTN-TCLK

MTN STLK

MTN-R0MF

MTN-R0MRTR

MTN-ADDA

MTN-BSR

SVA221
SVA-222
SVA-223

MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS, INC.

CPS Mullilundion Card

Clock/Calendar

Superlalker S0200

Rom Plus wilh Keyboard filter

Rom Writer with Eprom sockel

A<D/D*A Converter

X-10 ControlCard lor BSR syslem

MICRO SOFT

Microsoll Z-80CPU card
Microsofl 16K RAM card

VISTA

Visla 8" controller card

Vista Vision B0

Micio Sci disk drive controller

FOURTH DIMENSION

Super 0nve-35 track Appleadd on

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC

Single sided, single density controller
Double sided, single density conlroller
Single or double srded double density
ADVANCED BUSINESS TECH

13-Key pad for new Apple

upported educa
in & Bradstreel

1.195 00
560.00
49500

1.99500
6900

12500
9500
9500

11500
9500
9500

31900

16900
11900
14900
16900
145 00
28900
14900

8900
329 00

S-100
BOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

GBT.85B7 Godbou! 8O86/8087MlCrcproces5Or board 49500
GBT S687 Godboul 8083/6085 dual 8 bit

microprocessor 35910

SEA 8086 Seattle Computer 16 bil microtwo

board sel 66900

TEC-B086 TecmarCompurer 16 bit microprocessor 59500
L0M-B0S6 LomasOata Systems lighhngOne call

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

WAv-BLH Wavemaleflutlel 1 with lloppy. 256K

(not S-1001 79500

AMDZ80 Advanced Micro Digital lloppy 464 K 75000
TEL-FOCI Teletev FDCl Single board NEC765

COnliOller 57500

8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

GBT-Z80 Godbout Z80 8 bi 1 C P U 24 bit extended

address 25fjoo

CCS 2810 CalilomiaComputer Z -SOmicjopiocessoi 27500
SDS-S8C200 SO Systems SBC-200 Z-60

microprocessor
MSM-780 Measurement Syslem Z-80 2810

microprocessor
e TAfl-7.80 Tnrbell Electronics Z-80 wilh two RS?3?

ports 2

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

Godboul OiskOne double densityNEC-765 3
MorrowOesigns OiskJockeyllwilh CPM 3
Morrow OesignsOrsk Jockey I single

27500
42500

4)900
TAR-SDC TaibellEtectronrcssingle density

conrroller 27900

CPM OPERATING SYSTEM

GBTCPM22 Godbout CPM 2 2 tor Disk One 8 bil

operation 160.00

GBT-CPM860 Godbout CPM 86 tor Disk One lor use

with 8088 26500

GBT CPM86 Godbout CPM 86loroperation willi

8086 board 26500

HARD DISK CONTROLLER

GBT-DSK2 Godbout Disk II hard disk controller 69500

GBT-0SK3 Godboul Disk III hard disk controller
MDS-WS06 MorrowOesignsWmchesler tor

Seagate S06 49500

WDl-1000 Western DtgilalWD-1000 (notS-IOOl 49500

EPROM BOARDS

ADS-PBlW) AckCfin.iii Oigilal Prom Blaster 100 27500

SDS-PI00 SD Systems Prom- 100 programmer 26000

SSM-PB1 SSMProm prgrammer up to 2716 19500
OGft-P32 Oigital Resealch 32K Eprom read only

board 10500

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

CAL-S64 CaliformaDigitalStaiic 64 8/16 bit

(6167) i

GBT-R16 Godboul Ram 1664K memory 8/16bil 3
GBT-RI7 Godboul Ram 1764K memory 8 bit

24biladd 3

(;BT-R20 Godboul Ram 20 32k Sialic memory 4K

bound *

GBT-R21 Godboul Ram21 128K 8/16 bit sialic

memory !

CCS-2116 Calilornia Comuter 21 16 I6K static

memoty >

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS

CAL-D256 California Oinilal 254K dynamic memory

8 bil
S0S-EX3 SOSysiemsE«pan(Joiamlll256K dynamic
CCS-2065 CalilornlaCompulers 2065 54K dynamic
MSMDM664 Measurement Systems DM86400 (Alpha

Micro)

INTERFACE BOARDS

MDSSW! Morrow Desiflns Switchboard 2 serial/

4 parallel
MOS-MTL1 Morrow Designs Mulliboard 3 serial/

2 parallel
GBT-I33A Godbout Interlace! 1 . 2 senalports
GBM50A Godbout Inlerlacerll I senai 3 parallel
GBT-13SA Godbout Inlertacer 111 with 5 serial ports
GBM38A Godbout Inlerlacer III with 8 serial pods
GBT-187A Godboul Inieriacer IV 3 serral/2 parallel
CCS-2710 CalilomiaComputer 4poitsenalinterface
CCS-2720 CalilomiaComputer 2 serial / 2 parallel
CCS 2720 California Compuler 4 port parallel

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

HYS-MI00 DC Hayes Micromodem S-10OFCC

appioverl 3

ADS-N100 Ackerman Digital Noiseinaker with

vorlrax module t

OTC-CC100 QT Compuler clockcalendar board 1

SCN-M100 Scion Microangelo graphics.

monocfuome 9

GBT-SPCt GodboulSpeclrum 100 color videoboard

TEC-AD212 TecmarA/Dl2bit

:uracy. 16 cr

GBT-SYS1 Godbout Syslem supporl board
GBT-

SYS95U Godboul SystemSupporl wilh 823W

9511maihchip

MUL-TBt Multtns olender boardwilhtesl probe

MUL-ICB10 Mullins Optolsolatorcontrols 8 channels

A0SKG100 Ackerman OrgilalKiuge prototype board

IOTW100 1/0 Technology wire wrippiototype

ART WW100 Ailec Eleclromcs Wire wrap prolo board

ART-GP100 Arlec Eleclromcs General purpose solder

CAL-MB18 Calilornia Digital 18 slot motherboaid

OCR READER

OPTICAL RECOGNITION EQUIPMENT

$

DISPLAYED ASCII OUTPUT

bJAND TEST DOCUMENT
MD13D1L-GD1 REV. A

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

^ ST ffi« M/C/70
1 1 1, ill. SALES

15381 CHEMICAL LANE* HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92649
• (714) 891-2677*

• SPECIAL OF THE MONTH *

ASCII Keyboard. On board character PROM
2716. ASCII inverted data output with doc-
umentation. +5V @ 500 MA.

• S-100 SYSTEMS •

S-100-12

Complete 12 Slot 3
board computer with
Z-80 CPU, 64K Dyn-
amicRam, Floppy Disk
Controller and Disk
Drives including

CP/M*.

With 2 801 Shugart $2250.00

With 2 851 Shugart 2500.00

With 2 Qume DT8 2450.00

Less Drives and CP/M* 1 350.00

Cabinet Only 250.00
All of the above include Drive Mount Plate Plus AC and DC Cables. Some
assembly required.

*CP/M is a Trademark of Digital Research

XOR Z-80 CPU

2 Serial/3 Parallel Ports

On board 2716 PROM

Z-80 CTC Optional

Software Baud Rate

Memory Management A1 6 - A1 7

Serial I/O Cable 2 Ports $32.00

$255.00 A/T

S-1 00-4

Complete 4 slot S-100 computer.
Perfect for word processing, small
business accounting, inventory con-
trol, etc. 1.2 megabytes of storage
capacity on two 8" floppy drives. (Ex-
pandable to 2.4 megabytes using
double sided operation.

4MHZ Z-80A

64K Dynamic

Ram

2 Serial Ports

50-1 9,200 Baud

3 Parallel Ports
(8255)

Steel Tan and
Charcoal Case
Includes CP/M*

SPECIAL

INTRODUCTORY

OFFER

$1595.00

Complete, ready to attach

Terminal and Printer

(Offers ends Sept. 30,' 1982)

XOR DSK

With WD-1 795 Chip Set.
SS/DD 5" or 8" up to 4 Drives.

Dual 50 Data Cable - $35.00

$275.00 A/T

XOR 64K

Dynamic Ram with 41 1 6
Z-80 Refresh Timing

I/O Port 40 Bank Select
4 Layer Construction

• $359.00 •

Mi

S-100 MOD KIT
by XOR

For test or systems applications.
Complete S-100 12 Slot Main-
frame with Disk Drive Power Supply

SPECIFICATIONS

Unregulated
+8V@ 30 A
±16V@ 6A

for 4 Drives.

" Regulated

+5V @ 5A

+24V @ 3A

-5V @ 1A

$1 99.00 Kit with 6 S-1 00 Bus Connectors

$255.00 Assembled and Tested with 1 2 Bus Connectors

$1 5.00 AC/DC Drive Cable Set for 2 Drives

Dimensions 6" x 1 0" x 1 8" — Shipping Weight 25 lbs.

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS •

HORIZONTAL

Your Choice of

Dual 8" Drive Cabinet

with Power Supply, Fan and all Cables

+5 @ 4A • +24V @ 3A • -5V @ 1A

VERTICAL

AssembledandTested $ 235.00
With 2 801 R Shugart 975.00

With 2 851 R Shugart 1 225.00

•Cabinet Only Special! $ 69.50
With 2 QUME DT8 1195.00

With 4 Tandon TM848-1 1 995.00

CABINET

With Power Supply

for MINI 5" or WINCHESTER 5"

+5V @ 4A • +1 2V @ 3A • -5V @ 1 A

Assembled and Tested $149.50

Cabinet Only 59.50

With 2 SA 400 Shugart 595.00

With 2 SA 450 Shugart 850.00

With 2 SA 460 Shugart 950.00

UNIVERSAL
POWER SUPPLY

$69.95

For Big Board, Apple o r Aim 65

+5V @ 3A

+ 12V@ .750A

-12V(S>.750A

-5V @.500A

Dimensions: 4" x 4" x 1 1 "

DISK DRIVE
POWER SUPPLY

$59.95

For 2 8" or 5" Shugart 801 R or
851 R, Qume DT-8 with DC

cables for 8"

AC cables for 2 drives $7.50

Dimensions: 4" x 4" x 11"

S-100
POWER SUPPLY

$89.50

+8V @ 30A

+ 16V@ 6A

-16V@ 6A

PC Board Design

Dimensions: 5" x 6" x 1 1"

S-100
CARD EXTENDER

$12.50

Kit with all parts,
fused power lines

8" FLOPPY DISKS

SS/DD FOR

S-1 00-4, S-1 00-8

S-100-12

Fantastic bargain for our
Special Customers!

$29.95
per pkg of 10!

Guaranteed to work 100%
double density on our
system.!!

Circle 468 on inquiry card.

California
Computer
Systems

• 2810 CPU

• 2422DskCont

• 2065C64K

• 2200A Mainframe

• CCS Apple Boards

Only — $255.00
Only — $330.00
Only — $320.00
Only — $475.00
Call for prices

• CCS 2200 System
Tested and Assembled

Only — $1,625.00

• SPECIAL • SPECIAL • SPECIAL*

CCS SYSTEM 2410

♦FEATURES*

* DMADiskController

* 2-Real Time Clocks

* 2-Serial/1-Parallel Port

* Hardware Vectored Interupts

* Supports C/PM, M/PM, OASIS

***Comes with C/PM***
only-$2,100.00

CONTROLLER BOARD FOR 8" and 5"
DRIVES FOR THE Z-89, Z-90, o r H-89
COMPUTERS....

Comes w/CPM 2.2 on 8" and 5"
media Only $550.00

SOFTWARE

ASHTON TATE

dBASEII $560.00

DIGITAL RESEARCH
C BASIC $118.00

MICRO PRO

WORDSTAR $275.00

MAILMERS $115.00

DATASTAR $265.00

SUPERSORT I $190.00

SPELLSTAR $190,00

MICROSOFT

BASIC 80 $290.00

BASIC COMPILER $320.00

FORTRAN 80 $400.00

COBOL80 $600.00

MACRO 80 $165.00

SORCIM

PASCAL/M $320.00

SUPERCALC $235.00

SUPERSOFT

FORTH $170.00

SSS FORTRAN $215.00

DISK DOCTOR $85.00

C COMPILER $175.00

WE HAVE COMPLETE
LINE OF: Apple II,
TRS-80, IBM, and
Heath/Zenith add on
drives.

Call For Price!

11 EDISON DRIVE • NEW LENOX * ILLINOIS 60451

CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-435-9357 * MONDAY thru SATURDAY

(ILLINOIS RESIDENTS CALL: 815-485-4002) * 8:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m.

TERMS: Prepayment — C.O.D. up to $100.00 — M/C Visa

$5.00 Processing and Handling added to each order PLUS

Shipping Charges. Please allow personal check to clear before shipment.

15% Restocking Charge for Non-Defective, Returned Merchandise.

Prices subject to change without notice.

TERMINAL

Feather Touch Capacitance Keyboard

S- 100-8

INCLUDING CP/M 2.2®
AND WORDSTAR®

• 60 Key Standard ASCII
PLUS + Hex Keypad

PLUS + 8 Special Function Keys
PLUS + 20 Screen Editing Keys

• SOROC Type Screen Attribute Set

• Half Intensity

COMPUTER

• 8 Slot S-100

• 64K Dynamic Ram

• 4MHZ Z-80

• Double Density Disk
Controller

• Programmable Baud Rate

• Programmable Keyboard Set

• Serial Printer Port (150-19.2K)

WITH: 8" SS/DD Drives Only $2850.00
5Va" SS/DD Drives Only $2700.00

CALL FOR
QUOTE ON
DIFFERENT DRIVE
OPTIONS

WORDSTAR .s a TM of Micropro

MONITORS

BMC MONITORS—

W/GREEN SCREEN $ 95.00

ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR-

ZVM $145.00

AMDEKMONITORS-

AMDEK Color 1 $399.00

AMDEK Video 300 $229.00

w/Green Screen

DISK DRIVES

Shugart80Vs $395.00

Shugart 851's $575.00

Qume DT-8's $540.00

SA 400 $230.00

SA 450 $340.00

SA 410 SS 96 TPI $375.00

SA 460 DS 96 TPI $425.00

TM 100-1 $230.00

TM 100-2 $340.00

TM 100-3 $375.00

TM 100-4 $425.00

TANDON SLIMLINE

TM 848-1 $480.00

TM 848-2 $550.00

PRINTERS

YgMiTM | data

I systems

CALL FOB PRICES

• C-ITOH

PROWRITER $525.00

• C-ITOH F-10

40CPS $1,500.00

• C-ITOH Comet II $810.00

132 Column Printer

9x7 Dot Matrix

• MPI-88G $600.00

• EPSON MX 80 CALL

• EPSON MX 100 CALL

• Anadex9501 $1,235.00

Graphic Printer

• OKIDATA

82A $465.00

• 83Aand84A CALL

gvA>

Apple 8" Disk Controller Card

• ZVX4 Dual Density, Single &
Double Sided - Auto Boot

$395.00

• Disk2 + 2SingleDensity
Single or Dual Sided

$300.00

Adds Regent 20 $570.00

Televideo 910 $575.00

Televldeo 912C $665.00

Televideo 925C $740.00

Televldeo 950 $950.00

Ampex Dialog 80 $895.00

Zenith Z19 $745.00

TERMINALS

Circle 468 o n Inquiry card.

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

RGOT^OlL

SN7400N
SN74Q1N
SN74Q2N

SN74D3N
SN7404N
SN7405N
SN7406N
SN7407N
SN7408N
SN74D9N
SN7410N
SN7411N
SN7412N
SN7413N
SN7414N
SN7416N
SN7417N
SN7420N
SN7421N
SN7422N
SN7423N
SN7425N
SN7426N
SN7427N
SN7428N
SN7430N
SN7432N
SN7437N
SN7438N
SN7439N
SN7440N
SN7441N
SN7442N
SN7443N
SN7444N
SN7445N
SN7446N
SN7447N
SN7448N
SN745QN
SN745JN
SN7453N
SM7454N
SM7459A
SN7460N
SN7470N

SN7472N
SN7473N
SN7474N
SN7475N
SN4576N
SN7479N
SN7480N
SN7482N
SN7483N
SN7485N
SN74B6N
SN74B9N
SN7490N
SN7491N
SN7492N
SN7493N
SN7494N
SN7495N
SN7496N
SN7497N
SN7410QN
SN74104N
SN74105N
SN74107N
SN74109N
SN74U6N
SN74121N
SN74122N
SN74123N
SN74I25N
SN74126H
SN74132N
SN74136N
SN7414IN
SN74142N
SN74143N
SN74144N
SN74145N
3N74147N
SN7414BN
SN 74 ISDN
SN741S1N
SN74152N
SN74153N
SN74154N
5N74155N

16 2.25
T4 .39

SN74156N
SN74157N
SN74160M
SN74161N
SN74162N
SN74163N
SN74164N
SN74165N
SN74166N
SN74167N
SN74170N
5N74172N
5N74173N
SN74174H
SN74175N
SN74176N
SN75177N
SN74179N
SN74180N
SN74181N
SN74182N
SN74184N
SN741B5N
SN74190N
SN74191N
SN74I92N
SN74193N
SN74194N
5N74195N
SN74196N
SN74197N
SN74198N
SN74199N
SN 7422 IN
SN74251N
SN74276N
SN74279N
SN74ZS3N
SN74284N
SN74285N
SN74365N
SN74366N
SrV74367N
SN74368N
SN74390N
SM74393N

16 2.79
16 1.29
24 4.95

CA3010H
CA3013H
CA3023H
CA3035H
CA3039H
CA3046N
CA3059N

M35SMM

CA3060N 16 3.25
CA3080H

CA308IN 16

CA30B2N 16

CA3083N IE 1.49

CD4000
CD4001
CD4002
CD4006
CCM007
CD4009
CD4010
CD40t1
CD4012
CO4013
CD4014
CD4015
CD4016
CD40I7
CD4018
CD4019
CD4020
CD4021
CD4022
CD4023
CD4024
C04025
CD4D26
C04027
CD4028
CD4029
CD4030
CD4034
CD4035

CA3086N 14

1

.69

CA3089N 16 1,69

CA3096N 16 1.19

CA3130H 1,95

CA3140H 1.49

CA3160H 1,95

CA3401N 14 .59

CA3600N 14 3.95

CD4040
CD4041

C04042
C04043
CD4044
C04046
CD4047
CD4048
CD4049
CD405O
CD4051
CD4052
CD4053
CD4056
C04059
CD4060
CD406G
CD4068
CD4069
CD4070
CD407t
CD4072
C04Q73
CD4075
CD4076
CD4078
C04081
CD4082
CD4093

CD4098 16

CD4506 16

CD4507 14

CD4508 24

C04510 16

CD4511 16

CD4512 16

CD4514 24

CD4515 24

CD4516 16

C04518 16

C04519 16

C04520 16

C04526 16

C04528 16

C04529 16

CD4543 IS

CD4562 14

CD4566 16

CD4583 16

CD4584 14

CD4723 16

CD4724 16

MC14409 16

MC14410 18

MC14411 24

MC14412 16

MC14419 16

MC14433 24

MC14538 16

MC14541 14

1.95

P»rt No. "Pta STATIC RAMS

Met

16 256x1 (650ns) . ...

22 256x4 (450(15)8101 2.49

16 1024x1 (350ns) 89

16 1024x1 (450ns) L.P 1,49

18 256x4 (450ns) 81 11 2.95

16 256x4 (450ns) MOS 2.95

18 1024x4 (450ns) 2.25-B/I4.95

18 1024x4 (450ns) L.P. .2.49-8/16.95

18 1024x4 (200ns) 2.49-8/16,95

18 1024x4 (200ns) LP.. 2.95 -8/ 19. 95

IB 4096x1 (150ns) 3.95

IB 4096x1 (70ns) 4.95

IB 1024x4 (70ns) 8.95

1B 4096x1 (450ns) 3.95

18 1024x4 (450ns) 3.95

22 256x4 (450ns) CMOS 4.95

IB 4096x1 (450ns) 4044 4.95

24 2048x8 (200ns) CMOS 7.95

HM6116LP-4 24 2048x8 (200ns) LP CMOS 8.95

:ni2

21 M

2114L

2114-2

2114L-2

2141-3

2147

2148

TMS4044

TMS4045

5101

HM6116-4

74 B9

74C920

74C921

74C929

74C930

74S189

74S206
745289
82S10

02S25

1702A

2708

2708-5

TM52516

TMS2532

TMS2564

TMS2716

2716

2732

27580

MM2764

16 16x4 (50ns) 3101

22 256x4 (250ns) CMOS (6551)

18 256x4 (250ns) CMOS 3.95

16 1024x1 (250ns) CMOS (6501) 3.95

IB 1024x1 (250ns) CMOS (5518) 3.95

16 16x4 (35ns) 93405 ....1.95

(BOfis) 93410 3,95

(60ns)93411 3.95

(35ns)3101 2.25

(50ns) O.C, (93415) 3.95

(50ns) O.C. (74S2B9) 2.25

EPRONIS

24 256x8 llus). 4,95

24 1024x8 (450ns) 3."

24 1024x8 .:•- " i.'io ....2.95

24 2046x8 (450ns) I

24 4096x8 (450ns) NMC2532 .

' " (450ns) 29,95

(450ns) 3 voltage

(450ns)

(450ns)

(450ns slngtB+SV 2.95

••Pins

DYNAMIC RAMS

Price

4116N-3

4116N-4

4164N-2

MM5261

MM5262

MM5270

MM528D

MM5290-2

MM5290-3

MM5290-4

MM5298-3

IB 1024x1 (300ns)

16 4096x1 250ns) 2.49

16 16.384x1 (150ns) 2 25-8/16.95

16 16.384x1 200ns) 1.95-8/14.95

16 16,384x1 250ns 1.49-8/10.95

16 65,536x1 1 200ns) 9.95

IB 1024x1 (300ns) 49-8/1.95

22 2048x1 (365ns) 49-8/1.95

16 4096x1 250ns ) MK4096 2.95

22 4096xj (2O0ns) 2107 3.95

16 16.384x1 (150ns) 2.25-8/16 95

16 16.384x1 1200ns) 1.95-8/14.95

16 16.384x1 |?50ns) . ... 1.49-8/10 95

16 8192x1 (200nsi 169

16 256x1

16 256x1

16 16x4

16 1024x1

16 16x4

26 8192x8

24 2048x8

24 2048x8

24 4096x8

24 1024x8

2B 8192x6 (450ns|

MICROPROCESSOR CHIPS

Z80 (7B0C) 40 CPU(MK3S80N)(2MHz) 5.95

Z80A (780-1) 40 CPU MK38B0K-4) (4MHz) 6.95

CDP1802 40 CPU 9.95

2650 40 MPU 14.95

IDM2901ADC 40 CPU— 4-bil slice (Com. Temp. Gr.) . .19.95

MCS6502 40 MPUw'

INS8035N-6 40 MPU— 8-bit (6MHz) 5,95

INSB039N-6 40 CPU Sgl. chlpB-blt £ 1 28bis. Ham) 6.95

INS804ON-6 40 CPU (256bylesRAM) 14.95

INS8070N 40 CPU (64 bytes RAM) 19.95

IN58073N 40 CPU w/Basic Micro Interpreter ., . 24 95

P8085 40 CPU 5.95

TMS9900JL 64 MPU-16-bil 39.95

MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS

M-ZBO User Manual 7.50

M-C0P1802 User Manual 7.50

M-2650 User Manual 5.00

6800/6800 SUPPORT DEVICES

MC6800 40 MPU 4.95

MC6802CP 40 MPU with dock and RAM 7.95

MC6810API 24 128x8 Sialic RAM 3.95

MC6821 40 Peripheral Inter. Adapl (MC6820) . ,.4.95

MC6828 24 Priority Interrupt Controller 15,95

MC6830L8 24 1024x8-bit ROM (MC68A30-B) 10.95

MC685Q 24 Asynchronous Comm. Adapter 4.95

MC6B52 24 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter ... 5.75

MC6B60 24 600bps Digital MODEM 9.95

MC6B62 24 2400bps Modulator 12.95

MC6880A 16 Quad 3-slate bus. trans. (MCBT26) .2.25
8080/8080A SUPPORT DEVICES

INS8080A
0P8212
DP8214
DP8216

■

INS8243
INSB250
DPB251
0PB253

;/:■/..,

DP8259
DP8275
DP8279
DP8303
DP8304
DP830?

40 CPU 3.95

24 8-bil Inpul/Outpul 2,25

24 Priority in:?-.- j. ,, , ,

16 Bi-Directional Bus Driver 2.25

16 Clock Generator/Driver 2.25

16 BusOriver 2.25

28 System Controller/Bus Driver 3-49

28 System Controller 4 49

24 I/O Expander tor 48 Series 5.95

40 Asynchronous Comm. Element . . . 10.95

28 Prog. Comm. I/O (USART) 4.49

24 Prog. Interval Timer 6.95

40 Prog. Peripheral I/O (PPI) 4.49

40 Prog. DMA Control 7.95

2fl Prog. Interrupt Control 6,95

40 Prog. CRT Controller 29.95

40 Prog. Keyboard/Display Inlertace 8.95

20 System Timing Element 3,95

20 8-bil Bi-Directional Receiver 2.49

20 8-blt Bi-Direclional Receiver 2,49

20 8-bit Bi-Oirectional Receiver 2.49

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver 4.95

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver 4.95

PROMS

74S188 16 32x8 PROM C. (6330-1) 1.49

745287 16 256x4 PROM T.S. (6301-1) 1.95

745288 IB 32x8 PROM T.S. (6331-1) 1.95

74S387 16 256x4 PROMO.C. (6300-1) 1.95

745471 20 256x8 PROM T.S. (6309-1) 5.95

745472 20 512x8 PROM T.S. (6349-1) 4.95

745473 20 512x8 PROM DC (6348) . 4 95

745474 24 512x8 PROM T.S. (DM 87S296N) ..4.95

745475 24 512x8 PROM C. (6340) 4.95

74S478 24 1024x8 PRDM T.S. (TBP28S86) .... B .95

745570 16 5 12x4 PROM 0. C . (6305) 2 .95

745571 16 512x4 PROM T.S. 16306) 2.95

745572 18 1024x4 PROMO.C. (6352) 4.95

745573 18 1024x4 PROM T S. (82S137) 4.95

82S23 16 32x8 PROMO C. (27S18) 2.95

82S115 24 512x8 PROM T.S. (27S15) 9.95

82S123 16 32x8 PROM T S. (27S19) 2 95

82S126 16 256x4 PROMO C. (27S20) 3.95

825129 16 256x4 PROM T.S. (27S21) 3.95

825130 16 512x4 PROM D.C (27S12) 5.95
82S185 18 2048x4 PROMT S (TBP24&B1) . . 9 95

DM87S180N 21 1024«8 PROMO.C. (82S 180) 9.95

0M87S181N 24 1024x8 PROMT. S. (82S181) 9.95

DM87S184N IB 2048x4 PROMO C (82 S184) 9.95

DM87S185N 18 2048x4 PROM T.S. (82S185) 9.95

0M87S190N 24 2048x4 PROM O.C. (82S190) 19.95

DMB7S191N 24 2048x8 PROMT.S. (82S191) 19.95

ROM'S

2513(2140) 24 CharacterGenerator (Upper Case)..... 9.95
2513(3021) 24 CharacterGeneratOf (Lower Case) 9.95

NMOS READ ONLY MEMORIES

MCM66710P 2 4 128x9x7ASCHShi1led w/Greek 13.50

MCM66740P 24 12Bx9x7 MaihSymbcl Si Pictures . ... 13.50
MCM66750P 24 128x9x7 Alpha. Control Char. Gen. . . . 13.50

DATA ACQUISITION

DC10 Mostek DC/DC Convert +5V10-9V . . . .2.95

MC3470P 18 floppy Disk Read A MP System 4.95

MC140BL7 16 7-bttO/ A Convene r (0ACOB07LCN) 2.49

MC 1408L8 1 6 8-bil D/AConver1er ( 0AC0808LCN 2.95

AF10O-1CN 16 Universa1ActiveFilter2.5% 5.95

AF121-1CJ 24 TouchTone LowBand Filter 19.95

AF122-1CJ 24 Touch ToneHighBand Filter 19.95

LM308CH
LM334Z
LM335Z

LF398N
LM399H
ADC08O4
DAC0806
ADC0809
ADC0817
0AC1000
OAClODB
OAC1020
DAC1022
DAC1222
CD4051N

Super Gain Op Amp

Constant Current Source 1.30

Temperalure Transducer 1.40

JFETtnpulOpAmp no

Sample & Hold Amplifiers 3.95

.5.00

20 8-bil A/D Converter ml

16 8-bitD/A Converter (0.78^ Lin.) 1,95

28 8-biIA/O Converter (8-Ch. Mulli.) .... 4.49

40 8-bit A/0 Ccn. !-.■!!•; (in Cn !,Mli ) 995

24 10-bilD/AConv. Micro. Comp. (0.05%) 13 95

20 10-bit D/AConv. Micro. Comp. 0.20%) 7 95

16 10-bilD/A! ■■-,.' '■ ■ 0.05« tin.) 8.49

16 10bilD/AConvcr1er(0.20%Lln. 595

18 12-bil D/A Converter (0 20% Lin.) 6.95

'" 1-Channel Multiplexer

DUARf .

3.95

AY-5-1013 40 30KBy

SPECIAL FUNCTION

OS0025CN 8 OualM0SCiock0river(5MZ) 2 49

DSO026CN 8 Oual M0SCtOCkDriver(5MZ) 195

INS1771N-1 40 Floppy Oisk Controller 16.95

INS2651N 28 Communicalion Chip 8.95

MM58167N 24 Mic oprocessorRealTime Clock 8.95

MM58174N 16 Micro. Compaiibte Time Clock 7.95

C0P402N 40 Mictoconlrollerw/64-digil RAM 5.95

and Direci LED Orrve
C0P402MN 40 Microprocessor w/64-dlgil RAM 5.95

& Di eel LED Drive w/N Buss mi.
C0P470N 20 32-seg.VACFIuor.Drvr.(20pinpkg). .3.25

TELEPHONE/KEYBOARD CHIPS

AY- 5-9 100 18 Push Button Telephone Dialer 14.95

AY-5-9200 16 Repertory Dialer 14 95

AY-5-9500 14 CMOS Clock Generator 4.95

AY-5-2376 40 Keyboard Encoder (BB keys) 9 95

HD0165-5 24 Keyboard EnoodB j |{ •-. ,.i 9.95

74C922 IB Keyboard Encoder 16 keys) 4,49

74C923 20 Keybrafri Encoder (20 keys) 4.95

MM53130N 18 Touch Tone Oml er 5,95

MM53190N "

vswlMIMtvs I UliO ,l *'SW!!liWiS"

25 Pin — D Subminiature (meets RS232)
Part Ho. Description Price

0B25P PLUG (RS232) 2.95

DB25S SOCKET (BS232) 3.56

DB25PF-179 PLUG (RS232) Win Wnp style 4.95

DB51 226-1 CABLE COVER lor 0B25P or DB25S 1.75

DB25P-831 PLUG - Right Angle - PC Mount 4.95

DB25S-831 SOCKET- RigM Angle - PC Mount 5.25

020416-2 Screw Lock tor DB25 Series Connectors

(Locks connector to panel) 2/, 99

Solder Eyelet/Wire Wrap Edge Card

Part He. |Corr1acts[ Sp. I Description | Price

15/30SE
1B/36SE
22/44SE
22/44 PC
50/1 DOS E
22/44 WW
67031-5
R68M
R6S1-2

15/30
IB/36
22/44
22/44

50/100
22/44
22/44

50/100.

50/100

Solder Eyelet

Solder Eyelet

Solder Eyelet
PCIypelnomlg.ean)

Solder Eyelet
Wire Wrap - Level 3
WW(fti D625x.03x.75)
Wire Wrap - Level 3
Wire Wrap - Level 3

mm ic sockets

ITPHT For Socket Required, See Column After The IC Part No. |jf
LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS WIRE WRAP (GOLD) SOCKETS

8 pin LP
14 pin LP
16 pin LP
18 pin LP
20 Pin LP
22 pin LP
24 pin LP
28 Pin LP
36 pin LP
40 pin LP

.17
.20
.22
.29
.34
.37
.38
.45
.60
.63

.62

- Solderlail Standard Tin & Gold Also Available —

LEVEL #3 1-24

Spin WW
10 pin WW
14 pin WW
16 pin WW
18 pin WW
20 pin WW
22 pin WW
24 pin WW
28 pin WW
36 pin WW
40 pin WW

L9S

2.09

1.8

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only
California Residents Add 6'/?% Sales Tax
Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance
Send S.A.S.E. tor Monthly Sale Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 25c each
Send 88c Postage for your
FREE 1982 JAMECO CATALOG
Prices Subject to Change

ameco

GE5H*nna

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002
PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097

iillln

P»rt We "Pin* Funcllcn Price

70451PI 28 COS PrecisionTimer 14.95

7045EV/KI!* 28 SlopwalchCUip, XTL ..19.95

7106CPL 40 3ft 0igilA/0 (LCD Drive) 9.95

7106EV/Kit* 40 IC, Circuit Board, Otsplay 34.95

7107CPL 4P 3Vj Digit A/D(LED Drive) 11.95

7107EV/Kit* 40 IC. Clrcuil Board, Display 29.95

7116CPL 40 3 'A Digit A/D LCD Dis. HL0 16.95

7117CPL 40 3'A Ofgil A/DLE0 Dis. HLD 15.95

72D1IUS LowBallery Voll I ndicalor 2.25

72051PG 24 CMDSLED Slopwatch/Timer 1 2.95

7205EV/KII- 24 SlopwatchChip. XTL 14.95

7206CJPE 16 ToneGenerator 4,95

7206CEV/Kif 16 ToneGeneratorChip. XTL 7.95

7207AIPD 14 OscillalorController 5.95

7207AEV/KII- 14 Freq. Counler Chip, XTL 7.95

72081PI 28 SevenDecadeCounler 15.95

72091PA 8 Clock Generalor 3.95

7215IPG 24 4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT 13.95

7215EV/ Kil' 24 4 Func. Stopwalch Chip. XTL 14.95

7216AIJI 28 8 0igi1Univ.Coun1erC.A. 29.95

7216CIJI 28 8 Digil Freq. Counler C. A 24.95

721601PI 28 8 Digit Freq. Counter C.C 19.95

7217IJI 28 4 Digit LEO Up/DownCounter CA 10.95

7217AIPI 28 4DigitLEDUp/DownCounterCC 14.95

72241PL 40 LCD4V? OigllUp CounlerDHl 10.95

7226AIJL 40 8 Oiglt Univ. Counler 29 95

7226AEV/Kif 40 5 Function Counler Chip.XTL 74,95

7240UE 1 6 CMOS Bin Prog. Timer/Courtier 4.95

7242UA 6 CM0SDivide-by-256RCTimer 2.25

72501JE 16 CMOSBCDProg. Ttmer/Counler 6.00

7260IJE 16 CMOSBCDProg. Timer/Courier 5.25

7555IPA 6 CMOS 555 Timer 1.45

75561P0 14 CM0S556Timer 2.20

76118CPA 8 CMOSOpAmpComparalor 5MV 2 25

76128CPA B CMOSOpAmpEil. Cmvr 5MV 2.95

7621BCPA 8 CMOSOualOpAmpComp 5MV 3.95

7631CCPE 16 CMOS Tri Op Amp Comp 10MV 6.35

7641CCPD 14 CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp 10MV 7.50

7642CCPD 14 CMOSOuarJOp AmpComp 10MV 7.50

7660CPA 8 Voltage Converter 2.95

B038CCPO 14 Waveform Generator 3.95

8046CCPE 16 Monolithic LogarithmcAmp . ... 19 95

B0B9CCD 50pp mBa nd-G AP Volt Ret. Diode 2.50

B211CPA 8 Voll R el/ In deal or 2.95

8212CPA 24 Volt Ret/Indicator 2.95

74C00

•! ■'

7-!>:n-i
7JCC3
74C10
74C14
74C20
74C30
74C32
74C42
74C48
74C73
74C74
74C85
74C86
74C89
74C90
74C93

mimmim

14

74C95

14

1.39

74C107

14

.89

IE

2.49

74C154

74

3.49

74C157

16

2.25

74C160

tl

1.19

74C161

16

1.19

74C162

1fi

1.19

74C163

1fi

1.19

74C164

14

1.49

74C173

tc

.79

74C174

16

1.19

74C175

1H

1.19

74C192

16

1.49

-i v~n

If

1.69

74C195

18

1.39

74C221
74C240
74C244

74C374
74C901
74C903
74C906
74C911
74C912
74C915
74C917
74C922
74C923
74C925
74C926
80C95
80C97

1.95

16

LH0002CN 10

LM10CLH

LM11CLH

LH00700H

TL071CP B

TL072CP 8

TL074CN 14

LH0082CD

TL082CP 8

TL0B4CN 14

LH0094CD

LM300H

LM301CN 8

LM302H

LM304H

LM305H

LM307CN B

LM308CN. 8

LM309H

LM309K

LM310CN 8

LM311CN 8

LM312H

LM317MP

LM317T

LM317K

LM318CN B

LM319N 14

LM320K-5

LM320K-12

LM320K-15

LM320T-5

LM320T-12

LM320M5

LM323K

LM324N 14

LM3290Z

LM331N 8

LM334Z

LM3357

LM336Z

LM337T

LM337MP

LM338K

LM339N 14

LM340K-5

LM340K-12-

LM340K-15

LM340T-5

LM340T-12

LM340M5

LM341P-5

LM341P-12

LM341P-15

LM342P-5

LM342P-12

LM342P-15

LM348N

LM350K

LF351N

LF353N

LF355N

LF356N

LM358N

LM359N

LM370N

LM373N

LM377

LM380N

LM381N

LM382N

LM364N

LM386N-3

LM387N

LM389N

LM392N

LF398M

LM399H

TL494CN

TL496CP

NE510A

NE529A

NE531V

NE536H

NE540H

NE544N

NE55DA

NE555V

LM556N

NE564N

LM565N

LM566CN

LM567V

NE570N

£

ufl

.79

.79

.79

75

.75

75

69

69

.69

14

.99

4.95

8

.60

8

1.00

8

1.10

8

1,10

8

.69

14

1.79

14

4.49

14

3.95

14

1.95

14

.89

14

1.79

14

1.39

14

1.79

8

89

8

.89

8

.69

8

3.95

5.00

16

2.95

14

4,95

14

2.95

8

2.95

6.00

4.95

14

2.95

14

195

8

.35

14

.69

16

2.95

14

1.19

8

1.49

8

.89

16

3.95

NE571N

LM703CH

LM709N

LM710N

LM711N

LM723N

LM733N

LM739N

LM741CN

MC1741SCG

LM747N

LM748M

LM1014N

LM1310

LM145BCN

LM1488M

LM1489N

LM1496N

LM1556V

LM1800N

LM1871N

LM1872N

LM1877N-9

LM1889N

LM1696N

LM2002T

LM2877P

LM2878P

LM2896P-1

LM3189N

LM3900N

LM3905CM

LM3909M

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4136N

RC4151NB

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

LM4500A

1CL80388

LM13080N

LM13600N

75138N

75450N

75451CN

75492

18 3.49
18 349
18 3.49

CAPACITOR CORNER

50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

Value

19

10-99

100+

Value

1-9

10-99

ino*

10 pf

.08

.06

.05

.001/rF

.08

.06

.05

22 pf

.08

.06

.05

.0047MF

.08

.06

.05

47 pf

.08

,06

.05

.Ol)iF

.08

.06

.05

100 pf

.08

.06

.05

.022jiF

.09

.07

,06

220 Pf

.08

.06

.05

.047uF

.in?

.09

.07

,0ft

470 pf

.08

.06

.05

.15

.12

.10

100 VOLT MYLAR FILM CAPACITORS

.OOlmf .12 JO .07 I .022rr»f .13 .11 .08

.0022mf .12 .10 .07 ,047mf .21 .17 .13

.0047mf .12 .10 .07 .lmf .27 .23 .17

.Olrnf .12 .10 .07 I .22mf .33 .27 .22

+20% DIPPED TANTALUMS (Solid) CAPACITORS

.1/35V
.15/35V
.22/35V
.33/35V
.47/35V
.68/35V
1.0/35V

.39

.39 .34 .29

.39 .34 .29

1.5/3SV
2.2/35V
3.3/25V
4.7/25V
6.8/25V
15/25V
22/6V

.41

.37

.51 .45 .34

.79 .69 .55
1.39 1.25 .95
.79 .69

MINI. ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACI TORS
Axial 1-99 100-499 500+ Radial 1-99 100-4 99 500 +

.4 7/50 V

1.0/50V

3.3/50V

4.7/25V

10/25V

10/50V

22 /25V

22/50V

47/25V

47/50V

100/25V

100/50V

220/25 V

220/50V

470/25V

1000/16 V

2200/16 V

.16 .14 .10

.19 .16 .12

.25 .21 .19

.39 .34 .33

.4 7/25 V
•47/50V
1.0/16V
1.0/25V
1.0/50V
4.7/16V
4. 7/25 V
4. 7/50 V
10/16V
10/25V
10/50V
4 7/50 V
100/ 16 V
100/25 V
100 /SOV
220/16V
470/25V

.15 .13 .12

.15 .13 .12
.16 .14 .13

.15 .13 .12

590 BYTE September 1982

Circle 252 on inquiry card.

xtmrrrrc imimtu

JE600
Hexadecimal
Encoder Kit

FULL 8-BIT
LATCHED OUTPUT
19-KEY KEYBOARD

The JE600 Encoder Keyboard Kit provides two separate
hexadecimal digits produced from sequential key entries
to allow direct programming for B-blt microprocessor
or B bit memory circuits. Three additional keys are pro-
vided for user operations with one having a bistable
output available. The outputs are latched and monitored
with 9 LEO readouts. Also included Is a key entry strobe.
Features: Full B-bit latched output for microprocessor
use. Three user-define keys with one being bistable
operation. Debounce circuit provided for all 19 keys.
9 LED readouts to verify entries. Easy Interfacing with
standard 16-pln IC connector. Only +5VDC required
for operation. Size: 3yi"H x 8%"W x 8VD

JE600/DTE-HK £*?&£ a ?wJ) . . . . $99.95

t8%' , Lx5V."Wxn,"H

K19 19-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) .... $14.95
DTE-HK (case only -3vV'HxBV«"WxBVVD) $44.95

JE610 ASCII Encoded Keyboard Kit

The JE610 ASCII Keyboard Kit can be Interfaced into
most any computer system. The kit comes complete
with an Industrial grade keyboard switch assembly
(62-keys), IC's, sockets, connector, electronic compo-
nents and a double-sided printed wiring board. The
keyboard assembly requires +5V @ 150mA and —12V
@ 10 mA for operation. Features: 60 keys generate the
126 characters, upper and lower case ASCII set. Fully
buffered. Two user-define keys provided for custom
applications. Caps lock for upper-case-only alpha charac-
ters. Utilizes a 2376 (40-pin) encoder read-only memory
chip. Outputs directly compatible with TTL/DTL or
MOS logic arrays. Easy interfacing with a 16-pin dip or
18-pln edge connector. Size: 3JVM x 14VS"W x B%"D

JE610/DTE-AK j^iStJSSTSJS) .. ,$124.95

ir Cin i/ l4 62-Key Keyboard, PC Board, a 7QQ r

JtOlUK.lt & Components (no case) $ fXJ.iJD

K62 62-Key Keyboard (Keyboard only) ... $ 34.95

DTE-AK (case only - 3V<"Hxll"WxBVD)$ 49.95

JE212 - Negative 12VDC Adapter Board Kit
JVIEWK for JE610 ASCII KEYBOARD KIT Kit/

Tww^ Provldes-12VDC from Incoming 5VDC .$9 95

jvWrWt
4NEWK

JE21 5 Adjustable Dual Power Supply

General Description: The JE215 is a Dual Power
Supply with independent adjustable positive and nega-
tive output voltages. A separate adjustment for each
of the supplies providesthe user unlimited applications
for IC current voltage requirements. The supply can
also be used as a general all-purpose variable power

SUpply. FEATURES:

• Adjustable regulated power supplies,
pos. and neg. 1.2VDC to 1 5VDC.

• Power Output (each supply):
5VDC @ 500mA, 1 0VDC@ 750mA.
12VDC@ 500mA, and
15VDC@ 175mA.

• Two, 3-terminal adj. IC regulators
with thermal overload protection.

• Heat sink regulator cooling

• LED "on" Indicator

• Printed Board Construction

• 120VAC input

• Size: 3-1/2"w x 5-1/16*'L x 2"H

JE215 Adj. Dual PowerSupply Kit (asshown) . . $24,95

(Picture not shown but similar in construction to above)
JE200 Reg. Power Supply Kit (5VDC, lamp) . . $14.95
JE205AdapterBrd.(toJE200>±5,i9& t12V. . $12.95
JE210Var.Pwr.Spiy. Kit, 5-15VDC,to1. Samp. . $19.95

KEYBOARDS - POWER SUPPLIES

9'/ I "Lx4W' , WxVH

16V'Lx5WWx1V'H

T6y«"Lx5'/ J "Wxn ,, H

23 ,, Lx5V/'Wx1.3/8 ,, H

^

iirPf 1 1 ii
www

p$

ALPS 26-KEY CALCULATOR KEYBOARD

Fajturoi: 7 Position, 3 Poittlon and 2 Poitllon Swltclns (ON/OFF). Thais ara tram Olivetti's Top ot

the Lino. Mechanical SPST Switching: 22-pln Edgo Card Connection.

Part No. KB26 $1.95 each or Z/S3.49

MICRO SWITCH 69-KEY KEYBOARD

Oile Entiy Keyboard, Encoded Output: 8-bit Parallel EBC OIC, Switching: Hall Ettect. 24-pin Edge

Cerd Connection. Complete with Pin Connection.

Part No. KB69SD1Z-Z $19.95 each

DATANETICS KEYBOARD

ASCII Encoded Keyboard, Output: Evan Partly ASCII, Supply voltage +5, 12 volt. Swtchlng:

Mechanical SPST - 5D ; pln Connection. Complete with Pin Connection.

Word Processing Keyboard, 26 Pin Edge Card Connection. Supply Vohage +5V0C. Main Keyboard
Is QWERTY. Additional Key Pads torCursorand word processing (unctions.

Oata Entry Keyboard use dine Olabto 1640 Terminal, Supply VoMago: +5V, -12 V. Switching: Hall
Ellect - 10-pln Edge Card Connection. Schematic Included. Uses 8048 Encoder Chip.

No each

Transaction Tech
Outpul +5VDC © 1 amp (also +30VDC) reg. Input 115VAC 60Hz. Two-tone (black/beige) self-
onclosedcase. 6 H„ 3 cond. black power cord. Size: 6Vi"W x 7"0 x 27<"H. Wt. 3 lbs,

POWER SUPPLY - 5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED a Industrie

Output +5VDC @ 1 imp, +36-42VDC adj. 400mA or less. 30 VAC (Isol.) @ 1.5 amp. Input 115VAC
60Hz. Clrc. brkr. ra-sol button. Blk. sell-end. case w/4 rubber toil. G ft., 3 cond. blk. paw. cord.
On/oil switch. BVw t 7V«"D x 3-7/fl"H - wt. 7 lbs.

Part No. PS407D $24.95 each

1.5

input: 115VAC, 50-60Hz@ 3amp/230VAC, SOHz @ 1.6 amp. Fan voll./power supply selectswlt-
chas(1lS/230VAC). Output: 5V0C® 7.6amp, 12VDC® 1.6 imp. 8ft. blk. pow. cord. 11 VW x
13V« ,, Dx3%"H.Wl. Bibs.

Heavy Duty Multi-Voltage Power Supply - 5VDC, 12V0C, 24VDC
Output: +5VDC © 30A. +12VDC © 2A. 12VDC ® 4A A +24V0C @ 3A. Input: 115VAC, 7A.
220VAC, 3.5A. Reg.: ± .15S line & load comb. Ripple: 10MV peakto peak (3MV RMS). Overvoll.
protect.: 5V, +12V. -12V Ovareur. protect Inci. 15%"L x 6"H x 11-7/8"0. Wt. 40 lbs.

SOC 2-6 (Pictured)

Regulated Power Supplies

Sorensen's open construction (SOC) power supplies are series-
regulated solid-state systems, designed to provide reg. DC
voltages at'6 levels (2-28 v/range). These units are open-framed
on sturdy black anodized aluminum for excellent mounting.

FEATURES: 115/208/230VAC input © S0-63Hz. low Ripple: 1.5mVrms. 5mVP-P maximum. Ad-
justable current limit. Votlaga adjustment control. All schematics md specifications supplied with unit.
Series A.S.CE hive thru mounting surfaices (Series F, bottom mounting only).

n ■

5.61 n 4.8B « MO

_TM**&* > 3 37

_fte.es

21 •.]'.

Powertec Sub-Modular DC Power Supplies

SM Series power supplies Include rectifying, filtering,
regulating, overload and overvoltage protection functions. You
need only connect the sub-module to the appropriate secondary
transformer tap and bolt the unit to a heatslnk.

REGULATION: LINE; .10Stori changi irom -10Sto + 10% Input vottige. LOAD; .15% Ion 0-100%
load change (units below 5V output maintain SV regulation). OUTPUT RIPPLE: 1m V RMS, 3mV P-P
typical. 5mV P-P maximum. INPUT CHARACTERISTICS: Requires low-level AC Input. Derate outpul
currenl15S toroperetlonsit SOHz.

p.„

-100

■4.76V ID

70V

-JOO
•7.0V lo
10. SV

-300

•lO.SVlo
1£ JSV

-MO
-2J0V1O
30 0V

SuMllfln

™E»i>"m™l!

S.It
flnchrtl

Wl

Pnct

Z2AA-30O

023A

115-120VAC

17VAC.5AnoCT

2.50 x 3.00 x .98

Jo.-

S14.35

22B-200

•2.2A

115-120VAC

22VAC.3A*/CT

3.00x5.75x1.16

Sot.

14.95

220-300

1.7A

115-120VAC

2BVAC Z.5A w/CT

2.75x5.75x1.18

Eat

19.95

22C100

6.0A

1I5-120VAC

16VAC8AW/CT

2.80x7.50x1.13

Boz.

24.95

22C-500 |

2.5A

115-120VAC

4BVAC3AW/CT

2.80x7.50x1.18

So;.

24.95

220-300 :

6.BA

115-J20VAC

26 VAC lOAw/CT

3.00x7.00x3.30

2lbs.

24.95

22E-100

18.00A

1 1S-120V/AC

16VAC24Aw7CT

2.90 x 7.00 x 3.30

2ll«.

29.95

HP-Display Sale-National

5082 Series — 0.43 Inch — 7-Segment

Price

Hi Eff Red

.99

Hi Eff Red

■ RHD

Hi Eff Red

RHD

Hi Eff Red

Overflow ±1 RHD

Yellow

Yellow

RHO

Yellow

- RHD

Green

LHO

.99

Green

-RHD

Green

- RHD

Green

Dverfiow± RHD

Red

- LH

Red

Red

Overflow±lRHD

Red

CA-Comm. Anode CC-Comm. Cathode LHD/RHD-LetUrl B ht hand dec.

FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Left/right
balance control. Full fidelity stereo sound. Addi-
tional black soft carrying case & shoulder strap. Belt
clip (hands free). Operates on 3 AA cell batteries (not
incl.). Compact size: 3y a " x 4 7 £" x Wt. 6 02.

Ss^ Model 2830 $29.95

'Voltage Adjustment flange — Current ratings apply over entire voltage range.

• SHIPMENT IN 24 HOURS •
^ 6:00AM to 6:00PM (PST) mk
W^ Call: (415) 592-8097 %$f

« JUMPER AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES

STANDARD DIP JUMPERS

p pluQswith heavy duty

pintfor repeatedditconnrct applications.

0JM-1

92410212

14

l.ntft .nd

12"

11 79

OJ14.2

924102 24

34"

2.05

OJH-3

924102 36

36"

235

OJ14M4

92410612

12-

320

OJ142-14

924106 24

24-

3 49

OJ14314

92410636

36"

3 79

DJ161

97*112 12

16

..ntf.end

12"

VB5

DJ162

924112-34

16

24"

219

DJ1G3

924U2J6

16

3 59

DJ1 61-16

924116 13

16

double tnd

12"

3 35

DJ162 16

924 1 16 24

16

doublccnd

24"

3 69

DJ16-3-16

9241)6 36

16

36"

4 05

BJM-1

934122 12

12"

2 63

oa*4

934123 34

24

tinatt .nd

24"

3 39

DJJ4 3

93412336

24

imqle end

36"

3 95

DJI41 24

934126 12

3-s

12"

4.79

OJ24-274

924126 24

24"

3.23

DJ24-324

924126 36

24

doubl, end

36"

569

N.

OJ40-1

924132 12

40

jingleenc

12"

569

DJ40-2

92413234

40

imgle enc

24"

679

DJ40-3

934 132 3S

40

tingle tne

36"

DJ40-1-40

924136-12

40

d 12"

10.95

DJ402^0

92413624

d 24"

11. B9

DJ40-340

924136-36

40

double m

d 30"

12.79

STANDARD DB25 SERIES CABLES

Now you can order 0825 P or S connectors with the
cable necessary to fit your application. Choose from
our standard flat cable ill 4-foot lengths. Call today.
STANDARD CABLES

Part No.

Connec

OB25P 4 4 feet

DB25S-4 4 feet

DB25P-4P 4 feet

DB25P-4-S 4 fret

DB25S-4S 4 feet

1 0825P S 9.95e».
1DB2SS lO.gSea.
2-DB25P I6.95ea.

-D825P/1-DB25S 17.95 ea.

2 0825S 1855 m.

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only
California Residents Add 6'/i% Sales Tax
Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance
Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sale Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 25c each
Send 88c Postage for your
FREE 1982 JAM ECO CATALOG
Prices Subject to Change

lie flyer i rr

I— —
ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002
PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097

5 1 A" Mini-Floppy Disc Drive

FOR TRS-60 MODEL I, III (Industry Standard) J? Portoc
Features single or double density. Recording C Computer
mode: FM single, MFM double density. *=^Corp.
Power: +12VDC <±0.6V) 1.6 amps max.,
5VDC U 0.25V) 0.8 amps max Unit as pic-
tured at left(does not Incl. case, power supply
or cables). 30-page data book included.
Weighs 3Vr pounds. Size: SV.'W x 8"0 x

PaltNo. Ltmifed Quantity i pfiM

FD200 $179.95

Slnglesldad, 40 tracks, 250K bytes capacity

FD250 $199.95

Double- sided, 35 tracks, 4 38K bytes capacity

EXPAND YOUR TRS-80 to 16K, 32K or 48K

"Model 1 = From 4K lo 16K Requires (1) One Kit
Model 3 = From 4K to 48K Requires (3) Three Kits
Color = From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One Kil
"Model 1 equipped w/ Expansion Board up to 48 K (2) Two Kits Req'd.

- One Kil Required lor each 16K of E xpansion -

TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit — Kit comas complele with 8 each
MM5290 (UPD416/41 16) t6K Dynamic HAM (*ns) & rjocumenlalloji tor cenversion.

TRS16K2 *150ns S16.9S

TRS-16K3 *200ns S14.95

TRS-16K4 'aSOns S10.95

DPee Wee Boxer Fan
• 36clm free air delivery
• 3.125" sq. x 1.665" depth
• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20 "C
• 1 15V 50/60HZ
• For Apple users
PWS2107U?« l 8 6 n d , ( i uf«« ••• $ 7.95 ea.
PWS2107F now $12.95 ea.

Muffin® Fan

• I05cfm free air delivery

• .68" sq. x 1.50" depth.

• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20°C

• Impedance protected,
# , ' m ambients to 70 "C
Ml #■ -■ • 115V 50/60HZ 14W Wt. oz.

MU2A1-Upj s VX & ed»' $ 7.95 ea.
MU2A1-N New $12.95 ea.

Vj Price Sale! - Vi Prtca Sale!

mid wvdc price I mid wvdc price

250 I5D 1.95 4.50D 50 3.95 20,000 20 2.95 43.000 10 5.95

500 200 2.49 5.500 25 449 21.000 15 3.95 45,000 5 5.95

1,250 3 .99 6.100 40 2.49 22,000 15 4.95 52,000 20 5.95

1,500 25 1.95 7,000 60 4.95 23.000 7 1.95 55,000 15 5.95

1,500 SO 2.95 10,000 15 2.95 23.000 10 2.95 58,000 20 5.95

2,000 10 2.95 10.000 16 3.95 23.000 20 3.95 65.000 10 7.95

2,100 200 2.95 11.000 19 4.95 24,000 20 2.95 73,800 5 7.95

2,250 100 3.95 13,000 16 2.95 27,000 10 2.95 80,000 15 9.95

2,300 33 2.95 14,000 13 2.95 32.500 25 4.95 90,000 10 8.95

2,500 15 2.95 15,500 10 4.95 40,000 25 5.95 120,000 1510.95

3,000 25 1.95 18,000 10 3.95 42,000 10 4.95 160.000 10 B.95

3,600 40 3.95 OVER 200 OTHER VALUES AVAILABLE

SALE! Just deduct 50% of price listed above!

mid wvdc price mid wvdc price

JOYSTICKS

JS-5K

5K Linear

Taper Pols $5.25

ip innv 1DDK Linear

JS " 1 DD K Taper Pots $4.95

JS-150K JLl K >j"! ar

Taper Pols 54.75

i Ur in 40K (2) Video Con-
m-4D (roller in Case $4.95

UV-EPROM Eraser

| 8 Chips — 51 Minutes |

iV

1 1 Chip — 37 Minutes |

Erases 2708, 2716, 2732, 2764, 2516, 2532, 2564 Erases up to 8 chips
within 51 minutes (1 chip in 37 minutes). Maintains constant exposure
distance of one Inch. Spaclal conductive foam liner eliminates static
buildup. Built-in safaty lock to prevent UV exposure. Compact— only
9.00" x 3.70* x 2.60'. Complete with holding trayfor 8 chips.

UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb s 16.95

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser . . . . S 79.95

Mostek DC/DC Converter

+5 VOLTS TO-9 VOLTS

IV.

j|&Mn^!9HRfe Input: + 5V. Outpul:-9V (regulated) @ 30mA.
" ^P^ Printed circuit mounting.

7/B"Hxi/4"D DC10 $2.95 ea. or 2/$4.95

Wall Transformers
AC and DC Types

AC250 (Pictured)

Part No. input Output Price

AC 250 (above) 1 1 7V/60HI 12 VAC 250mA $3.95

AC 500 1 1 7V/60HZ 12V AC 500mA $4.95

AC1000 1 1 7V/60HI 12VAC lamp $5.95

AC1700 117V/B0H* 9VAC1.7amp $3.95

AC9004 11 7V/60HZ 9.2VAC 2.5 amp ... . $2.95 or2/$4.95

DC 800 120V/60HZ 8VDC 400mA 51.95 or 2/$2.95

DC6912 120V/60HZ 6.9.12VOC 300mA $9.95

DV5490 117V/60HI 9.5VDC 275mA . . . . S2.49 or 2JS3.95

DC900 120V/B0H* 9VDC 500mA . , $3.95

DC1200 120V/60HZ 12VDC 300mA $2.95 or 2/S4.95

©MOTOROLA AM/FM Stereo
Push Button Car Radio

FOR VOLKSWAGEN SCIROCCO, RABBIT, AUOI 5000 AND FOX

(with minor adjustments, can be used In any automobile)

Includes bezal trilm & everything pictured. Two ea. 4 x 6 speakers & grille

(1V>* deep). All cables & leads for hookup. Incl. all Instruction Manuals

for easy Installation. Cut-out dim.: 7"W x 1 >/i"H x 6V2 "L

Model 5VW3901 $49.95 V

Circle 252 on Inquiry card.

BYTE September 1982 591

Build a Better Computer

Save Over $ 800.°° on a Powerful Board Set

Full IEEE 696 S-100 signal compliance, 4 MHz Z-80A CPU, extended addressing, 64K of high-speed low-power
static RAM, two RS-232 asynchronous serial I/O ports, three parallel I/O ports, software programmable timer,
double density disk controller, CP/M 2.2, system monitor/bios/boot firmware in ROM, complete manual set. This
special package contains SSM Microcomputer's CB-2, I/0-5, MB64, and Jade Computer's Double-D boards. All
necessary firmware and software is included.

The manufacturer's list price on this package is over $ 2100. 00 Jade's Package Price only $ 1195. 00

JADE Computer

Double-D

Our Best Selling Disk Controller

• IEEE 696 S-100 bus

• Reads and writes single or double density

• Density is software selectable

• CP/M 2.2 compatible in single or double density

• Controls up to four 5y 4 " or 8", single
or double-sided drives

• Single or double-sided drives may be mixed
in the same system

• On-board Z-80A to assure reliable operation

• EIA level serial printer interface on board,
baud rates to 9600 (perfect for despooling
operations)

• 2K of RAM on-board

• Uses IBM standard formats

• Designed to meet IEEE signal disciplines

• Works with 8080, 8085, and Z-80 CPU's

• Software programmable head stepping rates

• 4-layer PC board with internal power and
ground planes provides very stable,
low-noise operation.

The Jade Double-D is the state-of-the-art for double
density disk controllers boards. The on-board Z-
80A runs simultaneously with and transparent to the
S-100 bus. All critical timing is handled on-board,
data transfers are fully buffered by sector in the on-
board memory, two levels of interrupts are
implemented on the Z-80A, and a wait state
generator is used to synchronize the on-board
processor to the disk transfer rate. The hostsystem
need only transfer commands and data through a
block of on-board static memory, which can be
accessed from the bus. This architecture provides a
high degree of timing independence from the host
system and extremely fast data transfer rates. Also,
since the disk controllerprogram is contained in the
on-board RAM, the Double-D's operational
characteristics are redefinable at any time during
system operation.

TheDouble-D'sspeed, versatility, and reliability are
unsurpassed by any other S-100 disk controller
available on the market today.
The Double-D is completely and professionally
documented with both a hardware and software
manual. The board is available assembled and
tested, as a kit, or as a bare board (the software
manual is not Included with the bare board). We
suggest you order the Double-D as an assembled
and tested unit unless you are an experienced kit
builder.

IOD-1200B Bare board $59.95

IOD-1200K Kit $299.95

IOD-1200A A & T for 8" $324.95

SFC-58001200E DD boot PROM $20.00

SFC-59002001F CP/M 2.2 for DD $99.95

SSM Microcomputer

CB-2

Powerful Z-80A S-100 CPU

• Z-80A CPU board

• IEEE 696 S-100 signals

• 2 or 4 MHz switch selectable

• Provision for on-board EPROM or RAM, 2716,
2732, orHM6116

• Dip switch addressing on any 2K or 4K boundry

• One wait state added

• Extended addressing

• Power on/reset firmware jump

• Run/stop and single step switches

• Jumper selectable MWRITE signal

• All lines buffered

The CB-2 Z-80A CPU board opertaes at 2 or 4 MHz
by DIP switch selection and includes two sockets
for 2716 or 2732 EPROMs or HM61 162K RAM chips.
Memory sockets can be disabled. Separate
run/stop and single step switches allow system
evaluation without the use of a front panel.
The CB-2 also features MWRITE for use with or
without a front panel, firmware vector jump, and an
output port to control 8 extended addressing lines
allowing use of more than 65K of memory.

CPU-30300K Kit with manual $229.95

CPU-30300A A & T with manual $274.95

SSM Microcomputer

I/0-5

2 Serial, 3 Parallel, S-100 I/O

• IEEE 696 S-100 signal discipline

• Two RS-232 asynchronous serial ports

• Three parallel ports

• Independent serial baud rates from 110 to
19,200

• Software-progammable timer for real-time or
multi-user applications.

The I/0-5 is the latest in a long line of S-100
interface boards from SSM. The I/0-5 is a two
serial, three parallel port interface board. The
parallel ports provide a total of 32 bits, supporting
various I/O configurations such as a 1 6-bit software
programmable bi-directional interface and two 8-bit
interfaces. One 8-bit interface supports direct
connection to Centronics compatible printers. The
other provides 8-bits of parallel input for such
devices as keyboards.

Not only does the I/0-5 give you five (5) interfaces
on one board but it also has a software-
programmable timer for even greater versatility.
IOI-1015A A&T $289.95

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

SSM Microcomputer

MB64

8 or 16 Bit 64K Static RAM Board

• Meets IEEE 696/S-100 standards

• Configured as two 32K byte blocks

• Operates without wait states up to 6 MHz with
8-bit processor, and up to 12 MHz with
16-bit processor

• Up to 8K of 2716 EPROMS can be substituted
for RAM

• Provision for battery backup

• Extremely low power consumption

• Less than 35 ma in stand-by mode

• Can be used with Cromemco, North Star,
Vector Graphics, Dynabyte, and others

• Can be used to support multi-user applications

• 24-bit extended addressing

• Memory can be disabled in 2K increments

• Supports IO port switching of eight banks of
64K bytes each to extend memory of 8-bit
system to 512K bytes

• LEDs Indicate which 32K bank is in use.
SSM's MB64 is a fast, reliable, low-cost 64K static
memory board for your S-100 computer. It uses
state-of-the-art RAM technology to bring you the
highest quality available. It's low power RAM
generates less heat to give you RAM with increased
product life, which in turn gives you better overall
system reliability.

MEM-64300A A&T $499.95

SSM Microcomputer

I/0-8

Eight Serial I/O Ports

• Support for multi-user applications

• IEEE 696 and S-100 compatible

• LED indicators monitor send/receive activity on
each port

• Crystal controlled, individually progammable
baud rates on each serial port ranging from
110 to 19,200 baud

• Interrupt circuitry provides a variety of interrupt
modes

• Timer function provides master interrupt for real
time applications

SSM's I/0-8 is state-of-the-art interface technology
that gives you eight (8) software programmable
serial ports on just one board, minimizing the
number of boards required for higher performance
and multi-user systems. And, if 8 ports aren't
enough, you can use multiple l/O-8's within asingle
system. This is real Port Powerl
IOI-1018A A&T $469.95

Printer & Disk Drive Sale

Printers on Sale

NEW EPSONS with GRAFTRAX-plus

MX-80 With GRAFTRAX-plus 80/132 column, 80 CPS,

adjustable pin feed, parallel interface.

PRM-28080 MX-80 w /GRAFTRAX-plus $449.95

MX-80FT with GRAFTRAX-plus same as MX-80 with

friction feed and pin feed.

PRM-28082 MX-80FT w /GRAFTRAX-plus $539.95

MX-100 With GRAFTRAX-plus 132/232 column,
correspondence quality, up to 15" paper, friction feed &
adjustable pin feed, 18 x 18 dot matrix, 80 CPS.
PRM-28100 MX-100 w /GRAFTRAX-plus $729.95

PRA-27084 Serial interface $54.95

PRA-27088 Serial intf & 2K buffer $99.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27086 IEEE 488 card $59.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-27097 GRAFTRAX-plus 80 $59.95

PRA-27197 GRAFTRAX-plus 100 $64.95

PRA-27090 MX-80, FT print head $44.95

PRA-27190 MX-100 print head $49.95

PRA-27083 MX-80 ribbon cart $13.95

PRA-27101 MX-100 ribbon only $9.95

BETTER THAN EPSON ! - Okldata

Mlcrollne 82A 80/132 column, 120 CPS, 9 x 9 dot matrix,
friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor feed (optional),
handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear & bottom feed,
paper tear bar, 100% duty cycle/200,000,000 character print
head, bi-directional/logic seeking, both serial & parallel
Interfaces Included, front panel switch & program control of
10 different form lengths, uses inexpensive spool type
ribbons, double width & condensed characters, true lower
case descenders & graphics
PRM-43082 Friction & pin feed $479.95

Mlcrollne 83 A 132/232 column, 120 CPS, forms up to 15"
wide, removable tractor, plus all the features of the 82A.
PRM-43083 with FREE tractor $699.95

Mlcrollne 84 132/232 column, Hi-speed 200 CPS, full dot
graphics built in, plus all the features of the 83A.

PRM-43084 Centronics parallel $1099.95

PRM-43085 Serial with 2K buffer $1149.95

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27087 TRS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-43081 2K hi speed serial card $99.95

PRA-43082 Hi-res graphics ROMs 82 A $49.95

PRA-43083 Hi-graphics ROMs 83A $49.95

PRA-43088 Tractor option for 82 A $49.95

PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. of 2 $9.95

8023 DOT MATRIX - NEC

100 CPS, proportional spacing, hi-resolution graphics,
correspondence quality printing, bi-directional tractor &
friction feed.

NEC-8023A 8023 parallel $499.95

NEC-8023-01 8023 ribbon $11.95

TP-1 LETTER QUALITY - SCM

12 CPS daisy wheel printer from Smith Corona.

PRD-45101 Centronics parallel $648.95

PRD-45102 RS-232C serial $648.95

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER - Jade

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cartridges, 16 CPS
bi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper loader (single
sheet or fan fold), 10/12/15 pitch, up to 16" paper, built-in
noise suppression cover.

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $899.95

PRD-11002 RS-232C serial model $969.95

PRA-11000 Tractor Option $169.95

STARWRITER F-10 - C. Itoh

New 40 CPS daisy wheel printer with full 15" carriage, uses
standard Diablo print wheels and ribbons, both parallel and
serial interfaces included.
PRD-22010 Starwriter F-10 $1495.95

PRINTER PALS - F.M.J. Inc.

Desk top printer stand and continuous form paper holder.
PRA-99080 for MX-80, MX-80FT, Oki 82A, NEC . . $29.95

PRA-99100 for MX-100, Oki 83A & 84 $34.95

PRA-99700 for letter quality printers $49.95

5V 4 " Disk Drives

Tandon TM100-1 single-sided double-density 48 TPI
MSM-551001 $219.95 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

Shugart SA400L single-sided double-density 40 track
MSM-1 04000 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Shugart SA455 half-size double-sided 48 TPI

MSM-1 04550 $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Shugart SA465 half-size doule-sided 96 TPI

MSM-1 04650 $399.95 ea 2 for $379.95 ea

Tandon TM100-2 double-sided double-density 48 TPI
MSM-551002 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Shugart SA450 double-sided double-density 35 track
MSM-1 04500 $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Tandon TM100-3 single-sided double-density 96 TPI
MSM-551003 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Tandon TM100-4 double-sided double-density 96 TPI
MSM-551004 $394.95 ea 2 for $374.95 ea

MPI B-51 single-sided double-density 40 track
MSM-155100 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

MPI B-52 double-sided double-density 40 track
MSM-1 55200 $344.95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea

MPI B-91 single-sided double-density 77 track

MSM-1 55300 $369.95 ea 2 for $359.95 ea

MPI B-92. double-sided double-density 77 track
MSM-1 55400 $469.95 ea 2 for $459.95 ea

5%" Cabinets with Power Supply

END-000216 Single cab wl power supply $69.95

END-000226 Dual cab wl power supply . $94.95

8" Disk Drives

Shugart SA810 half-size single-sided double-density
MSF-108100 $424.95 ea 2 for $394.95 ea

Shugart SA860 half-size double-sided double-density
MSF-1 08600 $574.95 ea 2 for $549.95 ea

Shugart SA801 R single-sided double-density
MSF-10801R $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea

Shugart SA851R double-sided double-density
MSF-10851R $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Tandon TM848-1 single-sided double-den thin-line
MSF-558481 $379 95 ea 2 for $369.95 ea

Tandon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thin-line
MSF-558482 $494.95 ea 2 for $484.95 ea

Qume DT-8 double-sided double-density
MSF-750080 $524.95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea

Mitsubishi M2894-63 double-sided double-density
MSF-289463 $494.95 ea 2 for $474.95 ea

Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided double-density
MSF-201120 $384.95 ea 2 for $349.95 ea

Dual Disk Sub-Systems

Disk Sub-Systems - Jade

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced air
flow system, rugged dual drive power supply, power cable
kit, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, never-
mar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" disk
drives, power supply, and fan, does not include signal cable.

Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00

END-000431 A & T $359.95

8" Sub-Systems - Single Sided, Double Density

END-000423 Kit w/2 FD100-8Ds $975.00

END-000424 A & T w/2 FD100-8DS $1175.00

END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-801Rs $999.95

END-000434 A & T w/2 SA-801RS $1195.00

8" Sub-Systems - Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 DT-8S $1224.95

END-000427 A & T w/2 DT-8S $1424.95

END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-851 Rs $1274.95

END-000437 A & T w/2 SA-851 Rs $1474.95

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please
contact the store In your area for exact pricing.

Hard Disk Drives

12 MEGABYTE SUB-SYSTEM - DayStar

12 Megabyte Winchester sub-system for most CP/M based |
microcomputers including Apple II, S-100, IBM PC, NEC,
Xerox, TRS-80 II, Heath H-89, and others. Sub-system I
includes interface, controller, cabinet, power supply, CP/M
software patch, & cables - ready to just plug in and run. A 1
Megabyte back-up drive is also available.

MSH-531010 S-100 sub-system $2095.00 I

MSH-531020 Apple II sub-system $2095.00

MSH-531030 NEC sub-system $2095.00

MSH-531040 Xerox sub-system $2095.00

MSH-531050 TRS-80 II sub-system $2095.00

MSH-531060 IBM PC sub-system $2095.00

MSH-531099 1 Megabyte back-up $699.95

12 MEGABYTE WINCHESTER - Tandon

5y 4 " hard disk drive for hi-speed mass storage.
MSH-550603 Bare 5y 4 " drive $1094.95

Jade Bus Probe

THE BUS PROBE -Jade

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer

So your computer is down. And you don't have an I
oscilloscope. And you don't have a front panel... You're not I
alone - most computers have their occasional bad days. But I
without diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope [
(expensive!) or a front panel (expensive!), it can be very I
difficult to pinpoint the problem. Even if you have an [
extender board with a superfast logic probe, you can't see |
more than one signal at a time. You're stuck, right?

Not anymore; Jade is proud to offer our cost-effective I
solution to the problems mentioned above: THE BUS \
PROBE.

Whether you're a hobbyist with a cantankerous kluge or a I
field technician with an anxious computer owner breathing I
down your neck, you'll find THE BUS PROBE speeds your I
repair time remarkably. Just plug in THE BUS PROBE and I
you'll be able to see all the I EEE S-100 signals in action. THE I
BUS PROBE allows you to see inputs, outputs, memory |
reads and writes, instruction fetches, DMA channels,
vectored interrupts, 8 or 16 bit wide data transfers, plus the |
three bus supply voltages.

An on-board pulse generator can provide repetitive resets,
interrupts, or wait states, for trouble shooting.

TSX-200B Bare board . . . .- $59.95 I

TSX-200K Kit $119.95

TSX-200A..A&7" $149.95

Software

PLANNER CALC - Target Software

Spread sheet (what if ?) program designed with the user in I
mind, user oriented (simple english) commands allow you to
quickly master this powerful software package, supplied on |
disk for most CP/M based systems.

SFA-12251052M Apple II V/*" CP/M $49.95

SFC-12251050F SS SD 8" CP/M $49.95

SFC-12251053F Xerox 8" CP/M $49.95

SFC-12251053M Xerox 5%" CP/M $49.95 I

SFX-12251051M NEC 5%" CP/M $49.95

Pac Man

PAC MAN - Atari

Atari's best selling game for your 800 or 400 computer.
SFI-31254022E Pac Man cartridge $37.95 I

Place Orders Toll Free

Continental U.S.

800-421-5500

Inside California

800-262-1710

For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call:

213-973-7707

Computer Products

4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, Ca 90250

circle 250 on inquiry card.

BB 1'urcl

I Mini
tax.
l'rici

TKRMS of SALE: Cash, checks, credit cards, or

Purchase Orders f m qualified firms and institutions.

Minimum Order $15.00. California residents add ti%

tax. Minimum shipping & handling charge $.3.00.

ricing & availibility subject to change

1 1

Disk Drive for Apple $ 319. 95

Diskettes

Single User System 1 Single Board Computer

PREMIUM DISKETTES - Jade

We proudly put our name on these high quality diskettes -

5%" Diskettes, Box of Ten

MMD-51 10103 SS, SCOTS $29.00

MMD-5111003 SS.SD.10S $29.00

MMD-5111603 SS. SD. 16S $29.00

MMD-5120103 SS.DD.01S $31.00

MMD-5121003 SS. DD. 010 $31.00

MMD-5121603 SS.DD.16S $31.00

8" Diskettes, Box of Ten

MMD-8110103 SS. SD. 01 S $31.00

MMD-8120103 SS.DD.01S $39.00

MMD-8220103 DS.DD.01S .... $48.00

BARGAIN DISKETTES

MMD-5110105 5%" SS.DD.01S $19.95

MMD-5220105 5'//' DS. DD. 01S $32.95

MMD-8110105 8" SS. SD. 01 S $24.95

MMD-8120105 8" SS. DD. 01S $32.95

MMp-8220105 8"SS,DD,01S $35.95

Video Monitors

HI-RES 12" GREEN - Zenith

15 MHz bandwith 700 lines/inch. P31 green phosphor,
switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight & portable.
VDM-201201 List price $189.95 $129.95

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz bandwidth. P31 phosphor ultra-high resolution

video monitor with audio.

VDM-561200 List price $289.95 $199.95

12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC

High resolution color monitor with audio.

VDC-651212 Color monitor $389.95

NEC-1202D RGB color monitor $999.95

13" COLOR MONITORS - BMC

18 MHz RGB & composite video color monitors.

VDC-421320 13" RGB Color $329.95

VDC-421310 13" Composite video $299.95

VDX-420090 RGB card for Apple $149.95

COLOR MONITORS - Amdek

Reasonably priced color video monitors.

I VDC-80130 13" Color I $379.95

VDC-801320 13" Color II $894.95

IOV-2300A DVM board for Apple $199.95

AMBER or GREEN MONITORS - Jade

High resolution 18 MHz compact video monitors.

VDM-751210 12" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-751220 12" Green phosphor $139.95

| VDM-750910 9" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-750920 9" Green phosphor $139.95

Modems

SIGNALMAN - Anchor

Direct-connect automatic answer/originate selection, 300
Baud full duplex, Bell 103, includes RS-232 cable
IOM-5600A Signalman $98.50

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dial
modem, touch-tone or pulse dialing. RS-232C interface.
| programmable

IOM-5400A Smartmodem $224.95

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph $218.95

IOM-2010A Micromodem II $328.95

IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 $368.95

EPROM Erasers

ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home.

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer $69.50

XME-31Q1A Spectronics with timer $94.50

XME-3200A Economy model $39.95

THREE BOARD SET - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU. 64K RAM (6ptional256K), serial I/O port,
parallel I/O port, double density disk controller, CP/M 2.2 &
manual set. system monitor, control & diagnostic software.
Includes SBC-200. 64K ExpandoRAM II. Versafloppy II. &
CP/M 2.2 - all boards are assembled & tested.

Board set with 64K ol RAM $1095.00

Board set with 256K of RAM $1295.00 '

Apple II Accessories

APPLE DISK DRIVE - Fourth Dimension

Totally Apple compatible, 143.360 bytes per drive on DOS
3.3, half-track capability - reads all Apple software, plugs
right in to Apple controller as second drive, DOS 3.3. 3.2.1,
Pascal, & CP/M compatible.

MSM-123200 Add-on Apple Drive $319.95

MSM-123100 Controller for above $89.95

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple II to 64K, use as language card, full 1 year

warranty. Why spend $175.00 ?

MEX-16700A Save over $100.00 $69.95

Z-80 CPU CARD - for Apple II

Two computers in one. Z-80 & 6502. more than doubles the
power and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU card
CP/M and complete manual set.
CPX-62800A A & T with software $249.95

APPLE-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 baud, direct connect, auto-
answer/auto-dial, auxiliary 3-wire RS232C serial port for
printer.
IOM-5232A Save $50.00!!' $325.95

8" DISK CONTROLLER - Vlsta

New from Vista Computer, single or double sided, single or
double density, compatible with DOS 3.2/3.3, Pascal. &
CP/M 2.2. Shugart & Oume compatible
IOD-2700A A & T $499.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package includes: Two 8" double-density disk

drives. Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet.

power supply. & cables, DOS 3.2/3.3. CP/M 2.2. & Pascal

compatible.

1 MegaByte Package Kit $1495.00

1 MegaByte Package A & T $1695.00

2 MegaByte Package Kit $1795.00

2 MegaByte Package A & T $1995.95

VISION 80 - Vlsta Computer

80 column x 24 line video card (or Apple II. 128 ASCII
characters, upper and lower case. 9x lOdot matrix with3dot
descenders, standard data media terminal control codes,
CP/M Pascal & Fortran compatible. 50/60 Hz
IOV-2400A Vista Vision 80 $299.95

CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer

Three cards in one! Real time clock/calendar, serial
interface. & parallel interface - all on one card.
IOX-2300A A & T $179.95

HI-RES GRAPHICS CARD - Genle

Intelligent printer interface and control card allows full high
resolution graphics and screen dumps.

IOP-2405A Genie for Epson $119.95

IOP-2410A Genie for Okidata $119.95

IOP-2415A Genie for NEC/C. Itoh $119.95

Power Strips

ISOBAR - GSC

Isolates & protects your valuable equipment from high
voltage spikes & AC line noise, inductive isolated ground. 15
amp circuit breaker, U.L. listed

EME-1 15103 3 socket $39.50

EME-1 15105 4 socket $49.50

EME-115100 8 socket $54.50

EME-115110 9 socket rackmount $74.50

SUPERQUAD - Adv. Micro Digital

Single board, standard size S-100 computer system. 4 MHz
Z-80 A, single or double density disk controller for 5y 4 " or8"
drives. 64K RAM. extended addressing, up to 4K of EPROM.
2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports, real time interrupt clock. CP/M
compatible.

CPC-30800A A & T $724.95

IOX-4232A Serial I O adapter $29.95

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM. ROM. I/O.
keyboard, display, kludge area, manual. & workbook.

CPS-30100K Kit with workbook $299.95

CPS-301 00A A & T with workbook $469.95

AIM-65 - Rockwell International

Complete 6502 microcomputer with alphanumeric display,
printer, keyboard. & instruction manual.

CPK-50165A IK AIM-65 $424.95

CPK-50465A 4K AIM-65 $474.95

SFK-74600008E 8K Basic ROM $64.95

SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $43.95

SFK-74600020E PL/65 ROM $84.95

SFK-74600010E Forth ROM $64.95

SFK-74600030E Instant Pascal $99.95

PSX-030A Power supply $64.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $54.95

SPECIAL PACKAGE

4K AIM-65. 8K Basic, power supply, & enclosure
Special Package Price $649.95

S-100 EPROM Boards

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708. 2716. 2732 EPROM programmer with software.

MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95

MEM-99520A A & T with software $249.95

PB-1 - SSM Microcomputer

2708. 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer.

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95

MEM-99510A A & T with manual $219.95

EPROM BOARD - Jade

16K or32K uses 2708 or 2716 EPROMs, 1K boundary.

MEM-16230K Kit w/o EPROMs $79.95

MEM-16230A A & T w/o EPROMs $119.95

S-100 Video Boards

SPECTRUM COLOR - CompuPro

Full-function color graphics board, up to 8 colors. 256 x 192
graphics, parallel I/O port. 8K RAM.

IOV-1870A A & T $348.95

IOV-1870C CSC $398.95

MICROANGELO - Scion

Ultra-high-resolution 512 x 480. 256color or black & white S-

100 video board

IOV-1 500A A & T $999.95

S-100 MotherBoards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard
6 Slot (5Vt" x 8%")

MBS-061B Bare board $19.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A & T $59.95

12 Slot (9%" x fis/ 8 "J

MBS-121B Bare board $29.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A & T $99.95

18 Slot {1AVi' x 8 s / a ")

MBS-181B Bare board $49.95

MBS-181 K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A A & T $139.95

ACTIVE TERMINATOR - CompuPro

A true mother's helper.
TSX-100A A & T $59.45

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest you for local price and availability.

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

CompuPro Boards on Sale

S-100 CPU Boards

8086/8087 - CompuPro

16 bit. 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with provisions for 8087 &
80130.

CPU-70520A 8 MHz 8086 A & T $624.95

CPU-70520C 8 MHz 8086 CSC $764.95

CPU-70530A with 8087 A & T $1224.95

CPU-70530C with 8087 CSC $1455.95

8085/8086 - CompuPro

Both 8& 16 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus. up to 8 MHz.
accesses 16 Megabytes of memory.

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A & T $398.95

CPU-20510C 6/8 MHz CSC $497.95

CPU-Z - CompuPro

2/4 MHz Z80A CPU. 24 bit addressing.

CPU-30500A 2/4 MHz A & T $279.95

CPU-30500C 3/6 MHz CSC $374.95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU with serial & parallel I/O. 1K RAM. 8K

ROM space, monitor PROM included.

CPC-30200A A & T $399.95

THE BIG Z -Jade

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/O.
accomodates 2708. 2716. or 2732 EPROM. baud rates from
75 to 9600.

CPU-30201B Bare board w I manual $35.00

CPU-30201K Kit with manual $149.95

CPU-30210A A & T with manual $199.95

CB-2 - SSM Microcomputer

2 or 4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with provision for up to 8K of
ROM or 4K of RAM on board, extended addressing, IEEE S-
100. front panel compatible.

CPU-30300K Kit with manual $229.95

CPU-30300A A & T with manual $274.95

2810 Z-80 CPU - CCS.

2 or 4 MHZ Z-80 CPU with serial I/O port & on-board monitor

PROM, front panel compatible.

CPU-30400A A & T with PROM $289.95

2820 Z-80 DMA CPU - CCS.

4 MHz Z-80 CPU hoard with 2 seriit I/O ports & Centronics
parallel I/O port, separate data & status ports. DMA daisy
chain compatible.
CPU-30420A A & T with manual $569.95

S-100 Disk Controllers

DISK 1 - CompuPro

8" or 5%" DMA disk controller, single or double density,
single or double sided. 10 MHz.

IOD-1810A A & T $449.95

IOD-1810C CSC $554.95

SFC-52506580F 8" CP/M 2.2 for Z-80 $174.95

SFC-52506586F 8" CP/M 2.2 for 8086 $299.95

SFO-54158000F Oasis single user $499.95

SFO-54158002F Oasis multi-user $849.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

Double density disk controller for any combination of 5Va"
and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loop
data separator, vectored interrupts. CP/M 2.2 & Oasis
compatible, control/diagnostic software PROM included.

IOD-1160A A & T with PROM $359.95

SFC-55009047F CP/M 2.2 with VF II $99.95

2242 DISK CONTROLLER - CCS.

5Va" or 8" double density disk controller with on-board boot

loader ROM, free CP/M 2.2 & manual set.

IOD-1300A A & T with CP/M 2.2 $399.95

DOUBLE D -Jade

High reliablity double density disk controller with on-board
Z-80 A, auxiliary printer port, IEEE S-100, can function in
multi-user interrupt driven bus.

IOD-1200B Bare board & hdwr man $59.95

IOD-1200K Kit w/hdwr & sftwr man $299.95

IOD-1200A A & T w/hdwr & sftwr man $325.95

SFC-590020O1F CP/M 2.2 with Double D $99.95

S-100 Memory Boards

256K RAMDISK - SD Systems

ExpandoRAM III expandable from 64K to 256K using64K x 1
RAM chips, compatible with CP/M. MP/M, Oasis.
Cromemco. & most other Z-80 based systems, functions as
ultra-high speed disk drive when used with optional
RAMDISK software.

MEM-65064A 64K A & T $474.95

MEM-65128A 128K A & T $574.95

MEM-65192A 192K A & T $674.95

MEM-65256A 256K A & T $774.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK sftwr CP/M 2.2 $44.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK with EXRAM III $24.95

128K RAM 21 - CompuPro

128K x 8 bit or 64K x 16 bit static RAM board, 12 MHz, 24 bit
addressing.

MEM-12810A A & T $1609.95

MEM-12810C CSC $1794.95

64K RAM 17 - CompuPro

64K CMOS static R AM board. 10 MHz, low powerlessthan4
watts. DMA compatible. 24 bit addressing.

MEM-64180A 64K A & T $549.95

MEM-64180C 64K CSC $698.95

64K RAM 16 - CompuPro

32K x 16 bit or 64K x 8 bit low power static RAM board, 10
MHz, 24 bit addressing.

MEM-32180A RAM 16 A & T $598.95

MEM-32180C RAM 16 CSC $698.95

64K STATIC RAM - SSM

IEEE 696/S-100standard.upto6MHz/8 Bit. 12MHz/16 Bit, 24
Bit extended addressing, disable-able in 2K increments
MEM-64300A A & T $499.95

64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

64K static S-100 RAM card, 4 to 16K banks up to 8 MHz.
MEM-64400A 64K A & T $499.95

2065 64K RAM - CCS.

4 MHz bank port/bank byte selectable, extended addressing.
16K bank selectable, front panel compatible.
MEM-64565A 64K A & T $349.95

2066 64K RAM - CCS.

64K RAM board with bank and block select switching
functions for Cromemeco Cromix & Alpha Micro.
MEM-64566A 64K A & T $424.95

64K EXPANDORAM II - SD Systems

Expandable RAM board from 16K to 64K using 4116 RAM
chips.

MEM-16630A 16K A & T $344.95

MEM-32631A 32K A & T $364.95

MEM-48632A 48K A & T $384.95

MEM-64633A 64K A & T $399.95

MEMORY BANK -Jade

4 MHz S-100 bank selectable expandable to 64K.

MEM-99730B Bare board w/manual $49.95

MEM-99730K Kit with no RAM $179.95

MEM-32731K 32K kit $199.95

MEM-64733K 64K kit $249.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

32K RAM 20 - CompuPro

32K static RAM, up to 10 MHz. disable-able in 4 K banks, bank
select or 24 bit addressing.

MEM-16180A 16K A & T $259.95

MEM-16180C 16K CSC $324.95

MEM-24180A 24K A & T $324.95

MEM-24180C 24K CSC $384.95

MEM-32185A 32K A & T $384.95

MEM-32185C 32K CSC $449.95

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

4MHz lo-power static RAM board. IEEE S-100. bank
selectable, addressable in 4K blocks, disable-able in 1K
segments extended addressing.
MEM-16171A 16K A & T $149.95

S-100 I/O Boards

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 - CompuPro

Real time clock, three 16 bit interval timers, dual interrupt I
controllers(15 levels), up to 4K EPROM/ RAM, RS-232C
serial channel, provision for 9511 A/9512 math chip.

IOX-1850A SS1 A & T $359.95

IOX-1850C SS1 CSC $459.95 I

IOX-1855A with 951 1 A & T $554.95

IOX-1855C with 951 1 CSC $654.95

IOX-1860A with 9512 A & T $554.95

IOX-1860C with 9512 CSC $654.95 |

INTERFACER 1 - CompuPro

2 serial I/O ports 50-19.2K baud.

IOI-1810A A & T $218.95

IOI-1810C CSC $288.95

INTERFACER 2 - CompuPro

3 parallel, 1 serial, & interrupt timer.

IOI-1820A A & T $218.95

IOI-1820C CSC $288.95

INTERFACER 3 - CompuPro

5 or 8 channel serial I/O board for interrupt driven multi-user |
systems up to 250K baud.

IOI-1835A 5 port A & T $558.95

IOI-1835C 5 port CSC $628.95

IOI-1838A 8 port A & T $628.95

I0I-1838C 8 port CSC $749.95

INTERFACER 4 - CompuPro

3 serial, 1 parallel, 1 Centronics parallel.

IOI-1840A A & T $314.95

IOI-1840C CSC $414.95

MPX - CompuPro

Multi-user I/O multiplexer & interrupt controller with on-
board 8085A-2 CPU & 4K or 16K of RAM.

IOI-1875A 4K MPX A & T $444.95

IOI-1875C 4K MPX CSC $534.95

IOI-1880A 16K MPX A & T $584.95

IOI-1880C 16K MPX CSC $674.95

I/0-8 - SSM Microcomputer

Eight software programmable serial I/O ports, 110 -19. 2K

Baud, ideal for multi-user systems

IOI-1018A A & T $469.95

I/0-5 - SSM Microcomputer

Two serial & 3 parallel I/O ports. 1 10-19.2K Baud
IOI-1015A A & T $289.95

MPC-4 - SD Systems

Intelligent 4-port serial I/O card, on-board Z-80A, 2K RAM,
4K PROM area, on-board firmware, fully buffered, vectored I
interrupts, four CTC channels, add to SD Board set for |
powerful multi-user system
IOI-1504A A & T w/software $495.00

I/0-4 - SSM Microcomputer

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports.

IOI-1010B Bare board w/manual $35,00

IOI-1010K Kit with manual $179.95

IOI-1010A A & T with manual $249.95

2830 6 PORT SERIAL - CCS.

Six asynchronous RS-232C serial I/O ports with I

programmable baud rates.

IOI-1040A A & T with manual $529.95

2710 4 PORT SERIAL - CCS.

Four RS-232C serial I/O ports with full handshaking.
IOI-1060A A & T with manual $319.95 |

2719 2 SER & 2 PAR - CCS.

Two RS-232C serial I/O ports plus two8 bit parallel I/O ports.
IOI-1 080A A & T with manual $349.95

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please call the store nearest you for local price and availability.

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

f^Sm

l*«i

THERE ARE NO
k THERE ARE NO

BOARDS -
PRICES!

ompuPro from

SYSTEMS

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

CPU BOARDS

COPROCESSOR 8086/8087

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with sockets
for 8087 and 80130

Part No. Description List Price Our Price

BIGBT1B6A A&T8MHz8086 only $695.00 $ 495.00
BIGBTIB6C CSC 10MHz 8086 only $850.00 $765.00

BIGBT1B6AB7 A&T with 8087 option $995.00 $795.00
BIGBT1B6CB7 CSC with 8087 option' $1 150.00 $1065.00
*8087 Limits clock speed to 5MHz

SAVE $200.00!!

DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-8088

6 or 8 MHz Provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard
8 bit S-100 bus
B1GBT1B12A A&T 6Mhz $425.00 $325.00

BIGBT1612C CSC 6/8 MHz $525.00 $425.00

SAVE $100.00!!

TURN PAGE FOR COMPLETE COMPUPRO SYSTEMS

CPUZ - Z80B CPU NOW 6MHz!

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing.
FASTEST Z80 CPU AVAILABLE!
BIGBT160A 3/6 MHz A&T $295.00 $225.00

BI6BT160C 3/6 MHz CSC $395.00 $375.00

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER

Fast DMA Soft Sector, Controls 8" or 5V«" Single or

Double Density. OUR BEST!

BIP0B171ACPM A&T W/CP/M2.2 & BIOS $670.00 $450.00

BIGBT171C CSC $595.00 $555.00

BIGBTCPMBO* CP/M 2.2 for 280/8085 with $175.00

manuals & BIOS 8" S/D d isk
BIGBTCPM86 CP/M for 8086 with manuals & $300.00

BIOS 8" S/D disk

SAVE $220.00!!

DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL
HARD DISK CONTROLLER

Fast DMA 2 board set. Controls 4 Shugart 4000 series

or Fujitsu 2300 type drives. Includes CP/M 2.2'*

BIGBT177A Assembled & Tested $795.00 $595.00

BIGBT177C CSC $895.00 $850.00

SAVE $200.00!!

m

CMOS RAM SALE!

RAM 17 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM

RAM 1 7, 12 MHz, 2 Watt, DMA Compatible 24 Bit Addressing

Part No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BIGBT175A64
BIGBT175C64

64KA&T
64K CSC

$599.00 $369.00
$750.00 $699.00

SAVE $236.00!!

RAM 16 - 32K X 16 BIT CMOS STATIC RAM

8 and/or 16 Bit

816 RAM 16 12MHz,32Kx 16 or 64K x 8

IEEE/696 1 6 Bit 2 Watt, 24 Bit Addressing

BIGBT1B0A 64KA&T $650.00 $429.00

BI6BTIB0C 64KCSC $750.00 $899.00

SAVE $221.00!

NEW! RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM

816 RAM 21 12MHz, 128K x8or64Kx16

IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit 1.2 Amps, 24 Bit Addressing

BIGBT190A 128KA&T $1695.00 $ 995.00

BIGBT190C 128KCSC $1895.00 $1795.00

SAVE $700.00!!!

M-DRIVE SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE,
3500% FASTER!

Not Really, But the Next Best Thing lor CompuPro 8085/88

Users. Call for Detail on M- Drive.
M-Drive requires a 6MHz CPU 8085/88 dual processor, Disk

$1198.00
$1398.00
$2395.00
$2795.00

1 DMA disk controller and System Suport 1 Multifunction

Board
BIGBTM012BKA 128K of A&T memory & M-DriveSoftware
BIGBTM012BKC 128KofCSCmemory& M-Drive Software
BIGBTM0256KA 256K of A&T memory & M-DriveSof tware
BIGBTMOZSBKC 256K of CSC memory & M-Drive Software

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

RAM 20 - 32K STATIC RAM

RAM 20 10 MHz, 4K byte block disable, bank select
or 24 bit addressing available 8, 16, 24 or 32K

BIGBTI64AAB
BIGBTI64ACB
BIGBT184AA16
BIGBT164AC16
BIGBT164AA24
BIGBT164AC24
BIGBTI64AA32
BIGBT164AC32

8KA&T
8KCSC
16K A&T
16K CSC
24KA&T
24KCSC
32KA&T
32K CSC

$210.00
$280.00
$285.00
$355.00
$355.00
$425.00
$425.00
$495.00

$190.00
$260.00
$260.00
$325.00
$325.00
$385.00

$295.00

$450.00

S-100 MAINFRAME

1 1 0V 60Hz CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot

COMPUPRO Motherboard. f55 lbs.)

BIGBTENC20RM 20 Slot Rackmount $895.00 $760.00

BIGBTENC200K 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $699.00

BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION BOARD

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K EPROM or RAM

provision, 1 5 levels of interrupt, real time clock,

optional math processor

Part No.

Description

List Price

r Price

BIGBT1B2A

Assembled & Tested

BIGBT162C

CSC

BIGBTB231

Math Chip

BIGBTB232

Math Chip

BIGBT162AM1

A&T with 8231 Math Chip

BIGBT162CM1

CSC w/8231 Math Chip

BIGBT162AM2

A&TW/8232 Math Chip

BIGBT162CM2

CSC w/8232 Math Chip

$399.00
$495.00

$295.00

$460.00
$195.00
$195.00

$490.00

$655.00

$490.00

$655.00

SAVE $100.00!!

MPX CHANNEL BOARD

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085 A-2 CPU on board with 4KRAM
BIGBT166A4 Assembled & Tested $495.00 $395.00

BIGBT166C4 CSC $595.00 $475.00

BIGBT166A16
BIGBT166C16

With 16KRAM
Assembled & Tested
CSC

$649.00 $525.00
$749.00 $649.00

INTERFACER 1

Two Serial I/O
BIGBT133A Assembled & Tested $249.00 $199.95

BIGBT133C CSC $324.00 $298.00

INTERFACER 2

Three parallel, one serial I/O board

BIGBT150A Assembled & Tested $249.00 $199.95

BIGBT150C CSC $324.00 $289.00

INTERFACER 3

Eight channel multi-use serial I/O board

$699.00 $469.00

$849.00 $750.00

$599.00 $399.00

$699.00 $829.00

BIGBT1748A Assembled & Tested
BIGBT1748C CSC 200 hr. 8 Port
BIGBT1745A Assembled & Tested
BIGBT1745C CSC 200hr. 5 port

INTERFACER 4

Three Serial, 1 Parallel, 1 Centronics Parallel

BIGBT187A Assembled & Tested $350.00 $315.00

BIGBT1B7C CSC $450.00 $415.00

SPECTRUM COLOR GRAPHICS

Color Graphics board with Parallel I/O

BIGBT144A Assembled & Tested $399.00 $249.00

BIGBT144C CSC $449.00 $339.00

BIGBT20 Sublogic Universal $35.00

Graphics Interpreter Soft ware

SAVE $150.00!

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

Active termination, 6-12-20 Slot

BIGBT153A A&T 6 slot, 2 lbs. $ 140.00 $125.00

BIGBT153C CSC 6 slot, 2 lbs. $190.00 $175.00

BIGBT154A A&T 12 slot, 3 lbs. $1 75.00 $155.00

BIGBT154C CSC 12 slot, 3 lbs. $240.00 $220.00

BIGBT155A A&T 20 slot, 4 lbs. $265.00 $235.00

BIGBT155C CSC 20 slot, 4 lbs. $340.00 $310.00

SAVE!

%HHB^ir SEE IMPORTANT NOTICE ON PAGE 604

Circle 378 on inquiry card.

CPU BOARDS

CPU/68000 • 8MHz 68000 CPU

16 bit 68000 CPU with on board ROM containing

MACSBUG Monitor or Motorola 68541 Memory

Management Unit (MMU).

Part No. Description List Price Our Price

BIOULCPU6B0OQ A&T with Monitor $1 195.00 $1075.00

BIDULCPU6B000M A&T with MMU $1495.00 $1395.00

MEMORY BOARDS

DMEM256KP-256K DYNAMIC MEMORY MODULE

256Kb with byte parity error detection for

8 or 16 bit computers

BIDULDMEM256 256K A&T $1495.00 $1395.00

CMEM NONVOLATILE CMOS MEMORY

Nonvolatile CMOS memory with 3-10 year

battery backup on board.

BIOULCMEMB 8K A&T $695.00 $629.00

BIDULCMEM16 16KA&T $795.00 $725.00

BI0ULCMEM32 32K A&T $995.00 $940.00

2716/2732 EPROM BOARD
WITH 16 BIT DATA PATHS

Designed to hold 32Kb of 2716 type or 64Kb of 2732 type
EPROMs, or ROMs for read only use with 16 bit CPU

systems.
BIDULEPRDM32 2716 EPROM Board A&T $295.00 $280.00

BIDULEPR0M64 2732 EPROM Board A&T $295.00 $280.00

REAL TIME & DATA ACQUISITION

SI04/DMA INTELLIGENT CONTROLLER

4 port RS232 interface with DMA transfers for output. 256b
FIFO input buffer; On board 8085 A-2 processor; 16 pro-
gram selectable baud rates and occupies only 16 I/O
addresses. Ideal for DUAL UNIX* or other multi-user
systems. NEW!

BI0ULSI040MA Assembled & Tested $695.00 $650.00

AIM 12-12 BIT A/D CONVERTER
A/D input module with 12 bit accuracy, 32 input channels

and optional instrumentation amplifier
BI0ULAIMI2 A&T with Instmmentation Amp. $745.00

BIDULAIM12B A&T without Instrumentation Amp. $660.00

AOM 12-12 BIT D/A CONVERTER

D/A output module, 4 channels. 12 bit accuracy. Optional
VIC420 industrial output module (4-20Ma), 4 channels,

used in conjunction with AOM 12.
BI0ULA0MI2 Assembled & Tested $675.00 $640.00

BIDULVIC420 Assembled & Tested $675.00 $640.00

CLK24-NONVOLATILE CLOCK/CALENDAR

Day, date, hours, minutes, seconds, and 3-5 year battery
backup on board. Read or write directly from I/O port.
Jumperable for 64Hz UNIX® or real time applications.

BIDULCLK24C A&T w/64Hz Interrupt $300.00 $285.00

tf&* SOFTWARE

DIGITAL RESEARCH

BIDIRCPM CP/M' 2.2 Control Program/

Microcomputers
BIDIRMAC MAC Macro Assembler
BIDIRRMAC RMAC* Relocating MAC
BIDIRSID SID* Symbolic Instruction Debugger
BIDIRTEX TEX' Text Formatter
BI0IR0ES DESPOOL' Background Print Utility
BIDIRCBBO CBASIC Programming Language
BI0IRCBB6 CBASIC-86' Programming Language
'Trademark of Digital Research
MICROPRO INTERNATIONAL

BIM0SWDSTR Wordstar Version' 3.0

BIM0SMLMRG Mail Merge'

BIM0SSPSTR Spell Star'

BIM0SCALSTR Calc Star

BIM0S0ATSTR Data Star

BIM0SSUPSET Supersort'

'Trademark of Micropro International

SORCIM

BISORSCAL SUPERCALC a Superior Electronic

Worksheet
BISORACTI ACT I' 8080/Z80 Assembler
BISORACTII ACT II' 8086/8088 Assembler
BIS0RTRNS TRANS' 8086/8088 Translator
BIS0RPMB0 PASCAUM' REL4 8080/ 808 5/Z-80
BIS0RPMB6 PASCAUM' 8086

'Trademark of Sorcim

MICROSOFT

BIM0SBASB0 BASIC-80' Version 5.X Extended

Disk Basic
BIMCPBASC BASIC Compiler Version 5.X
BIMDSMFT FORTRAN-80'

'Trademark of MicrosoftConsumer Products

$150.00

$ 90.00
$200.00
$100.00
$100.00
$ 50.00
$150.00
$325.00

$249.00
$100.00
$150.00
$200.00
$200.00
$150.00

$229.00

$175.00
$175.00
$125.00
$395.00
$495.00

$300.0

$395.00
$500.00

Imx^kf E^^R^ kj^jjh^ j^**^ SSD^i ^Sp*

Micro Frame

1 10V 60Hz CVT Mainframes, the best money can buy!

12 Slot ±8V 17+16V @2A

22 Slot±8V @ 30 A± 16V @ 4 A

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

LIST
PRICE

SALE

BITEIMCS112 12 Slot Desk $755.00 $620.00

BITEIMCSI22 22 Slot Desk $910.00 $745.00

BITEIRM12 12 Slot Rackmount $800.00 $655.00
BITEIRM22 22 Slot Rackmount $965.00 $790.00
Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Mainframes: 45 lbs.
On 22 Slot Mainframes: 55 lbs.

S-100 MAINFRAME WITH 12 SLOT MOTHERBOARD
AND CUTOUTS FOR 3 - 5'A" FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

+8V @ 1 7 A ±16V @ 2A +12V @ 1.2A Internal Power Cable

BITEITF12 12 Slot desk $745.00 $605.00

BITEIRF12 12 Slot Rackmount $855.00 $695.00
Shipping Weight: On 12 Slot Desk: 40 lbs.

On 12 Slot Rackmount: 45 lbs.

DUAL 8" DISK DRIVE CHASSIS

For two Shugart 801 R or two Qume DT-8 size drives
with internal power cables provided
+24V @ 1.5A +5V @ 1.0A - 5V @ .25A

BITEI0F0D DeskTop $565 00 S480.00

BITEIRF00 Rackmount $725.00 $650.00

Shipping Weight: On Desk Top: 40 lbs.

On Rackmount: 45 lbs.
PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS is a master distributor lor TEI. Dealers & OEM's

call lor quantity pricing.

(D Hayes WB

SMARTMODEM ■■

• Auto Answer, Auto Dial, Full or Half-Duplex, Loop Back * Serial binary ,and
asynchronous data formats with 7 or 8 data bits; 1 or 2 stop bits; odd, even or
no parity • 0-300 bauad • RS232C interface • Z8 Microprocessor with
2Kb control program • 40 character command buffer • Size: 1.5" x 5.5" x
9.6"

Smartmodem (Sh. Wt. 6 lbs.) $279.00 $225.00
Smartmodem 1200 baud (6 lbs.) $699.00 $649.00
Chronograph (Sh. Wt. 3 lbs.) $249.00 $205.00
Micromodem 100 (Sh. Wt. 4 lbs.) $399.00 $325.00
CP/M® 8" Terminal Program for above $ 25.00

Micromodem II $379.00 $299.00

Datacom (PASCAL patch) for above $ 50.00

ft TeleVided

WORLD'S BEST SELLING TERMINAL!

BI0CH0200P
BI0CH0400P
BI0CH0300P
BI0CH0100P
BIDCH2901D
BI0CH000DP
BI0CH24010

Extra Memory Pages
FREE!!

BIPDBTLV9252P* $749.00

*TeleVicfeo 925 w/free 2nd page

memory kit, a $95.00 value!
BIPDBTLV9504P* $949.00

MeleVideo 950 w/free 2nd, 3rd &
4th page memory kit, $285.00 value
BITLV910 $609.00

With emulations & foreign languages
BITLV910BLK $609.00

Black mode version of above
(Shipping Weight 37 lbs.)

BEST BUYS!

SEND $1.00 TODAY
FOR THE NEW, FULL COLOR
SPRING 1982 ENGINEERING

SELECTION GUIDE!

^PRIORITY

&

C^* S-lOO 5-26 MB

HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

5 ■ 16 Mb DMA SUBSYSTEMS

Each subsystem includes DMA Hard Disk Controller, Sea-
gate ST 506 5 Mb ST412 10 Mb, or CM I 16Mb 5/<" Hard
Disk, Cabinet, power supply, CP/M"2.2 and Microsoft

BASIC.
BIMDSDMAM* Software supplied on 8" IBM 3740 disk

with blank I/O and INSTALL program
BIM0S0MAM*2B Software configured for Morrow DJ/2B

controller and Mult I/O as console
BIM0S0MAWDMA Software configured for Morrow DJ/DMA

controller and Mult I/O as console
BIMDSDMAWNS Softwaresu plied on 5 'A" 10 sector North

Star disk with blank I/O and INSTALL

Program
Replace ' in above part n umbers with 5 for 5Mb Subsystems
10 for 10Mb Subsystems, or 16 for 16Mb Subsystems
DISCUSM5 - 5Mb Subsystems $2195.00 $1495.00
DISCUSM 10- 1 0Mb Subsystems $2795.00 §2375.00
DISCVSM16 -16Mb Subsystems $3495.00 $2975.00
(order by part numbers listed above)

DISCUS HDC 20-26 Mb SUBSYSTEMS

Each subsystem includes HDC A3 I/O mapped controller,
Shugart SA4008 14" 26Mb or Fujitsu 2308 8" 20Mb Hard
Disk, cabinet, power supply, CP/M"2.2 & Microsoft BASIC.
(Shipping Weights: M20 40 lbs., M26 3 boxes 6, 29,&45 lbs.)
BIMDSHDC20 Discus M20 A&T $4495.00 $3394.00

BIM0SHDC26 Discus M26 A&T $4495.00 $3394.00

SSuf

VIDEO AND I/O

VB 3 - HIGH RESOLUTION VIDEO

80 x 25 or 50 character video display Memory Mapped,

Parallel Keyboard port

BISSMVB3A2480 x 24 A&T $499.00 $419.00

BISSMVB3UP 80 x 50 Line Upgrade $ 39.00

I/O 4

Two serial I/O, two parallel I/O
BISSMI04H Assembled & Tested $290.00 $260.00

tfSV* V I/O 5

2 Serial, 3 parallel Including 1 Centronics
BISSMI051 Assembled & Tested $329.00 $289.00

tftfK- i/o 8

■ 8 Port Serial I/O with Timer

BISSMI0BA Assembled & Tested $550.00 $469.00

CPU, RAM & PROM

CB2 Z80 CPU

2/4 MHz will accept 2716, or 2732, or RAM
BISSMCB2A Assembled & Tested $299.00 $269.00

BISSMJBOM SSM Z80 Monitor $ 89.00

MB10A 16/8K 8/16 BIT STATIC RAM

16K byte/8K word, 24 bit extended, addressing, "M write,"

Phantom disable, addressable in 4K blocks
BISSMMB10A Assembled & Tested $299.00 $275.00

MB8A 1K/16K EPROM BOARD

1K/16K2708 EPROM board, disable in 1K increments
BISSMMBB A A Assembled & Tested $ 1 79.00 $ 1 59.00

PBI PROM PROGRAMMER

Programs 2708 or 2716's, operates as a

4K/8K EPROM BOARD AS WELL

BISSMPB1A Assembled & Tested $265.00 $219.00

ELECTRONICS

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH, CA 9131 1 B

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC, BAC, Check, Money Order, U.S Funds Only. CA residents add 6V?% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $15.00. Include MINIMUM
SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40C for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect.Just in case, please include your
phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through September, 1 982. Credit Card orders will be charged
appropriate freight. If you haven't received your Spring '82 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1 .00 for your copy today!. Sale prices are for prepaid orders only.

Circle 378 on inquiry card.

SEE IMPORTANT NOTICE ON PAGE 604

*nm

/

Up} My gtf*W fe fi f m^\^/ fa^MMm^* M^i/ gj^W^

COMPLETE (ompuPrO SVSTEMS

FREE SUPERCALC-86! FREE dBASE II!!
AND A TELEVIDEO TERMINAL FOR ONLY $1.00!!

WHY SETTLE FOR LESS?!

PERFORMANCE, QUALITY, RELIABILITY

HIGH PERFORMANCE SYSTEMS DESIGNED TO EXPAND WITH YODR NEEDS

All CompuPro systems have been designed with your future in mind. Each system is expandable so you can upgrade your
system as your needs continue to grow. Hard disk storage is also available with the new DISK 2 DMA Winchester disk
controller. Unlike many "personal" computers, your CompuPro system will not become obsolete when it is time to expand.
The modular design of the IEEE 696/S-1 00 bus allows you to plug in additional boards when they are needed. CompuPro
system components feature the latest state-of-the-art technology to prevent obsolescence.

Each CompuPro system component is fully assembled and tested under rigorous burn-in conditions at the factory and
then shipped to Priority 1 Electronics, your authorized CompuPro Systems Center, for final integration and configuration.
CompuPro systems carry the best warranty in the business: on full year. The Qume drives have a full six month warranty,
the best drive warranty anywhere. The components are integrated into a complete system by a factory trained Priority 1
Electronics technician. The systems are then partially disassembled for shipping. After a short time for unpacking and
check-out, your CompuPro system will be ready to load and go!

SYSTEM BASICS

All systems include a CPU 8085/88 Dual Processor or CPU (8085 runs at6MHz, the 8088 runs at 8MHz); Disk 1 lightning
fast DMA floppy disk controller; CP/M® 2.2 and CP/M 86™ operating systems; Sorcim's SuperCalc-86™ electronic spread
sheet program; two double-sided, double-density Qume DT-8 disk drives in an attractive desk top enclosure; rugged Desk
Enclosure 2 with 20 slot actively terminated motherboard, fan, air and line filters, and constant voltage power supply for
years of reliable operation; internal I/O cables and floppy disk data cable; complete documentation for each system
component with a system integration guide. In addition to the above hardware and software, each configuration adds a
unique combination of RAM, I/O, and other special purpose boards.

System 816/A — Entry Level Single-User System

System 816/A is an excellent choice for an entry level, single user system that's designed with future expansion in mind.
81 6/A includes Interfaced (three serial I/O ports, parallel port, and Centronics/Epson-style port), two RAM 1 7s for 1 28 K of
fast, static memory, and System Support 1 (clock/calendar, RAM/ROM/match processor options, RS-232C serial port,
interrupt controllers, interval timers, and more), and Ashton-Tate's dBase Junior™, an upgradeable subset of their popular
dBase II data base management software. This combination of components means superb computing today with an option
for future expansion — all the way up to a multi-user system. System 816/A is priced at $5495.00, a savings of over
$1000.00 compared to all components purchase separately.

BIGBTSYS816ADA Single User System Desk Top, Assembled & Tested $5495.00

BITLV910* or BITLV910BLK* TeleVideo 910 or 910 BLK with purchase of above system $1.00

System 816/B — M-Drive Single user System

System 816/B is an ultra-high performance single user system which includes Interfacer 3-5 (five serial ports), 256K of
fast, static RAM, System Support 1 , and Ashton-Tate's complete dBase IP data base management software. Plus, System
81 6/B's implementation of CP/M® includes M-Drive software, which turns the system RAM into a pseudo-disk drive for
exceptionally fast computing. This system sells for only $6995.00, a savings of over$1 800.00 compared to all components
purchased separately.

BIGBTSYS816BDA M-Drive System Desk Top, Assembled & Tested $6995.00

BIPDBTLV9252P* TeleVideo925 w/2nd page of memory- with purchase of above system $ 1 .00

System 816/C — Entry Level Multi-User System

System 81 6/C is the only high performance multi-user system which allows both 8 and 1 6 bit programs to run simultan-
eously; it also makes for an unparalleled single user system. It includes Interfacer 3-8 (eight serial ports), 384 K of fast,
static RAM, System Suport 1, dBase IP, SuperCalc-86™, M-Drive software, and CompuPro's MP/M 816 TW multi-user
operating system that allows you to run both 8 and 1 6 bit software simultaneously. System 81 6/C suports up to three
users simply by adding appropriate terminals: for more users, just add more CompuPro RAM and terminals. The system is
priced at $8995.00, a savings of over $2300.00 compared to all components purchased separately.
BIGBTSYS816CDA Mult i -User System Desk Top, Assembled & Tested $8995.00

BIPDBTLV9252P* TeleVideo 925 with 2nd page of memory- with purchase of above system $1.00

*Limit 1 terminal at S tOO per system. Purchase of 8' RS232 Cable, Part Number CNDRS2328F at S 1 9.95, is required for
system/terminal integration.

Rack mount and CSC systems are also available; please call or write for details. All CompuPro systems are shipped via
motor or air freight collect; please specify at time of order. All boards are shipped in standard configurations.

•CP/M, CP/M 86, and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research. MP/M 816 is used under license from Digital Research.
SuperCalc-86 is a trademark of SORCIM. dBase II and dBase Junior are trademarks of Ashton-Tate.

5" DISKETTES

SOFT SECTOR

40 TRACK SINGLE SIDED

DOUBLE DENSITY WITH

HUB REINFORCING RINGS

00

nos*

PKG. OF 10/$19.95

FREEH KASSETTE 10

LIBRARY CASE WITH

PACKAGE OF 10 0ISKETTES

a $4.25 VALUE Part No. BIPR15SDD

BIPR150

package of 80 less Library Case

$120.00

BIPR1 BSD package of 1 8" S.S7D.D. Diskettes no sleeves $20.00
5 or more packages $16.00

SMITH-CORONA TP-1

LETTER QUALITY -
ELECTRONIC TEXT
PRINTER

$649.00

BISCMTP1S10 (Serial)

BISCMTP1P10 (Parallel)

• 12CPS • 10 CPI • 6LPI • SERIAL OR PARALLELINTERFACE

• 50-19.2K Baud • Friction Feed • 88 Character

BISCMI2625 TP1 Black Milar Ribbon $3.50

BISCM 12858 _TP1 Black Fabric Ribbon $7J>0

SANYO

FCC CUSS 2
APPROVES

DATA DISPLAY
MONITORS

SPECIFICATIONS:
Viewing Screen

Scanning System
Horizontal Resolution
Signal Input

1 2" diagonal; 75 square inches

DM21 12; P31 phosphor

525 lines; 60 fields/second; overscan

600 lines, center

1 .0 volt p-p composite video; 75 ohms

BISYODM2112

List Price: S1 60.00 $SALE: $1 19.00

OTHER SANYO MONITORS ON SALE T00II

Part No.

Description Ust Price

SALE

BISY0VM4509

9"B&W P4, 10MHz (15 lbs.) $190.00

$149.00

BISY00M5109CX

9"Green. P31, 10MHz (15 lbs.) $200.00

$159.00

BISY00M8012CX

12"B&W P4, 18MHz (24 lbs.) $250.00

$195.00

BISY00M8117CX

12"GReen, P31, 18MHz (24 lbs.) $260.00

$199.00

B1SY0VMC6013

13"Color. 16 x 64 (35 lbs.) $470.00

$375.00

BISY00M8113*

13"RGB Color (35 lbs.) $895.00

$795.00

•As used with IBM PC.

APPLE DISK DRIVES

Give your APPLE II* a Fourth Dimension — the totally compatible 5 V*"
drive that takes your system farther, faster. With read/write electronics
so advanced that reading errors are virtually eliminated. With a track
zero microswitch that keeps boot and track access smooth and quiet.
With the ability to read half-track software and up to 143,360 bytes on
DOS 3.3® With similar performance on DOS 3.2.1®, Pascal® or CP/M®
operating systems. And, the disk enclosure mates perfectly with APPLE
cabinetry.

EXTENDED WARRANTY
Fourth Dimension offers a 1 2 month parts and labor warranty at no
cost to you'. (Gee, this really looks good!)
BIFDS40A List Price: $419.00 SALE: $369.00

2 or More, only $350.00 each

BIFDS40AC* APPLE II® Disk Drive Controller $ 1 1 5.00

•So/of only with purchase of Fourth Dimension Drive

SEE IMPORTANT NOTICE ON PAGE 604

Circle 379 on inquiry card.

— ^ Mj™y"<84 • u mr , m^m/g~^ i^u^^^i yi-«

from SELLUM

LETTER aU ALTTV PRINTERS

80 CHARACTERS PER SECOND

The Fujitsu SP83 letter quality printer from Sellum is not only the
fastest daisy wheel letter quality printer on the market, it is also the
most versatile. Its four interfaces and five personality protocols make it
compatible with just about any computer and word processing package
on the market today. The printer is built to be solid and quiet; it won't
shake the office down with every carriage return. 1 1 also has a 1 6 K buffer
{48K optional). The buffer allows your computer to send data out to the
printer and not have to wait for it before allowing you to continue. No
more staring at the screen waiting for the printer to finish!
Interfaces: • RS232C and Current Loop • Centronics type parallel •
IEEE/488 • All are DIP switch selectable.

Personality Protocols: • NEC5510 • DIABLO 630 • QUME Sprint 9 •
IBM Personal Computer • ATARI (Centronics 737).
More Special Features: • Z80 CPU • 50-19. 2Kbaudonserial interlace •
Distinctalarm soundforeacherrorcondition • Intelligent bi-directional logic
seeking • Complete word processing features including sub and super script,
underlining, and double-strike characters • Auto reprint • Auto Clear •
Proportional spacings and supports automatic justification • Front panel
forms control • 12 K ROM • Complete Vector plotting routines •
Compatible with most mechanical sheet feeders • Quiet - 60db • Six
month warrantee

Part No.

List Price Our Price

Description

BISLMFB6 Printerw/16KBuffer $3495.00 $2795.00

BISLMFB6B4B Printer w/4 8 K buffer $3895.00 $3095.00

BISLMFBBVFT Optional vertical forms tractor $200.00

BISLMSD25000 RS-232 Cable $60.00

BISLMPA36001 Centronics Parallel Cable $60.00

Call for pricing on sheet feed options & cables not listed
(Printer shipped via motor freight collect)

Para Dynamics

18 SLOT S-100 MAINFRAME

CVT Power Supply, forced air cooling; security lock

120 or 220V AC at 50 or 60Hz+8V@20A, ±16@3.5

BIP0N201BD Desk Top $799.00 $899.00

BIPDN201BR Rack Mount $849.00 $749.00

8 SLOT S-lOO MAINFRAME WITH

CUTOUTS FOR 2 5>.A" DISK DRIVES

+5@5A -5@500MA, +8@ 75A + 12@6A, + 16@2, -16@2
BIP0N250B0 DeskTop $899.00 $789.00

BIPDN250BR Rack Mount $949.00 $839.00

DISK DRIVE FACILITY
Accommodates two 8" floppy drives, of Shugart, Qume, or
similar design and dimensions. 110 or 220V AC at 50 or
60Hz CVT power.

BIP0N22000 Desk Top $659.00 $579.00

BIP0N2200R Rack Mount $679.00 $595.00

Free standing cabinet. Will accept 2, 8" Floppy disks and 1,
8" Rigid disk. 18slotcardcage will accept the double height
10" x 10" S-100 cards(AlphaMicroandothers)CVT Power
Supply.

+24@7A, + 16@2.2A,-16@3.5A, +8@20A, +5@5A

BIPDN2BIB PRONTO $1295.00 $1129.00

PRONTO COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY POWER-UP SEQUENCER

BIPDN2B1BS with sequencer $1395.00 $1249.00

Shipped motor freight collect

FREE TRACTOR AND

FREE 0KIGRAPHH
OKptfA

COMPARE OKIDATA'S FEATURES

TO ANY OTHER PRINTER!

COMPARE PRIORITY ONE'S PRICES

TO ANY - THEN DECIDE!

Don't be fooled by those who try to

"soak" you for the options

• BI-DIRECTIONAL-120 CPS» 80 CPL @> 10CPI for 82 A

• 9 x9 Matrixf Alphanumeric) • 132CPL @ 10CPIfor83A&84

• 6x9or12 Matrix for graphics • 82 A & 83 A have both Cen-

• 10 different character sets tronics Parallels, 1200 baud
Per Inch Serial I/O

• Self Test
All three printers feature 10 front panel switch selectable for lengths; 10
lengths from 3" to 14". Front or bottom paper loadingof up to4 part forms and
tear bar. All of these features make OKIDATA the best value in low cost
printers!

Part No.

Description

List Price SALE

BIP0B0KIB2AT6 Okidata 82A w/tractor and graphics $539.00

BIPDB0KIB3ATG Okidata 83A w/tractor & graphics $750.00

BI0KISER2KBF 9600 Baud 2K serial buffer/interface §150.00

with simultaneous purchase of printer $ 99.00

BIDKIDATB4AP 132 column printer parallel interface $1019.00

with graphics and tractor
BI0KI0AT84AS 132 column printer 9600 baud serial 2K $1 119.00

interface, graphics, and tractor

BIMBSAPLWTWC* Apple Parallel Interface w/Cable $75.00
*Sold only with printer

COMPARE PRICES!!

Applied. Digital Data Systems Inc.

SALE!

Green Screen
$525.00

Black S White
$479.00

VIEWPOINT - ADDS

Detachable keyboard, RS232 interface and auxiliary port,
80 x 24 display, tiltable screen.

BIAODWPR ADOS 3A, P31 Green Phosphor S699.00 $525.00

BIADDVWPRBW P4 Black & White $699 00 $479.00

(Shi ping Weight 30 lbs.)

VISUAL 50

• Low profile detached
keyboard features sculptured
keys with matte finish

• Screen tilts and swivels

• 80 x 24 display with 25th status
line

• 7 x 9 dot matrix with fufl decenders

• RS-232 Serial interface w/auxillary
RS-232 port

• 128 Character ASCII set and 31
character line drawing set

INTRODUCTORY OFFER!!

BIVSL50BW Non glare Black & White $695.00 $650.00

BIVSL506R P31 green display $750.00 $685.00

(Shipping Weight 37 lbs.)

SEND $1.00 TODAY
FOR THE NEW, FDLL COLOR
SPRING 1982 ENGINEERING

SELECTION GOIDE!

^PRIORITY

9161 DEERINGAVE

landon

Tandon ^M-800 Thinline is
exactly half the size
of conventional 8"
floppy disk drivep^^

Exactly one-half the height of any other model.
Proprietary, high-resolution, read-write heads patented

by Tandon
D.C. only operation - no AC. required
Industry standard interface.

Three millisecond track-to-track access time (9 lbs.)

DITNDTMB4B1 Single Sided $380.00 2 or more $370.00

DITNDTM8482 Double Sided $495.00 2 or more $485.00

TANDON 51/4" DRIVES

DITNDTM100I* Single Sided, 250KB (5 lbs.) $ 195.00 as

2 or More $180.00

BITNDTMI002* Double Sided, 500KB $295.00 ea.

2 or More $270.00

8ITNDTM1003 Single Sided, 500KB $295.00 ea.

2 or More $270.00

8ITN0TM1004 Double Sided, 1000KB $395.00 ea.

2 or More $375.00

Ms used in the IBM P.C.

Amitsubishi electric

Better Than

QUME!
Better Than
SHUGART!

8", Double-sided, double-density, interchangeable with OUME & Shugart
BIMITM2B9463 Sh. Weight 16 lbs. $495.00

DIMITM2B9463 M Manual $ 10.00

2 or More $475.00 each

vA

Shugart soir

Single sided, double density • most popular 8" drive
DISHDB01 R $394.00 ea. or 2 or more (1 6 lbs) for $389.00
BISHUSAB01RM Manual for 801 R drives $ 10.00

m

INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION, INC.

OUR BEST!!

UNIVERSAL DISK ENCLOSURES

• Accepts any combination of 8" drives (QUME/ Shugart
80 1R type or Vi size Tandon type) • Also accepts hard
disks • Positive pressure • Optional Disk environment
monitor shows supply voltage and internal cabinet temp-
erature • Internal power and data cables provided.
DNIVERSAL DRIVE CABINET complete with power supply, fan and filter, and
all internal cables for attachment of two 8" floppy drives.
BIIII0DE004 Dual Drive Cabinet (Sh. Wt. 40 lbs) $495.00 $450.00
BIIII0DE004 With purchase of two 8" Disk Drives $399.00

BIIII0DE004EM w/Environmental Monitor installed $584.95 $535.00
BIIII0DE004EM With purchase of two 8" Disk Drives $85.00

BIIIIUDEDD4AUG Dual Drive cabinet with Aug- $733.00 $650.00

mentation power supply module to increase 5V
supply from 6 amps to 9 amps for use with two
hard disks or 4 Tandon drives. Also includes
Disk Environment Monitor (45 lbs.)
BIIIIUOERCK 19" Rack Mount kit UDE004 $ 89.95

THIN THREE DRIVE CABINET complete with power supply, and all internaf
cables for attachment of three thin 8" floppy drives (Tankdon type). One AC
power connector is also provided for use with full size drive.
BIHIUDETT Three Drive Cabinet (Sh. Wt. 35 lbs) $495.00 $450.00
BIIIIUOETTTEM with Environmental Monitor installed $584.95 $535.00

5 CABINETS - VISTA
BIVIS9B01 Single 5" with PS $ 85.00

BIVIS9B02 Dual 5" with P.S. $110.00

ELECTRONICS, Mlff^l

CHATSWORTH. CA 9131 1 Bs£* liuUil
CA, AK, HI CALL (2 1 3) 709-5464

Circle 379 on Inquiry card.

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC, BAC, Check Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6V 2 % Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER 51 5.00. Include MINIMUM
SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs, plus 25C for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect Just in case, please include your
phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through September, 1 982. Credit Card orders will be charged appro-
priate freight. If you haven't received your Spring '82 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1.00 for your copy today!. Sale prices are for prepaid orders only.

SEE IMPORTANT NOTICE ON PAGE 604

- jQ^^Qfr/ffifeHi mteJ m~w~ \f&f ^^n^»|||j- ju^fe/ ^^ |y"^t "m"^Eji^'^

'J SPECIAL PURCHASES!

California
Computer
Systems

64K IEEE-SI 00

DYNAMIC
MEMORY CARD

2 or 4 MHz operation

Designed to IEEE proposed S-100 bus standards

Supports IMSAI-type front panels

Operates with either an 8080 or Z-80 based S-1 00 system

providing processor-transparent refreshes with both

Bank-select system allows system memory expansion

Bank-select port's address is jumper selectable

Any 16K block can be made bank-independent

All 64 K can be made bank-enabled on power-on and reset

Fully buffered address and data lines

BICCS20653

• Configuration as a 16K, 32K, or 48K board without the
removal of RAMs

• Fail-safe refresh circuitry for extended Wait States

• Board configuration with reliable easy-to-configure Berg jumpers

• Supports DMA

• Jumper-selectable Phantom inplut

• Uses Popular 4116 RAMs

• Assembled & tested

• All ICs in sockets

• Full Factory Warranty

■as*

SHIPPINGWEIGHT2ibs.

LIST PRICE: $350.00
SAVE $130.00!!

$249.00 ea or 4/ $880.oo

CompuPro RAM 21

128K 12MHz
S-100 STATIC

MEMORY
8 OR 10 8IT

The days of "Out of Memory" are gone at last! CompuPro has introduced the largest static S-100 IEEE/696 RAM board ever to be produced.

The RAM 21 is arranged either as a 1 28 K x 8 bit wide or 64 K x 16 bit wide board, using a high speed, ultra low low power proprietary static RAM. CompuPro has also
included 24 bit addressing for up to 16 megabyte capability and power consumption so low your mainframe will never know it's there!

Meets or exceeds all IEEE 696/S-1 00 specifications BIGBT1 90A

Fully static design uses less power than dynamics (1.2 amps ijo+ Prjnp- $1 695 00

24 bit extended addressing

8 bit (128K) or 16 bit (64 K) operation

Addressable as one block

16K window deselect dip switch selectable

Switch selectable PHANTOM disable

12 MHz CPU operation

16K x 1 static RAM

• Thorough bypassing of all supply lines

• Capable of DMA processing

• 1 28 K Static, 1.2 amps

• NMOS high speed low power memory ICS

SALE PRICE:

$995.00

SAVE $700.00!!

SEE IMPORTANT NOTICE ON PAGE 604

Circle 380 on inquiry card.

L&& lew Ubrm kaJ r M - -, • ^^l|wMp m*|f &£&*& ^ifjfi Myy|^ ^g

'V

WE JUST BURNED
TANDON'S PRICE SHEET!

IMf

SPECIFICATIONS:

TH100-1

TPI

48

Tracks/Diskette

40

Capacity Per Side

(untormatted)Oouble Density

250 KB

Access Time

Track-to-Track

5 ms

Average

75 ms

Head Settle Time

15 ms

Mechanical Dimensions:

Width: 5.75 in. Height: 3.25 in

Depth: 8.00 in.

DC Voltage Requirements:

+ 12/+5

Current Requirements

900mA/
600mA

BITND1001 Bare Drive

Qty - 1

$195.00 ea.

2 - 9

$180.00 ea.

10 - 24

$170.00 ea.

25+

$160.00 ea.

OEM and Dealer Inquiries invited

(Shipping Weight 4 lbs. each)

Priority One Electronics has burned up Tandon's price
sheet with our special purchase of Tandon TM1 00-1 5 1 /< " 40
track double density disk drives! We purchased a large
quantity of new, factory-sealed drives from a large OEM who
simply bought too many. This is strictly a "one-shot" deal;
when these are gone there will be no more] In fact, we are
selling these drives below our regular cost as a volume
purchaser! At these low prices, these drives will not last long!
So, if you ever thought of expanding the disk capacity of your
computer, now is the time!

Tandon drives are known throughout the industry for their
quality and reliability. That is why major computer manufact-
urers such as IBM have chosen Tandon drives for inclusion in
their products. The TM1 00-1 is the same drive used in I BM's
Personal Computer. Now you can add more disk storage to
your PC and save hundreds of dollars! But you don't have to
own an IBM Personal Computer to take advantage of this
incredible Tandon sale! The Tandon TM1 00-1 has the
industry standard interface for 5 1 /»" drives so it is compat-
ible with just about every computer on the market)

NO ONE CAN TOUCH US!

WE ARE THE NATION'S LARGEST /^V HITACHI DISTRIBUTOR

T3T Hitachi Denshi.Ltd.

WE WILL BEAT ANY ADVERTISED
PRICE ON HITACHI OSCILLOSCOPES!!

CALL FOR PRICES TOO
LOW TO PUBLISH!!

HERE IS ONE EXAMPLE..

BIHITV550B
50MHz DUAL TRACE WITH
3RD TRACE TRIGGER VIEW

LIST PRICE $1745.00

SALE:

$995.00

BIHTTV1050

100MHz DUAL TRACE WITH 3RD

& 4TH TRACE TRIGGER VIEW

BIHTTV302
30MHz DUAL TRACE
INTERNAL DELAY LINE

BIHTTV509

50MHz DUAL TRACE WITH

CALIBRATED VARIABLE DELAY

BIHITV152
15MHz DUAL TRACE

CALL

ACCESSORIES

BIHIT0C1530

Dust Cover f of V302&V152

$35.00

BIHIT0C2035

Dust Cover for HITV202&V352

$35.00

BIHITFC50I0

Front Cover for HITV550B & V1050

$18.00

BIHITAP5010

Accessory Pouch for HITV550B & V1050

$40.00

B1HITVI050M

HI1V1050 Service Manual

$50.00

BIHITV152BM

HI1V152B Seivice Manual

$50.00

BIHITV202M

HI1V202 Service Manual

$50.00

BIHITV302BM

HI1V302B Seivice Manual

$50.00

BIHITV352M

HI1V352 Service Manual

$50.00

BIHITV550BM

HI1V550B Seivice Manual

$50.00

BIHITSC5010

Vinyl Cover for HI7V1050 & V550B

$30.00

Circle 380 on

Inquiry card.

CALL

BIHITV352

35MHz DUAL TRACE WITH DELAY

BIHITV202

20MHz DUAL TRACE

CALL

PRIORITY f^o^ ELECTRONICS®

9161 Deering Aveo.Chatsworth.CA 91311

roweS

CALL

BIHTTV209
20MHz DUAL TRACE WITH
2 HOUR BATTERY BACK-UP

CALL

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC. BAC. Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only.CA residents a dj 6Vfe% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $1 5.00. Include MINIMUM
SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40c for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your
phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through September. 1 982. Credit Card orders will be charged appro-
priate freight. If you haven't received your Spring '82 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1.00 for your copy today! Sale prices are for prepaid orders only.

SEE IMPORTANT NOTICE ON PAGE 604

yyy |jbi My » k,,^-y M ~w m^ mmMMtmm mm mi mm "j* 1 jp^iop^m jmM^&r^ (js^

i WIE

SIERRA Dam SCIENCES

i MICROPOLIS

SBC MASTER PROCESSOR

This is absolutely the most complete single board computer available;
NO EXTERNAL INTERFACE, BOARDS ARE NEEDEDII

• Z80A CPU

• 64K Bank Switchable Memory

• 4K EPROM

• Auto Boot

• NEC 765 FDC with PLL interface to all Shugart compatible drives
(5 1 /4" or 8")

• 2 RS-232C Serial ports (Z80ASIO, up to 19.2K BAUD)

• 2 parallel Ports (Z80 APIO)

• 4 Timers (Z80ACTC)

• IEEE 696/S-100 Compatible

• CP/M® and TURBODOS® compatible

• ALL SIERRA PRODUCTS CARRY A FULL ONE YEAR WARRANTY

The Sierra SBC was designed to meet the needs of single-user systems
as well as multi-user systems in a number of configurations (i.e., Time
sliced single processor operation, loosely coupled mlulti-processor
operation, etc.) This flexibility provides SBC users with a natural growth
path without the need to discard previous system components in most
cases. In turn, users with larger requirements may build sophisticated
multi-user systems right from the start.

SBC MASTER

PROCESSOR WITH

OPTIONAL MICROPOLIS

8" WINCHESTER

HARD DISK

INTERFACE!!

An optional Intelligent Winchester Adapter allows the Sierra SBC
to be interfaced to a Micropalis MicroDisk"*. This allows the user
to add reliable mass storage at a reasonable price.

As an added bonus during our September SALE, Priority One
Electronics will supply the Sierra version of CP/M® 2.2 at no
additional charge. THAT'S A SAVINGS OF $200.00lll
BIPDBSBCCPM A&Tw/BIOS & CP/M® 2.2 List Price $1095.00

SALE: $895.00

SBC SLAVE PROCESSOR

Similar to above with 16K EPROM, X-Buss Expansion
Interface and optional on board EPROM burner.

• Z80A CPU

• 64K Bank Switchable Memory

• 16K EPROM

• 2 RS-232C Serial ports (Z80ASI0, up to 19.2K Baud)

• 4 Parallel Ports (Z80API0)

• 4 Timers (Z80ACTC)

BISDSSBCS Assembled & Tested List Price $795.00

SALE $750.00

SDS MICROPOLIS HARD DISK INTERFACE

Micropolis 1 220/1260 microDisk series interface adapter with soft-
ware drivers, cabling, and mounting hardware.

BIHSDSHDI Assembled & Tested List $150.00

MICROPOLIS 12631 45MB
8" WINCHESTER DISK

The Micropolis MicroDisk is a n 8 " three platter disk with 36Mb fonnat-
ted capacity. Winchester technology is incorporated in the MicroDisk
design, which is packaged in two sections. The lower half, which
contains the three platters, disk heads, and positioner, is completely
sealed for years of reliable operation. The upper half, which is accessible
for maintenance, contains four circuit boards, including the Micropolis
intelligent controller. The drive is shock mounted in attractive Micropolis
desk top enclosure with power supply.
BIMCPI2B31 Assembled & Tested List Price $6629.00

(Shipped Motor Freight Collect)

SALE $3995.00

SIERRA/MICROPOUS SBC PACKAGE

Sierra SBC, CP/M, Micropolis Interface, and Micropolis 12631

MicroDisk

BIPDBSBCSYSI Shipped Motor Freight Collect List Price $6629.00

SALE $4495.00

frrPcOMPCJTER
T I SYSTEMS
IMC.

SAVE 20%

S-100 MAINFRAMES FOR DUAL 8"

HARD AND FLOPPY DISKS

The Q.T. MFD series mainframe is designed to be the most versatile and the
most compact system enclosure on the market today. In addition to a 6, 8, or
1 2 slot S-1 00 card cage, the mainframe is designed to support two 8" floppy
or hard disk drives. It is ideal for the new generation of Single Board
Computers and highly density RAM cards that do not require many slots. Now
you can have a complete dual floppy or hard disk system in one convenient
enclosure at a remarkably low price.
FEATURES:

• Accommodates any combination of standard 8" floppy or hard disk drive
(801 R, DT8, Fujitsu hard disk, etc.)

• IEEE S-100 Silence-*- 6, 8, or 12 slot motherboard available for quiet
operation with high speed processors

• Keyed power Switch

• Reset Switch on Front Panel

• Anodized 6, 8. or 12 slot card cages

• Quiet fan with filter provides cool clean systems operating featuring
positive air pressure

• Detachable line cord plugs directly into EMI noise filter for electrical noise
suppression

• Two AC convenience outlets on rear panel for peripherals

• 15-DB25 cut outs for mounting I/O connectors

• 2-50 pin plug cut outs

• Dimensions: 9%" x 17" x 21" (HxWxD) (Sh. Wt 48 lbs.)

• Power Supply: + 15@7A. +24V@7A, +8@ 18A, ±16@3A,-5@1A
P art No. Description list Price SALE Price

_ _ $600.00 $480.00

$675.00 $540.00

$700.00 $560.00

$750.00 $600.00

BIQTCMFDD without Motherboard

BIQTCMFDD6 with 6 slot Motherboard

BIQTCMF0D6 with 8 slot Motherboard

BIQTCMF0012 with 12 slot Motherboard

QT MAINFRAMES SAVE 10%

MF+MD (Accepts 2 514" Disk Drives)

Includes cabinet, IEE S-100 motherboard (6, 8, or 12 slot) and dual
mini-disk provision with disk drive power supply. The hefty power
supply is rated at +18V@18A, ±12@3A, and ±16V@3A. The QT
MF+MD is fan cooled, has AC line filter to eliminate EMi, and is fully
factory assembled and tested. Power and reset switches are located on
the front panel. AC Convenience outlets, twelve DB25 cutouts and two
50 pin plug cutouts are on the rear panel.
Part No. Description Ust Price SALE Price

BIQTCMFMO without motherboard $425 00 §382.50

BIQTCMFMD6 with 6 slot motherboard $500.00 $450.00

BIQTCMFMDB with 8 slot motherboard $550.00 $495.00

BIQTCMFMD12 with 12 slot motherboard $600.00 $540.00

The above mainframes are also available with an optional augmentation
supply for 5 1 /4" hard disks; add the suffix HD to the above part numbers and
add $150.00 to the price.

QTMF+

This cabinet is similar to above but without the cutouts for 5%" disks. Power
Supply +8V@18A, ±16V(S3A
without motherboard $400.00

with 8 slot motherboard $450.00

with 12 slot motherboard $500.00

with 18 slot motherboard $550.00

(Shipping Weight 40 lbs.)

BIQTCMF
BIQTCMFB
BIQTCMFI2
BIQTCMF1B

$360.00
$405.00
$450.00
$495.00

QT SINGLE 8" DISK CABINET

Accepts one 8" disk drive (Shugart, Remex, PerSci, Siemens,
etc.). Fan cooled with AC line filter to eliminate EMI
BIQTCDDCB For single 8" floppy disk $250.00 $225.00

BIQTCDDCBH For 8" hard disk or tape streamer $295.00 $265.50
BIQTCDDCBT For 2 Tandon Thinline drives $295.00 $265.50

(Shipping Weight 22 lbs.)

QT DDAL 8" DISK CABINET

Capable of powering one Winchester hard disk and one floppy disk, simul-
taneously. Accepts two 8" disk drives {Shugart orsize equivalent) Fan cooled.

(-5 @ 1 A, +5V@3A,+24V@3A)
BIQTCODCBBH Horizontal Mount (Sh. Wt. 24 lbs.) $360.00 $325.00

CLOCK CALENDARS FOR
S-100, APPLE, AND TRS-80

CLOCK/CALENDAR +

SAVE 10%

The Clock/Calendar + utilizes the popular MSM5832 real time Clock/
Calendar chip designed for use in bus-oriented microprocessor applica-
tions. The 32.768MHz crystal controled time base will provide addres-
sable 4-bit I/O dataof SECONDS, MINUTES, HOURS, DAY OF WEEK,
DATE, M NTH, YEAR, the data access is controlled by a 4-bit address,
read, write, and hold inputs. Z80 or 8080 compatible. 1 8 Month battery
back-up on board.

Part No.

Description

U«t Price SALE Price

BIQTCCCSA S-100, A&T
BIQTCCCAA Apple II, A&T
BIQTCCCTRSBO TRS-80, A&T

$165.00 $148.50
$150.00 $135.00
$150.00 $135.00

SBC2/4 Z80 S-100 SINGLE
BOARD COMPUTER

The QT Computer SBC 2/4 Processor Board is a versatile and powerful Z80
based design which is compatible with the proposed IEEE S-100 bus
standard. Although the SBC 2/4 may be used as the host CPU of a large
system, it has all the necessary features to be used as a standalone computer
system.

• Z80A 8 bit CPU

• 2 or 4 MHz Switch selectable

• 1K RAM (which can be located at any 1K boundary)

• One parallel I/O port

• One serial I/O port

• Power on jump to on board 1 K or 2K boundary

• Full 64 K use of RAM allowed in shadow mode

• DMA compatibility allows MWRT signal generation on CPU board or
elsewhere in system under DMA logic or front panel control

• Two programmable timers available for use by programs run with the
SBC+2/4 timer output and controls available for use on CPU board).

(Shipping Weight 2 lbs.)
BIQTCSBC24A Assembled & Tested $325.00 $290.00

SEE IMPORTANT NOTICE ON PAGE 604

Circle 381 on Inquiry card.

rere-jrrerar^Tra

IFLUKEI

®

NEW 4V 2 DIGIT HANDHELDS!

The FLUKE 8060 A and 8062 A offer the most powerful combination of
capabilities ever in a handheld DMM, including these:

• 472 digit resolution «10M V, 10mA, 10M sensitivity

• 100KHZ True RMA (8060A) • 30KHz True RMS (8062A)

• Relative Reference • Constant current diode test

• Self diagnostics • Basic DC accuracy of 0.04% (8060A); 0.05%

(8062A)
The 8060A also offers dBm, relative dB, frequency measurements to
200KHz, Auto ranging megohms to300k , and conductance(2000
nS).

BIFLU6060A with safety designed test leads $349.00

BIFLUB062A with safety designed test leads $279.00

3'/ 2 DIGIT HANDHELDS: THE WORLD STANDARD

11 lunctions:

• dc voltage • temperature (via K-type

• ac voltage thermocouple

• dc current • peak hold on voltage and current

• ac current functions 0.1% basic dc accuracy

• resistance (8024B & 8020B) 0.25% basic dc

• diode test accuracy (8021 B & 8022B)

• conductance • visual logic level detection

• high-speed continuity beeper and continuity indicators
Extensive overload 3V2-digit resolution protection with 600V double-
fused current input. Safety-designed test leads. Two-year parts and
Two-year labor warranty. Calibration Cycle.

B1FLUB024B (All 11 functions) $239.00

BIFLU80208 (First 8 functions) $189.00

BIFLU8021B (First 7 functions) $149.00

BIFLU8022B (First 6 functions) $139.00

RgBg NC Drilled
kSKtfB Prototyping Boards

s-ioo BOARDS

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

PRICE
5-9

10-24

BIPGBP1001 S100 Bare Board $15.95 $13.95 $11.95

BIPGBP1002 S100 Horizontal Busses $22.95 $19.95 $17.95

BIPGBP1003 S1 00 Vertical Busses $22.95 $19.95 $17.95

BIPGBP1004 SI 00 Pads Per Mole $23.95 $20.95 $18.95

APPLE BOARDS

BIPGBP5001 Apple Bare Board
BIPGBP5DD2 Apple Horizontal Busses
BIPGBP5004 Apple Pads Per Hole

$15.95 $13.95 $11.95
$22.95 $19.95 $17.95
$23.95 $20.95 $18.95

GENERAL PURPOSE PLUGBOARDS

BIPGBP4411 4.5"x6" 22/44 .156" Bare Board $ 9.95$ 8.95$ 7.95
BIPGBP4413 4.5"x6" 22/44 .156" Vertical Buss $13.95$12.50$11.50
BIPGBP4414 4.5"x6" 22/44 .156" Pads Per Hole$14.95$13.50$12.50

BIPGBP4421 4.5"x9.6"

BIPGBP4423 4.5"x9.6"

BIPGBP4424 4.5"x9.6"

BIPGBP7211 4.5"x6"

BIPGBP7213 4.5"x6"

BIPGBP7214 4.5"x6"

BIPGBP7221 4.5"x9.6"

BIPGBP7223 4.5"x9.6"

BIPGBP7224 4.5"x9.6"

22/44 .156" Bare Board
22/44 .156" Vertical Buss
22/44 .156" Pads Per Hole
36/72.1" Bare Board
36/72 .1" Vertical Buss
36/72 .1" Pads Per Hole
36/72 .1" Bare Board
36/72 .1" Vertical Buss
36/72 .1" Pads Per Hole

$10.95$ 9
$14.95$13.
$15.95$14.
$ 9.95$ 8.
$13.95$12.
$14.95$13
$10.95$ 9
$14.95 $13.
$15.95 $14.

1.95$ 8.95
.50 $12.50
,50$13.50
95$ 7.95
,50$11.50
.50$12.50
1.95$ 8.95
50$12.50
50 $13.50

RS232 and "D" SUB-MINIATURE
CONNECTORS

u^m™^

^rik^^r

P=Plug, Male Type ■

SOLDER TYPE

- S=Socket Female Type — C=Cover, Hood

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

PRICE
0-24 25-99

BICN00E9P

9 Pin Male

$ 2.10

$ 1.90

$1.70

BICN00E9S

9 Pin Female

$ 2.70

$ 2.40

$2.10

BICN00E9C

9 Pin Cover

$ 1.50

$ 1.25

$1.10

BICN00A15P

15 Pin Female

$ 2.75

$ 2.45

$2.15

BICN00A15S

15 Pin Female

$ 3.95

$ 3.60

$3.20

BICN00A15C

15 Pin Cover

$ 1.50

$ 1.30

$1.10

BICNDDA25P

25 Pin Male

$ 3.00 $ 2.75

$2.25

BICNDDA25S

25 Pin Female

$ 4.00 $ 3.75

$3.00

BICN00B51212

1 Pc. Grey Hood

$ 1.80

$ 1.45

$1.30

BICN0025H

2 Pc. Grey Hood

$ 1.50

$ 1.25

$1.10

BICN00B51226

2 Pc. Black Hood

$ 1.90

$ 1.65

$1.45

BICN00C37P

37 Pin Male

$ 5.80

$ 5.10

$4.45

BICN00C37S

37 Pin Female

$ 8.70

$ 7.70

$6.70

BICN00C37C

37 Pin Cover

$ 1.80

$ 1.55

$1.30

BICN00050P

50 Pin Male

$ 8.75

$ 7.75

$8.70

BICN00050S

50 Pin Female

$11.85

$10.25

$8.90

BICN00050C

50 Pin Cover

$ 2.00

$ 1.80

$1.60

BICN0020418

Hardware Set 2/Pr
RS232, DB25P, EIA

$ 1.00

$ .80

$ .70

BICN0RS2328F

Class 1 Cable8Con8Ft $19.95

$17.95

$15.95

BICN0573036

Cent. 700 Series/
Epson Printer Conn

$ 9.00

$ 7.50

$6.00

B110C5730860

IDC Version of Above $ 9.95

$ 9.00

$8.00

NEW FROM

IBM* PC PROTOTYPING BOARDS

1-5 6-24 25'

$59.00 $53. 10 $47.20

$37.00 $33.30 $29.60

$59.00 $53.10 $47.20

$22.35 $20.12

* IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines

Part No. Description

BIVCT4613 3 Hole Solder Board
BIVCT4613-1 Bare Board
BIVCT4613-2 Wire Wrapping Board
BIVCT3690-22 Extender

PRENTICE

THE STAR

OUR MOST
POPULAR MODEM
We've Sold Thousands!

• to 300 baud • Bell 103 and 113 • Exclusive tripel seal acoustic
chamber • Self Test • ±0.3% frequency stability; crystal controller •
Receiver Sensitivity of -50dB on; -53dB ofl • FSK Modulation • RS232
Compatible • Switthes:Originate/0ff/Answer: Full Duplex/Testy-Hall
Duplex • lndlcators:Transmit Data, Receive Data, Carrier Ready Test

Part No. Description List Price SALE

BIPRNSTAR RS232, TTI, 20Ma Current Loop S199 00 $127.00

SEND $1.00 TODAY FOR THE NEW

FULL COLOR, SPRING 1982
ENGINEERING SELECTION GUIDE

^PRIORITY

MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS
MEMORY 8080 SERIES

PAST NO.

PRICE

BI4116AC20

8/ne.oo

8/{72.00

B1INS6080A

$5.50

BI201BP3

B11NS8085A

$19.95

BI2114N3L

8/328.00

BI0P8212N

$2.95

BI5257N3L

8/950.00

BI0P8214N

65.25 |

BI2732

e/tae.oo

BI0P8216N

$2.95 L.

812718

8/448.00

BI0P8224N

h.25 ^

$9.95

93.50

BI2708

4/$20.00

BI0P8224-4N

BI0P8226N

Z80 SERIES

BI0P8228N

$5.55

BIZ80A

J 13.39

B10P8238N

$5.55

BIZ80AP10

Jll.19

B1INS8250N

$15.95

BIZ80ACTC

$11.19

B1INS8251N

$7.50

BIZ80A0MA

$33.39

B11NS8253N

$17.95

BIZ80AS100

J39.95

B11NS8255N

$6.80

BtZBOASIOI

$39.95

B11NS8257N

$18.45

BIZB0AS102

039.95

B11NS8259N

$16.00

B11NS8259N

$59.95

UARTS

B11NS8275N

$59.95

BIAY51013A

$5.95
$4.95

BI1NS8279N

$24.95

BITR1802B

FLOPPY DISC

BITR1863

$6.95

CONTROLLER

B11M6402

$7.95

BIF01771B-01

$24.95

BIF01791B-01

$44.95

PROTECT YOUR INVESTMENT
PROTECT YOUR DATA WITH

•^*v|

ISOBAR

With Built-in Noise Filters and
Surge Suppressors

ISOLATES SENSITIVE AND VALUABLE EQUIPMENT FROM: Equipment
interaction - Damaging High Voltage Spikes - AC line noise and hash.
PROTECTS AGAINST: Voltage transients caused by lightning, contact
switching, turn-off of inductive components, noise due to electro-
magnetic coupling.

USE THE GSC ISOBAR TO ISOLATE: Microprocessor from peripherals -
Lab instruments from noisy equipment - Sensitive pre-amp or tape
deck from power amplifier.

THE GSC ISOBAR ELIMANATES: Equipment interaction - Equipment
damage from power line spikes and surges - Errors - False printouts-
Disk Skips - Audio or video hash

FEATURES: Inductive isolated ground - Sockets indivdually filter
isolated - Circuit breaker protected at 1 5A.
VOLTAGE TRANSIENT SPIKE PROTECTION: 2000 A peak for up to 6
Sec duration spikes. 1 000A, 8/20 Sec protection from repeated
spikes.

LOAD HANDLING: 1875 W max. total load; 15A per socket.
INPUT: 1 25 VAC, 15 amps; standard 3-prong plug.
IBAR 3 - Three common outlets built-in circuit breaker, pilot light,
hang-up bracket and a 6-foot cord.

Uit Price Our Price

BIG0FIBAR3 Sh. Wt. 3 lbs. $59.95 $42.00

IBAR 46 - Four independently isolated outlets. Built-in 15A circuit
breaker, pilot light, switch, and 6-foot cord.
BIG0FIBAR46 Sh. Wt. 4 lbs. $79.95 $49.95

IBAR 86 - 8 outlets, grouped to form 4 independently isolated sets of
two. Built-in 15 A circuit breaker, on/off switch, pilot light.
BIG0FIBAR88 Sh. Wt. 5 lbs $84.95 $54.95

IBAR 9RM - Eight rear-mounted outlets grouped to form four inde-
pendently isolated sets of two, plus one non-isolated convenience
outlet on front face. 19" rack mount cabinet. Built-in 15A circuit
breaker, pilot light, on/off switch, and 6-foot cord.
BIG0FIBAR9RM Sh. Wt. 6 lbs $9995 $74.95

RS232 Breakout Box

mm

A must for every technician, repair man
or systems integrator

Databox is contained in a tough, plastic case and is powered by two,
1 .5 volt penlight batteries. No power is consumed by the tester when
not in use. Dimensions:2.9"x5.55"x1.45". Weight: 1 oz. w/batteries.
BI0NW232B0X $199.00 $159.00

Tl SPECIAL PURCHASE GOLD

16 PIN LOW PROFILE IC. C95 SOCKETS

BITIG16LP package of 1 00 $16.00

BITIG1 6LP package of 1 000 $120.00

OEMS Stock up at this low price!!

ELECTRONICS,

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH, CA 9131 1 SKS

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (2 1 3) 709-5464

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC, BAG, Check, Money Order, U.S.Tunds Only. CA residents add 6%% Sales Tax. MINI MU PREPAID ORDER ST5.00. Include MINIMUM
SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 lor the first3 lbs., plus40C for each additional pound. Orders over50 lbs. sent freight collect. Justincase, please include your
phone number. Prices subject to changewithout notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through September, 1 982. Credit Card orders will be charged appro-
priate freight. If you haven't received your Spring '82 Engineering Selection Guide, sned $1,00 for your copy today! Sale prices are for prepaid orders only.

Circle 381 on inquiry card.

SEE IMPORTANT NOTICE ON PAGE 604

lwrr^jm /ov i imuiiv^c!

/ 38% Price Increase Next Month

BUT YOU CAN BEAT IT!!

Effective with the next issue in October, B TE is raising its
advertising rates 38%. Did you know that it costs $4300.00 to
run a full page ad in B TE?* With the new rates, that cost will
jump to $5,950.00 per page* As high as that sounds, BYTE is still
the best value in the industry; both for advertisers and for readers.
As BYTE's circulation continues to grow, so do the costs of paper
and postage. Since 1977, B TE's cost of paper has increased
40% and postage has increased by a whopping 175°/o! As you
can guess, these high advertising costs will be pas-
sed on to the public in the form of higher prices. It
will be difficult for us, or for any advertiser, to offer sale prices on
special purchases or to advertise small parts in our monthly ads.
For example, we could not offer the Morrow Designs DISCUS M5
at $1495.00 under the new rates. We will, however, continue to
run our six to eight pages of advertising each month because our

sales from BYTE are consistently ten times higher than from any
other magazine we've advertised in. We have no plans to stop
offering special sales or to stop selling small parts. On the
contrary, they will continue to be featured in periodic sale flyers
and in our semi-annual catalog. But to receive these catalogs and
flyers you must be on our mailing list. To get on our mailing
list, all you have to dais circle the reader service
number that appears at the bottom of this page on
your Reader Service post card. You will then be assured
of receiving the latest information on new products, special
purchases, and all-around good deals! In the mean time, look over
the many specials in our nine pages of ads this month; you may
never see prices like these again!
CIRCLE NUMBER 527 ON READER SERVICE CARD

*Figures based on full page black & white ad; one lime insertion rale. These rates may vary
depending upon ad frequency and position.

5Mb S-100 HARD DISK SUB-SYSTEM $1495.00
5Mb S-100 HARD DISK DACK-UP $1100.00*

Winchester speed, 5Mb capacity and reliability for only
$1495.00! The DISCUS M5 from Morrow Designsincludesa
5Mb Seagate ST 506 Winchester drive installed in a cabinet
with cables and power supply, a DMA hard disk controller,
CP/M* 22 operating system and Microsoft's BASIC pro-
gramming language. Sounds to good to be true? There's
more ... a 5Mb add-on drive for additional storage or back-
up is only $ 1 100.00. It's faster and more reliable than tape
and costs less!
KEY FEATURES:

• Storage capacity of 6.38Mb unformatted; 5.0Mb formatted

• Band actuator and stepper motor head positioning

• 5.0 megabit/second transfer rate

• Same track capacity as a double density 8 inch floppy

• 170 millisecond random average access time, reduceable to 95 ms via a
simple software algorithm

• The only single S-1 00 DMA Hard disk controller board on the market today

• Fully compatible with high speed 6MHz and 8MHz CPUs of today and
tomorow

• DMA bus arbitration as outlined by the IEEE 696 standard

• Controls 1 to 4 soft sectored Winchester drives

• ST506 or SA 1 000 interface compatible

• Variable sector length (256.512,1024, or 2048 byte sectors)

• Automatic CRC generation and checking

• Addresses 1 to 16 heads

• Addresses an infinite number of tracks

• Contains its own on-board microprocessor — Signetics 8X300

• 24-bit address burst DMA transfers

• Channel driven for enhanced speed

• All disk driver routines resident on the controller

• Variable format

• No buffering required

• Maximum transfer rate 5,000,000 bits per second

• Due to this high transfer rate.a minimum CPU speed of 2.5MHz is required

The DMAHDC has been designed for expansion. One to four drives
can be attached directly and controlled. Dne to sixteen drive heads may
be addressed. Any number of tracks may be specified during the seek
routine by specifying one to two hundred and fifty-six tracks one or more
times. Each of the expansion abilities prepair the user to upgrade his
system as technology advances to additional platters and tracks.

DISCUS M5 WITH DMA HARD DISK CONTROLLER

BIMDSDMAM5 Software supplied on 8" IBM3740 disk with

blank I/O and INSTALL program

BIMDSDMAM52B Software configured for Morrow DJ/2B controller
and Mult I/O as console

BIMDSDMAM5DMA Software configured for Morrow DJ/DMA con-
troller and Mult I/O as console

CIRCLE OUR READER
SERVICE NUMBER!!

.PRIORITY

BIMDSDMAM55S Software supplied on 5 1 /." soft sector (IBM/Cro-
memco disk w/blank I/O and INSTALL program

BIMDSDMAM5NS Software supplied on 5%" 10 sector North Star
disk with blank I/O and INSTALL program

DISCUS M5 5Mb Subsystem List Price $21 95.00

SALE PRICE $ 1495.00

(order by part numbers listed above; shipping weight 1 7 lbs.)

DISCUS M5 ADD-ON DRIVE

MDSADM5 5Mb Add-On Drive List Price S1 845.00

SALE PRICE $1100.00*

'With purchase of above M5 subsystem or with previous
purchase of M5 subsystem from Priority One Electronics.
Proof of prior M5 purchase required with order.

ELECTRONICS,

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH, CA 9131 1 ESS 5

Eb3

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms. U.S. VISA. MC, BAC. Check. Money Order, U.S.Funds Only. CA residents add 6ft% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER S1 5.00 Include M INIMUM
SHIPPING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40C foreach additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your
phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through September. 1982. Credit Card orders will be charged
appropriate freight. If you haven't received your Spring '82 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1.00 for your copy today! Sale prices are for prepaid orders only.

Circle 527 on Inquiry card.

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Original IMSAI 8080 S-100 mainframe, processor
board, front panel 20 A supply. 1 2K RAM. 4-port parallel I/O.
22-slot motheiboard. universal cassette interface, extender board.
Cromemco color TV Dazzler. Polymorphic Systems black-and-
white TV interface, Wameco EPM-2 EPROM board. Smith KBD-3
encoded keyboard. RF modulator, complete documentation of all
boards and 8080 manuals, and software on paper tape for 8080
and Dazzler. Will accept best offer. Roger French. 1 1 70 Parkview
Dr.. Marion. IA 52302. (319) 377-6255.

FOR SALE: BYTE # I ; S 1 or best offer. Kilobaud Microcomput-
ing #1. 2. 3, 4. 5; S5 or best offer each. Clive Frazier, POB 972.
Windermere. FL 32786.

FOR SALE: Teletype Model 43 30-cps dot-matrix printer ter-
minal. RS-232 interface, pin feed, and Hall-effect keyboard. In
good condition. S800 or best offer. Richard Rostrom, 7344 North
Hoyne. Chicago, L 60645, |312| 973-5064 evenings, 927-5510
days.

WANTED: FORTRAN compiler or interpreter for Apple l\ Plus to
be used in teaching introductory course. Limited language subset
acceptable and graphics ability desirable. Institutional license re-
quired. Ave/y Catlin, POB 3726, Charlottesville, VA 22903, (804)
924-3337.

WANTED: Info Terminal Communications' of Raleigh, North
Carolina, Video Terminal Model TC275. D. Boone, POB 330,
Valley Mills, TX 76689.

FOR SALE: 48K Apple \l with two disk drives and manuals.
Xerox 1 730 printer and tractor feed. Virtually brand new. Best of-
fer over S4500. F. O'Neill, 154 East 46th St, New York, NY
10017,|212)599-5845.

FOR SALE: Sanyo 9-inch monitor in excellent condition. Best
offer takes it. I will pay first-class shipping and insurance. Chuck
Miller, 7th USAAD, APO NY 09169.

WANTED: Old-style Memoiy Plus circuit board manufactured
by the Computerist. This board contains 8K bytes of 2 1 02-type
RAM and sockets for EPROMs. It was made for the AIM/SYM/KIM
type microcomputer. Jerry Stoker. 8325 Krim Dr. NE, Albuquer-
que, NM 87109, (505) 821-3354.

FOR SALE: North Star Horizon computer with 32K, two quad-
density floppy-disk drives, two serial and one parallel ports. North
Star DOS and BASIC |factory assembled). S21 00. Intertube ter-
minal with printer port, graphics, and full keyboard with numeric
pad. S500. Centronics 103 printer with bidirectional dot matrix,
132-column tractor feed, two character sizes, 165 cps, and RS-
232C interface. S400. All in excellent condition with manuals. All
offers considered. Bill Novak, 12 Mechanicsville Rd, Granby, CT
06035, |203) 529-2550 8-4 ET.

FOR SALE: Microacecomputer with 8K ROM and 2K RAM op-
tions, assembled and tested, for S125. Price includes shipping.
Postal money order only please. David M. Hofmann, 389 A Dyer
Dr., FPO San Francisco 96630

FOR SALE: S. D. System S-100 boards. SBC- 100. Expandoram I
64K. and Versafloppy II disk controller. S250 each or $700 for all
three. Also have an Altair680B 6800 microcomputer with 1 6K
static RAM. S 1 50 each for microcomputer or 1 6K RAM board;
S275 for both. E. Cummins, 5 1 24 Walden Mill Dr., Norcross, GA
30092, |404) 447-9060.

WANTED: Apple II [48KJ with Autostart ROM, Applesoft card,
compatible disk drive and controller (preferably Apple), black-and-
white 13-inch monitor, joysticks, and compatible printer. All must
be in good to excellent condition. Items may be separate from dif-
ferent individuals. Send model year, purchase price, and asking
price. Bob Koskovich, Organization COMPU, 1 25 East Hermosa
Dr., San Gabriel, CA 91775.

FOR SALE: Surplus electronic components: resistors,
capacitors, transistors, ciystals. switches, LEDs, panels, knobs,
potentiometers, PC boards, diodes, rectifiers, etc. Also have about
150 ICs and 40pin unidentified Intel chip. Will sell any or all for
25% of list. Please write or call as soon as.possible. Steve Riley, 30
Kim Court W, Westerville, OH 43081, (614) 891-4986 or Phillip
Drayer, 6342 Freeman Rd., Westerville, OH 43081, (614)
882-4930.

FOR SALE: Processor Technology SOL-20 with 48K RAM,
Helios 11 dual 8-inch disk system, 1 2-inch monochrome video
monitor, Digital Equipment LA-180 DECprinter I with serial inter-
face, PTDOS Version 1 .5 disk operating system. Extended Disk
BASIC and FORTRAN, and instruction manuals. S4000 without
DECprinter; S6000 with DECprinter. Patrick J. Edwards, 1600
West Crosby, Slaton, TX 79364.

GERMANY: Computer hobbyist (6800, WH-89, S-100) seeks
friends near Frankfurt with interest in hardware/software and
local/remote networks. Also have Iok of hardware to swap and
sell; 8-inch floppy-disk drives, modems, VDUs, hard disks, 9-track
tape drives, card reader, keyboards, monitors, character- and line-
printers, scopes, and more. I am looking for a letter-quality printer
and old EDP stuff like core mernories, type elements, pcbs, ham-
mer modules, hard-wired ROMs, etc. Defects are okay. Also look-
ing for programs; games, utilities, data management, etc., for
Heatfi H-89 (CP/M + HDOS), 5- and 8-inch. Rolf Petersen,
06003-7455 evenings and weekends.

WANTED: Student experimenter just starting in computers
desperately seeking advice how to implement KIM/SYM- 1 micro-
computers for robotics use. All replies will be greatly appreciated.
Brian Jacoby, RR I , Box I 57, Vesta, MN 56292.

FOR SALE: MITS Altair 8800b mainframe, dual double-density
Shugart SA-400 drives, 38K of static RAM, quad parallel ports,
triple serial ports, Heathkit H-19 smart video terminal, Heathkit
H-14 smart line printer, CP/M 2.0. North Star 5.0
DOS/Monitor/BASIC and miscellaneous hardware/software. FuJIy
integrated, functional, with all documentation. S3500 (package
only). G. Godden. 18401 67th West, Lynnwood, WA 98036,
(206) 776-6124.

FOR SALE: Godbout S-100 desktop computer enclosure with
Godbout 20-slot motherboard and CVT power supply. 8ought
new last summer. Never used. Will accept reasonable offer. S.
Dimitroulias, 191 Hempstead St., New London, CT 06320, (203)
443-1398 (no collect calls).

FOR SALE: First two years of BYTE; S 1 20 or best offer. First
three years of Kilobaud Microcomputing; S 1 08 or best offer. First
seven Bug Books, one through five; S35. All in like-new condi-
tion. L. Chambers, 4530 Sheridan St., Davenport, IA 52806.

WANTED: LNW-80 owners to write me. User group interests;
possible software exchange. Interests are high-resolution graphics,
animation, cartooning, A-D-A, and music. Don Ball, POB 72,
Saline, Ml 48176.

FOR SALE: PET stuff: IEEE488 auto answer/originate modem
TNW-1 03; SI 50 PET to S-100 interface, supports DMA Inc.
Dazzler; SI 00. S-100 box, 22-slot bus, and power supply; S75.
Two S- 1 00 8K memory boards; S75 each. Dazzler color graphics
board; SI 00. Everything for S400. Larry Shaw, 215 Hazel Ave.,
Mill Valley, CA 94941, (415) 383-1092.

FOR SALE: 24K Atari 800 with 8 1 disk. DOS I plus extra
disk in three-ring binder with vinyl disk holders. BASIC, Super
Breakout, and Star Raider cartridges. RF adapter, two joysticks,
and set of paddles. All support documentation plus Atari's
newsletters. S 1 300 or best offer. Cliff Fuhrmann. 1 833 35th St.
NW. Rochester. MN 55901. (507J 286-1842.

FOR SALE: HP-9815 with RS-233 option. Has the
diagnostic tapes with an extra tape for personal use. Totally
operational with very small amount of operating time on it. Ap-
proximately four years old. SI 000. Richard Grancorvitz.
Norland Corporation, Rte. #4. Norland Dr., Fort Atkinson, Wl
53538, (414) 563-8456 or 563-9145.

FOR SALE: Ohio Scientific C3 A with 48K, OS65U operating
system, and two Siemens disk drives. Also, Intel SDK-5 1 805 1
microcomputer development tool, assembled and working.
Best offers. Neal Enzenauer, 2180 Old Hwy. B, St. Paul, MN
55112. (612) 780-48B0.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 accessories. Percom data separator; S 15.
Percom Doubler I with documentation and DBLDOS without
double-density disk chip; S30. Double Zap II, double-density
patch for NEWDOS/80 VI with documentation and original
disk; S20. Radio Shack Modem I, 300 bps/originate
only/acoustical coupler; S75. All items guaranteed work-
ing/postpaid. Kerry Chesbro. 13605 I 15th Ave. NE, Kirkland,
WA 98033, (206) 821-2042 evenings.

FOR SALE: S-l 00 hardware. Integrand 800D desktop main-
frame with 15 connectors, eight RS-232 cutouts, and 15-A
power supply; S300. SD Expandoram I with 1 6K 4 1 16 RAM, 2
MHz; S200. SSM VB I -B 64 by 1 6 video board; S I 50. SSM P8-I
2708/2716 PROM programmer; S 150. Jade P/S I/O with one
parallel port and two serial ports (one is cassette); S 100. Must
sell; prices negotiable. Douglas Zimmerman, 2824 St. Paul St.,
Baltimore, MD 21218, (301) 889-1698.

FOR SALE: Three Okidata Model CPI 10 bidirectional 5 by
7 dot-matrix printers. Parallel I/O 1 10 cpi. 70 Ipm, 80-character
buffer, frictionfeed, 80-column, 6-bit ASCII code, uppercase,
and punctuation. Roll paper or single sheet. S300 each. Danny
Kile, 534 Elden Ave. NW, Roanoke. VA 24019. (703)
366-4480.

FOR SALE: Super Elf 1802 computer. Fully expandable
S-l 00 computer. Excellent starter system. Includes Lo Address
option and standard case. Full documentation. Three months
old; in good condition. Call for more information. S 100 or best
offer. Alex Segal. 17 Fox Run Rd.. Bedford, MA 01730, (617)
275-7534.

WANTED: SwTPC computer, disk, and cassette UO. Send
description and phone number. Kearney Hill, 1 027 Whittier,
Emporia. KS66B0I, (316) 343-1915.

WANTED: 48K Apple II with autostart ROM. One disk drive
with a 3.3 controller card. A black-and-white or color monitor,
or an RF modulator. For a 1 5-year-old paying for it himself (so
unfortunately it would have to be paid for a little at a time on an
unset payment basis until I can get a job this year). Kerwin
Thomas, 1528 Kinsdale St., Philadelphia, PA 19126. (215)
224-8645.

FOR SALE: 22-slot motherboard from OT Systems installed
in Vector CCK-1 00 card cage; S 180. Eight new and two used
Vector prototyping boards (BBOOV) for S 1 3 each. Also, inte-
grated circuits in limited quantities: 20 74LS670s and 25
74LS645-ls for S2 apiece. All prices do not include postage.
Jack C. Carden, POB 1317, Lake Dallas, TX 75065, (817)
497-2083.

FOR SALE: 1 6K static RAM board; S 1 50. Vector Graphic 2K
EPROM, IK RAM board; S7 5. Heuristic Speechlab with micro-
phone; S 100. All works well. Richard DeMayo. 7852 Bar-
tholomew Dr. NE, North Ft. Myers, FL 33903, (813) 997-3047.

FOR SALE: Radio Shack Model 1 . Level 2 with 1 6K (SB49).
With 16K expansion interface (S499), two mini-disk drives
(SI 000), Base 2 Inc. Model 800 printer (S649), desk for equip-
ment (S50), Visicaic (S 100). one Budget Management (S24.95),
Standard & Poor's Stockpak system (S49.95). Used only six
months. Cost S2520; make offer. Walter H.Niles, 101 Country
Ridge Dr.. Port Chester. NY 10573.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who are soliciting or giving advice, or who have
equipment to buy, sell or swap should send in a clearly typed notice to that effect To be
considered for publication, an advertisement must be clearly noncommercial, typed double
spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or less, and include complete name and
address information.

These notices are free of charge and will be printed one time only on a space available
basis. Notices can be accepted from individuals or bona fide computer users clubs only. We
can engage in no correspondence on these and your confirmation of placement is ap-
pearance in an issue of BYTE.

Please note that it may take three or four months for an ad to appear in the magazine.

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 605

Unclassified Ads

WANTED AND FOR SALE: I need a single-density mini-
floppy for the North Star Horizon. For sale or trade. ASR33
Teletype with paper-punch unit. Ron Magazzu. 1 26 Highfield
Lane. Nutley. NJ071 10.

FOR SALE: OSI C I P (Model I) software. Programs include
fast arcade games, utilities, and tiny compiler etc. from Aard-
vark. They are on original cassette tapes complete with all in-
struction/documentation. Total cost of the 12 programs was
SI 50; will sell for S75. Joseph Liu. 808 West 2nd Ave. #2,
Chico. CA 95926. (916) 893-4310.

WANTED: Goodwill. Student without pride or money look-
ing for handouts. I am desperate for a start in electronics and
computers. I need used, surplus, out-of-date, or damaged
equipment (circuit boards, terminals, printers, computers, TVs,
radios, any electrical or mechanical parts), documentation,
schematics, magazines, etc. Write or call me and I will make the
shipping arrangements. Scott A. Jones, 8095 North Meridian
St., Indianapolis, IN 46260. (317) 251-6499 evenings.

WANTED: I live in a remote area of Michigan and own a
TRS-80 Model II. I would like to correspond with other TRS-80
Model II owners. James R. Young. P08 336, Ludington, Ml
49431.

WANTED: Young, poor, but talented independent soft-
ware developer (recent computer-science graduate) looking for
wonderfully cheap microcomputer hardware and software to
work with and build on. Send offer with full description. Jim
Talley, 929 Dumaine St. #5, New Orleans, LA 701 16.

FOR SALE: 1 200 bps modem (Anderson Jacobson ADAC
1 200). Operates either acoustically coupled or directly con-
nected. Documentation included. S275. Tom Alexander, 333 A
St. NE, Washington, DC 20002. (202) 547-0355.

FOR SALE: Hewlett-Packard HP-85 computer. Please mail
your best offer, name, and telephone number. You can pick it
up in New York City or receive it by mail. Dr. Gregory M.
Hunter, 35 Stevens St., Danbury, CT 06810.

FOR SALE: Digital Group Z80 8ytemaster fully integrated
computer with 64K dynamic memory, detachable keyboard,
built-in monitor, and single-density 5/4 -inch disk drive.
Prewired for up to four 5'/i- or 8-inch disk drives and for a
parallel port to printer. Very expandable. Excellent condition.
DISKMON, 8ASIC, assembler, and disassembler. Full documen-
tation and two boxes of disks. 8est offer over S I 500. 8rent
Dowd, 5289 South Manitou Rd., Littleton. CO 80123, (303)
797-7512.

BOMB

t

Onaoina Monitor Box

BYTE

's

Article #

Page Article

Author(s)

1

24

Quinti-Maze

Tsuk.

2

34

Three Dee Tee

Stuart

3

54

The Epson QX-10/Valdocs System

Williams

4

64

Build the Microvox Text-to-Speech

Synthesizer, Part 1: Hardware

Garcia

5

92

The Apple III and Its New Profile

Moore

6

136

Computers Can Play a Dual Role for

Disabled Individuals

Vanderheiden

7

166

A New Horizon for Nonvocal Communica-

Demasco,

tion Devices

Foulds

8

186

Minspeak

Baker

9

204

The FDA Regulation of Computerized

Jorgens,

Medical Devices

Bruch,
Houston

10

218

Talking Terminals

Stoffel

n

231

The Cognivox VIO-1003: Voice Recognition

and Output for the Apple II

Murray

12

240

The Abilityphone

Rush

13

250

Braille Writing in Pascal

Fant

14

276

Adaptive-Firmware Card for the Apple II

Schwejda,
Vanderheiden

15

318

User's Column: Letters, Pascal, CB/80, and

Cardfile

Pournelle

16

342

Logo: An Approach to Educating Disabled

Weir,

Children

Russell,
Valente

17

398

Model III A to D Revisited

Barden

18

420

The Case of the Purloined Object Code: Can

ft Be Solved? Part 1: The Problems

Stern

19

440

A Comparison of Five Compilers for Apple

Taylor,

BASIC

Taylor

20

466

Digital Troubleshooting with Signature

Analysis

Piubeni

21

476

Program Your Own Text Editor,

Part 1: Avoid Complex Commands by Using

Instant Updating

Fobes

22

513

A Weaving Simulator

Heiser

23

520

Turn Your Apple II Into a Storage

Oscilloscope

Korba

24

531

Pickles & Trout CP/M for the TRS-80 Model II

Smith

25

537

TRS-80 Disk Editor/Assemblers

Daneliuk

FOR SALE: Carrerphone Selectric terminal with Worldwide
ASCII conversion. Mechanically okay, but has some electronic
glitches (will not execute ASCII carriage return consistently from
Apple II; shift key occasionally hangs keyboard). Sold as is. First
certified check or money order for S3 50 gets it; will ship freight
collect. Herb Rand. P08 1 36. Sweet 8nar. VA 24595.

FOR SALE: Digital Group 32K dynamic-memory board;
S225. I/O parallel board; S25. Video interface (64 by 16) and
audio interface; S 75. Motherboard with some connectors; S20.
Two Phi-Decks and controller; $200. 280 processor board; S50.
Phi-Deck and audio software; S50. Also. 12A-5V ovp power
supply; S75. Jeff Ryder. 1983 McKelvey Hill Dr. Apt. E. St. Louis.
MO 63043. (314) 878-6620 after 6 p.m.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model I. Level II with I6K. cassette
recorder, and instruction manuals. 8est offer. G. Zaybal, 5810
8uck Court, Westmont. IL 60559. (312) 387-5934 days.
964-1551 after 5 p.m.

FOR SALE: Intel 8086 microprocessor chips at one-third the
normal price. 1 6-bit, prime, and unused. I have 1 of these left
over from a project. S30 each. Programmers' manuals; S4each.
8ob Rockinson. RD # I Maiden Rd.. Coal Center. PA 1 5423,
(412) 938-7050.

WANTED: Could anybody send me a copy of the three-
part article "APL Interpreter for Microcomputers" (8YTE
August, September, and October 1977 and corrections in
November and December 1977) and information about
building APL interpreters in general (especially for the 6502)?
This is a cry for help because in Austria I won't get any support
of this kindl Wolfgang Nitsch, Pacassistr. 28, A-l 130 Vienna,
Austria.

FOR SALE: IMSAI 8080 microprocessor complete with front
panel, case, power supply, 22-slot motherboard with 1 4 edge
connectors already soldered, IMSAI MPU 8 processor board,
and MITS 4K RAM. Fully burned-in and tested. Complete with
original documentation and manuals. Never used, hence, in
brand-new condition. 8est offer/S500. Peter Ksiezopolski, 8200
8oulevard East, North 8ergen. NJ 07047, (201) 869-8448
evenings.

FOR SALE OR SWAP: TRS-80 Color Computer program
packs: Quasar Command, Project Nebula, Skiing, Chess,
8ustout, Music. Pinball, Personal Finance, and Color File. Plus
on tape: Pyramid (adventure). Quest (semiadventure), and Star
Trek (game). Original price S335. Will sell for S 167.50. All new
in original boxes. Will send C.O.D. (or send check or your
listing). 8iand's Nurseiy c/o Shane 8land. Hwy 54 West R.R. 3.
Linton, IN 47441, (812) 847-9427.

BASIC Wins BOMB

Our congratulations to Thomas
E. Kurtz for his article "On the Way
to Standard BASIC," which cap-
tured first place in the June BOMB
results. The first-place prize of $]00
\s on its way to the author. A very
close second place goes to Rod
Daynes for "The Videodisc Inter-
facing Primer," a concise guide to
developing your own interactive
videodisc programs. Rod will
receive the second-place award of
$50. Jerry Pournelle's User's Col-
umn and Steve Leibson's Input/
Output Primer, Part 5: Character
Codes share the honors for third
place.

606 September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

1 47th STREET PHOTO 374

2 800 SOFTWARE 197

3 A.S.T.RESEARCH 151

4 AB COMPUTERS 555

5 ABM PRODUCTS 365

6 ABW CORP. 542
509 ADAVISION INC. 534

9 ADDMASTER CORP. 568

10 ADV.COMP.PROD. 574, 575

11 ADV. DIGITAL PROD. 560

12 ADV.MICRO DIGITAL CORP. 273

13 ADV.SYS.CONCEPTS 560

15 AEGIS SYSTEMS 154

511 AFTERTHOUGHT ENG. 458

16 ALABAMA DEVELPMT. OFFICE 233

* ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 130
515 ALIEN GROUP 459

17 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 52, 53

18 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 359

19 ALPHA SOFTWARE 19

20 ALSPA COMP.SYS. 173

21 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 280, 281

22 AMDEK CORP. 73

23 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP. 397

24 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 308, 309

25 ANADEX 143

26 ANCIE LABS 367

27 ANDERSON JACOBSON 278

28 ANN ARBOR TERMINALS 243

29 ANTEX DATA SYS. 104

30 APPARAT INC. 328, 329

31 APPLEWARE.INC. 556

14 APPLIED BUSN. CONCEPTS 562

* APPLIED CREATIVE TECH. 491

32 ARBA40

33 ARCHIVE 219

34 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH. 407

35 ASAP COMP.PROD.INC. 67

36 ASAP COMP.PROD.INC. 382

37 ASC ASSOCIATES 556

38 ASC COMP.SYS. 535

39 ASHTON-TATE216.217

* ASPEN SFTW.CO. 42

40 ATARI 111

41 ATLANTIC CABINET CORP. 556

42 AU DEC CORP. 564

43 AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 350

* AUTOMATED PRGRM. METHODS
570

44 AUTOMATED BUSN.MACH. 299

45 AVOCET485

46 B&B ELECTR. 570

47 BADGE-A-MINIT473

48 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 141

49 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 141

50 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 510

* BELL JOHN ENGR. 557

51 BINARY CORP. 492

52 BISON PRODUCTS 327

53 BISON PRODUCTS 327

54 BISON PRODUCTS 327

55 BISON PRODUCTS 327

56 BISON PRODUCTS 327

57 BLACKBEARD ASSOC. 560

58 BLAISE COMPUTING INC. 407

59 BLAT RESRCH. & DEVELP. 471
' BOTTOM LINE, THE 238

62 BOWER-STEWART 556

63 BRIDGE COMPUTER 222

64 BRIDGE COMPUTER 568

65 BRIDGE COMPUTER 324

66 BROKERSOFT INC. 570

69 BYTE BOOKS 160, 161

67 BYTE BOOKS 343

70 BYTE BOOKS 380, 381

71 BYfE BOOKS 463
504 BYTE BOOKS 483

* BYTE BACK ISSUES 390
■ BYTE PUBL. INC. 514

72 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 262

73 BYTEWRITER20

74 OSYSTEMS564

75 CALIF. DATA CORP. 556
' CALIF. DIGITAL 586, 587

* CALIF.MICRO COMP. 364

76 CALTA COMP.SYS.LTD. 564

79 CDR SYSTEMS 478

80 CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE 320

81 CENTRE COMP.CONSTNTS. 566

82 CER-TEK INC 562

83 CHAPIN ASSOCIATES 558

536 CHECKMATE 539

537 CHECKMATE 539
540 CHECKMATE 568

84 CHECKS-TOGO 18

Inquiry No.

Page No.

530 CHIPS & DALE 394

85 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 441

86 CMC.INT'L 205

87 CMC.INT'L. 377

88 COGITATE 566

89 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 140

90 COLUMBIA MICROSYS.INC. 324

91 COLUMBIA NATIONAL 419

93 COMMODORE BUSN.MACH. 258,
259

94 COMMUNICAL, INC. 511

95 COMMUNICATION CABLE 560

96 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 571

97 COMMUNICATION RESEARCH
CORP. 86

98 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 465

99 COMPUADD564

500 COMPULINK CORP. 45

101 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 184, 165

102 COMPUSERVE 93
383 COMPUSHACK 435
517 COMPUTER AGE 541

104 COMPUTER CHANNEL 268

105 COMPUTER DYNAMICS 478

505 COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR 451

106 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 284, 265

107 COMPUTER FURN.& ACCSS. 452

* COMPUTER GRAPHICS WORLD
384 A & B

108 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 465

109 COMP. LEARNING TREE 188

110 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 228, 229

* COMPUTER PARTS EXCH. 484

112 COMPUTER PLUS 244

113 COMPUTER RESOURCES 467

114 COMPUTER SHOPPER 396

115 COMPUTER SHOPPER 566

1 1 6 COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 300, 301

* COMPUTER TOOLBOX.INC. 560

* COMPUTER WRHSE. 321

1 19 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 271

120 COMPUTERTIMEINC.492

121 COMPUTERWORLD INT'L. 338

122 COMPUTERWORLD INTL. 384

124 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 68, 69

125 COMPUWARE PRODUCTS 560

126 CONCORD COMP.PROD. 312

127 CONCURRENT CORP. 314

128 CONSUMER COMP. 236, 237

129 CONTEXT MANGMNT.SYS. 8

130 CONTEXT MANGMNT.SYS. 9

131 CONTINENTAL RESOURCES 562

132 CONTROL C SOFTWARE 102

133 CONTROL DATA 215

134 COSMIC COMP.UNLTD. 568
271 COST PLUS COMP 568

135 CPU SHOP, THE 559

136 CREATIVITY UNLTD. 407

137 CROMEMCOCII, 1

138 CROMEMC0 2

139 CUSTOM COMP.SYS. 378
516 CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 506

* CYBERNETICS INC. 131

140 D& W DIGITAL 487

142 DATA ACCESS CORP. 267

143 DATA EXCHANGE 492
522 DATA-MAIL 448

144 DATA MANAGEMENT SYS. 568

* DATA SOURCE SYS.CORP. 304

145 DATA TECH INDUSTRIES 81

146 DATA-ED 14

147 DATA-RITE INDUSTRIES 417

* DATABIT INC. 460

148 DATAFACE 306

149 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 75

150 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 210

151 DATAWARE.INC. 564

141 DAVONG SYS.INC. 395

152 DAY STAR TECHNOLOGY 49

153 DEALIN' ELECTR. 558

154 DECISION RESOURCES 87

156 DENNISONKYBECORP. 155

157 DESTEK GROUP.THE 264, 265

158 DICTRONICS248, 249

159 DIGITAL EQUIPMNT.CORP. 90, 91

160 DIGITAL EQUIPMNT.CORP. 336,
337

161 DIGITAL MARKETING 6
78 DIGITAL MEDIA 562

162 DIGITAL MICROSYSTEMS 105

163 DIGITAL PRESS 371

164 DIGITAL RESEARCH 29

* DIGITAL RESRCH. COMP. 576, 577

166 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 368, 369

167 DISTRIBUTED COMP.TECH 560

Inquiry No.

Page No.

168 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 567

169 DRAKE, R.L. CO. 471

170 DREAM ELECTRONICS 560

1 7 1 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 82

172 DYMARCIND.505

173 DYSAN CORP. 360, 361

174 E.T.S. CENTER 496

176 ECONOMY PERIPHERALS 556

177 ECOSOFT 507

178 EDGE MICROSYSTEMS 478

179 EDMUND SCIENTIFIC CO. 493

180 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 379

181 ELCOMP PUBLISHING INC. 400

182 ELECTROLABS 573

513 ELECTRONIC CONTROL 535

183 ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS. 514

184 ELECTRONIC SYS.FURN. 524

185 ELLIS COMPUTING 388

186 EMERGING TECH.CONSLT. 507

* EMPIRICAL RESRCH. GRP. 94

* ENERCOMP 339
186 ENERCOMP 478

189 ENTEX INDUSTRIES 468

190 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYS.
385

191 EPSON AMERICA 129

192 EPSON AMERICA 332, 333

193 ESSEX PUBLISHING 473

194 EVOLUTIONARY ELECTR.INC. 465

195 EXPOTEK46

196 F.T.G.DATA SERV. 558

197 FLOPPY DISK SERV.INC. 315

198 FORMULA INTL 437

* FOURTH DIMENSION 157

507 FREDERICK COMP.PROD. 533

200 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 164,
165

534 FRONTIER TECH. CORP. 44

201 FUJITA.RICHARD & ASSOC. 556

202 G&G ENGINEERING 331

* G&M SYSTEMS 283

203 G-H COMPUTER SYS. 564

205 GENERAL SOFTWARE INC. 196

206 GENSTAR REI SALES CO. 16

207 GILTRONIX.INC. 556

204 GLADSTONE ELEC. 564

208 GNOSIS 469

210 H&E COMPUTRONICS 393

211 H.E.I. , INC. 376

212 HALDO PRODUCTS 560

213 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 207

532 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 146

214 HEATH COMPANY 97

216 HEWLETT-PACKARD 190, 191

217 HEWLETT-PACKARD 190, 191

218 HEWLETT-PACKARD 190, 191

219 HEWLETT-PACKARD 190, 191

220 HEWLETT-PACKARD 190, 191

* HILTON HOTEL CORP. 319

221 HOURGLASS SYSTEMS 404

222 HOURGLASS SYSTEMS 405

223 HYPERTEK, INC. 416

224 HYTOR, INC. 570

225 I.B.C. 37

539 I.C.R. FUTURESOFT 387

226 I.Q.SYSTEMS 177

227 I/O TECHNOLOGY 195

228 IBM 116, 117

229 IMPERIAL MICRO SUPPLY 570

230 IMS INTERNATIONAL 257

* INDEPENDENT BUS.SYS. 241
518 INFO. RESOURCES 541

232 INNOVATIVE MEASUREMNTS.
310

233 INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE 439

234 INSTITUTE -SCITF.ANALYSIS
568

235 INT'L.MICRO SYS. 290

236 INTERCONTL MICRO SYS 356, 357

237 INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 453

238 INTEGRAND 522

239 INTEL CORP 208, 209

533 INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS 448

240 INTERACTIVE MICROWRE. 509

241 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 122

242 INTERBUSINESS CORP. 570

243 INTERSTATE TELEPHONE CO. 158

244 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 41

245 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 43

247 IPEX INT'L. 570

248 ISOTECH, INC. 132

249 J.C.SYSTEMS 503

250 JADE COMP.PROD. 592, 593

251 JADE COMP.PROD. 594, 595

252 JAMECO ELECTR. 590, 591

To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with
your name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the
list. Add a 20-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but
our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a big-
ger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability for
errors or omissions. Correspond directly with company.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

253 JDR MICRODEVICES 580, 581

254 JDR MICORDEVICES 582, 583

255 JDR MICRODEVICES 584, 585

256 KADAK PRODUCTS 443

257 KERN PUBLISHING 340

258 KERN PUBLISHING 341

259 KIAI SYSTEMS 211

260 KROWN COMPUTING 566

261 LABORATORY COMP.SYS. 407

262 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 558

264 LEADING EDGE PROD Clll

265 LEGEND INDUSTRIES 253

266 LIFEBOAT ASSOC. 181

267 LIFEBOAT ASSOC. 499

* LINK FLIGHT SIMULATION 460

268 LNW RESEARCH 147

269 LOGICAL DEVICES 504

270 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 230

272 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 407

273 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 558

274 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 564

275 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 568

276 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 572

277 MACROTECH COMP.PROD. 303

278 MACROTECH INTL. 183

279 MAGNOLIA MICROSYS. 572

280 MAILCOMP INC. 429

281 MANCHESTER EQUIPMENT 475

282 MARCEY.INC. 399

283 MARY MAC INDUSTRIES 291

285 MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 51

* MAXTEK508

287 MBP SFTW. & SYS.TECH. 457

288 MCNEILL 469

289 MCGRAW-HILL BOOK STORE 392

* MCMILLAN BOOK CLUBS 432, 433

290 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 373

292 MEMOREX MEDIA PROD. 179

293 MEMORY MERCHANT 85
506 MERIDIAN 428

294 METASOFT CORP 159

295 METASOFT CORP 159

296 MFJ ENTERPRISES INC 142

297 MICRO AGE COMP.STORE 107

298 MICRO BASICS 562

299 MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 353

300 MICRO COM 235

1 1 1 MICRO COMP.SERV.CNTR. 495

420 MICRO CONTROL SYS 313

301 MICRO DATA-TEK 498

302 MICRO DEVELOPMENTS 464

303 MICRO MAGAZINE 302

304 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 28

305 MICRO MATCH 475

306 MICRO MIDWEST 286
246 MICRO MINT 572

307 MICRO MINT 529

310 MICRO PRO INT'L. 279

311 MICRO SCI 239

312 MICROSCI467

313 MICRO TECHNOLOGY 478

* MICRO WEST 30

314 MICRO WORKS, THE 473

286 MICROCOMP. BUSN.INC. 149

316 MICRODYNAMICS 558

* MICROHOUSE 12, 13

317 MICROMAIL124

318 MICROPERIPH.CORP.THE 566

541 MICROSOFT 15

542 MICROSOFT 145

319 MICROSOFT 344, 345

320 MICROSOFT 295

321 MICROTAX 263

322 MICROTECH EXPORTS 438

323 MIKOS 474

324 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 462

325 MINI MICRO MART 269

326 MINI MICRO MART 569

327 MONARCHY ENG.INC. 566

328 MORROW DESIGNS 296, 297

330 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 203

331 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 525

332 MULTITECH ELECTR.INC. 287

333 MUSYS 450

334 NAT'L.DATA SUPPLIES 26

335 NAT'L.INTEGRATED SFTW. 120

336 NAT'LSOFTWARE SYS. 252

337 NEBS 497

338 NEC HOME ELECTRAJSA 115

339 NEC INFORMATION SYS. 11

340 NEC INFORMATION SYS. 163

341 NEECO 403

* NETRONICS479

* NETRONICS 561

342 NETWORK CONSULTING CORP 220

343 NEW GENERATION SYS. 162

344 NEW GENERATION SYS. 424
123 NEW GENERATION SYS. 570

345 NEXUS 447

346 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 418

347 NORTHWEST INSTR.SYS. 254, 255

349 NOVATION 71

* NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR. DIV. 481

350 OASIS SYSTEMS 354

351 OMEGA SALES 322, 323

352 OPTIMAL TECHNOLOGY 505

353 ORANGE MICRO 206

354 ORANGE MICRO 245

September 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 607

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

355 ORYX SOFTWARE 148

* OSBORNE COMPUTERS 31

* OWENS ASSOC. 138, 139
510 PACIFIC COMPUTER 456

356 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 324, 478,
556, 562, 566, 570

362 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 578, 579

363 PAN AMERICAN ELEC INC. 477

364 PANASONIC 100, 101'

365 PC* 330

366 PC MAGAZINE 247

367 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE 152, 153

368 PEGASUS DATA SYS 510

* PERCOMDATA7,307

369 PERIPHERALS UNLTD. 325

370 PERIPHEX INC. 436

371 PERSONAL COMP.SYS 486

372 PERSONAL SYS.TECHN. 427

* PHASE ONE SYS.INC. 251

373 PHONE I, INC. 70

374 PICKLES & TROUT 288
508 PION INC. 519

* POTOMAC MICRO-MAGIC 214

376 PRACTICAL PERI PH. 22, 23

377 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 137
103 PRINTER BASE CO..THE 509

378 PRIORITY ONE 596, 597

379 PRIORITY ONE 598, 599

380 PRIORITY ONE 600, 601

381 PRIORITY ONE 602, 603
527 PRIORITY ONE 604

382 PROCESSOR INTERFACES INC. 558

384 PROMPT DOC CO..THE 193

* PROMPT DOC CO..THE 311

385 PROTECTO ENTERPR. 558

386 PROTECTO ENTERPR. 568

387 PURCHASING AGENT.THE 50

388 QUADRAM CORP. 134, 135

389 QUADRAM CORP. 421

390 QUALITY SOFTWARE 445
524 QUANTECKNA 275

Inquiry No.

Page No.

391 QUARK ENGINEERING 21

392 QUASAR COMPANY 223
494 QUBIE DIST. 389

394 QUCES212, 213

395 QUENTIN RESEARCH INC. 425

396 QUEST ELECTR. 563

397 QUEST RESEARCH INC. 564

398 QUICK TAX 72

399 QUME CORP. 27

401 R.R. SOFTWARE 335

" R.T.I. RESEARCH TECH. 411

402 RACET COMPUTES 366

403 RADGO SALES CO. 508

404 RADIO SHACK CIV

405 RANA SYSTEMS 32, 33

406 RCA 144

407 RCE 326

408 RED BARON COMP.PROD. 316, 317

409 RENAISSANCE TECHN. 347
529 RICKER DATA 572

410 ROSEN GRANDON ASSOC. 572

411 SC DIGITAL 480

* S-100 INC 475

412 SAGE COMP. TECH. 47

413 SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 99

414 SAVVY MARKTG.INT'L. 119

415 SCIENTIFIC ENG. 566

416 SCION CORP. 5

417 SCOTIA SOFTWARE 489

* SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 346

418 SEATTLE COMP. PRODS. 277

419 SEATTLE COMP. PRODS. 334
8 SEIKOSHA CORP. 133

421 SEITZ TECH.PRODUCTS 562

422 SENECA ELECTRONICS 500

423 SIERRA COMP.PROD. 504

424 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 109

426 SIGMATEK572

* SINCLAIR RESEARCH 200, 201, 305

* SINGER CO. 461

427 SINGLE SOURCE SOLUTIONS 572

Inquiry No.

Page No.

428 SLUDER496

429 SOFTWAREHOUSEJHE 409

430 SOFTWARE STORE 562

431 SOFTWEST PROD. 407

* SOLID STATE SALES 519

432 SONICS MICRO SYS. 121

433 SOUTHERN COMP.SYS. 226

525 SPECTRA MARKETING 459

434 SSM MICRO COMP. PROD. 386

435 STACKWORKS 467

436 STANDARD SFTW.CORP. 449

437 STAR MICRONICS 348, 349

438 STATIC MEMORY SYS 391

439 STRAWBERRY TREE COMP. 501

440 STROBE 125

441 SUBLOGIC 150

442 SUNNY INTL. 573

443 SUNTRONICS 408
528 SUNTRONICS 572

444 SUPERSOFT167

445 SUPERSOFT 169

446 SUPERSOFT 171

535 SYNERGETIC SOLUTIONS 539

447 SYSTEM ED 566

448 SYSTEMS PLUS INC. 351

449 TAB BOOKS 413

450 TAB BOOKS 454

451 TARBELL ELECTR. 499

452 TATUM LABS 407

526 TECH DATA CORP. 562

453 TECMAR INC. 39

454 TECMAR INC. 415

* TEKTRONIX INC. 225, 406

456 TELECON SYSTEMS 558

457 TELETEK 113

458 TELEVIDEO INC 174, 175

459 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 274

460 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 401

461 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 103
538 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 289
512 THREE M STATIC CONTROL 455

Inquiry No.

Page No.

462 THUNDERWARE 127

464 TNW CORP. 262

465 TRANSNET CORP. 503
499 TRATEC298

466 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 430

467 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 189

468 U.S. MICRO SALES 588, 589

469 US ROBOTICS 38

470 UNISOURCE ELECTR.INC 512

471 VAN DATA 156

472 VECTOR ELECTR. 471

473 VECTOR ELECTR. 471

474 VECTOR ELECTR. 471

475 VECTOR ELECTR. 471

476 VECTOR ELECTR. 471

477 VECTOR ELECTR. 471

478 VECTOR ELECTR. 471
514 VEYTEC INC. 530

479 VICTOR BUSN.MACH. 89

480 VIDEX17

" VISICORP INC. 95

481 VISTA COMPUTER CO. 1 23
502 VISUAL TECH 83

* VR DATA 227, 477

482 VYNET CORP. 477

483 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 565

484 WEST STAR MICRO 523

485 WESTERN ELECTRONICS 224

486 WESTICO INC. 221

* WHITESMITHS LTD. 488
488 WILD HARE COMP.SYS. 423

490 WINCHENDON GRP.JHE 407

491 WINTEK CORP. 572

492 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 469

496 X COMP 199

* XITEN SYSTEMS 431

497 YORK 10 COMPUTERWARE 407

498 ZYNARLTD.363

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THE LEADING EDGE IN PRINTERS

1 I ONE GREAT LINE. ONE GREAT WARRANTY

. Finally, there's one full family of printers that covers every business or word processing application-
all from C. Itoh, a company known for packing more product into less price; and all distributed
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Which means that one call to one source can get you any printer, any time you need it, for any purpose.
All backed by a full years' warranty from Leading Edge. (Try that on any other line of printers.)

THEPRO'S. '

The Prpwriters: business printers— and more. The "more" is a dot-matrix process with more dots. It gives you denser,
correspondence quality copy (as opposed to business quality copy, which looks like a bad job of spray-painting).

Prowriter : 120 cps. 80 columns dot matrix compressable to 136. 10" carriage. Parallel or serial interface.
Prowriter 2: Same as Prowriter, except 15" carriage allows full 136 columns in normal print mode.

Parallel or serial interface.

PROWRITER 2

PROWRITER

THE STAR.

The Starwriter F-10. In short (or more precisely, in a sleek 6" high, 30-pound unit), it gives you more

of just about everything— except bulk and noise— than any other printer in its price range. It's a 40 cps letter-quality

daisy- wheel with a bunch of built-in functions to simplify and speed up word processing.

It plugs into almost any micro on the market, serial or parallel.

THE MASTER.

The Printmaster F- JO. Does all the same good stuff as the Starwriter except, at 55 cps, the Master does it faster.

PRINTMASTERF-IO

Distributed Exclusively by Leading Edge Products, Inc., 225 Turnpike Street, Canton, Massachusetts 02021
Call: toll-free 1-800-343-6833; or in Massachusetts call collect (617) 828-8150 Telex 951-624.

Circle 264 on inquiixpard.

Three Outstanding and Affordable Modems
Available for You . . . Only at Radio Shack!

Auto-Dial, Auto-Answer
Direct-Con nect Modem II

24900

You'll Want to See Our Complete Line
Of Data Communications Accessories

Direct-Connect Modem II. Designed and .built by-
Radio Shack. Fully programmable! Built-in 6805
microprocessor uses a 25-character register to
store commands and parameters for automatic dial-
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pauses, operational mode changes, and more. With
appropriate software, it can even operate unat-
tended for late night, low-cost access to your data
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nects directly with modular phone jack. (26-1173)

Direct-Connect Modem I. Our lowest priced full-
duplex modem. 300 baud, Bell 103J compatible
answer/originate modes. For simplex operation
without RS-232C board in 16K Model I computers,
just add optional software and cable. For modular
phone jacks. (26-1172)

Telephone Interface II. Really easy to use! Just
dial the desired phone number, place the telephone
handset on the interface and you're ready to trans-
fer data and programs anywhere in America!
300 baud originate/answer operation. Full or half-
duplex. (26-1171)

TRS-80® Accessories.

Our null-modem extender
allows two computers to
communicate without a
modem. Use with our 10',
25', 50', or 100' cables-
expand even further with
v cable extenders.

Get "On Line" Today! Visit your nearby Radio
Shack Computer Center, store or participating
dealer— we're your datacomm headquarters!

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JDSQ

The biggest name in little computers

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
Circle 404 on inquiry card.

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I Send me a free TRS-80 Computer Catalog.

-I Mail To: Radio Shack, Dept. 83-A-156

• 300 One Tandy Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76102

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ADDRESS

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Retail prices may vary at individual stores and dealers. TRS-80 modems are FCC registered.
Multi-line use requires modification or an adapter.